Pasádho

Nouns
In Pasádho, nouns are declined for ...


 * 1. their number - Pasádho has the singular, plural and the collective


 * 2. their gender - Pasádho has animate (consisting of male and female) and inanimate (consisting of   corporeal  and incorporeal) gender


 * 3. their case - Pasádho has the nominative, accusative, dative, possessive, locative, temporative, adessive, ablative, instructive and comparative case

Number & Gender

Nouns are declined for number and gender simultaneously. These suffixes are added to nominal stems according to the following rules:


 * 1. Only vocalic nominal stems have irregularities - for consonantal nominal stems, the suffixes are simply added to the stem without any changes.


 * 2. For vocalic nominal stems, the suffixes form a diphthong with the last stem vowel (if possible).


 * 2.1. Take a look at the list of diphthongs existing in Pasádho - only those can be formed.


 * 2.2. Only short vowels can form diphthongs. These vowels have to be different from each other.


 * 2.3. If the stress of the stem falls onto the last vowel, the suffixes cannot form a diphthong with it.


 * 3. If no diphthong can be formed (according to 2.), a -y- is added between stem and suffix.

E.g. for a consonantal nominal stem ("póos" meaning "human"): Translated, they mean: Note that translations of incorporeal nouns are often very vage - as a rule of thumb, translate them with "idea of ..." if you don't know the exact translation.

E.g. for a vocalic nominal stem ("ména" meaning "tall") Note that the collective always inserts the -y- because the suffix vowels are all long.

Translated, they mean: Note that the male and female form are translated with man/woman. Usually, if no point of reference is given, man/woman are meant but if these words refer to a previously stated male/female noun (e.g. male dog or female dog), their translation changes.

Also note that all theoretical forms are valid in Pasádho. Their translations might sound very awkward and they are rarely used, but they are possible.

It is also possible to use several gender/number suffixes at once. You can add the Incorporeal after the Singular forms of the three other genders to create a new word.


 * E.g.: "Póosi" means "man" - "Póosia" means "manliness" ("the idea of a man").

Case

Case declination is seperate from number/gender declination. These suffixes are added after the gender/number suffixes - there are no irregularities for both consonantal and vocalic nominal stems (as they all end in vowels after the gender/number suffixes are attached).

It is possible to use several case suffixes in a row to create compound cases - the last case used always determines the overall case of the word complex. An "-e-" is added between the individual consonants. E.g.:

Temporative + Adessive (-sef) literally means "towards the time of ..." and therefore means "before ...".

Temporative + Ablative (-sep) literally means "away from the time of ..." and therefore means "after ...".

Theoretically, you could combine (almost) all cases with each other or use even more than two cases but you will only very rarely find these forms. You cannot add a case after the nominative (as the nominative doesn't have its own ending) or after accusative and dative (as these cases form objects and not adverbials or attributes).

Note that the suffixes in are the formally correct forms. In spoken language, though, the "-e-" is often dropped.

Adjectives
Generally, there are two different ways of using adjectives in Pasádho.


 * 1. Total agreement: All adjectives have to agree with the noun they are describing. Therefore, you have to add gender/number suffixes and case suffixes to them - these have to be the same as your noun's suffixes. As the adjectives have markers for the noun they are describing, you can put them wherever you want in your sentence - usually, they are placed directly before or after the noun, though.


 * 2. No agreement: All adjective don't have to agree with the noun they are describing. Therefore, you don't have to change anything. As the adjectives have no markers for the noun they are describing, they have to be put directly before the noun.

Usually, "no agreement" is used in spoken language because its lack of declensions makes it shorter than the "total agreement" - the "total agreement" is used in formal and written language.

The suffixes of adjective declension are identical to the suffixes of noun declension.

Adjectives don't have their own word stems, they can only be formed from nominal or verbal stem.


 * 1. Nominal Adjective: The Genitive Incorporeal Singular form of a noun is the corresponding nominal adjective. To create a nominal adjective from the three other genders, you have to transform them into Incorporeal nouns (#nouns).


 * 2. Verbal Adjective: ???

Adjectives can be used for comparison:


 * 1. The "positive" - basic form of an adjective; something has a quality


 * 2. The "positive comparative" - something has more of a quality (than something else)


 * 3. The "positive superlative" - something has the highest amount of a quality


 * 4. The "negative comparative" - something has less of a quality (than something else)


 * 5. The "negative superlative" - something has the least amount of a quality

These suffixes are added to the adjective before any other ending.

If the adjective ends in a consonant (all nominal adjectives), an "-a-" is added the stem and the comparison suffix.

E.g. for "Póosi" ("man") from "Póos" ("human"):

Verbs
In Pasádho, verbs are conjugated for ...


 * 1. their person - Pasádho has a first, second and third person


 * 2. their number - Pasádho has the singular, plural and collective


 * 3. their tense - Pasádho has the present, past and future tense


 * 4. their voice - Pasádho has the active, passive and causative voice


 * 5. their mood - Pasádho has indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood

A verb is put together in the following way: Person & Number

Verbs are conjugated for person and number simultaneously. Note that only the third person exists for the collective.

All singular and plural forms correspond to the English system of personal pronouns.

Tense Note that the present suffix is usually left out as it is the "standart" / most commonly used tense.

Voice Note that the active suffix is usually left out as it is the "standart" / most commonly used voice.

Mood Note that the indicative suffix is usually left out as it is the "standart" / most commonly used mood.

E.g. for "lás" meaning "to do": Translated, they mean: