Pkalho-Kolo 2

On Pkalho-Kolo 2 : Phonology/Phonotactics, a sample text, and a brief English to Pkalho-Kölo Word-List. (Back to Grammar on Pkalho-Kolo ) (A longer text on Pkalho-Kölo/A. )

I. A. Consonants
Pkalho-Kölo has 24 consonants, as follows: p - m - ph - pk - v - fh - pkw - pw - pr - rl - t - lh - th - c - l - cw - y - fw - kw - w - hw - k - n - h. Unfortunately they look a mess on a table, and also need explanation:

pk is a sound peculiar to the city of Pkalho, double-articulated, a simultaneous implosive p and plosive k. Form the lips to pronounce a p and the back of the tongue to pronounce a k. The lips open with a pop, and at the same moment the k is released. pkw is the labialised version. fh is the corresponding fricative, which could be written /fç/

lh is an interdental lateral, close in sound to /ð/ Compared to "l" it sounds "dark" i.e. velarised.

cw is not simply labialised c. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue should press against the back of the bottom teeth while the the top of the tongue touches the hard palate. fw is the corresponding fricative: it could be written /çw/ but the tongue should be in the same position as for cw. Why do I write "fw"? I was trying to avoid diacritical marks, I didn’t like sw, chw or xw, and I couldn't think of anything else except fw

n is /n/ between vowels and before t, c, y and n. Before or after any other consonant it is /ŋ/

hw is the voiceless fricative w that we used to have in English in words like “hwæt"

Missing from the chart, which is already too big:

v is self-explanatory

rl at the beginning of a word, at the end of a syllable or after a consonant is /ɭ / the post-alveolar lateral of Dravidian and Australian Aboriginal languages. Between vowels it is /r/ an alveolar flap; I write "r" at the end of a syllable for brevity. Rl- retains its word-initial sound even if a prefix or aspectual extension is added.

pr could be written /pɭ / Native speakers regard it, like pk, as a single sound. The tongue should press against the back of the alveolar ridge, and release as the lips open.

I. B. Vowels
ä is the low rounded back vowel in British English “swan,” written with an upside-down a. ë is a mid-central vowel, similar to the vowel in British English "her" but with the tongue drawn further back.)

There are twelve diphthongs, six “like” (rounded + rounded, unrounded + unrounded) and six “unlike” (one rounded, one unrounded.)

II. Phonotactics
1. All root words end in a vowel

2. Syllables can end only in a vowel or the consonants m, n, rl, lh, or l.

3. A syllable can contain a diphthong or a final consonant, but not both. The exception is when a one-syllable word containing a diphthong takes the relative suffix in its reduced form -n, or the -n of n-conjunctives.

4. Words do not begin with a diphthong, though three words, au, ea and ui consist of a diphthong.

5. Words beginning with a vowel have glottal onset. Elision occurs only when the neutral demonstratives e and o follow the suffixes -la, -rë or -pë. Thus iturë en, (someone) said the following, becomes itur'en.

(Also, the word erä, person, human being, loses its first vowel in compound words: velya (to play music) - velyarä (musician), kaulo (garden) - kaulorä (gardener). The word for ten, thilä, also loses its last vowel before ea, one: thil'ea, eleven; heru thil'ea, forty-one, etc.)

6. When a word beginning with a vowel takes a directional prefix, or is extended by aspectual stem-modification, an epenthetic r is inserted. Thus olkwela (it resembles) - pkärolkwela (they resemble each other); ilurë (a light shone) - yërilurë (a light flashed for a moment). Word-initial rl keeps its pronunciation /ɭ / even after a prefix, as noted above.

Minor points: after m, the consonants k and kw are realised as pk and pkw. The sequences m+kw and m+pkw I always write mkw, regardless of the original script. After m, r and l the consonant hw becomes the labialised form of the bilabial fricative, /ɸʷ/, an allophone that occurs only in this context. The sequence l+hw I write lphw, to distinguish it from the sequence lh+w. The double consonants mm, nn, rll and ll occur frequently: doubled lh ought also to occur, but it seems to have been replaced by the rather rare sequence lh+th, which I write lth.

III. Intonation.
Unlike English, Pkalho-Kölo does not have word-stress: each syllable is pronounced with equal weight, allowing for natural variation. It does however have pitch accent: accented syllables are pronounced at a higher pitch. Three rules roughly cover this:

I. Directional prefixes have an accent which they never lose.

II. One-syllable root words do not normally have an accent.

III. Two and three-syllable root words have an accent on the first syllable, which they lose when immediately preceded by a directional prefix.

Actually it’s a little more complicated than that, but that’s enough to be going on with.

IV. Sample Text
A brief sample text, in Latin letters (Pkalho-Kölo has its own writing system, alphabetic and written from top to bottom and right to left, though a few of the literate prefer left to right.) This is the beginning of a translation of the Grimm Brothers story called "The Seven Ravens":

'''Täthumä atäla lemäi tonun lamo niköli akäto teina eali. Cimekoäkuto cwëllen e wöhela icwiyi löipë nörövafhanela eto iturë ölvu thena-mäyupiela yuli.'''

There was once a man who had seven sons, and last of all one daughter. although the little girl was very pretty, she was so weak and small that they thought she could not live but they said she should at once be christened.

'''Oto cwinli pintörë eali lamovon atähi kwellapkwe poucahwali ewan, eyi valarikurë lumphë nälmen. Epkëväiloto nöweiwë poucamöli, e hëfworë nilneripë fhampon nömäihi kovo nälhmulemä. Waweto äpkäkwearë lhaun kanlöla vayi haulato emäin thopala muriphili.'''

So the father sent one of his sons in haste to the spring to get some water, but the other six ran with him. Each wanted to be the first at drawing the water, and so they were in such a hurry that they all let their pitchers fall into the well, and they stood foolishly looking at one another, and did not know what to do, for none dared go home.

'''Vakuito hauvela atäwë yoähauyi ephiun alwä-nänala lupka-prëmon. Mëula, itur’on, thounölela nikö nömäin rlui yakerëvo; mipko nouma lankwäherëto haunöla murirën lhaun, phouvö värurë, vihwëp’en, fwapehwa fhalhkotopë lhau nömäin.'''

In the mean time the father was uneasy, and could not tell what made the young men stay so long. “Surely,” said he, “the whole seven must have forgotten themselves over some game of play.” And when he had waited still longer and they yet did not come, he flew into a rage and wished them all turned into ravens.

'''Ituhöiherëto oraun, nila luncarë kälhkarën nökwärë keipë kaprokalerën fhora-cëlhmu fhalhvo nikön. Yohwekuto e vihwën keila kounarën, hunyëla epwean thonukwä nirë-tekan, ela houri rlöhwala lhöyepkwe lamo nikön cwälu teinavo, ilva voprälel’on vali-prëlli nilkwe-kwörorëyi.'''

Scarcely had he spoken these words when he heard a croaking over his head, and looked up and saw seven ravens as black as coal flying round and round. Sorry as he was to see his wish so fulfilled, he did not know how what was done could be undone, and he comforted himself as well as he could with his dear little daughter, who soon became stronger and every day more beautiful.

A longer text now on Pkalho-Kölo/A

I'm going to try to upload a couple of scans of Pkalho-Kölo in its own writing system. These were written a few years ago and the language has changed slightly since then, but they still give an idea of what the script looks like. (Oh bother they're in the wrong order and I have no idea what to do about it.)

V. English - Pkalho-Kölo:
OK. I'm going, I hope, to add a brief word-list.

A.
to abandon           kwëllo above                nila absent               hau to accompany         mimä to accuse, blame     rlauce acquire, obtain      vea to add to            hwëno admire               pamyu admit, confess       kwalpë advice               nouve adorn, decorate      prulkwe afraid; to fear      yafhë after; later         neto afternoon            yeilo agree with           tinnä air                  äyu almond               nuifhe amazed               wafwu amusing, funny       yömwi ancient              täthu angry                väru ankle                prënka to announce          prilpa to answer            kwehwä ant                  höpi apple                kwäli to approve of        telpkwa approximately        proha apricot              cwäimo an arbour            vëlpkwä arm                  kwenya ash, ashes           hëtha ask a favour         prëhwi ask a question       cwiu (maternal) aunt      nenya (paternal) aunt      nula autumn               cämphu awake                viro aware of             ehu away; out            alwä an axe               kolke

B.
back (of the body)   thällu a bag                phacë a ball               phälla bank; shore          velta

bare, desolate       kwähu barter, exchange     yäpre basement             lhumvä basket               praphe a bat (animal)       pilvä (have a) bath        camwe a bay (seaside)      taukwä a beach              päina beautiful            nilkwe to beckon            kwöki a bee                vëlve beech-tree           luka beehive              kwuho a beetle             rluiko before               norlla begin, start         keri on behalf of         liphu behind, hidden by    pemwä behind, to the rear  thuomä to believe           prepko a bell               nukwu belongings           kelu below; down          nälhmu to bend; bent        wilu bend down            vella to benefit from      kampri beside               alvi beyond; far side     pelha

big, large           kapu bind, tie up         lelhko birch-tree           rlepa bird                 cöi to bite              kamku bitter               lhipwi bizarre, peculiar    cömwe black                cëlhmu blackbird            kiela blackcurrants        rlelwi blade of grass       rlilwe blame, guilt         vëlhu to blame, accuse     rlauce blanket              pwelka blaze, flare up      fhuvi to bless             mäyu blind                mukë blood                fhëma blood-clot           limwu blossom              phuolë

blunt                vuco to blush             urllo a board (wood)       capë to boast             prämpwe a boat               phawe boisterous           pruivu a book               cälpa borrow; lend         hoä a bottle             rlempo to bounce            pumpë boundary             älle bouquet (flowers)    cwöllo a bowl               tälpo a box                canto a boy                pwenya brave                talhmo bread                nulhä to break             pkate break, snap          papkä to breathe           hiphu breeze               wefha to bribe             prilho a bridge             tälve brief; short time    helu bright, clear        cäyu bright, shiny        luili bring, carry         tou

broad, wide          pkoula bronze               prufho (older) brother      apko (younger) brother    upe brown                hämpra a bruise             rlëmwa (scrubbing) brush    thepi a bucket             polhka a bud                nipwë to build             tuina to bully             pruco to bump into         pkwape to burst             rlumco to bury              lhemcu busy, occupied       pkivë butter               yomyë a buttercup          pilpwä butterfly            kwëpha a button             nöpe buy; sell            proä

C.
a cabinet            preina a cage               cäki cake                 cöme calm, still          tulwa a canal              thölwe candle               cilpe carpet               thälvo carnation            kwölmi a carrot             nimhi carry, bring         tou cat                  mimwe catch (ball etc)     napke caterpillar          wulumpri cautious, wary       nöho a cave               louku cease, stop          kwento ceiling              limcö centre, middle       kunu certain, sure        unne a chain              pkilpa a chair              phapre chalk                pkëlki chase away           kwärva cheap (price)        yekwo cheerful             hwöi cheese               hennä (wooden) chest       këlta a child              uno chin                 nuopi to choose            kweru a chronicle          thentä cinnamon             pkwillu circle, ring         kamyo circumference        aro clap hands           päkwa clay                 lämi clear, bright        cäyu clever               nilvë a cliff              wäntu to climb             lanti to cling to          limyë a cloak              lhalwe a clock              kälkwo to close, shut       pkire close, near          mawe close, tight         cwipë cloth, fabric        täivo a cloth, towel       miho

clothes              kwoma cloud                uphe clover               äphi clumsy               konla coal                 fhora a coat               palko coffee               tavä a coin               premo to coincide          prope cold (to touch)      lhëfwa cold (weather)       ëfwu collide with         pronkwa colour               kwëra a comb               neiva common               mauro to compare           hwate to compel            promu to complain          rlocwe to complete          lhapi complicated          minlö to compromise        pkwolla confess, admit       kwalpë confident            kehwo console, comfort     lhönya contain, hold        otu container, jar       piuve contempt             yaupë contented            hwamo continual            nanti continue, remain     näna to convince          yencu to cook              mahe cool                 thafwä copper               melprä to copy out          preivë coral                kiula correct, true        prea a corridor           pkieva couch, sofa          tancu to cough             pkähe to count             yummo a country            wale countryside          täina courteous            nelko (female) cousin      vehwa (male) cousin        tuhwa

to cover; covered    pëu cream                cenyö a crime              rlako crowd                cumo crumb; grain         öku to crumble           phuprë to cry; tears        yölli (rock-)crystal       käicwe cucumber             lumpkä a cup                tuphe cupboard             pano curious, intriguing   viulo a current            tiuphe curtain              cephu curve                meto cushion              mëlpha a cut, wound         vicu to cut, sever        ciko

D.
a daisy              cëpwe a daffodil           pruma damage, harm          mati damp, moist          ömle to dance             hwäivo danger               thalfhi dark-coloured        tänyu daughter             teina daunting             wölpha dawn                 pkela day                  vali deceit, guile        lhëmu to decide            tencu decorate, adorn      prulkwe delicious            nölu deep                 tolphu deep, low-pitched    lälhu deer                 tilwe to delay             louri deliberately         leicwa delicious            nölu delight              mölli to demolish          prampë depart, leave        nacwi to describe          prouphe to despise           yaupë desolate, bare       kwähu deter, dissuade      lhencë dew                  nehwi difficult            tälna

to dig               thumo dim, faint           hwemho to dip               lëpku direct, straight     tëlvi disappear            walhu disappointed         vamyo to disapprove        venlo to discuss           pkweina dishonest            wiefhi to display           prallu distant              rloä distinguish between  kwiulo distribute           paumi ditch, trench        thorllu to dive              tupre diverse, various     lëmpa to divide up         palte dizzy                wauhu a dog                rlupe a doll               kimpro a door               kwalo dot, spot            töi to doubt             thavo down, below          nälhmu dragonfly            kwëlkwe to draw              kiene a drawer             prënu dreadful, terrible   rloku dream                nephö dress, robe          prayu to dress, put on     kwoma to drink             nuo to droop             hwolë a drop               vöi drop, fall           neri drunk                vipwä dry                  hiya dusk                 prepho dust                 pethu to dye               louvi

E.
ear                  lufhi earlier; before      norlla early                hwëlo earth, ground        malu earthworm            welwi east                 heipha easy                 ëphu to eat               mui echo                 kwauho edge                 puhi (make an) effort     pwora eight                vähi eloquent             kwilko embarrassed          rlampwe embers               tholce emerald              pwälho emerge; take out     luce emotion; mood        wönä empty, hollow        vaho end, tip             tëu endure, undergo      lhälu enjoyable            kelphwa enough               mötu to entertain         pkwiuva enthusiastic         pwikwä to envelop           phoru to envy              volce to erase             fwipe errand, task         petä equal to             puyö escape from          ilpka evening              vielo exact, precise       pikwe

to exceed; too much   priu exchange, barter     yäpre (make) excuses       pruipi expensive            pöne expert at            tielu explain; clear       yoä extinguish, put out  väfwe extra                hwëno eye                  löme eyelid               lömki

F.
the face             cwea faint, dim           hwemho fair, just           kämo to faint             fwäiko fairy-tale           pölye to fall over         täpu to fall, drop        neri famous               kweinö far away             rloä far side; beyond     pelha fast, quick          hikö fasten, tie          puce father               atä to fear; afraid      yafhë a feather            peivo fee                  taphi feeble, weak         wöhe feel, touch          fwiu a fence              pkanta fern                 rluphë a few                phënu a field              kolta to fight             rlukwi to find, be found    këu fine, good           lawe fine (weather)       nahe finger               mëcu finish, complete     lhapi fire                 ifhë fireplace            procu firm (not soft)      kinno fish                 ilho fish (with a line)   prulhi fit together         hine five                 pkaru a flag               phampru to flare, blaze up   fhuvi flat (surface)       häpwa flit past            prihi floor                phalma flour                luphe a flute              hifwe to fly               lalpe follow, walk behind  pkuhe following, next      lilyë foolish; nonsense    wawe

foolish, stupid      yempa foot                 pkino to forbid            lhampe forcefully           pkalli forehead             kämrle forest, wood         wiprä to forget            thulo to forgive           hwale a fork               cankwe fort, stronghold     tarkä fortunate            hweva four                 heru a fox                lhëphi fragile              cwehwi fragrant             nifhe fresh; recent        pkwewe friend               cäilo (in) front           torö frost                fwimë to frown             rlulka fruit                perö frustrating          tönlo to fry               cifho full; to fill        pkulho (to have) fun        päye a funnel             pkuye funny, amusing       yömwi a furnace            rlafho furniture            tëmpre futile, useless      phulë

G.
to gamble            rlomle game, match          wempru a gap, space         vihu garden               kaulo gate                 palmo generous             move gentle               milu get out of bed       nimpwä gift, present        prawe ginger               kënla give/receive         kwea (pane of) glass      hwinya gloomy, dark         rläwa gloves               nämpri to glow              kwömlu go to bed            nöhwa gold                 kërllu good, fine           lawe good-looking         lelpha gossip, rumour       thähe to govern            lhiemä grapes               cärmo grass                rliwa grateful             tautho greedy               yömle (dark) green         veima (light) green        lefha grey                 hithä to grieve            lilhpwä to grind             kwënme to grope about       mäkwo ground, earth        malu guard, watch over    pkulma to guess at          wilyo guess (correctly)    nalyo (be a) guest         kwamo to guide             hilpko guilt, blame         vëlhu to gush out          pofwä

H.
hairbrush            phiepru half                 pkavi hall                 paphe hammer               lampro hand                 näke a handle             pkopa to hang up           wolte happy                leha a harbour            tanve hard, rigid          tilke harm, damage         mati a hat                phumo to hate              fhayo the head             poä headache             neilho healthy              fhape to heap up           pumhwe to hear; a sound     licwe heart                coä hearth               procu heavy                kumlho the heel             kompe a helmet             lhulpä help, aid            källe a hen                kolci heroic               kalvo to hesitate          këmhwe to hide, hidden      hweca high; tall           käho high-pitched         lelya hill                 pälu to hinder            cwopë to hint              thohwe a history            thentä hit, strike          tepku hold, contain        otu hold, take hold of    pkoä hole, pit            tuko hollow, empty        vaho honey                leimo hope                 waphë horse                fhëvu hot (to touch)       uvi

hot (weather)        vöra house	             tämo hummingbird	     pkwëlpa a hundred	     elphu hungry		     fwëva to hunt		     kwilvo hurry, run	     lari to hurt; pain	     rlëvu a hut		     hepra hyacinth	     leihwe

I. J. K.
ice		     cwihä ideal, perfect	     pköwe to ignore	     vope illness; sick	     yälme to imagine	     phanyö immediately	     ölvu indoors		     wäru inform, tell	     cei infuse; make (tea)   vahwä ingredient	     primu to inherit	     rliphe (be) injured	     völka ink		     lhilmi innocent	     ceiphi inside		     ulka to insult	     fhärha intact, whole	     mulle intelligent          nilvë interesting	     wöla to interfere         velpkwä intriguing	     viulo to invite	     yuco iris (flower)	     liukwa iron		     lhäkwu irrelevant	     thëlpwe island		     phimö to jab, poke	     tëmpki jar, container	     piuve jasmine		     cillö to join, fit	     liwe journey		     cwallo joy		     mölli a jug		     pwëku juice		     pwöle to jump		     pkupä just, fair	     kämo a kettle	     lhäpke a key		     kilwe to kick		     pkenco kind-hearted	     nöi to kiss		     pwöma knife		     kilvi knock in (nails)     pwentu a knot		     rlipu know (facts)	     loä know (how to)	     täne know (a person)	     pame

L.
to lack			hau a ladder		kepwä a lake			hwela lamp			celma a land, country		wale large, big		kapu later; after		neto to laugh		yehwa law, rule		alhu lawn			fwalo a layer			perllo lazy			hälle lead, go first		pkahi lead (metal)		thënwe leaf			phëya learn/teach		phea leave, depart		nacwi left (side)		thali left over; remnant	lumphë leg			thuya a legend		kallu lemon			mölme lend/borrow		hoä let go, release		hoce lettuce			elhwa a lid			nëpra (to tell) a lie		phëu to lie down		neiwe to lift			cohwi light (not heavy)	weiha light; to shine		ilu lightning		hwico to like, want		phöi likely, probable       kwulvo

lilac			öhwa to limp			tante to line up; a row	cwema linen			malwi lion			pkalo a list			cäime the liver		rlamlö to load with		lhahu a lock			cëmpka to loiter		teilë lonely			wahwe long (time)		nouma long ago		teilho to look at		pkwea a loom			tiuve loose, unattached	meiwa lose (a game, etc.)	mulha lose (a thing)		yallu loud			lhouwe to love			mela low-pitched		lälhu loyal			kwova

M.
a magnet		lhäco a man			tonu a map			pënna mark, trace		inyo to marry		nalphe marsh, bog		phamlo a mask			cauphë match, game		wempru to match, be like	vupke meadow, pasture 	lemyo to measure		coha medium, moderate	illä to meet			pkuo to melt			nömyu mend, repair		prina mercury 		prullë message 		wome metal			lhenko middle, centre		kunu milk			omi miniature		tölmi mirror			thilko misfortune		lhauko mist			hwëlme moist, damp		ömle mood; emotion		wönä money			cepro the moon		hälu more or less		proha morning 		elma moss			fhöpha the most		miya a moth			lelwä mother			anä motionless		lona mottled			pärmo mountain		tännu a mouse 		nimkë mouth			kölo mud			lulya muddy (water)		prämla (to play) music		velya mysterious		cwalphë

N. O.
a nail			tënle (finger-)nail		cinwë name			thena narrow			pkömi near, close		mawe the near side		käli the neck		mille (flower) nectar		cwölu needle			pwilö a net			uthe new			hea news			nömi next, following		lilyë next to			alvi night			mälho nightmare		fhuilho nine			ämme noisy			kwämpko nonsense; foolish	wawe north			thihu notice, observe		elvö numb			wämwë oak-tree		kwalto an oar			thilpë to obey			kove obtain, acquire		vea obvious			näpre ocean			kuphi odour, smell		iphe oil			yöne old (not young)		härpu old, former		huivä old man			tourä old woman		neirä olive-green		pkwölpha one (1)			ea to open			utä to oppress; tyranny	rlurkwe an orange		märkwa orange (colour)		rlohu an orchard		cwomprä ordinary		mora out; away		alwä outside			äkwa an oval			homya to overflow		rluiwe owl			hwuru

P.
page, sheet		phica pain; to hurt		rlëvu paint (a wall, etc.)	tepra palace			prulphe pale-coloured		hewa palm (of the hand)	kwape a pancake		cimmë paper			niphu to pass by		tewa pass through		pkille passage, corridor	pkieva pasture, meadow 	lemyo path, road		cwavo to pause		woltu paving			talphu to pay for		cöyo peace			hwenyo peaceful, quiet		lalkwä a peach			phëmyo peak, summit		tipkwi a pear			pkenyä a pearl			cömyo peas			löpwi pebble, stone		pelto peculiar, bizarre	cömwe a pen (writing)		temwi perfect, ideal		pköwe to persevere		valtu a person		erä to pick up		toka to pierce		këlphi to pile, stack		temce a pillar		tulpä a pillow		mëlpha to pinch		cimpë pine-tree		heikwä pink			cöhwä pit, hole		tuko to pity			fweimi plain, ordinary		mora to plan			phote a plant			miphö a plate			toulo to play (games)		yake pleasant, enjoyable	kelphwa plum			cumpë poetry			kwelma to point at		piko poison			kwëlna to poke, jab		tëmpki

pole, post		läpe pollen			philyu a pond			tapwe poplar-tree		pkwilö poppy			mömkwe popular			yolpa a porch			prentu potatoes		homlö to pour			rlapwi powder			cepha to practise at		pkura to praise		pkäya precious		nipro precise, exact		pikwe to prefer		phari prepare for		prellë present, gift		prawe to pretend		yope to prevent		lhanno previous		mulyë probable		kwulvo promise 		hurkwo prone to		wapi to protect		talkwi proud of		phölku to prove		täipri to provide		mälo to punish		vaulhe purple			märvu to pull			prëu pumpkin		       koume pure			kwiyö to push			pkäre to push into		cempa to put, place		hëu put on (clothes)	kwoma

Q. R.
to quarrel		hamkwä a question; to ask	cwiu quick, fast		hikö a quilt			pampho quiet, peaceful		lalkwä radiant			kwömlu rain			vui rainbow	       	pkwelpo rare			phëha raspberry		kumpre to read			wëla receive/give		kwea recent; fresh		pkwewe recently		elna recover, get better	pkwanu (bright) red		kerhwö (dark) red		kafhu to refuse		hanco to relax		luome release, let go		hoce reliable		tulme reluctant		rlëmpu remain, continue	näna remember		mathö

remnant; left over	lumphë repair, mend		prina to repeat		kwiepo replace, substitute	luitë request			kwalwe rescue, save		laukwe resemble		olkwe reservoir		cemwä rest, settle		wëma retreat, turn back	thämkwe to reveal		kwäice to reward		pkume ribbon			lävi rice			yepë rich, wealthy		pkwoma right (side)		mita rigid, stiff		fhëlka the rim			töre ring, circle		kamyo to rip, tear		këfhe ripe			melpë to risk			veca river			linwe road, path		cwavo to roll up		piumo roof			vimä a room			pwahe robe, dress		prayu rope			hiwa a row; to line up	cwema rowdy			pruivu ruby			fhiru rude, impolite		hëva rule, law		alhu rumour, gossip		thähe run, hurry		lari run away from		pkarpi rust			ofha

S.
(to be) safe		talme a sail			kelca salmon			kwimu salt			cithä save, rescue		laukwe a saw			hëcwa to say			itu a scarf			phelkwa school			pherma scold, tell off		nafhi to scrape		cwäke a screen		käina scissors		cimkwä the sea			kuphi seahorse		pkapri seashell		cälo a secret		fwöli see; be visible		kei sell/buy		proä serene, calm		heilu serious			kietä to serve		wipha set out (journey)	paurë settle, rest on		wëma seven			nikö sever, cut		ciko to sew			pwilte shadow			thäpho shallow			nihä shape			häpa to share with		kweyu sharp (not blunt)	pecwi to shave		thöpke sheet, page		phacë shelf			entë to shelter		malvu shirt			cimpu to shine; light		ilu shiny, bright		luili a ship			vakwo shoes			pëwi shore, bank		velta to shout		yauko shut, close		pkire shy			kouhwe sick; illness		yälme

the side		kwatho a sieve			theicä silence			lillä silk			cimhö simple			tehu sing (birds)		pöllu sing (people)		cännu to sink into		tumpwä to sip			prölpe (older) sister		venya (younger) sister	vini to sit			nallu six			nalme skilful			pehwa the sky			weho to sleep; asleep	möi to slice		fwice slim			hwilta slow			munwa small			icwi smash, shatter		pkalcë smell, odour		iphe to smile		milmë smoke			rluhe smooth (to touch)	cilvo snow			cäfwi soap			cäme to soar			fholu sofa, couch		tancu soft (not hard)		mefwi soft (not loud)		huhwa son			lamo soon, shortly		ilva soot			tëlhu to sort out		hwäiri a sound; to hear	licwe soup			louma sour			cufwo south			rlomö a spade			thärpu a spark			töfhi to sparkle		cinle to speak		kwila (magic) spell		rluilö spider			thuikwi to spill		pwamë spin round; whirl	fwëri

the spine		kwinvä a spoon			tolku spot, dot		töi spring (season)		kwanyö to squeeze		cëmwi to stab			kalpki to stand; standing	tulle a star			cwilë stare at		pwalo starfish		cumya start, begin		keri a statue		tölkwa to steal (things)	rlëpka steam			mapho steep (slope)		tiekwe step, stair		lenta still, calm		tulwa to sting		vëcwi to stir (a pot, etc.)	tipu stone, pebble		pelto a stool			tävi stop, cease		kwento storehouse		rleiwa storm			wolvö a story			vëllu a stove			karho straight, direct	tëlvi strawberry		kölla a stream		pkwiri a street		cähe stretch, draw out	vieri strike, hit		tepku striped			pkwiphe stubborn		kwäncu substitute, replace	luitë sudden			hölki sugar			pkane summary		       phäiyo summer			torllu summit, peak		tipkwi surprised		pwahwe the sun			elko sure, certain		unne to swallow		pkolkwe a swan			pkweno to sweat		fhömi sweet (taste)		likwe swim (fish)		wëlphe swim (people)		kelphu sympathy		rlahwä

T.
table			tälli take (medicine)		pkolkwe take care of		kwällo take out; emerge	luce tall; high		käho to tap, rap		pakë task, errand		petä a tax			themca tea			phikwa teach/learn		phea to tear, rip		këfhe tears; to cry		yölli to tease		pkwäri tedious			numwa tell, inform		cei tell (what to do)	tawe a telescope		kwëlwu ten			thilä a tent			warho terrible, dreadful	rloku thick (book, etc.)	ummë thin (not thick)	hwöpe think (about)		phëlu think (opinion)		löi thirsty			hafwe thorough		lietä a thousand		mauko a thread		hiphë three			pali throat			fhopa to throw		tauhwe thumb			mulpo thunder			lhurko to tidy up		prelko tie, fasten		puce tie up, bind		lelhko tiger			läcwa tight, close		cwipë timid			kwähwe

to tingle		kwönle tip, end		tëu tip over		prëpa tired			yëpha today			ecwa a toe			pköi tomato			yampho tomorrow		lincwa the tongue		vilpa too much 		priu a tortoise		cerpa touch, feel		fwiu a toy			wapri a tower			tolva trace, mark		inyo transparent		cahi travel			cwallo a tray			täpha to tremble		pkwemwë trench, ditch		thorllu trip, stumble		pkintë trivial			cëwa trousers		kulte true, correct		prea to try out		veho a tulip			mulvä a tunnel		pköllo turn around		ulya (take) turns		pkolte a turtle		pholkwa twilight		prepho two			lëmo tyranny			rlulkwe

U.V.
ugly			lhuca (maternal) uncle	tovo (paternal) uncle	cëvi undergo, endure		lhälu unnecessary		nauthu unripe			mipwä (turn) upside-down	pkulpri usual, ordinary		mora to use			cëu to use up		uhe useless, futile		phulë valley			lunyä vanish			walhu various, diverse	lëmpa vase, urn		thoä a veil			ceihu to vibrate		kinme view, vista		wimyu violet (flower)		hwilwe visit			kurwe voice			yalhe

W. Y.
to wade			taupko wages			taphi waist			kwöpa wait for		lankwä to walk			tilta a wall			pahä walnut			mikwö want; like		phöi warm			ämrlo to warn			vauro wary, cautious		nöho wash (clothes)		ciwe waste, squander		vanö watch over, guard	pkulma water			ewa waterfall		wiukwe water-tank		cemwä (sea) wave		pule wax			himya weak, feeble		wöhe wealthy			pkwoma weary			yëpha to weave		thape a well			kovo west			tarvo wet, moist		ömle a wharf			touvi wheat			cwëlwa wheel			coru whirl; spin round	fwëri to whisper		hwuhe to whistle		fwikö white			hino whole, intact		mulle

wide, broad		pkoula wildflowers		wephö willow-tree		ipwa to win			möhi the wind		hwiri a window		këlyu wing			pkëlvi wine			rluco winter			fhina to wipe			lëfhi wire			virvo woman			läkwe wonder about		phoure wood, forest		wiprä wood, timber		leprä wool			lhärllu a word			itu to work, toil		fharu workshop		timkwä the world		anta to worry		fhöce wound, cut		vicu wrap up		       tompru wreath			kammuli to wrestle		rlipwo wrist			tölve to write		pelu (house) yard		tauna yellow			pilpe yesterday		mucwa young			lenya young man		lupka young woman		nulpe