Old Shax

General Information
Shax is the main Lingua Franca of the country of Mauritania (note: the Mauritania is not the real-world Mauritania, the Islamic Republic of, but the Republic of Mauritania, a con-state, with its English name, Mauritania, coming after the ancient Roman province of the same name. In this universe, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is called the Islamic State of Agawej, after the berber name for it.).

Mauritania consists of, in modern day terms, Morocco, the provinces of Tangier-Tetouan, Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate, Oriental, Fès-Boulemane, Gharb-Chrarfa-Béni Hssen, Meknès-Tafilalet, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer, Grand Casablanca, Doukkala-Abda, Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz, Tadla-Azilal, and Souss-Massa-Drâa, and all the provinces of Algeria except Tindouf, Adrar, Tamanghasset, Illizi, Ouargla, El Oued, and Tébessa.

In Mauritania, there are many languages. The official language is Shax. Recognized minority languages are Kayble Berber, Tashelhit Berber, Spanish, French, Moroccan colloquial Arabic, and Algerian colloquial Arabic.

Sound Changes
These are the sound changes from original Antiquity Latin. Note: they're al in order
 * 1) V = vowel
 * 2) ´ (acute accent) = stressed syllable
 * 3) ` (grave accent) = unstressed syllable

Antiquity > Vulgar

 * Removal of phonemic legnth (ex: [eː] > [e])
 * Vowel Shift
 * e, ɪ > e
 * o, ʊ > o
 * e > ɪ/_V
 * ɑi̯ > ɛ
 * ɑu̯ > o
 * oi̯ > e
 * h > ∅
 * syncope
 * n, m > ∅/syllable-final
 * w, b > β>V_V
 * regularization of irregular nouns
 * emphasis of gendered nouns
 * Vulgar Laitn words
 * e, i > j/_V
 * o, u > w/_V

Vulgar > Western Romance

 * s > es/#_
 * m > ∅/_#
 * ns > s
 * er > re/_#
 * or > ro/_#
 * syncope
 * e, i > j/in hiatus
 * kj > kkj
 * dj, gj > j
 * kj, tj > tsj
 * kkj > ttsj
 * kt > jt
 * ks > js
 * ɛ́ > ie/open syllable
 * ɔ́ > uo/open syllable
 * (p, t, k) > (b, d, g)/V_V, r
 * (b, d, g) > (v, ð, ʝ)/V_V, r
 * ts > dz/V_V, r
 * pl > bl/V_V
 * (t, d) > (d, ð)/V_#
 * jn, nj, gn, ŋn, ngj > ɲ
 * jl, gl > ʎ
 * syncope

Western Romance > Meghrebian Romance

 * s > ∅/_#
 * β > v
 * ʎ > ʝ; ɟ/CV́_
 * ʝ > ɟ
 * V́ > V̀/_ɲ, ʎ, ɟ
 * è, ì > ɪ
 * ò, ù > ʊ
 * ɛ, é > ɛ̝
 * ɔ, ó > ɔ̝
 * á > æ
 * simplification of geminates
 * simplification of affricates to fricatives
 * (sj, zj) > (ʃ, ʒ)
 * (s, z) > (ʃ, ʒ)/__(i, ɪ, ɛ̝́)
 * kʷɔ̝, kʷu > ku
 * k > h/V_ɛ̝, ɔ̝, a, æ, ʊ
 * k > ∅/V_i, ɪ
 * Arabic Words

Meghrebian Romance > Shax

 * æ̀ > ɪ
 * ʊ́ > ɔ̝
 * ʊ̀ > u
 * r > l/open stressed syllables
 * l > r/open unstressed syllables
 * g > ʁ/V_V́
 * ʕ > ∅
 * ħ > h
 * ʁ > h
 * ʔ > h
 * tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, zˤ > t, d, s, z
 * q > h/open unstressed syllble-final
 * Lenition
 * Voiced
 * b > m/_#
 * d > n/_#
 * g > ŋ/_#
 * Voiceless
 * p > f
 * t > s
 * k > h
 * q > χ
 * ɪ, a > ∅/n, m_C (unstressed syllable)
 * ɪ, a > ə/C_ŋ, fricative (unstressed syllable)

Syllable Formation
(C)(G)V(C)

where G = glide

Stress
Stress is not phonemic.

Alphabet
¹Before I, E, and Y

² Only occurs with the sound change ɪ, a > ə/C_ŋ, fricative (unstressed syllable)

Diacritics
¹ Used when the ɪ, a > ə/C_ŋ, fricative (unstressed syllable) sound doesn't apply

² Used when it is an [ɛ̝] from the Arabic letter ة (tā’ marbūṭa)

Case
There are 3 cases in Shax: the nominative, oblique, and genitive. The Shax nominative represents the nominative, vocative, and prepositional. The oblique represents the accusative, dative, and ablative. The genitive represents just the genitive. The nominative is left unmarked. The oblique is made with articles. The genitive is made with declensions and a zero article. The oblique is taken from the accusative form.

Adjectives don't have case.

Plural
Nouns can either be singular or plural. Plural nouns are declined. The plural form is taken from the Latin dative, contrary to other western romance languages that take it form the accusative. Article plurals are taken from the 1st declension plural for feminine and 4th declension plural for masculine.

Adjectives decline to the noun's plurality.

Gender
There are two genders: the masculine and feminine. The masculine and neuter of original latin were combined. The distinction is usually very regular as most feminine nouns end in either T, A, or É. Irregular feminine nouns do still exist, but the article usually makes that clear.

Adjectives decline to the noun's gender.

Article
Articles decline to case, gender, plural, and definiteness. There main purpose though is to distinguish the oblique case and definiteness. Note: the zero article is used for the partative article. A pluraly declined noun with a zero article is used to show a plural partative article (ex: cofi = some coffee, cofivos = some/many coffees)

Indefinite
The indefinite article in Shax comes from the Antiquity Latin word ūnus meaning "one".

Definitie
The indefinite article in Shax comes from the Antiquity Latin word ille meaning "that".

Plural and Adjective Gender
While there are some irregular plurals, for nouns and adjectives, in Shax, most are regular.

For nouns, the plurals is made by putting on a final -vos or -vas, depending on gender. If the final letter in the word is a consonant, the consonant is replaced with "v".

For adjectives, the plural marker is -i, for masculine adjectives, or -e, for feminine adjectives. Usually the gendered forms are irregular therefore the masculine and femanine forms are both given. Note: when the adjective takes the plural form, the vowel before it gets replaced.

Adjective Placement
Shax is a strongly head initial language. All adjectives go in front of the adjective. When there are equal adjectives, the one most descriptive of the noun goes closest to the nouns (note: this also can change the semantics of the noun.

Prepositions
As said before, Shax is a strongly head initial language. Therefore all prepositions, note that there are no compound prepositions and any that may be are compounded, are placed before the nouns phrase, the noun and its modifiers, adjectives.

Conjugation
In one verb, a verb conjugates to person, number, tense, mood, voice, and type.

Person
There are three persons in Shax: first, second, and third.

Number
There are two numbers in Shax: singular and plural.

Tense
There are three tenses in Shax: the present, the past, and the future.

Mood
There are three moods in Shax: the indicative, subjunctive, and the imperitive. The subjunctive in Shax is very useful. It is used whenever expressing opinion. It is also used when making a question.

Voice
There are the active and passive voices in Shax.

Type
A verb can be one of three types: valentic, reflexive, and reciprocal. Valentic is a regular transitive or intrasitive verb. Reflexive is where the subject and the object are the same. Reciprocal is where the subject and the object do the verb to one another.

Subjunctive
When using the subjunctive for an opinion alone then you can use it as you would a indicative verb. When making a question, you place the question particle in front of it.

Reflexive
The reflexive doesn't need an object because it is assumed.

Conjugation
Replace the stem with the given conjugation.

-Air
ex: ticlair [tɪklær] • to speak