Nauspayr

=Overview= Sylphic is a language its creator initially developed when he was about eleven, but since starting a degree in linguistics, decided he ought to go back to it and start formalising it a little. Among its (unintentional) sources are Spanish, English, Gaelic, Mandarin, Japanese, Polish and some Nordic elements. Its main notable aspects are its dependence upon interpersonal relationships, a four "gender" system and its lilting spoken tone. It is intended to be both spoken and written, both for artistic and more prosaic purposes. The language is still undergoing development as its creator tries to make it 'more realistic' and usable. Suggestions for vocabulary or 'how to get the currently embryonic case system to work properly (!)' are much obliged.

Cultural Background
A refreshing lingual difference in the monoglot Empire, Sylphic is one of several fringe languages and dialects. Although a widely dispersed tongue, the number of speakers compared to the standard is tiny. Furthermore, the insular nature of the Sylphic speaking community makes it an excellent cultural determiner. Sylphic has a large literary heritage and remains to be used for fiction, histories and the characteristic poetic forms. However, Sylphic is chiefly a spoken language, used by agricultural labourers in the wilderness, the Church, local government and immigrants gone to the big Cities alike. The complex forms and musical form fit the arts well, especially in folk music, with the added advantage that very few eavesdroppers will understand!

Note From the Creator
I apologise that, at the moment, some elements are made unclear by formatting. As soon as I get the hang of formatting, (hopefully create some tables) this should be much clearer. Also, while the language is still in development could you please not make major changes to the language system itself, though suggestions are much welcomed. Thank you.

=Alphabet= Sylphic uses a Roman alphabet, modified with various diacritics, along with a small group of other letters. Vowels come in three 'flavours' (for want of a better word): plain, first derivative coloured or second derivative coloured, or simply: undotted, single dotted, double dotted. Consonants may appear plain or coloured (some being just single dotted, others single and double). Finally there are held vowels and held nasal consonants. These are sounds of a lower pitch, and held for roughly twice the length of other vowels and consonants. The diacritics ´ `^ and ˇ mark "gender" and do not alter pronunciation. The pronunciation guide below is written (for clarity) in English, rather than IPA, and should be approached with a Northern British accent. However, these pronunciations are for guide purposes only! In fact, the sound is more rounded, having a "English singing pronunciation' or more Norwegian sound. Imagine you have a boiled sweet in your mouth as you say these. Furthermore, pronunciation also is altered by context, vowels ending syllables tend to be cut short and vowels before nasals tend to themselves be partly nasalised.

Held Vowels and Held Consonants
Remember to drop pitch when moving to these sounds: there should be a certain sonority to them.

Other Letters
=Basic Grammar=

Noun Types ("Genders")
Many societies see the world divided up into four elements. The four types of noun have nothing to do with this, but it may help to think along these lines. In fact there is no set reason why one is one thing and one another, but tends to be divided by age, gender, level of complexity of idea, abstract versus prosaic, etc. The definite and indefinite article mark gender, along with the written diacritic upon the first un-coloured vowel of the word. These diacritics are also found on the article. As in Chinese, where tone differentiates between words such as "mother" and "question participle", a single Sylphic word may refer to four different nouns, four different verbs, four adjectives and four adverbs (although they tend to be related). This is clearly defined in writing, where the diacritics and article mark word type. (Gender extends to all word classes). However, in speech, where no article is present, confusion may arise. However, much of the time words across type are roughly synonymous (i.e. in speech there is no big need to differentiate "end" and "finish"). If there is a large difference in meaning across type, then definition is created through context. "The cat sat on the mat" is hardly going to be "the cunning rested on the carpet tile"

Singular, Dual, Trial, Paucal, Plural
Singular refers to one object, Dual to two, Trial to three. Paucal refers to 'many' (roughly between four and seven) and Plural refers to 'lots' (at least seven). This is due to Sylphic's base three counting system, only recently adapted to allow decimal numbers. To mark quantity, the following suffixes are applied to the noun. No agreement is needed with adjectives, but is required of verbs. All nouns are count nouns, that is, the word for water refers in fact to a single 'hypothetical' quantity of water. All mass nouns, when used as such, are given the plural suffix. For words ending in vowel sounds:

For words ending in consonant sounds:

Persons
These tend not to be attached to verbs as in 'I am', as the verb conjugation itself tells enough about tense and person (as in Spanish). However, these words are used rather for formality's sake, to clarify ambiguous statements, as possessives or as the subjects of verb statements. They are altered by case.

Social Honorifics
When discussing other human beings, or objects given human qualities, Sylphic uses an extended system of honorifics, demonstrating the relationship between the addresser and addressee or person discussed. These are attached (by hyphen) to the end of the name of the addressee or subject. If a name is not present, then this is tagged to the chief noun describing the subject or addressee, such as job titles, descriptions, nouns marking social status, etc. If there are none of these present, the honorific is tagged to the final word of the utterance, or sentence. An similar feature in English is "I'll do that right away, sir". Also, in first utterances, the addressee is often hailed by their honorific.

Family Relationships
The English language marks various family relationships such as "brother", "sister", "uncle", "niece", etc. However, Sylphic has a much larger lexis of these. The term "daughter" in English tallies to four possible terms in Sylphic, which coincidentally tally with a system formerly prevalent in the British private school system: major, minor, minimus. An eldest daughter is termed "mȧlá", second "mȧlé", third "mȧló" and younger ones as "mȧlú". Granddaughters are usually termed "mȧlæ". This system produces a very intricate map of family and interfamily relationships.

Social Relationships
In English, one addresses another as "sir", "Your Highness", or "ms". The same is true in Sylphic, except it is much greater developed. The list of honorific terms in use is potentially enormous, as roles in, for example, government develop their own honorific. However, there is a body of day-to-day terms such as "dȯlèü": best female friend. It is important to note that the term "dȯlèü" carries an extra differentiation: viability for a romantic relationship, i.e. if you were not both friends then that person could be potentially attractive. In Sylphic speaking society, a strategic use of honorifics is often employed.

Usage
To illustrate this in practice, we may examine the term for "identical twin sister": ÿdà. This may be used as such:
 * Ẋä-nô igqunœ äẋ ÿdà-læ
 * This-NOM be-HABIT/3rdSING I-POS identical twin sister-PSD
 * Literally: This is my identical twin sister
 * Éfæ-nô-ÿdà igqunœ xâllā
 * Eva-NOM (my identical twin sister) be-HABIT/3rdSING sleep-ADJ
 * Literally: Eva is sleepy
 * Ÿdà, igquı xâllā
 * Identical twin sister, be-HABIT1stSING sleep-ADJ
 * Literally: I am sleepy
 * It also may be the case that one addresses a very close best friend as "ÿdà" as well, in order to demonstrate the closeness of the relationship, mutual respect or sisterly affection.

Cardinal Numbers
As a point of interest, the Sylphic number system (extended to base ten) is as follows:

Base Three Counting System
The original base three counting system worked on two principles. The first was a counting system which went as follows: 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, etc, which rose to 333 (that is, 27). The second functioned as a rather more basic system: 1, 2, 3, many, lots (as is present in the plural system). There are specialist words for these hypothetical quantities: ȧfón (many), ȧrlón (lots).

Overview
Verbs in Sylphic tend to be derived from nouns and their meaning is altered by the "gender" of the noun from which they are derived. The "gender" in this case is derived from the auxiliary preceding the verb which marks voice. All verbs are conjugated in the same paradigms, and there are no irregularities. A verb formation will tend to follow the following pattern: VOICE [space] VERB (altered according to mood infix, if present) TENSE (altered according to person) ASPECT.

Mood
Sylphic marks twenty one moods, however many of these are really internalised forms of the English -auxiliary verb, infinitive of verb-, such as "I hope to run". Mood is altered by an infixation which follows the first vowel of the verb. This tends to create a diphthong. The rules governing infixation forbid the adjacency of identical sounds, thus if an identical vowel pairing emerges, it is destroyed by the insertion of a "y", "d", "l" or "j"; depending upon the "gender" of the verb. If an identical consonant pairing emerges, it is destroyed by the insertion of an "e". Verbs are listed in the declarative, which is not modified by infixation.

Note from the creator
Currently, much of the Sylphic standardisation is taking place in the area of case. However, a working list of case used is possible, although it is likely to be altered at a future date. As of the moment, the case system resembles that of Finnish (and a little of Hungarian)
 * Nominative
 * Accusative
 * Partitive
 * Prolative
 * Essive
 * Translative
 * Instructive
 * Abessive
 * Comitative
 * Genitive
 * Locative
 * Allative
 * Adessive
 * Inessive
 * Elative
 * Illative
 * Ablative
 * Dative

Deixis
Sylphic marks six deictic distances, rather than the two used in English (“here”, “there” / “this”, “that”). These are proximal, corporeal, visual, distal, abstract and metonymic.

Tone and Pronunciation
Speaking Sylphic fluently involves the adoption of the rising and falling tone of the language. Rules governing pitch are very rough, but as a set of guidelines, the following tends to cover most aspects. Single syllable:							Down (and short). Double syllable (ending in vowel sound):				Down - up. Double syllable (ending in consonant sound or æ):		Up - Down or Down - up. Double syllable (ending in climax vowel / consonant):		Up - Down. Triple syllable: 		single syllable - double syllable or up - double syllable. Quadruple syllable:					down - up - down - up. Quintuple syllable:					up - down - up - down - up. This is by no means an exhaustive list. Someone recently remarked that it sounded like a cross between Shetland, Spanish and Liverpudlian.

Honorifics
Take care to use the correct honorifics for each social situation, it can be considered impolite to misaddress someone.

Verbs
When speaking, it is permissible to only use the simpler verb tenses (rather than the more specific forms used in writing). This can make speaking the language much easier. In an informal situation, using 100% correct grammar suggests an impolite superiority complex, or being excessively sarcastic (correct grammar in speech can equate to saying "yeah, right"). Furthermore, don't panic over gender, as it will probably be clear which sense of a word you mean.

=Dictionary=

The Dictionary
The dictionary is still under massive reconstruction, each word that had been invented being tested and formalised. These are the words that have so far made it through. Please, please, please, don't hesitate to suggest more vocabulary; as long as it follows the rules (and is not too stupid) it should be accepted. The more people who get involved the better. The current dictionary is available as a .pdf (as it is far too complicated a job to reformat it here). You can view it here: Dictionary v1.1.pdf (When the first page has loaded, wait a few seconds, then click the download for free button) The dictionary will be updated over time

Growth of Vocabulary
As people who speak one language go out and meet other people who speak a different language, then linguistic items are exchanged. If speakers of another conlanguage want to exchange lexis on a low level, then I am more than happy for this to take place.

Other Conlangs
As an intellectual exercise, I have attempted to transliterate the names of some other conlangs described on this site:
 * Nȧléqæn
 * Ḣélıkoṅ
 * Úṁbriænæ
 * Glȯt
 * Áliṡyæ

=Cultural Items=

Time Division
Sylphic, although now having absorbed the standard Western calendar, used to, and still does to a large extent, use different forms of time division.

Hours
A Sylphic "hour" roughly equates to that of a modern Western hour. However, a Sylphic "hour" is a much more abstract concept, and does not necessarily last sixty minutes. Rather, there are twenty four different characters of each day, regularly represented in cultural mysticism by the twenty four Figures (essentially demigoddesses or female saints). Each "hour" has a quality associated with it, thus connecting time, routine and the supernatural more closely. The "hours" are standardised to the spring equinox, and are stretched or shortened according to the time of year. Sometimes whole "hours" will be skipped, at the discretion of the speaker.

Meals
Sylphic has an unusually developed set of terms for times of eating. It is not inferred that a Sylphic speaker will eat fifteen meals a day, only that they differentiate between, for example, an afternoon snack and an afternoon tea.

Annual Divisons
As well as the twelve seasons, the Sylphic year is divided into eight approximate sections, marked by a specific festival. As with the "hours", these divisions each have a Figure. Contemporary Sylphic reconciles these festivals with standard Western feast-days, such as Christmas and Easter (although the dates differ by a few days). The names of the Figures make popular girls' names.

=Example text= This section is due to change soon. For the moment,

Example Text
Yá bérigiṅue-nô qélpënœ ǔndÿplǔ yá ȧlóṅiaḣ-ẋè fìlæü

Direct Translation
The riverNOM flowHABIT DIRECTION-DEIXIS the valeDAT stormADJ

Gloss
The river flows down through the stormy vale