Cyrrhian/Sound Changes

>> Normalisation < p b t d k g ẖ> ~= /pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k x/  —→ /ts~z ŋ tsʰ~r̂/ <#V> ~= /ʔV/ >> Early Harmony e > i / _C{i ī u ū}, not always, in prefixes (ʔematabala; ʔedūda > ʔidūda) a > i / _C{i ī}, only in {da-, ŋa-, xa-, ga-} (abamudaniʔe > abamudiniʔe) u > i / _C{i ī}, only in {mu-, 'u-} (ʔuninde > ʔininde) >> Sequence Simplification lŋ nŋ rŋ > lg ŋg rg (lugalŋu > lugalgu, diŋirŋu > diŋirgu) Vʔ > Vj / _V (baʔurata > bajurata, abamudiniʔe > abamudinije,                                  lugalgu ʔimen > lugalgu jimen) V₁V₂ > V̄₁ (lugalŋaakam > lugalŋākam, ejeneakam > ejenēkam) aj > ē (ʔaj > ʔē) —— >> words that are shaped like  can end up as either <ēV> or  depending on stylistic choice. Contraction from <ēe> gives <ē>, and this in turn gives rise to stylistic doublets like and , alternating based on metre >>>>>> General Note Grammatical structures that use phrasal verbs end up emphasised, so that phrases resembling "gu ... de" > 'pours voice' end up more and more common and diverse. Many such phrases end up grammaticalised and the initial components sometimes end up resembling another layer of prefixes The possessive plural 2nd and 3rd person suffixes become <-zune> & <-ane> because of a contraction of earlier <-zunene> & <-anene> due to redundancy; case and copula forms of these start being grammatical, giving forms such as <-zuneakam → -zunēkam>. New 1&2pl pronouns form. 1pl gets <ŋajene & zaŋēne> (excl. and incl.) and 2pl gets , fairly regular constructions derived from the singular pronominal paradigm. No Semitic constructions. >>> Grammatical Sketch Noun chain: Case Suffixes: -Ø -e -ak --         -ra & -Ø -Ø & -e ₁ -a ₂ -ne -še -eš -ta -da -gen/gin Possessive Suffixes: 1st   -ŋu        -me 2nd   -zu       -zune 3rd -ani/-bi    -ane Genitive Possessive Suffixes: 1st   -ŋāk      -mēk 2nd   -zāk      -zunēk 3rd -anak/-bīk  -anēk Locative Possessive Suffixes: 1st   -ŋā      -meja 2nd   -zā      -zuneja 3rd -anā/-bā   -aneja Copular Suffixes: 1st  -men     -mēnden 2nd  -men     -mēnzen 3rd -(a)m      -mēš Pronouns: 1st   ŋaje      mēnden (zaŋaje/zaŋēne & ŋajene/ŋēne) 2nd   zaje      mēnzen (zajene/zēne) 3rd  ane/ur     anene Numbers: ——> dili, min, 'eš, limmu, 'ija, 'aš, umun, ussu, ilimmu, ju       Grammatically speaking, the imperfect and perfect end up generalised to a non-past and a past. Tense ends up being marked on verbs like that. The transition takes time, ends up giving lots of irregulars and suppletives and deponents. The initial prefix  ends up marking negatives in general; the static negative  ends up being a generic past participle; this makes the <'al- → jal-> prefix become a positive past participle marker.