Upper Fnórric

General information
The Upper Fnórric language (Fnórric Latin: Lô bismô fnorazô torak, pronounced [ˈlo ˈbismo fnɒˈʁazo tɒˈʁak]) is the main language spoken on the island's of Upper Fnorát, in the country of Kihāmát. It is recognised as the island's official regional language. It is very closely related to the neighbouring island Lower Fnórric. An inflected fusional nominative-accusative language, Lôppic has two numbers, two genders and eight cases. The language belongs to the isolated Panlaffic language family, indigenous to the country's eight islands.

Phonology and orthography
Lôppic can be written in either both traditional Panlaffic script or in the Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet. For ease of use the Romanised alphabet is used below.

Consonants
P p : [p] voiceless bilabial plosive

L l : [l] alveolar lateral approximant, [ɫ] velarised alveolar lateral approximant (before another consonant)

M m : [m] bilabial nasal, [ɱ] labiodental nasal (before f and v)

N n : [n] alveolar nasal, [ŋ] velar nasal (before g and k)

D d : [d] voiced alveolar plosive, [ð] voiced dental non-sibilant fricative (between two vowels)

H h : [h] voiceless glottal fricative, [ɦ] voiced glottal fricative (before y and between two vowels)

Ȟ ȟ : [ç] voiceless palatal fricative, [χ] voiceless uvular fricative (between two vowels)

K k : [k] voiceless velar plosive

Ǩ ǩ : [x] voiceless velar fricative, [χ] voiceless uvular fricative (between two vowels)

R r : [ɹ] alveolar approximant (at the start of a word), [ɾ] alveolar tap

Ř ř : [ʁ] voiced uvular fricative

B b : [b] voiced bilabial plosive, [β] voiced bilabial fricative (between two vowels)

V v : [ʋ] labiodental approximant

Z z : [z] voiced alveolar fricative

Ž ž : [ʐ] voiced retroflex sibilant, [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar fricative (between two vowels)

F f : [f] voiceless labiodental fricative

G g : [ɡ] voiced velar plosive, [ɣ] voiced velar fricative (between two vowels)

S s : [s] voiceless alveolar sibilant

Š š : [ʂ] voiceless retroflex sibilant, [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (between two vowels)

Č č : [ʈʂ] voiceless retroflex affricate, [tʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (between two vowels)

T t : [t] voiceless alveolar plosive, [θ] voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative (between two vowels)

Y y : [j] palatal approximant

Vowels
A a : [a] open front unrounded vowel, [ɐ] near-open central vowel (semi-unstressed), [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)

Ā ā : [ɑː] long open back unrounded vowel

Ã ã : [ɐ̃] nasalised near-open central vowel

E e : [ɛ] open-mid front unrounded vowel, [e] close-mid front unrounded vowel (stressed at the end of a word), [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)

Ẽ ẽ : [ẽ] nasalised close-mid front unrounded vowel

O o : [ɒ] open back rounded vowel, [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)

Ô ô : [o] close-mid back rounded central vowel

Ō ō : [ɔː] long open-mid back rounded vowel, [ɔ] open-mid back rounded vowel (unstressed)

Õ õ : [õ] nasalised close-mid back rounded central vowel

I i : [i] close front unrounded vowel, [ɪ] near-close near-front unrounded vowel (semi-unstressed), [ɨ] close central unrounded vowel (unstressed)

Ī ī : [iː] long close front unrounded vowel, [i] close front unrounded vowel (unstressed)

Ĩ ĩ : [ĩ] nasalised close front unrounded vowel

U u : [ʊ] near-close near-back rounded vowel, [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)

Û û : [u] close back rounded vowel, [ə] mid central vowel (unstressed)

Ū ū : [uː] long close back rounded vowel

Ũ ũ : [ũ] nasalised close back rounded vowel

Phonotactics
LY ly : [ʎ] palatal lateral approximant

ÃN ãn : [ɑ̃] nasalised open back unrounded vowel, [ɑ̃n] nasalised open back unrounded vowel, alveolar nasal (before another vowel)

NY ny : [ɲ] palatal nasal

ẼN ẽn : [ɛ̃] nasalised open-mid front unrounded vowel, [ɛ̃n] nasalised open-mid front unrounded vowel, alveolar nasal (before another vowel)

DZ dz : [dz] voiced alveolar affricate

DŽ dž : [dʐ] voiced retroflex affricate, [dʒ] voiced palato-alveolar affricate (between two vowels)

ÕN õn : [ɔ̃] nasalised open-mid back rounded vowel, [ɔ̃n] nasalised open-mid back rounded vowel, alveolar nasal (before another vowel)

TS ts : [ts] voiceless alveolar affricate

◌U ◌u [◌ʊ̯] short vowel, near-close near-back rounded vowel

◌̄U ◌̄u [◌ːʊ] long vowel, near-close near-back rounded vowel

◌̃U ◌̃u [◌̃w̯̃] nasalised vowel, nasalised voiced labio-velar approximant

Alphabet
All the Panlaffic languages have traditionally been written in the Panlaffic alphabet, Lôppic using a specific variant, but nowadays chiefly due to the Internet the Romanised alphabet is gaining use. Unlike in Kihā́mmic the stresses of word are not indicated with stress marks.

Panlaffic alphabet
The Panlaffic alphabet is a true alphabet. An example of its use is on the Coat of Arms of Kihāmát (left). The word on the scroll spells "Kihāmát" in the Kihā́mmic variant of the alphabet. Though the alphabet formerly had both majuscule and minuscule cases, only the majuscule is now generally used and the minuscule is no longer used at all in any official context.

Cases
There are seven cases in the Lôppic language:
 * 1) Nominative
 * 2) Accusative
 * 3) Genitive
 * 4) Ablative
 * 5) Allative
 * 6) Instrumental
 * 7) Prepositional

Nouns
Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter; two numbers: singular and plural; and are declined according to case.