Ituyagul/verbs

Verbs are the most important and complex part of Ituyagul grammar. The verbs remains a difficult subject even for the creator of the language. They inflect for 25 grammatical classes: case, tense, aspect, mood, ability deixis, voice, level, locution, illocution, perlocution, causativity, transitivity, valency, polarity, telicity, volition, mirativity, validation, associativity, pluractionality, affection, boundedness, version, and reciprocity. It represents a real challenge for foriegn learners due to the high inflection.

Validation
Validation is the only prefix for verbs in Ituyagul. It is the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement.

There are 9 validations in Ituyagul that are not covered in mood: inferential, anticipation, performative, deduction, induction, direct observation, opinion, reportive, intuitive, and affirmative. Each validation has its own prefix.

Ability
Ability is an aspectual indicator of power an agent has to perform specific actions. Ituyagul uses this indicator right after verbs.

Speech act
Speech act is an expression by an individual that repreesents information about performing an action. There are 3 classes of speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary.

Aspect
Aspect is a grammatical category related to verbs that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time.

Ituyagul does not distinguish tense from aspect. Ituyagul has a record 312 aspects, due to the lack of distinction between tense and aspect.

Mood
Ituyagul verbs are conjugated for 52 moods, whose meanings and uses are detailed here.

Deixis
Deixis is used to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context. Ituyagul has 5 forms of deixis: personal, spatial, temporal, discourse, and social.

Voice
Tone is used to inflect verbs for grammatical voice as in most Niger-Congo languages. In this case, Ituyagul distinguishes 18 voices: active, dynamic, stative, middle, antipassive, causative, reciprocal, causative, reciprocal, cooperative, notional, formal, informal, impersonal, adjutative, applicative, circumstantial, reflexive, and neuter.

In this table the word utungandd (I must run) is used below:

Causative
All languages have ways to express causation but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or lexical causative forms. Ituyagul uses inflection to change verbs into their causative forms or change adjectives into verbs of becoming.

Unlike natural languages, which have only 1 parameter for causativity, Ituyagul has 8.

Version
Version is an aspectual distinction indicating whether the verb refers to an act, event or state which is goal- or result-oriented, and/or whether it has been successfully actualized subsequent to one’s initial intention.

Ituyagul uses six tone sandhi to describe version.

Level
Ituyagul uses speech levels reminescent of Korean.

Subordinators
All verbs take subordinator suffixes, placed after all other conjugations. Relative clauses, indirect statements, and circumstantial clauses may be extended to specify the type of subordination.
 * t - relative clauses
 * ti - complement clause
 * tu - negation-polarity complement clause
 * te - locative clause (where)
 * to - temporal clause (when)
 * ta - manner (when)
 * c - circumstantial clauses
 * ci - indirect statement
 * cu - locative circumstantial clause
 * ce - temporal circumstential clause
 * co - reason clause