Xumiqedi

This is a conlang featuring a small and unambiguous grammar.

Phonotactics
The stress is on the first syllable with higher pitch, there is no reduction. Syllable format is CV - consonant-vowel.

Grammar
Text consists of sentences in an arbitrary order. Sentences consist of connected words. The connection always has a direction. Main word is followed by dependent words. Dependent words order is defined in the dictionary for each main word. The last phoneme of a word determines how many dependent words it has: 0 -a, 1 -i, 2 -u, 3 -o, 4 -y. Also that part does not change.

Pronouns end in -a. Pronouns provide a common context between sentences. The same pronouns in different sentences refer to the same things. The choice of a pronoun is up to speaker, they are equal.

cyfu va na - I and you.

cyfu ka na cozi ka - I sleep.

cozi sa - Someone sleeps.

cyfu na da pizu na ra - I love something/someone.

cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga - I love cats.

cyfu la ka pizu la na dogi na pizu na ma tuzi ma - I love the cat that loves a meat.

One may group several sentences putting words se (cite begin) and te (cite end) around them. It makes one unit from grammatical point of view. One uses it for expressing the indirect speech, for example. This structure has zero dependencies.

cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga - I love cats.

su va se cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga te zelu na va - He says I love cats.

su va se cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga te zoku na va - He says "I love cats".

Names are expressed as a word with one dependency and that yields a sentence. Names of many words may be split into several sentences:

johani va raseli va - John Russel.

Tense is expressed with words already, later, now and ago, and they are above "verbs".

cyfu da sa pizu da ga - I love it.

cyfu da sa lewi pizu da ga - I love it right now.

cyfu da sa roni pizu da ga - I loved it.

cyfu da sa vibi pizu da ga - I will love it.

These words are also translated as former / ex-, current / present and future.

Also there are words while and after.

gyzu pizu da ga cozi da - He loves it while he sleeps.

futu pizu da ga cozi da - He loves it, and after that he sleeps.

Dependency priority is from right to left. That may confuse programmers. It means that a main word "waits" while its dependencies get all of their dependencies if any, then only the main word gets a next one. Consider a text:

"gyzu pizu da ga cozi da".

In this language a tree builds up like this:

"(gyzu (pizu da ga) (cozi da))".

But there are programming languages where priority is from left to right, so the tree should be different:

"(gyzu pizu da) ga cozi da",

and the words outside parens are unneeded dependencies, that's error of interpretation. In this language there is no parens and no first-class functions.

Gender is expressed with words male and female. If omitted, one should guess from context. There is no gender by default.

ryti va - Human.

ryti va jiji va - Woman.

ryti va pixi va - Man.

Singular and plural is expressed with numbers. If number is omitted, one should guess from context, there is no number by default. A number itself is nominal. To make a cardinal number add "zuni" in the end.

vaci zuni va dogi va - A cat (one).

rapi zuni va dogi va - Two cats.

jeli va dogi va - Cats (many).

vugi va dogi va - Some cats.

qeni va dogi va - All cats.

dogi va - A cat or cats.

Ordinal numbers end in the word "nuzi".

rapi zuni va dogi va - Two cats.

rapi nuzi va dogi na - The second cat.

Numbers.

1 - vaci

2 - rapi

3 - mepi

4 - dopi

5 - suxi

6 - vimi

7 - qiji

8 - bywi

9 - dizi

0 - pihi

10 - vaci pihi

11 - vaci vaci

777 - qiji qiji qiji

1 000 - vaci pihi pihi pihi

1 000 000 000 000 (1e12) - vaci beji vaci rapi

-1,28e10 - xifi vaci kaqi rapi bywi beji vaci pihi

1/3 - vaci tini mepi

Negation is expressed with word "ciki" on top of the sentence.

qeni va dogi va jopi va - All cats are gray.

ciki qeni va dogi va jopi va - Not all cats are gray.

qeni va dogi va ciki jopi va - All cats are not gray.

Comparative word is "bawu" - more. Superlative is expressed as "more than all".

doji - wolf

xoxi - white

doji va bawu xoxi va xoxi ga doji ga - This wolf is whiter than that. (The whiteness of the first wolf is more than the whiteness of the second.)

Phrases with "only". It's always meant that one is something while others aren't. Therefore the reference to others is necessary. It is expressed with the word "hoso" - "only for x1 but not for x2, x3 is true".

1

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

hoso va na qaji va jopi va dogi va

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1.

2

Among cats only gray are nice.

hoso va na qaji va jopi va dogi va dogi na

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1, cat 2.

The dictionary is generated pseudorandomly, but some words are borrowed. In the borrowed words one puts h between two vowels in a row and i between two consonants in a row. The dictionary may grow forever and sometimes change. It's discouraged to borrow a word shorter than three syllables. There is no rules to make new words. Concatenation of roots is not productive, I believe. Commas, dots, etc are not regulated.

EBNF
text = sentence, {space, sentence};

sentence = word0


 * (word1, space, sentence)


 * (word2, space, sentence, space, sentence)


 * (word3, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence)


 * (word4, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence)


 * ("se", space, text, space, "te");

vowel = "a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y";

consonant = "b" | "c" | "d" | "f" | "g" | "h" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "p" | "q" | "r" | "s" | "t" | "v" | "w" | "x" | "z";

wordbase = consonant, {vowel, consonant};

word0 = wordbase, "a";

word1 = wordbase, "i";

word2 = wordbase, "u";

word3 = wordbase, "o";

word4 = wordbase, "y";

space = blank, {blank};

blank = " " | "," | "." | "?" | "!" | ";" | ":" | "[" | "]" | "{" | "}" | "\" | "|" | "/" | "~" | "*" | "(" | ")" | "-" | " ".

Example text
1

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

hoso va na qaji va jopi va dogi va

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1.

2

Among cats only gray are nice.

hoso va na qaji va jopi va dogi va dogi na

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1, cat 2.

3

Only one son of John sleeps.

hoso va na vaci zuni va cozi va micu va ta pixi va hivani ta micu na ta pixi na

only 1 2 (one (quantity 1)), sleep 1, child 1 3, male 1, John 3, child 2 3, male 2.

4

The only son of John sleeps.

hoso va na dawu micu va ta pixi va hivani ta cozi va

only 1 2 (and (child 1 3) (male 1)), John 3, sleep 1.

5

Only the only son of John sleeps.

hoso va na dawu micu va ta pixi va hivani ta hoso va na cozi va

only 1 2 (and (child 1 3) (male 1)), John 3, only 1 2 (sleep 1).

6

This is a white wolf.

qyci va xoxi va doji va

this 1, white 1, wolf 1.

7

This wolf is whiter than that wolf.

qyci va doji va bawu xoxi va xoxi ga doji ga

this 1, wolf 1, more (white 1) (white 2), wolf 2.

8

The wolf is white.

qyci va doji va xoxi va

this 1, wolf 1, white 1.

9

A white wolf bites a man.

xoxi va doji va dolu va ga ryti ga

white 1, wolf 1, bite 1 2, human 2.

10

The wolf that bites a man is white.

doji va dolu va ga ryti ga xoxi va

wolf 1, bite 1 2, human 2, white 1.

11

A white wolf is a beast.

xoxi va doji va qaxi va

white 1, wolf 1, beast 1.

12

White wolf's name is Ivan Ivanovich.

xoxi va doji va jepu va na hivani na hivanovici na

white 1, wolf 1, name 1 2, ivan 2, ivanovich 2.

13

Ivan Ivanovich the wolf is a beast.

doji va hivani va hivanovici va qaxi va

wolf 1, ivan 1, ivanovich 1, beast.

14

The wolf which is white, its name is Ivan Ivanovich.

doji va xoxi va jepu va na hivani na hivanovici na

wolf 1, white 1, name 1 2, ivan 2, ivanovich 2.

15

The wolf called Ivan Ivanovich is white.

doji va jepu va na hivani na hivanovici na xoxi va

wolf 1, name 1 2, ivan 2, ivanovich 2, white 1.

16

The beast which is a wolf is mine.

qaxi va doji va saru ga va cyfu ga sa

beast 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, i-you 2 3.

17

This is a friend of my son.

qyci va qugu va ga cyfu na ta micu ga na pixi ga

this 1, friend 1 2, i-you 3 4, child 2 3, male 2.

18

Ivan's wolf is a friend of my son.

doji va hivani ka saru ka va qugu va na cyfu sa za micu na sa pixi na

wolf 1, ivan 2, own 2 1, friend 1 3, i-you 4 5, child 3 4, male 3.

19

My white wolf bites a man.

cyfu va fa saru va na xoxi na doji na dolu na sa ryti sa

i-you 1 4, own 1 2, white 2, wolf 2, bite 2 3, human 3.

20

My white wolf biting a man is a beast.

cyfu va fa saru va na xoxi na doji na dolu na sa ryti sa qaxi na

i-you 1 4, own 1 2, white 2, wolf 2, bite 2 3, human 3, beast 2.

21

My wolf bites me.

cyfu va fa saru va na doji na dolu na va

i-you 1 3, own 1 2, wolf 2, bite 2 1.

22

My wolf bites him.

cyfu va fa saru va na doji na dolu na sa

i-you 1 4, own 1 2, wolf 2, bite 2 3.

23

My wolf bites itself.

cyfu va fa saru va na doji na dolu na na

i-you 1 3, own 1 2, wolf 2, bite 2 2.

24

A white wolf of Ivan's son hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand.

xoxi va doji va saru na va micu na sa pixi na hivani sa su ja dolu va la judi ja kycu da ja zuki da vabu la ra qugu ra ta micu ta ma pixi ta cyfu ma za

white 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, child 2 3, male 2, ivan 3, = 4 (bite 5 6), very 4, via 5 4, tooth 5, hand 6 7, friend 7 8, child 8 9, male 8, i-you 9 10.

25

The wolf Ivan's son, which hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand, is white and its name is Ivan Ivanovich.

doji va saru sa va micu sa ta pixi sa hivani ta su ja dolu va la judi ja kycu ja da zuki da vabu la ra qugu ra ma micu ma ha pixi ma cyfu ha za xoxi va hivani wa hivanovici wa jepu va wa

wolf 1, own 2 1, child 2 3, male 2, ivan 3, = 4 (bite 5 6), very 4, via 5 4, tooth 5, hand 6 7, friend 7 8, child 8 9, male 8, i-you 9 19, white 1, ivan 10, ivanovich 10, name 1 10.

26

The wolf biting a friend of my son belongs to Ivan's son.

doji va dolu va sa qugu sa ta micu ta ra pixi ta cyfu ra za saru ba va micu ba da hivani da

wolf 1, bite 1 2, friend 2 3, child 3 4, male 3, i-you 4 7, own 5 1, child 5 6, male 5, ivan 6.

27

A wolf sleeps.

doji va cozi va

wolf 1, sleep 1.

28

A sleeping wolf is mine.

cozi va doji va saru va ma cyfu ma za

sleep 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, i-you 2 3.

29

A sleeping wolf doesn't bite me.

cozi va doji va ciki dolu va ma cyfu ma za

sleep 1, wolf 1, not (bite 1 2), i-you 2 3.

30

My wolf biting me doesn't sleep.

dolu va ma cyfu ma za saru ma va doji va ciki cozi va

bite 1 2, i-you 2 3, own 2 1, wolf, not (sleep 1).

31

I put a piece of meat in the Ivan's bowl with my hand, gave it to the wolf and fell asleep.

cyfu ma za kycu ra tuho ma na la vabu ra ma lasi la tuzi na vaci zuni na doji da futu lyqo ma la da cozi ma

i-you 1 9, via 2 (put 1 3 4), hand 2 1, bowl 4, meat 3, one (quantity 3), wolf 5, after (give 1 4 5) (sleep 1).

32

All cats are gray.

qeni va dogi va jopi va

all 1, cat 1, gray 1.

33

Not all cats are gray.

ciki qeni va dogi va jopi va

not (all 1), cat 1, gray 1.

34

All cats aren't gray.

qeni va dogi va ciki jopi va

all 1, cat 1, not (gray 1).

35

All gray cats are nice.

qeni va jopi va dogi va qaji va

all 1, gray 1, cat 1, nice 1.

36

Some black cats are nice.

vugi va gaki va dogi va qaji va

some 1, black 1, cat 1, nice 1.

37

Some nice cats are black.

vugi va gaki va dogi va qaji va

some 1, black 1, cat 1, nice 1.

38

Some nice black creatures are cats.

vugi va gaki va dogi va qaji va

some 1, black 1, cat 1, nice 1.

39

Among nice cats there are gray and black.

dogi va qaji va vevo va sa ca jopi sa gaki ca

cat 1, nice 1, union 1 2 3, gray 2, black 3.

40

Nice cats are gray and black.

qaji va dogi va jopi va gaki va

nice 1, cat 1, gray 1, black 1.

41

He said not all cats are gray.

zelu qa se ciki qeni na dogi na jopi na te

say 1 " not (all 3), cat 3, gray 3 ".

42

Being a cat means to be gray and nice.

kapu dogi na se jopi na qaji na te

mean (cat 1) " gray 1, nice 1 ".

43

She's my sister.

biju va na jiji va cyfu na za

brother/sister 1 2, female 1, i-you 2 3.

44

It's hard to have a sister.

punu biju va na zemi na jiji va

cause (brother/sister 1 2) (hard 2), female 1.

45

Being a sister is hard.

punu biju va na zemi va jiji va

cause (brother/sister 1 2) (hard 1), female 1.

46

I'm jealous of my sister for my cat.

cyfu va za jyko va na ra biju na va jiji na saru va ra dogi ra

i-you 1 9, jealous 1 2 3, brother/sister 2 1, female 2, own 1 3, cat 3.

47

Jealousy causes pain.

punu jyko va na ra zemi sa

cause (jealous 1 2 3) (hard 4).

48

I see my sister.

cyfu ma za fidu ma sa biju ma sa jiji ma

i-you 1 9, see 1 2, brother/sister 1 2, female 1.

49

I'm glad to see my sister.

cyfu ma za tasu ma fidu ma sa biju ma sa jiji ma

i-you 1 9, glad 1 (see 1 2), brother/sister 1 2, female 1.

50

A cat climbs a fence.

dogi va zydu va na kihi na

cat 1, climb 1 2, fence 2.

51

A cat climbs over the fence.

dogi va fiqu ka tynu va na kihi ka

cat 1, over 2 (go 1 3), fence 2.

52

Everyone except the king does not admire the king.

qeni va jaso ka va ra ciki lagu va ka

all 1, reign 1 2 3, not (admire 2 1).

53

The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.

ryti va bawu vani va vani la ryti la qeni la ryti sa bawu vani la vani sa roni lazu va ga roni lazu sa ga segi ga

human 1, more (tall 1) (tall 2), human 2, all 2, human 3, more (tall 2) (tall 3), already (join 1 4), already (join 3 4), circus 4.

54

Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.

pisi rapi zuni va fexi va fibu va sa qeni sa vizadi sa

exactly (two (quantity 1)), goblin 1, hate 1 2, all 2, wizard 2.

55

The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.

jaso va pa ma jiji va hiniliwi ma zuru va za jaso za ta la pixi za sivenisiki la

reign 1 2 3, female 1, english 3, blood-related 1 4, reign 4 5 6, male 4, swedish 6.

56

Not every country belongs to the United Nations.

ciki qeni va hozi va keru va na sidu na ra fugi ra ka hozi ka

not (all 1), country 1, member 1 2, organization 2 3, unite 3 4, country 4.

57

The president of every country knows the president of every other country.

hesu va na faju va va qeni va qeni na

president 1 2, met 1 1, all 1, all 2.

58

The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.

ceju ba ca tino ba da fa xybu da ga camu fa ga piki ca

equal 1 2, divide 1 3 4, circumference 3 5, diameter 4 5, pi 2.

59

No house has only one roach in it.

pihi zuni va vosi va lowu va na goqi na pisi vaci zuni na

zero (quantity 1), house 1, contain 1 2, roach 2, exactly (one (quantity 2)).

60

The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.

jaso va ta sa jiji va kiti ta hoso na ba dawu micu na va jiji na pizu fa na pisi mepi zuni fa gazu fa na

reign 1 2 3, female 1, hearts 2, only 4 6 (and (child 4 1) (female 4)), love 5 4, exactly (three (quantity 5)), suitor 5 4.

61

At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.

kobi rapi zuni va catu na va nuqi va fibu va na

at-least (two (quantity 1)), know 2 1, terrorist 1, hate 2 1.

62

The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.

jaso va ta sa mahi sa hosu vibi feqo za pa fa fiqu na vibi tynu va ka jaso pa ba ca moridori ca tyvi na

reign 1 2 3, elf 3, only-if (future (win 4 5 6)) (over 7 (will (go 1 8))), reign 5 9 10, mordor 10, see 7.

63

Anyone who respects someone who respects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.

qeni va beru va na beru na ka lewi hesu ka ra hyhesi ra ciki beru sa na kobi vaci zuni sa

all 1, respect 1 2, respect 2 3, now (president 3 4), USA 4, not (respect 5 2), at-least (one (quantity 5)).

64

The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.

teti va roni poxo ka va ta hamipiti ka damipiti ka ciki su va wa teti wa xeri wa joniveni wa

wall 1, already (fall 2 1 3), humpty 2, dumpty 2, not (be 1 4), wall 4, great 4, chinese 4.

65

The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.

jiji va harigeli na dyhu na hugu na va dyhu ma hugu ma va pixi ma dyhu va hugu va ma

female 1, argyle 2, hope 2 (marry 2 1), hope 3 (marry 3 1), male 3, hope 1 (marry 1 3).

66

Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear. nypi va dypi jazu na va событие 1, плохой (понимать 2 1).

67

This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.

qyci ba cuki ba pixi ba jotu ba ca josi ca zowu ca da maqi da kehu da fa lezi fa recu fa ga dogi ga nisu ga ha povi ha demu ha ja maji ja lowu ka myji ja vosi ka jekobi la dybu la ka

this 1, kid 1, male 1, play 1 2, toy 2, scare 2 3, frog 3, splash 3 4, dog 4, chase 4 5, cat 5, eat 5 6, rat 6, kill 6 7, mouse 7, contain 8 (live 7), house 8, Jack 9, build 9 8.

68

Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.

xalu va rigu na xalu na ra musilimi na

religious-war 1 (call 2 (religious-war 2 3)), muslim 2.

69

Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.

qeni va ryti va viqu va na ryti na lagu ta na qeni ta vulikani ta

all 1, human 1, envy 1 2, human 2, admire 3 2, all 3, Vulcan 3.

70

Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.

ciki xumi vibi giwi hesu va na jiji va hyhesi na

not (good (future (someday (president 2 3))), female 2, USA 3.

71

Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

ciki xedi va peti va muki va bawu va na qeni va

not (exist 1), integer-number 1, positive-number 1, more 1 2, all 2.

72

Checkmate.

liju va na

checkmate 1 2.

73

Now that's a pretty little girls' school.

qyci va zavi qyxi va cuki na jiji na cyxu va na fiwi va

this 1, enough (little 1), kid 2, female 2, for 2 1, school 1.

74

They were attacking people, not peaceful people.

roni wedu da na ciki rovi na

past (attack 1 2), not (peaceful 2).

75

"Bad hair day".

dypi va quku va na hofu va ka poji ka

bad 1, hair 1 2, in-honour 1 3, day-of-year 3.

76

If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

xeri va jecu kobi rapi zuni va ciki bowu xeri na xeri xa qeni xa

great 1, if (at-least (two (quantity 1))) (not (more (great 2) (great 3))), all 3.

77

The dog next door is dangerous.

lezi va fizu ka na saru ka va vozi va

dog 1, neighbour 2 3, own 2 1, dangerous 1.

78

The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.

teri va jecu roni ciki sahu ka ra ciki runi va difu ka na tihi ra puxi ra

fridge 1, if (already (not (take 2 3))) (not (empty 1)), repairman 2 4, last 3, beer 3.

79

Al is married to Betty's only daughter.

halani va helizabeti na roni hugu va sa hoso sa ka dawu micu sa na jiji sa

Al 1, Betty 2, already (marry 1 3), only 2 3 (and (child 3 2) (female 3)).

80

The red house is the house that Jack built.

nuji va vosi va jekobi sa roni dybu sa va

red 1, house 1, Jack 2, already (build 2 1).

81

Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.

raseli va ciki hoso va ka dilu va na funu ta ka poki ka jepu na ta

Russell 1, not (only 1 5 (author 1 2)), principle 3 4, math 4, name 2 3.

82

The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.

roni leku da na johani na fijeralidi na kenedi na wuku da sa jyxi sa rafi ka copu sa ka

already (shoot 1 2), John 2, Fitzjerald 2, Kennedy 2, work 1 3, central 3, spy 4, agency 3 4.

83

Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.

jeremi va korihi na micu va na pixi va micu ka na pixi ka jiru va ka qeni ka

Jeremy 1, Cory 2, child 1 2, male 1, child 3 2, male 3, older 1 3, all 3.

84

All hail the king.

qeni va cusu va na jaso na va da

all 1, greet 1 2, reign 2 1 3.

85

The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.

zuco la ma na qeni ma kaxo la ma na ciki podu ma na bawu vydu na ma vydu ta ma zuco la ma ta podu ma ta

examine 1 2 3, all 2, study 2 1 3, not (successful 2 3), more (hard 3 2) (hard 4 2), examince 1 2 4, successful 2 4.

86

If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.

jecu ciki quzu ka vufu ka ra kami pizu ka na cyfu ca ka pizu ka ra vufu ka na

if (not (able 1 (be-close 2 3))) (do (love 2 4)), i-you 9 2, love 2 3, be-close 2 4.

87

The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.

humo va ta ra xuti ra cefu va ka kaxo ka ja na bawu vani ka vani sa qeni sa kaxo sa ja na

coach 1 2 3, basketball 3, search 1 4, study 4 7 5, more (tall 4) (tall 6), all 6, study 6 7 5.

88

The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.

jaso va fa ma sivenisiki ma hoso ja ta dawu micu ta va pixi ta roni hugu ta ka vaci zuni ka heriberiti ga micu ka ga jiji ka

reign 1 2 3, swedish 3, only 4 7 (and (child 4 1) (male 4)), already (marry 4 5), one (quantity 5), Herbert 6, child 5 6, female 5.

89

Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.

karilahi va viwi va podu va ka qeni ka pyli ka sivu va ka

Carla 1, freshman 1, successful 1 2, all 2, course 2, choose 1 2.

90

The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.

karu va na hebihemi na hugu va sa geru sa za baki za

CEO 1 2, IBM 2, marry 1 3, present 3 4, here 4.

91

The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.

qyti hesu ta ka hyhesi ta hyhesi ja hoso ta ja faju ta ra vaci ta hesu ra na qeni na

past (president 1 2), USA 1, USA 5, only 1 5 (met 1 3), president 3 4, all 4.

92

This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.

qyci va lezi va recu va na dogi na nivu na ra maji ra lowu la myji ra vosi la jekobi ja dybu ja la

this 1, dog 1, chase 1 2, cat 2, stalk 2 3, mouse 3, contain 4 (live 3), house 4, Jack 5, build 5 4.

93

The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.

hucu ba ca zynu ca da dysu da fa ziqi fa ceju ba ga rymo ga ha ja hucu ha ka zynu ka la cewu la fa hucu ja ma zynu ma na cewu na fa

square 1 2, length 2 3, hypotenuse 3 4, right-triangle 4, equal 1 5, sum 5 6 7, square 6 8, length 8 9, cathetus 9 4, square 7 10, length 10 11, cathetus 11 4.

94

Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.

vilihami va joriji ja patiriki pa hosu fibu pa va fibu va ja

Bill 1, George 2, Pat 3, only-if (hate 3 1) (hare 1 2).

95

Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.

su ta dawu syvi va pyqi va disu ta ra ciki polu ta ra su ra fehu va na

= 1 (and (careful 2) (diligent 2)), necessary 1 3, not (enough 1 3), = 3 (fehu 2 4).

96

Some professors don't understand this problem.

vugi va kaxo va la na ciki jazu va ta bacu ta ka

some 1, study 1 5 2, not (understand 1 3), problem 3 4.

97

Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.

deniheli va devitohi va jadi ra vevo ra na ma lehohi na tigirisi ma vevo sa va ra bawu xumi fyhu ta sa ba

Danny 1, DeVito 1, wild 2, union 2 3 4, lion 3, tiger 4, union 5 1 2, more (good (avoid 6 5)) 7.

98

Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.

begi va poqi na vevo ta va na pumu moki ta sylu ta ra

lawyer 1, real-estate-agent 2, union 3 1 2, or (rich 3) (annoy 3 4).

99

If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.

qeni va kaxo da va na qeni da jecu punu va dezi da pyru va ka quxu ka va

all 1, study 2 1 3, all 2, if (cause 1 (bore 2)) (waste 1 4), time 4 1.

100

Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.

vaci zuni va lehohi va birysi ta vilisi ta lewi recu ta va zowu va ka ciki jadi va

one (quantity 1), lion 1, Bruce 2, Willis 2, now (catch 2 1), scare 1 3, not (wild 1).

101

The only students who pass are the ones who work.

hoso la ma fehu la na kaxo la ra ja kaxo ma ra ja pyqi la

only 1 2 (pass-exam 1 3), study 1 4 5, study 2 4 5, diligent 1.

102

Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.

su ma hoso va za ciki podu va na hosu ma ba su ba hoso fa sa fahi fa wogi fa vevo ra va za kaxo ra ca ja vevo ca fa sa

= 1 (only 2 3 (not (successful 2 4))), only-if 1 5, = 5 (only 6 7 on-sabbatical 7), unfair 7, union 8 2 3, study 8 9 10, union 9 6 7.

103

Someone is not respected by anyone.

vaci zuni va ciki beru na va qeni na

one (quantity 1), not (respect 2 1), all 2.

104

Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.

qeni ka kaxo na ka ma punu ta dezi ka qeni ta punu ka dezi na qeni na

all 1, study 2 1 3, cause 4 (bore 1), all 4, cause 1 (bore 2), all 2.

105

Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.

vugi va cyti va kaxo na va xa ryki va vugi da wadi da husi da kaxo na da xa pihi zuni ra wadi ra ryki ra

some 1, underpaid 1, study 2 1 3, secretary 1, some 4, administrator 4, overworked 4, study 2 4 3, zero (quantity 5), administator 5, secretary 5.

106

If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.

kaxo da va na jecu dawu punu da dezi va punu va dezi da pyru xa ka quxu ka xa vevo xa da va

study 2 1 3, if (and (cause 1 (bore 2)) (cause 2 (bore 1))) (waste 5 4), time 4 5, union 5 2 1.

107

Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.

qeni va beru va va beru fa va qeni fa beru fa ma

all 1, respect 1 1, respect 2 1, all 2, respect 2 3.

108

Daniel is the only child of Jacob.

deniheli da hoso da ga micu da ja jekobi ja

Daniel 1, only 1 3 (child 1 2), Jacob 2.

109

Rebecca has at least two daughters.

rebekahi va micu na va jiji na kobi rapi zuni na

Rebecca 1, child 2 1, female 2, at-least (two (quantity 2)).

110

Cain was not his brother's keeper.

kahini ka biju ka na pixi na qyti ciki doxu ka na

Cain 1, brother-or-sister 1 2, male 2, past (not (care 1 2)).

111

Carl is the tallest man alive.

karili va bawu vani va vani ma qeni ma ryti ma lewi myji ma

Carl 1, more (tall 1) (tall 2), all 2, human 2, now (live 2).

112

The only pear left on the tree is rotten.

hoso ka ra kemu na ka tihi na vaci zuni na jydi ka xypi ka

only 1 2 (tree 3 1), last 3, one (quantity 3), pear 1, rot 1.

113

There are exactly two primes between 10 and 14.

pisi rapi zuni va cybi va byto va la ka vaci pihi la vaci dopi ka

exactly (two (quantity 1)), prime-number 1, between 1 2 3, one (zero 2), one (four 3).

114

At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.

juti vaci zuni va ricimonideri va vibi feqo va na ra vafi ra

at-most (one (quantity 1)), Richmonder 1, future (win 1 2 3), lottery 3.

115

Every positive integer has exactly one successor.

qeni va muki va peti va duju va na pisi vaci zuni na

all 1, positive-number 1, integer-number 1, successor 1 2, exactly (one (quantity 2)).

116

Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.

betimeni ba robini ra vevo na ra ba hoso na la zaci na lowu ga la gotemi ga

Batman 1, Robin 2, unioun 3 2 1, only 3 4 (hero 3), contain 5 4, Gotham 5.

117

Everything is identical to something.

qeni va wywu va na

all 1, identical 1 2.

118

Exactly one student respects every professor.

pisi vaci zuni va kaxo va ta sa beru va ta qeni ta

exactly (one (quantity 1)), study 1 2 3, respect 1 2, all 2.

119

No more than one professor is respected by every student.

juti vaci zuni va kaxo ka va ha beru ka va qeni ka

at-most (one (quantity 1)), study 2 1 3, respect 1 2, all 1.

120

Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.

harisitoteli ha dekariti da vevo va ha da wyci va hoso va ra bawu xezi va xezi na kaxo na va ba qeni na

Aristotle 1, Descartes 2, unioun 3 1 2, philosopher 3, only 3 4 (more (smart 3) (smart 5)), study 5 3 6, all 5.

121

2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.

rapi va hoso va pa duju va ka cybi pa cybi ka

two 1, only 1 2 (successor 1 3), prime-number 2, prime-number 3.

122

Никто не уважает того, кто уважает всех кроме себя.

qeni va ciki beru va ra hoso va ra beru ra va

all 1, not (respect 1 2), only 1 2 (respect 1 2).

123

Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.

qeni va beru va ra pisi vaci zuni ra biru va ra beru ka va pisi rapi zuni ka biru ka va

all 1, respect 1 2, exactly (one (quantity 2)), classmate 1 2, respect 3 1, exactly (two (quantity 3)), classmate 3 1.

124

Cicero is Tully.

cicerohi va tulihi va

Cicero 1, Tully 1.

125

Every affluent person owns at least two cars.

qeni va moki va ryti va saru va na hyzi na kobi rapi zuni na

all 1, rich 1, human 1, own 1 2, car 2, at-least (two (quantity 2)).

126

There are no more than two villains in Gotham.

juti rapi zuni va wemi va lowu ga va gotemi ga

at-most (two (quantity 1)), villain 1, contain 2 1, Gotham 2.

127

Kay respects everyone but herself.

kehisi va hoso na va beru va na qeni na

Kay 1, only 2 1 (respect 1 2), all 2.

128

The end is nigh.

hani pyti va

almost (end 1).

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