Veðirankĭ

Setting
Vethirankii is an Anglo-Balto-Slovak based language with influences from Latvian, Polish, Czech, Estonian, and English. There's no story to it, accept it's just an idea I came up with some years ago, and thought I might be able to make it reality by organizing everything online.

Phonology
The alphabet is as follows:

Phonotactics
1. Any consonant can precede or succeed any vowel.

2. All consonant clusters cannot exceed 2 phonemes, affricates count as one sound.

3. All vowels with a breve (˘) are long.

4. A word may not end with [Ll] or [Z] but may end with the digraph [Kz].

5. [Z] cannot come before or after a consnant.

5. A word may not begin with [Ǣ].

Pronunciation Rules
1. All vowels are pronounced as separate phonemes when clustered, as in Spanish.

2. The letter Z is prounounced /θ/ before or after i or e, /z/ before or after a or o and consonants, and /ð/ before or after u, this also applies to the variations of the vowels with breves.

3. Y is pronounced as as the approximant /j/ before or after a vowel, and as the vowel /iː/ before or after a consonant.

4. V and W are pronounced as /w/ before i or e, and /v/ before a,o,u, or the vowel-pronounced Y.

5. The "Wt" diagraph, after "L" is pronounced /ɧ/.

6. Other than that, the language is pronounced according to the phonemes listed with the alphabet.

7. When there is a three-consonant onset, a schwa vowel is added to pronunciation so it doesn't overstep the two-consonant onset rule.

7. There are some digraphs, though:

Basic Grammar
The grammar of Vethirankii is very similar to most other Balto-Slavic languages. One difference is that it doesn't decline nouns into gender by animacy or personhood, only gender:

Vethirankii contains seven cases for which to decline nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and particles:

1. Nominative

2. Genitive

3. Dative

4. Accusative

5. Instrumental

6. Locative

7. Vocative

It also contains 3 degrees of comparison:

Positive

Comparitave

Superlative

It contains 2 aspects:

Perfective

Continuous

3 Genders:

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

2 Numbers:

Singular

Plural

4 Tenses:

Future

Present

Past

Past Iterative

4 Moods:

Conditional

Imperative

Interrogative

Optative

and 2 Voices:

Active

Passive

Nouns
Nouns are declined in the following ways with two cases.

In the instrumental case, the noun's suffix is equal to the English "with" or "by" or "using." In the locative case, the noun's prefix corresponds to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". So, "Kputnjeka es Plut" means "The student is on the table", literally "Student on table" but the prefix "K" acts as the preposition "on". Now, the neuter table is in the Nominative, because it is being stood on, therefore, doing something, and so is the student, because she is doing something by standing on the table. So this noun has two cases it is declined to. The vocative case is not declined by an affix as in, say, Polish, but as in English where the vocative expression is adressed in the sentence. "Brutes, un tĭ?", which literally means "Brutus, even you?". In most English cases the vocative phrase is in a sentence this way: "Even you, Brutus", but in Vethirankii it's just the opposite. To make a noun plural, add "ci" to the end, gender inflection will come after the "ci". Posessives are defined under the accusative case, how you inflect posession depends on the gender.

Verbs
Verbs are declined into four tenses Future, Present, Past, Past Participle. Verbs never take the infinitive form in a sentence. So you can never say "They are to run," as one would say when speaking in an imperative mood, it would just take the regular form "They will run," "Ver njitu". So, "I will go" is "Mi gengu," also "I will have left" is "Mi luku mjukztu," the word "lukz" takes the suffix "u" because the helping verb "mjukztu" is in the future tense. In Vethirankii the helping verb comes after the main verb.

The conjugation of the verb "Jeka (To be)" in the present:

Mi jekz - I am

Tĭ jukz - You are

Anu/Anjh/An jukz - He/she/it is

Mis jukz - We are

Tu jukz - You are (plural)

On/Onj* jukz - They are (masc./fem.)

The conjugation of "Jeka (To be)" in the past:

Mi jedh - I was

Tĭ jedh - You were

Anu/Anjh/An jedh- He/She/It was

Mis jedh - We were

Tu jedh - You were (plural)

On/Onj* jedh - They were (masculine/feminine)


 * If you are talking about two or more neuter objects doing somthing, the neuter takes the masculine gender by adding the case-appropriate affix.

The conjugation of "Jeka (To be)" in the past participle:

Mi jewt - I have been

Tĭ jewt - You have been

Anu/Anjh/An jewt - He/She/It has been

Mis jewt - We have been

Tu jewt - You have been (plural)

On/Onj jewt - They have been

The conjugation of "Jeka (To be)" in the future:

Mi jeku - I will be

Tĭ jeku - You will be

Anu/Anjh/An jeku - He/She/It will be

Mis jeku - We will be

Tu jeku - You will be (plural)

On/Onj jeku - They will be

The conjugation of the verb "Sima (To have)" in the present:

Mi simz - I have

Tĭ simz - You have

Anu/Anjh/An simt - He/she/it has

Mis simz - We have

Tu simz - You have (plural)

On/Onj simz - They have

The conjugation of the verb "Sima (To have)" in the past:

Mi sidh - I had

Tĭ sidh - You had

Anu/Anjh/An sidh - He/She/It had

Mis sidh - We have

Tu sidh - You have (plural)

On/Onj sidh - They have

The conjugation of the verb "Sima (To have)" in the past participle:

Mi siwt - I have had

Tĭ siwt - You have had

Anu/Anjh/An siwt - He/She/It has had

Mis siwt - We have had

Tu siwt - You have had (plural)

On/Onj siwt - They have had

The conjugation of the verb "Sima (To have)" in the future:

Mi simu - I will have

Tĭ simu - You will have

Anu/Anjh/An simu - He/She/It will have

Mis simu - We will have

Tu simu - You will have (plural)

On/Onj simu - They will have

The conjugation of the verb "Genga (To go) in the present:

Mi gengz - I go

Tĭ genz - You go

Anu/Anjh/An genz - He/She/It goes

Mis genz - We go

Tu genz - You go (Plural)

On/Onj genz - They go

The conjugation of the verb "Genga (To go) in the past:

Mi gedh - I went

Tĭ gedh - You went

Anu/Anjh/An gedh - He/She/It went:

Mis gedh - We went

Tu gedh - You went (plural)

On/Onj gedh - They went

The conjugation of the verb "Genga (To go) in the past participle:

Mi gewt - I have gone

Tĭ gewt - You have gone

An/Anjh/An gewt - He/She/It has gone

Mis gewt - We have gone

Tu gewt - You have gone (plural)

On/Onj gewt - They have gone

The conjugation of the verb "Genga (To go) in the future:

Mi gengu - I will go

Tĭ gengu - You will go

An/Anjh/An gengu - He/She/It will go

Mis gengu - We will go

Tu gengu - You will go

On/Onj gengu - They will go

Verb mood
There are 4 moods to verbs. These moods can tell whether a person is yelling a sentence or simply saying it. Verbs are conjugated according to mood. If the sentence is in the imperative mood, the verb is conjugated according to mood and tense and the noun or pronoun will come after the verb, for example:

"Tu jutzu gengu."- "You should go."

would be: "Genguest tu."- "Go you."

Conjugation of mood will always come after conjugation for tense. The rules for conjugating according to the 4 moods are as follows:

1. For the conditional mood add "-ist"

2. For the imperative mood add "-est"

3. For the interrogative mood add "ust"

4. For the optative mood add "ast"

I will describe as best I can the functions of these moods.

Conditional Mood- This mood refers to a hypothetical state of affairs. (courtesy: Wikipedia- Conditional Mood)

"I would have gone to the store but I fell asleep."

Imperative Mood- This mood expresses direct commands or requests. (Courtesy: Wikipedia- Imperative Mood)

"Go to the store."

Interrogative Mood- This mood makes the sentence ask a question

"Can you go to the store?"

Optative Mood- Is a mood in Ancient Greek used to express wishes, I though it would be fun to have a mood just for that.

"If only I would have gone to the store."

Pronouns
Pronouns come before the verb, as in English. Pronouns are split into two groups: definite and indefinite. The following are all the pronouns in their various forms.

Definite Singular
Mi - I

Tĭ - You

Anu - He

Anjh - She

An - It

Definite Plural
Mis - We

Tu - You (Plural)

On - They (Masculine)

Onj - They (Feminine)

There is no neuter form of "On" that would correspond with "An". so, when you are talking about a group of neuter pronouns doing something you use the masculine.

Indefinite Singular
There are as many of these as in English, in other words, quite a few:
 * another – Buska
 * anybody – Visjak
 * anyone – Kukp
 * anything – Kokalŭ
 * each – Vusk
 * either – Nju
 * enough – Itab
 * everybody - Hurks
 * everyone - Hurks
 * everything - Soinj
 * less – .Menus
 * little – Menus
 * much – Gruss
 * neither – Nă
 * no one – Niḫnjks
 * nobody – Niḫnjks
 * nothing – Njeks
 * one – Un
 * other – Oder
 * plenty – Mas
 * somebody – Kuzku
 * someone – Kuzku
 * something – Kazka
 * what – Koku
 * whatever – Kokulwik
 * whoever – Kokulwt
 * which - Kaz
 * whichever – Kazdi

Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns put emphasis on a certain noun.

This - Ach

That - Nu

These - Ăch

Those - Nŭ

Yonder - Jonder

Possessive Pronouns
For the most part an "n" is added to the end of a pronoun to make possessive, as follows:

Mi ---> Min - My

Tĭ ---> Tin - Your

Anu ---> Anun - Her

Anjh ---> Anjhen - His

An ---> Anen - Its

Mis ---> Misen - Our

Tu ---> Tun - Your (Plural)

On ---> Onn - Their (Fem.)

Onj ---> Onjen - Their (Masc.)

When a pronoun ends with a consonant "-en" is added

Dummy Pronouns
Dummy pronouns are pronouns that refer to no subject. Vethirankii is a pro-drop language, in that when a dummy pronoun occurs, it is dropped from the sentence:

"Jukz ciez" --- literally "Is raining", notice how "An" is dropped, as it is the dummy pronoun of the sentence.

Attributive adjectives and adjective cases
Adjectives come after the nouns they describe. There is a certain order to attributive adjectives that is as follows:

1. Article or possessive pronoun

2. Modified noun and modifier(s)

3. Color

4. Age

5. Shape

6. Size

7. Quality

8. Proper adjective (Nationality or other place of origin)

Example: Min huna syna starĭa umferða fetura keljua Amrikanska

(lit. My dog blue old round fat nice American)

(My nice, fat, old, round, blue, American dog)

Notice all adjectives are in the genitive case because the pronoun is a possessive one, the pronoun is not made genitive because it is already possessive.

What follows is the declension of adjectives to the three genders and various cases of Vethirankii:

Adjectives take on the exact same cases as the noun or pronoun it describes.

Absolute
Absolute adjectives do not belong to a larger construction. English has this in the following sentence

"She was happy with the dog"

Happy doesn't describe either of the two nouns, therefore it is absolute. In this Vethirankii sentence, it works the same way:

"Anjh lumig mun i Hunjt."

Notice how Vethirankii has no dative case to inflect the object, so as in English, "i (the)", is used.

Proper
Proper adjectives describe a noun's religion, place of origin, organization, etc. Proper adjectives derive from the root noun, as in English. The rules are as follows