Old Shax

General Information
This is a Romance Language spoken in the country of Shaxió. Shaxió is a country that contains real modern day Ukrainian regions of Crimea, Sevastopol, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Odesa, and the country of Moldova. It has Ukrainian and Romanian as minority languages, but only Shax and Russian are official languages (Russian must learned as a second language; it is used to facilitate communication between the non-Shax populace). Shax has heavy influence from Russian, as Russian is the "cool, modern language". It is important to note that the populace here went through a period of heavy emphasis on education, particularly on Classical Latin and Greek; from this the Shax language emerged more from the Latin language, retaining the Neuter gender.

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Vowel
¹ [ɪ] is the unstressed version of [ɨ]

² [ø] is the unstressed version of [ɤ]

³ [ə] is the unstressed version of [ɐ]

Sound Changes
In order. Antiquity Latin > Vulgar Latin > Neo-Classical > Russo-Italic > Shax.
 * Vulgar Latin Changes
 * 1st Vowel Change
 * [ɛ] > [ɛ]
 * [eː] > [e]
 * [ɔ] > [ɔ]
 * [oː] > [o]
 * [ɪ] > [e]
 * [iː] > [i]
 * [ʊ] > [o]
 * [uː] > [u]
 * [a] > [a]
 * [ɑː] > [a]
 * [ɑe̯] > [ɛ]
 * [oe̯] > [e]
 * Consonant Changes
 * n > ∅/_(f, v, s)
 * h > ∅
 * w > β/V_V
 * m > ∅/_#
 * (e, i) > j/_V
 * (u) > w/_V​
 * 1st Palatalization
 * ​[k] > [tʃ]
 * [g] > [dʒ]
 * n > ɲ
 * Simplification of consonant clusters
 * [kt] > [tt] > [s]
 * [mn] > [m]
 * [kʷ] > [k]
 * [zː] > [z]
 * [ŋn] > [ɲ]
 * s/_plosive > sː
 * s/plosive_ > sː
 * Lenition
 * [pʰ] > [f]
 * [tʰ] > [θ]
 * [kʰ] > [x~χ]
 * s > z/V_V
 * Neo-Classic Changes
 * Re-elongation of phonemes
 * Addition of Classic Latin Words into the vocabulary in addition to the Vulgar Latin base
 * These words won't have gone through the above sound changes; they will be adopted as their standard nominative or infinitive form, then conjugated/declined appropriately.
 * Sounds adopted from Latin into Neo-Classic Shax retain the [kʷ] sound
 * Rebirth of geminate Z ([z] > [zː])
 * [ɲ] > [ŋ] (except before [i] or [e])
 * devoicing of intervalic fricatives
 * Russo-Italic Changes
 * β > v
 * All labialized plosives become [kʷ], except [pʷ]
 * All labialized fricatives become [xʷ], except [fʷ]
 * 2nd Vowel Change
 * [ɛ] > [ɛ]
 * [e] > [ɪ]
 * [ɔ] > [ɔ]
 * [o] > [u]
 * [i] > [i]
 * [u] > [u]
 * [a] > [ɑ]/_(l, r, f, v)
 * [a] > [ə]/_(m, n, t, d, s, z)
 * [a] > [a]
 * [eː] > [eɪ̯̈]
 * [oː] > [oʊ̯̈]
 * [iː] > [ˈi]
 * [uː] > [ˈu]
 * [aː] > [ɑɐ̯]
 * Introduction of Russo-Ukrainian vocabulary into the language. Note: These will go through Russo-Italic > Shax vowel changes as well
 * Removal of some Classic Latin vocabulary overrided by the Russo-Italic vocab.
 * 2nd Palatalization
 * t > ts
 * d > d̥ > ts
 * Finals
 * i > ∅/_#
 * ˈi > ɪ/_#
 * Final devoicing of certain phonemes
 * v > f
 * z > s
 * d > t
 * g > ŋ/_#
 * b > m/_#
 * Shax Changes
 * 3rd Vowel Change
 * [ɛ] > [ɛ]
 * [ɔ] > [ɔ]
 * [ɪ] > [ɨ]
 * [i] > [i]
 * [u] > [u]
 * [ɑ] > [ɐ]
 * [a] > [a]
 * [ə] > ∅
 * [ˈi] > [ˈi]
 * [ˈu] > [ˈu]
 * [ɑɐ̯] > [ɐ]
 * [ɑɐ̯] > [ˈa] (if not otherwise done by [ˈi] or [ˈu])
 * [eɪ̯̈] > [ɨ]
 * [oʊ̯̈] > [ɤ]
 * Diphthong Simplification
 * [au] > [ɔ]
 * [ou] > [u]
 * Palatalization before [ɤ] and [ɨ]
 * k > tʃ
 * g > dʒ
 * t > ts
 * d > d̥ > ts
 * (n, ŋ, l) > j
 * (tʃ, dʒ) > (ʃ, ʒ)
 * ks > ps/#V_
 * simplification of consonant clusters with fricatives to fricatives (except [ks] of )
 * s > z/V_V
 * Final Values
 * s > ∅/_#
 * n¹ > ∅/_#
 * ¹ nː > ɲ
 * l > j/_#
 * t > s/_#
 * Gemination simplified
 * (pː, tː, kː) > (f, s, x)
 * lː > j
 * nː > ɲ
 * zː > ts
 * sː > sː
 * (rest are simplified to non-geminate phonemes)
 * Initial Lenition
 * p > f/#_
 * t > θ/#_
 * k > x/#_
 * Intervocalic Lenition
 * (b, d, g) > (v, ð, x)/(V, j, w)_(V, j, w)

Phonotactics
(V)(C)(C)(V)V(V)(C)(C)(V)(C) Note: Z, [z], and SS, [sː], always count as 2 consonants (Z for etymological reasons)

Stress
Stress falls on the penultimate vowel unless otherwise stated. Note: any stress other than the penultimate must be [i], [u], or [a]; if it isn't originally, follow these sound changes:
 * ɛ, ɨ, ɤ > i
 * ɔ > u
 * ɐ > a

Alphabet
¹ Palatalized value (C = [ʃ], G = [ʒ], T = [ts], D = [ts])

³ i > j/_V

Other Orthography
¹ From palatalized versions (during the Russo-Italic period)

² Used in final [ts]'s, a separate value, etc

³ From previously geminate [z]

⁴ Used to seperate sounds as well

Conjugation
Verbs in Shax conjugate to person, number, tense, and mood. There are 3 persons, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 2 numbers, singular and plural, 5 moods, indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative/coherative, jussive, and 5 tenses (this changes with the mood), present perfect, preterite, future, anterior, and posterior. Remember: subject pronouns must be used when conjugating Shax verbs, as in English and French, since verbs, due to sound chages and simplification, may be phonetically identical.

Verb Families
All verbs must end in one of 4 ways: -âr, -êr, -ir, or -er. This stem is removed and replaced with the conjugation unless the value is in italics: then it is the full conjugation in that form.

Terms in Shax

 * The anterior tense is a tense representing the relative future tense, relative to another future. It is made in a paraphrastic phrase using Vad̂er (pronoun + present tense vad̂er + future participle)
 * The posterior is the same as the anterior but in the past tense. It is made in a parenthetical phrase using Abêr (pronoun + present tense abêr + past participle participle)
 * The subjunctive is used to make a question; it is used when making a hypothetical; it is used when expressing an opinion.
 * The jussive is the imperitive in the subjunctive. It is used with suggestions.
 * The conditional comes in its own tenses, found here: The Conditional Tenses
 * The Shax aorist means an action that was done without reference to its tense
 * The Imperitive is with the 2nd person; the coherative is with the 1st persons.
 * pr.p. = present/perfect participle
 * im.p. = continuous/imperfective participle
 * p.p. = past participle
 * f.p. = future participle

Paraphrastic Conjugations

 * Preterate = abêr + pr.p.
 * Near Future = vaḑer + pr.p.
 * Future Perfect = vaḑer + p.p.
 * Aorist = esir + pr.p.
 * Anterior = abêr + p.p.
 * Posterior = vaḑer + f.p.
 * 3rd Conditional = past abêr + f.p.

Formations

 * Indicative= subject pronouns + conjugated indicative verb
 * Subjunctive:
 * (question) = subject pronoun + conjugated subjunctive verb
 * (hypothetical) = nucês + subject pronounce + conjugated subjunctive verb
 * (opinion) = que + subject pronoun + conjugated subjunctive verb
 * Conditional = si + indicative clause: (subject pronoun + conjugated indicative verb) + conditional clause: (subject pronoun + conjugated conditional verb)
 * Imperitive / Cohortative = conjugated jussive verb
 * Jussive = conjugated jussive verb

Essir - to Be
Completely irregular: all forms listed will replace esir (ex: Io su = I am).