Tinianan



Tiniඞnඞn (nඞtive nඞⓂe: Tiñඞliól /tˌiɲඞliˈⓄl/) iⓈ ඞ rⓄⓂඞnce cⓄnlඞnⒼ ⓈpⓄken by 8 peⓄple flⓤenty ඞnd ඞnⓄther 11 ⓈpeඞkerⓈ with vඞryinⒼ levelⓈ Ⓞf flⓤency.

ItⓈ Ⓜඞin Ⓞbjetive wඞⓈ tⓄ Ⓢerve fⓄr cⓄⓂⓂⓤnicඞtiⓄn, ⓈⓄ it'Ⓢ very reⒼⓤlඞr tⓄ fඞcilitඞte itⓈ leඞrninⒼ. Tiniඞnඞn deⓈcendⓈ directly frⓄⓂ Ⓞld Tiniඞnඞn.

ClඞⓈⓈificඞtiⓄn
Tiniඞnඞn iⓈ clඞⓈⓈified ඞⓈ ඞn IberⓄ-RⓄⓂඞnce lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe, beinⒼ clⓄⓈely relඞted tⓄ Ⓖඞliciඞn, ඞⓈtⓤrleⓄneⓈe ඞnd ⓈpඞniⓈh, eⓈpeciඞlly in terⓂⓈ Ⓞf ⒼrඞⓂⓂඞr. HⓄwever, in terⓂⓈ Ⓞf phⓄnⓄlⓄⒼy ඞnd eⓈpeciඞlly vⓄcඞbⓤlඞry, it iⓈ clⓄⓈer tⓄ the ⓄccitඞnⓄ-rⓄⓂඞnce lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼeⓈ, ඞⓈ Tiniඞnඞn iⓈ heඞvily inflⓤenced by Ⓞccitඞn ඞnd French.

HiⓈtⓄry ඞnd ⓤⓈe
Tiniඞnඞn wඞⓈ firⓈt creඞted in 2015, ඞnd beⒼඞn tⓄ be develⓄped by the ⓈpeඞkerⓈ theⓂⓈelveⓈ, creඞtinⒼ ⓈⓄⓂe diඞlectⓈ. When the KinⒼdⓄⓂ Ⓞf Tiniඞnඞ wඞⓈ fⓄⓤnded thඞt yeඞr, it wඞⓈ decided thඞt the ⓈecⓄnd Ⓞfficiඞl lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe ඞlⓄnⒼ with ⓈpඞniⓈh be the then-knⓄwn ඞⓈ "ⓈⓄpiⓈt" Ⓞr "FⓤeyeⓈe". ඞ Ⓢtඞndඞrd wඞⓈ Ⓜඞde fⓄr the KinⒼdⓄⓂ tⓄ ⓤⓈe, whඞt we knⓄw ඞⓈ Ⓞld Tiniඞnඞn. Tiniඞnඞn didn't hඞve ඞ lⓄt Ⓞf iⓂpⓄrtඞnce in the ⓂicrⓄnඞtiⓄn, it wඞⓈ rඞrely ⓤⓈed fⓄr Ⓞfficiඞl pⓤrpⓄⓈeⓈ. HⓄwever, in 2019, the lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe wඞⓈ ඞⒼඞin Ⓢtඞndඞrdized with ඞ better ⓄrthⓄⒼrඞphy, ⒼrඞⓂⓂඞr ඞnd phⓄnⓄlⓄⒼy bⓤt keepinⒼ ඞll Ⓞf the Ⓞld vⓄcඞbⓤlඞry (jⓤⓈt ඞddinⒼ ⓂⓄre), then the new Ⓢtඞndඞrd becඞⓂe the firⓈt Ⓞfficiඞl lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe Ⓞf Tiniඞnඞ, ඞnd it beⒼඞn tⓄ be ⓤⓈed tⓄ write lඞwⓈ ඞnd Ⓜediඞ.

ඞfter the diⓈⓈⓄlⓤtiⓄn Ⓞf the KinⒼdⓄⓂ Ⓞf Tiniඞnඞ, the lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe ⓈtⓄpped beinⒼ ⓤⓈed in Ⓞfficiඞl dⓄcⓤⓂentⓈ Ⓞr leⒼiⓈlඞtiⓄn, bⓤt literඞtⓤre ඞnd teඞchinⒼ Ⓞf the lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe iⓈ Ⓢtill ඞctive.

DiඞlectⓈ
Tiniඞnඞn diඞlectⓈ ඞre ⓤⓈⓤඞlly ⒼrⓄⓤped in three diඞlectⓈ, Centrඞl Ⓞr Ⓢtඞndඞrd Tiniඞnඞn, JiⓂඞneⓈe Ⓞr ⓈⓄⓤthern Tiniඞnඞn ඞnd EඞⓈtern Ⓞr LⓤⓈⓄ-Tiniඞnඞn.


 * Centrඞl/Ⓢtඞndඞrd Tiniඞnඞn: The Ⓢtඞndඞrd lඞnⒼⓤඞⒼe, hඞvinⒼ phⓄnⓄlⓄⒼicඞl inflⓤence frⓄⓂ bⓄth ⓈⓄⓤthern Tiniඞnඞn ඞnd EඞⓈtern Tiniඞnඞn. It keepⓈ three ⒼenderⓈ in ⓈinⒼⓤlඞr ඞnd plⓤrඞl. It keepⓈ the diⓈtinctiⓄn between v ඞnd b ඞnd the prⓄnⓤnciඞtiⓄn Ⓞf z ඞnd weඞk c ඞⓈ /θ/. EndinⒼ Ⓞ'Ⓢ ඞre prⓄnⓄⓤnced /Ⓞ/ ඞlwඞyⓈ. EndinⒼ /Ⓢ/ ඞnd /d͡ʒ/ Ⓜඞy be prⓄnⓄⓤnced ඞⓈ /ɕ/ ඞnd /tɕ/, dependinⒼ Ⓞn the bඞckⒼrⓄⓤnd Ⓞf the Ⓢpeඞker.
 * JiⓂඞneⓈe/ⓈⓄⓤthern Tiniඞnඞn: ⓈpⓄken Ⓞnly by nඞtive ⓈpඞniⓈh ⓈpeඞkerⓈ, it hඞⓈ ⓈpඞniⓈh phⓄnⓄlⓄⒼicඞl inflⓤence, like the prⓄnⓤnciඞtiⓄn Ⓞf z ඞnd weඞk c beinⒼ /θ/. It lⓄⓈⓈeⓈ the diⓈtinctiⓄn between v ඞnd b ඞnd "ch" (prⓄnⓄⓤnced in Ⓢtඞndඞrd /ʐ/) iⓈ ⓤⓈⓤඞlly prⓄnⓄⓤnced /ʃː/ inⓈteඞd, the finඞl Ⓞ'Ⓢ ඞre prⓄnⓄⓤnced /ⓤ/ by ⓈⓄⓂe ⓈpeඞkerⓈ (thⓄⓈe whⓄ ඞre ඞlⓈⓄ nඞtive in ඞⓈtⓤrleⓄneⓈe) ඞnd it lⓄⓈⓈeⓈ the neⓤter Ⓖender in plⓤrඞl (leⓈ), ඞⓈ it ⓂerⒼeⓈ with the feⓂenine plⓤrඞl (lඞⓈ). The reඞlizඞtiⓄn Ⓞf /d/, /ç-h/ ඞnd /b/ ඞⓈ /ð/, /x/ ඞnd /β/ in certඞin cⓄntextⓈ iⓈ ඞlⓈⓄ cⓄⓂⓂⓄn.
 * EඞⓈtern/LⓤⓈⓄ-Tiniඞnඞn: ⓈpⓄken Ⓞnly by PⓄrtⓤⒼⓤeⓈe nඞtive ⓈpeඞkerⓈ, it hඞⓈ PⓄrtⓤⒼⓤeⓈe phⓄnⓄlⓄⒼicඞl inflⓤence, like the prⓄnⓤnciඞtiⓄn Ⓞf z ඞnd weඞk c beinⒼ /Ⓢ/, the ⓄcඞⓈiⓄnඞl (thⓄⓤⒼh nⓄt wideⓈpreඞd) prⓄnⓤnciඞtiⓄn Ⓞf ç ඞⓈ /Ⓢ/, the prⓄnⓄⓤnciඞtiⓄn the endinⒼ Ⓞ'Ⓢ ඞⓈ /ⓤ/ ඞnd the lⓄⓈⓈ Ⓞf /d͡ʒ/ (beinⒼ replඞced by /ʒ/), ⓈⓄ ⓈpeඞkerⓈ Ⓞf thiⓈ diඞlect cඞn't diⓈtinⒼⓤiⓈh "vඞⒼïⓄ" frⓄⓂ "vඞjⓄ", Ⓞr "jඞr" frⓄⓂ "zxඞr". It keepⓈ the three ⒼenderⓈ in ⓈinⒼⓤlඞr ඞnd plⓤrඞl. EndinⒼ /Ⓢ/ ඞnd /d͡ʒ/ Ⓜඞy be prⓄnⓄⓤnced ඞⓈ /ɕ/ ඞnd /tɕ/,

PhⓄnⓄtඞcticⓈ
The Ⓢyllඞbic Ⓢtrⓤctⓤre Ⓞf TiñඞneⓈe iⓈ (C1 (C2 )) V1 (V2 ) (V )3 (C3 (C4 )),

C1 The firⓈt cⓄnⓈⓄnඞnt cඞn be ඞny.

C2 The ⓈecⓄnd cⓄnⓈⓄnඞnt iⓈ ⓄptiⓄnඞl. If ඞnd Ⓞnly if the firⓈt cⓄnⓈⓄnඞnt iⓈ ඞ ⓈtⓄp /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ/ Ⓞr Ⓞne Ⓞf theⓈe fricඞtiveⓈ /f v θ d Ⓢ ç-h/, ඞ ⓈecⓄnd cⓄnⓈⓄnඞnt iⓈ ඞllⓄwed, either /l/ Ⓞr /ɾ/.

V1 V2 V3 ⓤp tⓄ three vⓄwelⓈ ඞre ඞllⓄwed, bⓤt the fⓄllⓄwinⒼ twⓄ vⓄwelⓈ ඞre nⓄt ඞllⓄwed, which ඞre either Ⓢepඞrඞted with h, which iⓈ Ⓢilent bⓤt indicඞteⓈ twⓄ different vⓄwelⓈ, Ⓞr ඞre Ⓜඞde lⓄnⒼ with the cඞrⓄn. (eⒼ EⓤrⓄpehél "EⓤrⓄpeඞn")

C3 cඞn be ඞny cⓄnⓈⓄnඞnt.

C4 cඞn Ⓞnly be /d/ Ⓞr /Ⓢ/, nⓄte thඞt Ⓜඞny tiⓂeⓈ /Ⓢ/ iⓈ ⓄⓂitted in infⓄrⓂඞl Ⓢpeech. ඞ Ⓢyllඞble cඞn end in ඞ ⓂⓄre cⓄnⓈⓄnඞnt -ï, the ï beinⒼ ඞ ⓈhⓄrt i, bⓤt it iⓈ Ⓞften ⓄⓂitted in infⓄrⓂඞl Ⓢpeech creඞtinⒼ ඞ cⓄnⓈⓄnඞntඞl clⓤⓈter thඞt iⓈ fⓄrⓂඞlly prⓄhibited. (ex. ChⓄcⓄlètï "ChⓄcⓄlඞte" [ʐˌⓄkⓄlˈɜt(i)])

In wⓄrdⓈ beⒼinninⒼ with -ïr, the ï iⓈ nⓄt prⓄnⓄⓤnced ඞnd the r iⓈ prⓄnⓄⓤnced ඞⓈ /ɾ/ (eⒼ ïrඞⒼඞⓈón "" [ˌ(i)ɾඞɣඞⓈˈⓄn]).

EpentheⓈiⓈ
Dⓤe tⓄ phⓄnⓄtඞctic reⓈtrictiⓄnⓈ, ඞn epenthetic /e/ iⓈ inⓈerted befⓄre wⓄrd-initiඞl ⒼrⓄⓤpⓈ beⒼinninⒼ with /Ⓢ/, ඞlthⓄⓤⒼh nⓄt internඞlly. Internඞlly, the /Ⓢ/ Ⓜඞy reⓂඞin Ⓞr be drⓄpped, bⓤt it iⓈ nⓄt ⓤⓈⓤඞlly prⓄnⓄⓤnced in infⓄrⓂඞl Ⓢpeech.

LetterⓈ

 * "Weඞk c" (/θ-Ⓢ/) iⓈ reඞlized in frⓄnt Ⓞf /e/ ඞnd /i/, ⓄtherwiⓈe "c" iⓈ prⓄnⓄⓤnced /k/.
 * "Q" ඞlwඞyⓈ hඞⓈ ඞ Ⓢilent "ⓤ" in frⓄnt.
 * /ɱ/ ඞnd /ŋ/ ඞre reඞlized when /Ⓜ/ ඞnd /n/ ඞre in frⓄnt Ⓞf /t/, /h/, /k/ Ⓞ /Ⓖ/ Ⓞr ඞ vⓄwel with ඞ Ⓖrඞve ඞcⓤte. /ŋ/ iⓈ ඞlⓈⓄ reඞlized by ⓂⓄⓈt ⓈpeඞkerⓈ (nⓄtඞbly Centrඞl ඞnd EඞⓈtern diඞlectⓈ) ඞt the end Ⓞf wⓄrdⓈ thඞt end with n.
 * [ɕ] iⓈ reඞlized in ⓈⓄⓂe diඞlectⓈ when Ⓢ iⓈ ඞt the end Ⓞf wⓄrdⓈ.
 * "ⓈtrⓄnⒼ j" (/d͡ʒ/) iⓈ reඞlized ⓤⓈⓤඞlly ඞt the beⒼinninⒼ Ⓞf wⓄrdⓈ ඞnd ⓈⓄⓂetiⓂeⓈ when ⓈⓤrrⓄⓤnded by vⓄwelⓈ, in the Ⓜiddle Ⓞf wⓄrdⓈ it iⓈ ⓤⓈⓤඞlly prⓄnⓄⓤnced ඞⓈ ඞ "weඞk j" (/ʒ-ʝ/).

ඞccentⓈ
There ඞre fⓄⓤr ඞccent ⓂඞrkⓈ in Tiniඞnඞn, the ඞcⓤte ඞccent "ඞcentⓄ ඞfél" (á), Ⓖrඞve ඞccent "ඞcentⓄ Ⓖrඞve" (à), the ⓤⓂඞlⓤt "dáreⓈiⓈ" (ü) ඞnd the circⓤⓂflex "circⓤⓂflexⓄ" (â).

ඞcⓤte ඞccent
It ⓂඞrkⓈ the ⓈtreⓈⓈ in ඞ wⓄrd fⓄllⓄwinⒼ the ඞccentⓤඞtiⓄn rⓤleⓈ:


 * In wⓄrdⓈ with 2 ⓈyllඞbleⓈ, the ⓈtreⓈⓈ iⓈ Ⓜඞrked if it fඞllⓈ Ⓞn the lඞⓈt Ⓢyllඞble.
 * In wⓄrdⓈ with 3 ⓈyllඞbleⓈ, the ⓈtreⓈⓈ iⓈ Ⓜඞrked if it fඞllⓈ Ⓞn the lඞⓈt Ⓞr firⓈt Ⓢyllඞble.
 * In wⓄrdⓈ Ⓞf 4 ⓈyllඞbleⓈ, the ⓈtreⓈⓈ iⓈ Ⓜඞrked if it dⓄeⓈn't fඞll Ⓞn the ⓈecⓄnd Ⓢyllඞble.
 * In wⓄrdⓈ Ⓞf 5 Ⓞr ⓂⓄre, the ⓈtreⓈⓈ iⓈ ඞlwඞyⓈ Ⓜඞrked.
 * Ⓞther thඞn thඞt, it cඞn be ⓤⓈed tⓄ diⓈtinⒼⓤiⓈh ⓈⓄⓂe wⓄrdⓈ (Ⓢó "I ඞⓂ" - ⓈⓄ "ඞbⓄⓤt", té "It iⓈ" - te "teඞ")

Ⓖrඞve ඞccent
The Ⓖrඞve ඞccent ⓂඞrkⓈ ඞ clⓄⓈed vⓄwel, it chඞnⒼeⓈ the phⓄneⓂe Ⓞf ⓈⓄⓂe vⓄwelⓈ (expect i).

ⓤⓂඞlⓤt
The ⓤⓂඞlⓤt cඞn Ⓞnly be pⓤt in twⓄ vⓄwelⓈ, i ඞnd ⓤ. "ü" ⓂඞkeⓈ ඞ /wi/ ⓈⓄⓤnd, when trඞnⓈlඞtinⒼ ඞ fⓄreiⒼn wⓄrd with thiⓈ ⓈⓄⓤnd, it iⓈ ⓤⓈⓤඞlly ⓤⓈed (TwiⓈt - "TüⓈt"). "ï" fⓄr itⓈelf it ⓂඞkeⓈ ඞ weඞk e (/ɪ/), hⓄwever it iⓈ ⓤⓈed in Ⓞther twⓄ ⓄccඞⓈiⓄnⓈ, with ඞn ⓈtඞrtinⒼ r tⓄ indicඞte /ɾ/, ⓤⓈⓤඞlly the firⓈt r Ⓞf ඞ wⓄrd iⓈ ඞlwඞyⓈ /r/ ("ïrඞⒼඞⓈón" /ɾඞⒼඞⓈⓄŋ/), ඞnd with ඞ Ⓖ tⓄ indicඞte thඞt thඞt letter iⓈ ඞlwඞyⓈ prⓄnⓄⓤnced /d͡ʒ/ (ඞ j cⓄⓤld be prⓄnⓄⓤnced ඞⓈ /ʒ/ Ⓞr /ʝ/ ඞⓈ well).

CircⓤⓂflex
The circⓤⓂflex ⓂඞrkⓈ lⓄnⒼ vⓄwelⓈ, it iⓈ ⓄptiⓄnඞl ඞnd ඞn h behind the vⓄwel cඞn be ⓤⓈed inⓈteඞd. ("ⓂêⓈ" cඞn ඞlⓈⓄ be written "ⓂehⓈ").

NⓄⓤnⓈ
NⓄⓤnⓈ in Tiniඞnඞn hඞve ඞ Ⓖender, ඞnd cඞn be either in ⓈinⒼⓤlඞr Ⓞr plⓤrඞl fⓄrⓂ. There'Ⓢ ඞlⓈⓄ Ⓞne cඞⓈe, the Ⓖenitive cඞⓈe.

Ⓖender
Tiniඞnඞn hඞⓈ 3 ⒼenderⓈ, ⓂඞⓈcⓤline, FeⓂinine ඞnd Neⓤter,

DictiⓄnඞry
There iⓈ ඞ Tiniඞnඞn dictiⓄnඞry ඞvඞilඞble in ⒼlⓄⓈbe.cⓄⓂ, thⓄⓤⒼh the EnⒼliⓈh-Tiniඞnඞn dictiⓄnඞry iⓈ very ⓈⓂඞll, the ⓈpඞniⓈh-Tiniඞnඞn dictiⓄnඞry iⓈ very cⓄⓂplete.

-EnⒼliⓈh-Tiniඞnඞn ⒼlⓄⓈbe DictiⓄnඞry (very ⓈⓂඞll)

-ⓈpඞniⓈh-Tiniඞnඞn ⒼlⓄⓈbe DictiⓄnඞry (ⓂⓄre cⓄⓂplete)