Trạyn

Trạyn

Australian (Trạyn) is a Germanic language closely related to English that developed primarily in Australia, where it is one of the official languages alongside Standard International English and Vietnamese. Spoken by approximately 38 million people (as of 2419), it is the native language of the majority of Anglo-Australians (Sam Uóy Cán) and Vietnamese-Australians (Sam Viểt Cán) along the east and south coasts of Australia. It is also spoken by a minority of people in New Zealand, where it is recognised as a third official spoken language, and by a minority of people in Vietnam. The vocabulary of Australian is primarily descended from English which was previously spoken across the entirety of Australia but is now restricted primarily to the states of Western Australia (Goe Tay Ă-Trạy-Liâ Táy), Tasmania (Thàt-Mân Oư Táy), and the Northern Territory (Goe Bác Táy). Mass borrowing from Vietnamese took place in the late 21st century after an influx of Vietnamese immigrants, these words being called Viểt Sam Từ, and were given slightly altered pronunciations to match the underdeveloped tone system of Australian at the time. The two main dialects of Australian are Queensland Australian (Quìn Lẽn Táy Dả Lêc), spoken in the northern parts of Queensland, and Standard Australian (Càn-Brâ Trạyn). Queensland Australian and Standard Australian dialects vary only subtly in pronunciation, however Queensland Australian borrows substantially more from Languages other than Vietnamese, including Thai and southern Chinese dialects, while Standard Australian is mostly restricted to Vietnamese loan words. The dialects are mutually intelligable. All information on this page refers to Standard Australian unless otherwise specified.

Tones
Australian has 4 phonemically distinct tones, which combined with vowel length allows for 7 different vowel qualities:

Phonotactics
The maximum syllable is CrVC. Diphthongs are gernerally transcribed with approximants rather than vowels, but are included in V for simplicicty. Legal syllable coda consonants are limited to /p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, and /ʋ/. Voiceless stops may be unreleased at syllable coda in Standard Australian particularly amongst younger speakers, but are always released in Queensland Australian. The flat tone may vary in realisation depending on the surrounding tones in a sentence to aid pronunciation. For example, Yửt rêt uến ("you all went"), the written tones are dipping-flat-rising, but the middle flat tone may be realised as a falling tone to aid pronunciation, but in careful speech it will generally be realised only as a flat (mid) tone. The flat tone is the only tone that varies.

Orthography
The Australian writing system uses the Latin script and is based heavily on the Vietnamese alphabet.

Tones
Long flat/mid vowels have different representations that depend on the vowel:

Spacing & Hyphenation
Whether syllables are separated by a space or a hyphen depends on their etymology. For native multisyllabic words, syllables are always separated by a space. Most words borrowed from Vietnamese follow the same spacing convention, with the exception of a number of non-native vietnamese words being reborrowed into Australian, notably tivi ("television"). The syllables of proper nouns, such as in the names of places or people, will be separated by hyphens, for example Ă-Mẹ-Rui-Câ ("America").

Capitalisation
The first letter of sentences and the first letter of each syllable of proper nouns are always capitalised. Pronouns are never capitalised unless at the beginning of a sentence.

Punctuation
The punctuation conventions of Australian largely follow those of Standard International English. Decimal numbers are separated with a dot ⟨.⟩ and thousands are separated with a comma ⟨,⟩ or a space. Hours and minutes are separated with a comma ⟨,⟩ and 24-hour time representation is preferred. Date is separated with a slash ⟨/⟩ and follows the dd/mm/yyyy format.

Pronouns
There exist two sets of pronouns, one is used exclusively in the nominative case, while the other is used in all other cases. In casual speach, the non-nominative pronouns may be used in all positions in a sentence. Pronouns are the only words with such declension.

Nouns
Australian nouns are not inflected. However, various particles can be attatched to nouns to alter their meaning or function in a sentence. The two most common are demonstrated below. To form plural nouns, sam is prefixed onto the noun: &emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Singular: niãn, ă puốy &emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Plural: sam niãn, sam ă puốy Example usage: Tôy rêt lưiy sam niãn. ("I lost the rings ".) To form posessive nouns, ză is suffixed onto the noun: &emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Plain: khé, goe nam &emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Posessive: khé ză, goe nam ză Example Usage: Ế jă khé ză cộ lâ? ("Is this the cat's collar ?")

Verbs
As with nouns, various particals may be attatched to verbs indicating tense, aspect, or mood. Unlike its ancestor English, Australian verbs are not conjugated, with the one exception of ù ("to be"), which retains some of its original forms from English, demonstrated below: All other verbs may recieve one particle for tense, aspect, or mood, and no more. Some of the most common particles are listed in the table below, with an example word fền ("imagine"): More complex verb forms may be constructed using the inflections of ù before the particle of the main verb. For example, the seperate sentences tôy uổn uến ("I want to go") and tôy rêt uến ("I went") may be combined into tôy uôy uổn uến ("I wanted to go"), a construction difficult to express using just a particle.

Syntax
Australian word order is strictly subject-verb-object. Adverbs may come before or after the verb, and adjectives, adpostional phrases, and relative clauses all come before the noun.

Vocabulary
The majority of Australian words derive from English or were borrowed from Vietnamese. A large portion of the Latin and Greek-derived vocabulary found in English disappeared from Australian as it developed due to a preference for single-syllable words. Similarly, loanwords from Vietnamese are primarily one-syllable long. The following list demonstrates some of these word shortenings: &emsp;• Know: hiểu from Vietnamese hiểu biết &emsp;• Fire: lủ from Vietnamese ngọn lửa &emsp;• Vietnam: viểt from Vietnamese Việt Nam and the following list shows some displaced words: &emsp;• Occupy: giữ from Vietnamese giữ displaced ồ kiư phoy from English occupy &emsp;• Question: hỏy from Vietnamese hỏi displaced quệt chân from English question &emsp;• Emotion: fhêiư from English feel displaced i mọe shăn from English emotion and the following is a list of some Latin-derived English words that remain in Australian: &emsp;• Explode: ă puõe from English explode &emsp;• Dialect dả lếc from English dialect &emsp;• Collar: cộ lâ from English collar New nouns are often formed in Australian through compounding of an English-derived word and a Vietnamese-derived word. For example, three of the four cardinal directions in Australian are formed by combining the Australian word goe ("direction") and the Vietnamese borrowings for each cardinal direction, resulting in the compounds goe tay, goe bác, and goe nam, meaning "west", "north", and "south" respectively. It can be difficult to identify the English source of native Australian words, because as Australian developed unstressed syllables often elided into single-syllable words, vowels shifted and merged away from those of English, and the final consonants of words evolved into a tone system partially due to influence from Vietnamese. The recent semantic widening and compounding of many native English and Vietnamese words adds to this difficulty.

Example Text
Ôur Phổ Hiự Men Say Cay (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Buồ 1: Ôur hiự men cán bì bôn rảyn ân sàyn fă sam phản ân sam ruóy. Họ cán bì grén cho lỗ jì ân gêip thàn, ân shúo bi lòy fă ôur vay cán uêo tìen ân thàn.