Kti

Setting
Nothing to see for now, move on.

Vowels
There are six cardinal vowels (A E U I O Æ) each representing one cardinal phonemic value of /a ɛ u i ɔ ɞ/ and each cardinal vowel has two lengths that have minimal pairs and allophonic variants depending on position.

The vowels /a: ɛ: u: i: ɔ: ɞ:/ remain more constant to their value than their short variants.

Allophony
Each of the twelve vowels have allphones that are dependant on their position.

Diphthongs
Dipthongs are combinations of two vowels. They don't change according to position. They're counted as a single long vowel in length. When both a diphthong + peripherial vowel and a triphthong are possible, the former gets chosen over the latter.

Tripthongs
Tripthongs are combinations of three vowels. They don't change according to position. They're counted as an overlong vowel or as a dipthong + short vowel in length. Every triphthong has a central element.

Consonants
Kti has 12 cardinal consonants ( Sh, S, Z, Zh, K, T, D, H, M, N, R, ' ). They are distributed unevenly along five points of articulation, labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar and glottal.

* These are allophonic variations of an underlying phoneme.

Allophony
The allophonic variations of consonants are far smaller than in vowels. The only consonants that have a variable pronounciation are /k/ and /x/.

Allophony of /k/
The realisation of /k/ as [k ~ kj] is an enviromental feature. [k] and [kj] are in complementary distribution before vowels.

/k/ is realised as [k] before /a/, /u/, /ɔ/ and /ɞ/ and consonants, while [kj] is seen only sometimes before /i/ and /ɛ/. In initial positions, [k] is always pronounced as such, and an analysis of [kj] as an allophone can be considered correct as [k] seems to be the underlying element and therefore the priviledged value.

Allophony of /x/
The realisation of /x/ is far more simple, as [h] is a simple allophonic equivalent of [x] as it occurs only in initial positions. Unlike [k] and [kj] which share one grapheme, [x] and [h] are differentiated in the orthography. Sometimes, when [x] is put instead of [h], it can be assumed that the previous word is linked with the current one via compounding, phrasing or some sort of derivation, therefore giving rise to certain minimal pairs that don't chage the meaning of one word but of a phrase; this phenomenon occurs only in very fast speech. The view that [h] is an allophone of /x/ is still held, though.

Phonotacics
Phonotactics of Kti is divided into syllable rules and combinatorics.

Syllables
Ktarh syllables have the following general structure:

Syllables sometimes tend to hoard consonants taken from previous syllables, thus sometimes reaching three initials. It should be noted that a post-vocalic glottal stop resets syllable rules, thus always starting a new syllable after it.

Stress
Prosodic stress is very syllable-dependant and there are relatively complex rules that are governed by syllable position and structure.

Stress is pretty regular in that it is generally found in the penultimate syllable unless something else happened. If the word is monosyllabilic, the stress is on the sole syllable. A syllable is counted as "light" if it has a short vowel, and "heavy" if it has a long vowel, diphthong or triphthong.

If a stressed light syllable is in between a stressed and an unstressed heavy syllable, the stress shifts to the heavy syllable.

If both a heavy penultimate and a heavy antepenultimate exist, the stress shifts to the antepenultimate.

If a heavy syllable is surrounded by two light syllables, one of which is stressed, the stress will always be on the first.

Combinatorics
Ktarh phonotactical combinatorics deals with combinations of vowels and consonant clusters. It deals with the conditions that must be met for the combination to be legal.

The rules are listed as such: Using these rules and the phonology, we can formulate the following combinations:
 * 1) "Z" and "Sh" cannot be next to any fricative but can be near other consonants
 * 2) "T" cannot be preceeded by a nasal
 * 3) "T" cannot be followed by any plosive except the glottal stop
 * 4) "D" cannot be followed by alveolars
 * 5) "A" cannot be next to "Æ" except when either vowel is a part of a greater whole (diph/triphthong)
 * 6) Two of the same phoneme cannot be together in roots (this causes gemination)

/md/ /mk/ /mʔ/ /ms/ /mz/ /mʃ/ /mʒ/ /mx/ /mr/ /mn/ /nd/ /nk/ /nʔ/ /ns/ /nz/ /nʃ/ /nʒ/ /nx/ /nm/ /nr/ /st/ /sd/ /sk/ /sʔ/ /sʒ/ /sx/* /sm/ /sn/ /sr/ /zt/ /zd/ /zk/ /zʔ/ /zm/ /zn/ /zr/ /xt/ /xd/ /xk/ /xʔ/ /xs/ /xʒ/ /xm/ /xn/ /xr/ /rt/ /rd/ /rk/ /rʔ/ /rs/ /rʃ/ /rx/ /rm/ /rn/ /tʔ/ /ts/ /tz/ /tʃ/ /tʒ/ /tx/ /tm/ /tn/ /dʃ/ /dʒ/ /dn/ /dm/ /dr/

/ae/ /au/ /aɔ/ /aɛ/ /ua/ /uɛ/ /uɔ/ /uɞ/ /ɛi/ /iɛ/ /iu/ /iɔ/ /ɔa/ /ɔɛ/ /uɛ/ /uɔ/ /uɞ/ /ɞa/ /ɞɛ/ /ɞi/ /ɞɔ/ /ɞu/

Vowel combinations apply to long vowels as well.

* /sx/ is only theoretical and doesn't occur in practice. In actuality, the cluster /sx/ metathesizes into /xs/ invariably.

Phonotactics
The Glottal Stop ( '  ) resets syllable rules so after it a new syllable begins.

Syntax
Kti is a Verb-Object-Subject language, which means that the first major/important word is (usually) the verb, followed by an optional object, then a subject. In Kti, adjectives come before nouns and pronouns, adverbs before verbs and p/articles mostly occur prior to the word they relate to, except when stated otherwise.

This all defines Kti as a strongly head-final language, with head-final phrases and head-final compounds.

Pronouns
Pronouns in Kti are, in essence, fossilised nouns, repurposed postpositions and determiners, and semanitcally bleached "waste" words such as conjuncts and expletives.

They decline as normal nouns.

Nouns
Nouns are used to describe objects, beings, events and other things.

Declension
In Kti, nouns have multiple grammatical categories. They are as follows:


 * 1) Animacy
 * 2) Genders
 * 3) Number
 * 4) Cases

Animacy
Kti has a complex animacy system, with several levels of animacy (how "alive" something is).

Animacy is usually divided into the following categories:

Dead: members of this group have been alive at an earlier point in time, but is no longer among the living.

Inanimate: members of this group have never been alive, and due to that fact they cannot die.

Critters: members of this group are unintelligent or semi-intelligent and alive, yet are less intelligent than the group below.

Sentient: members of this grop are sentient, perhaps even sapient, and are capable of abstract thought, speech, logical thinking and reasoning. As with critters, they are alive, else they'd belong to the group of the dead.

Declining nouns through animacy is somewhat different from other declensions, as it doesn't attach prefixes or suffixes, but it adds an infix before the last vowel. If the last vowel is at the very end of the word, the infix is before the vowel preceeding the last one. Note: these extensions are added to change the animacy of the noun. ×The 'æ' is dropped if it follows a vowel.'' ' ''××It is excluded from diphthong creation.  ×××According to Kti, machines are sentient untill killed, and cannot be rendered inanimate.''

Gender
There are three genders in Kti, masculine, feminine and mechanoid. Each gender differs from the other, logically ''These are easily reckognisable, and the endings are used to mainly change genders than to reckognise genders. To check the gender watch for an -e, or a -æ at the end of the word, that relates to a basic female.*'' *The male form is the basic form, with no special ending ×This is lexical, not morphological. The gender extensions are added after others, at the end of the word.

Number
In Kti, a standard number system is used (singular/plural), and detecting/changing the number is rather simple:

These extensions are added at the very end of the word, and have priority over everything else.

Note that this only applies to the nominative, since cases have their own plural endings

If the noun ends in a vowel or a diph/triphthong, the vowel or diph/triphthong is removed and the suffix added.

Cases
The case of a noun or pronoun is a change in form that indicates its grammatical function in a phrase, clause, or sentence. Cases usually indicate where is what according to what, the main senteance parts or grammatical roles, and the direction of movement. Kti has an extraordinary amount of cases (28 cases) and each case has singular, plural, mechanoid, feminine, and masculine forms, and there can be multiple forms per category depending on the word.

Kti, being a nominative-accusative language, has the nominative as the basic case. In the following examples, I will use the word 'Akasha' (Mother Goddess) for the introduction to basic cases(Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Instrumental, Locative):

The meanings of the examples are: Akasha is in nominative, and indicates the Mother Goddess. Akashina can mean something from Akasha (I took knowledge from Akasha), or is made of Akasha Akashæm denotes movement of something to or towards Akasha Akasham usually marks Akasha as the direct object (I saw Akasha) Akashon denotes communication towards Akasha, calling Akasha Akashasem marks Akasha as an instrument ,or as company (With Akasha, he passed over, here, somebody died). Akashasen marks Akasha as the topic of conversation (Talking about Akasha, does she really guide you over?). The reflexive form of Akasha, Akashanor, does not have a specific meaning without a verb attached to it.

Advanced Locational and Motional Cases
As you should have noticed, a basic case, Locative, has some properties of a pure Locational case, but also has a meaning of topic of conversation. This means that Locative isn't a pure locatioal case. An example of a pure locational and motional case would be the Ablative, being that it means moving away from something/someone. These cases differ from the basic because they can be ommited and nothing but the place will be lost. These cases are only used for expressing location, motion and manner of transportation.

The following table depicts those cases using the noun ' Ka'man ' (Hexarch): Note that you wouldn't usually hear these words in general talk, since you can't move via a Hexarch.

Ka'nem means inside a/the Hexarch, the object of talking must be inside the Hexarch. Ra'kama means between a/the Hexarch. Note that this is impossible, so a compound is made (Ra'kamaka'man,analysing the word we can get the following: Hexarch-INES Hexarch-NOM, and refers to a nominative 'between the Hexarch and the Hexarch' or 'gap between the two Hexarchs', while the word 'Ka'mara'kaman (Hexarch-NOM Hexarch-INES) refers to a location between the two specified Hexarchs). Ka'mener means below a/the Hexarch and usually refers to a particular rank below the top. In plural, it means that somebody got a highranking job just below that of the Hexarchy. Kamen means away/from from a/the Hexarch and usually refers to alienating, but can refer to running away from an attacker that is a Hexarch, but can also refer to an object from the specified Hexarch. Ka'min means (on)to a/the Hexarch, and doesn't have much sense. Kamanæm means moving from (the top of) a/the Hexarch, and is hard to use the preceding phrase outside a nonsencial senteance. Ke'menem means out of a/the Hexarch, and can refer to a favour completed by the Hexarch. Ka'nam means into a/the Hexarch, and could possibly refer to an invasive surgery. Kanam roughly means to under a/the Hexarch, and probably has no potential use regarding the Hexarch. Ka'mæni means through a/the Hexarch, and could possibly indicate corruption of the Hexarch. Ia'kaman means along a/the Hexarch, and has no use regarding the Hexarch.

Other Cases
Cases that do not fit into the other two categories can be concidered a seperate group, 'Other Cases'. These cases usually convey some additional info, such as whose is what, who has what, who is astranged etc. These cases do not have a significant role to play in the senteance, but are used to make compounds and can overlap. The following example will demonstrate a mechanoid noun, 'Kauris' (meaning 'Power grid' ), declined through these cases, if needed mixed with nominative and other nessecary words: Kaurimitau means before the power grid, and often has a temporal role. Sometimes, it can indicate priority. Kaurizekai means without a/the power grid, lacking a/the power grid, with no power grid and shows the lack of something. Rarely, it indicates time (We were better off without the power grid). Denikauris means against the power grid Kauri'kauraz means a/the power grid is/being a/the power grid Kauri'kaurisen means a/the power grid (being) equipped with/ decorated with/ (is) containing a/the power grid. Kau'rem means foreign/alienated power grid. Kauraza means -of a/the power grid, and in this context, the case conveys the info that something is a part of the power grid. It has a different meaning when applied to a senteance such as: 'Pantheon of Akasha'. Kauri'kauretina means a/the power grid, being a part of a/the power grid, and usually refers to vital parts, but it is not obligatory. Kaurosime means fearing/fear(s)/avoiding/avoid(s) the power grid, and demonstrates fear of the power grid.

Declining through Cases
As mentioned, the 28 Kti cases each have multiple declensions depending on their ending, containment of voiced/unvoiced fricatives, gender, animacy and others. The declensions are divided into three types: Masculine, Feminine and Mechanoid.

Changes such as fricative de/voicing, vowel removal, vowel change come in some cases. The following tables depict masculine: ''Notes:  *If in contact with a vowel, the vowel is removed and suffix attached as represented'' ²The vowel indicated in the brackets is added if the suffix doesn't have contact with a vowel ³The consonant in the brackets is added if the suffix is in contact with a vowel *Removes any vowels that might cause phonotactical troubles. Notes:

*If in contact with a vowel, the vowel is removed and suffix attached as represented ²The vowel indicated in the brackets is added if the suffix doesn't have contact with a vowel ³The consonant in the brackets is added if the suffix is in contact with a vowel

Syntactical Roles
The section of Case Syntactical Roles covers the use of cases to represent roles in syntax.

The following is the list of cases and their common syntactical roles:


 * 1) Nominative - Subject of verbs, rarely indirect object
 * 2) Genitive - Origin, material, rarely indirect object
 * 3) Dative - Direction, beneficiary, sometimes indirect object
 * 4) Accusative - Direct object, dynamic location
 * 5) Vocative - No distinct role, person to whom the talk is directed
 * 6) Instrumental - Instrument or company
 * 7) Locative - Either general static location or topic of conversation
 * 8) Reflexive - Both the subject and either direct or indirect object, varies
 * 9) Intrative - Inside of modified word
 * 10) Inessive - Varies, generally the location between modified words, or between instances of word if plural
 * 11) Subessive - Location below modified word
 * 12) Ablative - Motion from or object recieved from the modified word
 * 13) Allative - (On)to the modified word
 * 14) Delative - Moving from (the top of) modified word
 * 15) Elative - Out of modified word
 * 16) Illative - Into the modified word
 * 17) Sublative - To under the modified word
 * 18) Perlative - Through the modified word
 * 19) Prosecutive - Along the modified word
 * 20) Antessive - Before the modified word
 * 21) Abessive - Without the modified word, lacking the modified word
 * 22) Revertive - Against the modified word
 * 23) Identical - Marks the modified words as being the same
 * 24) Ornative - Marks the part of the word as having the second, the second is marked
 * 25) Adventive - Marks the word as foreign
 * 26) Possessive - Marks the word as a possessor of some other word
 * 27) Partitive - Marks the first part of the word as a vital segment of the second, the first is marked
 * 28) Anessive - Marks the word as a receiver of despise or being feared or avoided by some other word

Demonyms
Demonyms most commonly refer to parts of a whole, or belonging to that whole. Note that it is seperate from the cases, such as the Possessive and the Partitive case. In English, they describe nationality (English, German, Russian, Israeli), language (German, Hebrew, Chinese) among others. In Kti, there is one specific way to determin demonyms, look for the extension -arh (Oktarh, Ktarh, Britarh, Deutscharh), but creating demonyms from nouns is far more difficult. There is no specific rule for making demonyms, and that makes expressing nationalities seperate from cases difficult. If you want to make them, you should read through some demonyms and try to 'feel' the rules which demonyms follow. Note that demonyms always are made from source nouns and are written as so in the latin alphabet, and if the phonology of the word doesn't fit into the Ktarh one, the nearest/most simmilar consonant/vowel is selected to fit.

Verbs
Verbs are words that describe action, the one who completes the action, time of completion and such.

The verbs are divided into auxiliary and main verbs. Acting auxiliary verbs are used to provide further syntatic or semantic info to main verbs. Main verbs represent the main action

and make up the main body count of verbs.

Verbs in Kti are conjugated according to:
 * 1) Gender
 * 2) Tense
 * 3) Number
 * 4) Person
 * 5) Voice
 * 6) Mood
 * 7) Aspect

Gender
In this case, the gender of the verb relates to the object of the verb. The verb rarely agrees with the object's gender, and does so when the verb begins in the "s'(m)n-" consonant cluster. Even in those cases, such agreement is extraordinarily rare, and most oftenly used to explicitly point out the gender of the object.

Such a verb is "s'mnaraiton" (speak some language), where you'd most likely say "S'mnaraitei Ktarhum ashah", but it also can be explicitly stated as "Is'mnaraitei Ktarham ashah". Such a thing is uncommon to say, though, since the language itself is not feminine.

The following table demonstrates the effect:

Tense
Tenses represent the temporal value of the referenced actions. Tenses branch into simple and more complex. Simple tenses are the basic tenses, self-sufficient and needn't have acting auxiliary verbs. Complex tenses use simple tenses of acting auxiliary and main verbs to be formed, and usually represent actions with certain parts in more than one time.

Among others, the most common tenses are simple present, past, and future tenses in Kti, each expressing their corresponding period, and there are tenses with multiple possible times (future/present for example) which, for example, describe an action which has started in the past and has finished at the time of utterance.

Basic Tenses
Basic tenses are tenses that are formed only via the infinitive, without other verbs to meddle in the process. These verbs contrast with Compex Tenses, and those are formed by combining various different things.

Present Simple
A verb in Present Simple describes an action which is happening now, at the time of utterance. The following table depicts the Present simple of the verb 'to be' (kin):

Because 'kin' is irregular, the table doesn't apply to other verbs, but only to 'kin'. The rules governing Present Simple are different. Let's take the verb 'to love' (kuhiton) for example:

In this example, the infinitive's main form is 'kuhiton'. The verb 'kuhiton' is equal to 'to love'. The ending -ton is discarded for singular. In this case, -iton is discarded for the plural form of Present Simple because if we remove only -ton, 'i' would remain. For plurals, the infix -aru- is added before the extensions, but after the root. At the end, new extensions are added: Using this table, you can see which endings you should use (or if you prefer, which suffixes should you attach) to the main word. Here are rules for Present Perfect:
 * 1) The ending -ton which marks the verb as an infinitive is removed and corresponding suffixes are added.
 * 2) If by removal the vowels 'i' or 'æ' are exposed, they too are removed for the plural form.
 * 3) The infix '-aru-' is added in between the ending and the original verb.
 * 4) It is used for:
 * 5) Describing action which is currently being preformed, without known duration.
 * 6) Describing the current state of being.

Past Simple
The verb in Past Simple describes an action which happened already in the past and is not happening now. I will use 'kin' again to demonstrate an irregular declension: In the following example, I will use the regular verb "to speak (some language)" in the following example:

There is a patern here, too: Here, too, there is an infix, but this time it is '-ma-' and is added at the same place as the one in Present Simple. Here are the rules governing Past Simple:


 * 1) The ending -ton which marks the verb as an infinitive is removed and corresponding suffixes are added.
 * 2) If by removal the vowels 'i' or 'æ', or plosive consonants are exposed, they are removed as well.
 * 3) The infix '-ma-' is added in between the ending and the original verb in the plural form.
 * 4) Past Simple is used for:
 * 5) Describing an action which happened in the past and is exclusive to it. 
 * 6) Describing the previous state of being.
 * 7) The action occured once and ended.

Past Aorist
The Past Aorist, or the Aorist tense, is the tense which describes an action which has occured in the past, but we don't know if it ended, when it started, and the Past Aorist tense refers to a past action in the "pure and simple" way. There is no English equivalent to the Past Aorist tense. 'To be' (kin) is going to be used again as an irregular example:

And here is an examle of the verb 'irineton' (to be infected with something):

And here are the endings: In the plural form, the vowel of the second syllable is removed and replaced with an infix. This time, the infix is '-ami-' Here are the Past Aorist rules:


 * 1) The ending -ton which marks the verb as an infinitive is removed and corresponding suffixes are added.
 * 2) If by removal the vowels 'i' or 'æ', or plosive consonants are exposed, they are removed as well.
 * 3) The infix '-ami-' is added in between the ending and the original verb.
 * 4) Past Aorist is used for:


 * 1) Describing an action in its pure form, without duration or completion. 
 * 2) Naming a past action.
 * 3) The action is in its pure, timeless form, therefore we don't know if it ended, how long it lasted etc. except that it had at least a part of itself in the past.

Complex Tenses
Complex tenses are formed via the basic verb forms. These tenses use acting auxiliary verbs in combination with the main verb.

The complex tenses are the Pluperfect of Action, Future Simple,Present Periodic, Past Periodic and the Future Periodic.

For the complex tenses, there are almost no exceptions such as irregular verbs because most verbs follow the tense's rules. If something cannot be expressed using tenses, that can be done with the mood, aspect or voice.

Pluperfect of Action
The Pluperfect of Action, or shortly the Pluperfect, refers to a distant past action ( as in English 'had thought' ) and the action has already been completed. All acting auxilary verbs have the prefix 'de-' added to them in the Present Simple to make the verb's Pluperfect of Action. For main verbs, you need to take the Aorist of the main verb and the Pluperfect of 'kin' (dekni, for example). The following table demonstrates 'shuneton' (to help) in the Pluperfect of Action: These are the rules governing the Pluperfect of Action:
 * 1) The Pluperfect form of 'kin' is taken and added prior to the Aorist of the main verb.
 * 2) It represents a past action, further into the past than the Past Simple.
 * 3) We know that the action ended some time in the past and lasted for a certain amount of time.
 * 4) Auxiliary verbs, as in all the complex tenses, have a prefix (here being 'de-').

Future Simple
Future Simple is the tense which represents an action that has yet to happen, and is going to last a certain amount of time before possibly finishing. Acting auxiliary verbs in Future Simple have the prefix 'ra-' added before their Present Simple form to make them future. This also applies to the verb 'to move' (nauton). The verb 'kin' in Future Simple: Turning a main verb into a future simple verb is easy: take the infinitive of the main verb and add 'kin' in the Future Simple before the main verb. Here are Future Simple rules:
 * 1) The Future Simple form of 'kin' is taken and is added prior to the infinitive of the main verb (the only exception is 'nauton').
 * 2) It represents a future action that is yet to happen.
 * 3) We predict or know that the action is going to begin and end in the future.
 * 4) Auxiliary verbs, as in all the complex tenses, and the verb 'nauton' have a prefix (here being 'ra-').

Past Periodic
Past Periodic is the tense that designates the verb as happening in the past, with intermediate brakes inbetween each occurance. An example would be "The wind blew", with the gusts of wind spread across the past. Technically, the Past Periodic and simmilar tenses are in fact tenses, since verbs are found in both perfective and imperfective aspects.

Simply put, the pastt periodic is formed by adding an acting preposition, the permanently infinitive verb k'nazhiton (wanting/to want) prior to the verb in Past Aorist. The following example represents the Present Periodic form of the verb s'mnazheton(to continuously exterminate): Here are Past Periodic rules:
 * 1) The infinitive form of K'nazhiton is added prior to the verb.
 * 2) It represents a past action happening in temporally seperated occurances
 * 3) We predict or know that the action happened in the past, with instances seperated by periods of time

Present Periodic
Present Periodic is the tense that designates the verb as happening now, with intermediate brakes inbetween each occurance. An example would be "It rains", with rain not flooding in a continuous sheet, but in periodic, occasional drops. Technically, the Present Periodic and simmilar tenses are in fact tenses, since verbs are found in both perfective and imperfective aspects. Simply put, the present periodic is formed by adding an acting preposition, the permanently infinitive verb k'nazhiton (wanting/to want) prior to the verb in Present Simple. The following example represents the Present Periodic form of the verb suzoton (to drip): Here are Present Periodic rules:
 * 1) The infinitive form of K'nazhiton is added prior to the verb.
 * 2) It represents a present action happening in temporally seperated occurances
 * 3) We predict or know that the action is happening in the present, with instances seperated by periods of time

Future Periodic
Future Periodic is the tense that designates the verb as in the future, with intermediate brakes inbetween each occurance. An example would be "They will be falling", with the mentioned objects falling seperately. Technically, the Future Periodic and simmilar tenses are in fact tenses, since verbs are found in both perfective and imperfective aspects.

Simply put, the future periodic is formed by adding an acting preposition, the permanently infinitive verb k'nazhiton (wanting/to want) prior to the verb in Future Simple. The following example represents the Future Periodic form of the verb hoton (to stop/stand up):

Here are Future Periodic rules:
 * 1) The infinitive form of K'nazhiton is added prior to the verb.
 * 2) It represents a future action happening in temporally seperated occurances
 * 3) We predict or know that the action will happen in the future, with instances seperated by periods of time

Voice
In grammar, the voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the Active Voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the Passive Voice. The passive voice is further divided into the Dynamic and Static passives.

Active and Passive Voices
The Active Voice, being the default one (I love/kuhitei) has no markers to represent it. The Passive Voice, on the other hand, uses markers which change according to person.

Static Passive
The Static Passive voice represents an action which is done by the agent, not the subject, and the subject usually being the patient. 'The hunter is killed by the bear' is an example of that type of passive.

The marker corresponding to the static passive is ' u'ru ' and it changes according to the person, but not number. It is added after the verb and it's declined according to the following pattern:

The marker is added after the verb and modifies the preceding verb.

Dynamic Passive
The Dynamic Passive voice represents an action which is being completed by an unknown and irrelevant agent and the subject being usually the patient. 'The lawn is being mown' is an example of the Dynamic Passive. The marker corresponding to the dynamic passive is ' ara'ma ' and it also changes only according to person:

The dynamic passive marker is added before the verb and modifies the following verb.

Mediopassive Voice
The Mediopassive voice represents an action that "just happened by itself" and refers almost exclusively to negative actions. An example in English would be "The glass broke".

The Mediopassive voice marks the subject (and object) in the Reflexive case and is reckognised by a reflexive agent.

Mood
Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive forms that are used to signal modality. Moods vary in their usage and purpose. In English, the Imperative (I command you to  eat ! ) is substantially different from the Indicative (John ate  apples), although this doesn't apply to all languages. Moods are divided into the Realis and Irrealis moods.

Realis moods
Realis moods are a category of grammatical moods that indicate that something is actually the case or actually not the case (Cats are fast, Mary didn't cry). Kti realis moods are the Indicative, Speculative, Generic, and the Implicative moods.

Indicative
The Indicative mood designates an action that is or isn't the case.

Generic
The Generic mood describes an attribute of something. This can be shown in the senteance 'Cats are fast', where the verb 'to be' is in the Generic mood. Here, it too doesn't have a special verb form to represent the Generic.

The pattern for the Generic mood follows:

where the Patient can be 'Cats' and Attribute 'Fast', where 'To be' can be in any tense, voice, person etc. The example 'Cats are fast' would be transformed to 'Are fast cats'.

Note: You can only take the active voice for the Generic.

Speculative
The Speculative mood describes an action that might be true, but may not be, too.

It is formed by adding the following suffixes:

Irrealis moods
Irrealis moods are the opposite of realis moods, as in they don't indicate that something is or isn't the case. This can be represented in the following senteance: 'Go eat! ' where the verbs 'to eat' and 'to go' are in the imperative.

Kti Irrealis moods are the Imperative, Conditional I, Conditional II, the Obligative and the Impositive moods.

Imperative
The Imperative mood indicates a command or obligation. It can also indicate a request.

You can form the Imperative by taking the present simple of the verb in the active voice, either the first or second person, then add the suffixes corresponding to the ending:

If the verb root ends in the vowel '-i', add '-re', but if it ends in a consonant, add '-an'.

Conditional I
Conditional I, or as it is commonly written, the First Conditional, is one of two possible conditionals. The first conditional represents an action whose needs haven't been fulfilled ( Snails would be fast if they were to evolve jet engines and wings to lift off and fly away ). It is represented this way:

O- => VERB => Ne => CONDITION(S)

Here, 'O- ' is the prefix which denotes the first conditional, you probably know what 'VERB' is, 'Ne' is a special word just for the conditionals, and 'CONDITION(S)' come afterwards. If you have multiple conditions, you will need special rules to make a phrase which makes sense:

CONDITION 1 => æt => CONDITION 2 => ...ad infinitum

The word 'æt' is a connector which links the conditions, it would roughly mean 'and', but has a much narrower meaning.

Conditional II
Conditional II, or as it is commonly written, the Second Conditional, is one of two possible conditionals. The second conditional represents an action whose needs have been fulfilled ( John ate because he was hungry ).

It is repesented in the following manner:

Ra- => VERB => Ne => CONDITION(S)

Here, 'Ra- ' is the prefix which denotes the second, you should know what 'VERB' is, 'Ne' is a special word just for the conditionals, and 'CONDITION(S)' come afterwards. If you have multiple conditions, you will need special rules to make a phrase which makes sense, and these rules are shared with the first conditional.

Technically, in both conditionals, you could remove the binding word, but it's not common.

Obligative
The Obligative mood expresses a notion simmilar to English "ought to..." or "should...". There is no specific translation of obligative verbs.

The Obligatives of verbs are formed by adding prefixes according to the following rules:

Impositive
The Impositive mood expresses something like English "are supposed to..." or "be expected to...".

The Impositives of verbs are formed by adding a marker after the verb. The following pattern demonstrates the forms of the marker:

Aspect
The aspect describes a temporal flow of a verb, or a lack of the same. Aspect can be explained in English with the senteances 'I eat' and 'I am eating'. The first one is nonprogressive while the other is progressive.

In Kti, the aspects are Perfective and Nonperfective. These aspects aren't usually distinguished on a morphological level, but the aspect is embedded into their meaning.

Perfective Aspect
The perfective aspect describes an action which cannot go on forever. In English, it would sound like: 'I finished eating'. To make a nonperfective verb perfective, suffixes can be added at the very end of the word. This can be shown in the following example: 'Kuhinirai' would roughly correspond to 'I loved but it's finished/but I do not love anymore'. The verb can be in any tense, any voice, mood or person to be changed.

The suffixes are:

'-rai' if the verb ends in a vowel,

'-am' if the verb ends in a consonant,

'-deku' if the verb contains a glottal stop and ends in a vowel,

and '-iti' if the verb contains a glottal stop and ends in a consonant.

Imperfective Aspect
The imperfective aspect describes an action which can go on forever. In English, it would sound like: 'I am eating and I can continue eating indefinately'. It isn't possible to make a perfective verb imperfective, as that would sound like: 'I am going to sit down and sitting down will go on forever', but making imperfective verbs out of simmilar perfective verbs is described inside the section of derivation.

Extra
The extras of Kti's verb system fit in here if they don't fit in other categories

Formality
Formalty, or politeness, changes the form of the verb. Formality and politeness are practically nonexistent in some languages, mild in some other (such as most Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages), and relatively well pronounced (such as Japanese or Korean).

Gerunds
Gerunds are essentially infinitve forms of the verb. There are quite a lot of those and they are undistinguishable from normal nouns by their function. They are always indiscriminately inanimate masculine nouns in the nominative.

Adjectives
Adjectives always preceed the noun they modify, and due to syntactical and phonological rules, a whole noun phrase is considered one word. The adjective is unmarked for case, but only for gender, animacy and number.

Adjectives can act as prefixes to nouns, and as such are not modified for case since the noun itself is.

Comparation
Ktarh adjectives have orders of magnitude to describe how well defined an attribute the adjective bears is. This can range from the basic, unmodified form (red) to the most advanced (reddest). The levels are as listed in the following table:

Negative Comparation
Unlike most Earthly natural languages, Kti also contains a system of negative comparation that defines the noun lacking the root attribute. These levels are listed according to their magnitude of negativity, according to how unlike the root adjective they are. The following table shows the negative levels:

Declining Adjectives
The following tables contain all the prefixes for adjective declension:

Compounding and Derivation
Kti, being a language artificially kept in place, almost never tolerates new word formation, therefore to transmit information not formally possible with classical words, word synthesis and derivation are heavily relied upon. Derivation is used to form new words from old ones.

The methods are divided into five categories, complexity ascending: Simple Compounding, Complex Compounding, Simple Derivation, Advanced Derivation and Inversion.

Simple Compounding
The method of simple compounding deals with one nominal word or a verb fused with non-nominal or non-verbial word. Sometimes, due to the nature of syllable structure, additional processes operate.

The process of simple compounding deals primarily with choice of the two words. To understand the choice, one must understand the types of words:

The only words not meant for simple compounding are conjuctions. All other words are eligible for every form of derivation. The only limiting factor in simple compounding is the limited choice of words. Even compounds of contradicting words can be brought together, as long as the product of their compounding makes some sense. If the second word's initial syllable contains two consonants that aren't in a cluster, and the first word ends in one consonant, the second word sheds the first consonant. If both words at the compounding border have a consonant, the last consonant of the first word dissapears.

Complex Compounding

Now here things get interesting. Complex compounding deals with making new words out of stock ones. This is the main wordbuilding process in the Ktarh language. As its name implies, it is far more complex than the other compounding system. In reality, there are no hyperbolically complex rules, but simple ones that are utilised only when phonotactics disallows a combination.

Dictionary
In progress

Original text
This language was once featured. Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured.

Translated Text
Dektai ara'nai sererem a nimani. seremai ne i'rim, æt s'narena, æt marinamineton, Dektai ara'nai mare serena ose.

Breakdown in Kti
de-ktai ara'nai sere-rem a nimani. Ra-sere-mai ne ivrim, æt s'narena, æt marinamineton, de-ktai ara'nai mare serene ose.

Breakdown in English
language be-PLUP-3PS DPASS.MARKER good-AOR BINDER distinguished-ADJ good-COND2-PAST BINDER quality and plausibility and potential, be-PLUP DPASS.MARKER select-ADJ good-ADJ-NONFEM 3RD.SNG.INANIM

Translation to English
This language was once distinguished. Due to its quality, plausibility and potential, it has been selected and featured.

Literal Translation
Language was good. Was good, distinguished, good, quality, plausibility, potential, was selected good it.

History Of The Language
Ktarh language went through significant changes through its history to be frozen in the modernmost form. The history of the language can be split up to have seven stages: Pre-Written Ktaric, Ancient Ktaric, Old Ktaric (also known as De'ni), Classical Ktaric (oldest strictly Ktarh form), Early Ktarh, Classical Ktarh and the S'mnaria Ktarherarh / Modern Ktarh (the first is the native name, translatable to "Ktarh Speech").

These stages can all be categorised into these following phases: