Ringwa

General information
This language was simply constructed as an experiment, and for fun.

Consonants
Consonant pairs (?/?) are unvoiced-voiced pairs.

IPA symbols: ŋ (ng), θ (th), ð (dh), ʃ (sh), ʒ (zh), x (x), ɣ (gh), tʃ (ch), dʒ (j)

Vowels
IPA symbols: e (ə), ë (ɛ), ae (æ), o (ɔ)

Alphabet
Latinized:

a, i, o, e, ai, oi, wa,

a, ë, u, r, ya, yo, wo,

p, k, t, s, ts, sh, ch, x, th, f, n,

b, g, d, z, dz, zh, j, gh, dh, v, ng.

IPA:

/a/, /i/, /ɔ/, /ə/, /ai/, /ɔi/, /wa/,

/a/, /ɛ/, /u/, /ɹ/, /ja/, /jɔ/, /wɔ/,

/p/, /k/, /t/, /s/, /ts/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /x/, /θ/, /f/, /n/,

/b/, /g/, /d/, /z/, /dz/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /ɣ/, /ð/, /v/, /ŋ/.

Phonotactics
Only clusters where the first consonant is a non-plosive and the second is a plosive are allowed. Two vowels cannot be next to each other, except if one of them is /ɹ/ or they are in a diphthong (/ai/, /ja/, /ɔi/, /jɔ/, /wa/, /wɔ/). Only plosives can precede /w/, and written /ŋ/ must occur at the end of a word. Also, the following sound changes take place (in this order):
 * x and ɣ become kx and gɣ at the start of a word.
 * əɹ always becomes ɚ.
 * nj always becomes ɲ.
 * n before a velar consonant becomes ŋ except across a word boundary.

Grammar
There are four types of word in Ringwa: Objects, Numbers, Prepositions and Articles.

Objects
These correspond to other languages' nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Each object has a number of forms to determine what part of speech it is, but some words do not have an adverb form.

Objects can have these forms:

Noun (10): direct, genitive, dative, locative and instrumental cases (5) with plural forms (5)

Example: Weight

Verb (55): Infinitive (1), past, present and future tenses with simple, perfect and continuous aspects, for 3 persons (27) and passive voice versions (27)

Example: To weigh

Performer (10): Same forms as noun, but meaning a do-er of the verb form (10)

Example: Balance/scale

Adjective (5): Agrees with case of modified noun (5)

Example: Heavy

Adverb (3): Agrees with tense (but not aspect) of modified verb (3)

Example: Heavily

Numbers
These are like numbers in other languages, except they are in base 20. They are a special case of Objects, with a predetermined definition (with "x" being the value):
 * Noun: x itself
 * Verb: To multiply by x
 * Adjective: Having a count of x
 * Adverb: Done x times
 * Performer: A device/person whose purpose is to multiply by x