BSE

BSE or Brussels Standard English is, as its name suggests, European Standard English, which became the official English standard of the European Union once the BSED1 or the first edition of the Brussels Standard English Dictionary was published in Brussels in the year 2100. Prior to 2100, the English used officially by the European Union was British English. From that point on, European English is considered a different standard English language, which is generally more conservative and mixes British and American features, as well as features specific to the languages of Europe. Standard European English or BSE will be the language used by the European Union between 2100 and 2700. Throughout its existence, European English distinguished three varieties that function as a macro-system of speech:


 * General European English (GE): this is a Koine dialect that interchangeably mixes British and American features, both phonetically, as well as in semantics, syntax, etc., usually with many influences from European languages, especially Romance languages. Before 2100 the standard language was British English, but in reality for interlingual communication Europeans used this continuum of dialectally neutralized features called General European.


 * Standard European English (SE or BSE): In 2100 General European English was first standardized in BSED1, the first edition of the Brussels Dictionary of Standard English, to facilitate communication and teaching within the European Union, once Europeans refused to have a British standard that was often difficult to understand for most Europeans and had generated a situation of hard diglossia. BSED1 turned out to be much more conservative in pronunciation than British English and normalized the influence of American English and other European languages. Over time different editions of BSED were published, until in the year 2700 Euro became the official standard. This page will only describe the features of the BSED or Brussels Standard English Dictionary as a classical lingua franca that will continue to be taught in the future until 2700.


 * Vernacular European English (VE): After the standardization of European English, both British and Americans were dissatisfied, so European English began to function as the standard language of the European Union, becoming increasingly Europeanized and moving away from the English dialects that shaped it. Many families, mainly French and German, attempted to teach Standard European English to their children as a first language, resulting in a creolized English that would be considered vernacular. This creolized vernacular proved to be much easier for Europeans to learn and spread in a short time, so it would become the new official standard around the year 2700 and would be called Euro, short for European.

Background
Standard European English is a future standardized dialect of English spoken between the year 2100 and the year 2700. It developed by pidginization under the influence of the languages of the European Union, especially French and German, and partially Romance languages in general, and by koineization between Received Pronunciation and General American. This dialect was naturally simplified by being used as a second language (L2) by speakers of different European languages when it became the official language of the European Union. In 2100, Standard European English is officially the lingua franca of the European Union. It can basically be considered an English relexification of a simplified typical European grammar.

History and classification
Its origins go back at first to Oxford British English with Received Pronunciation which was considered the European standard of English before 2100, while it was heavily influenced by American General English due to the great cultural influence of the United States in Europe, learned by many Europeans through films, series, music, slogans, etc.

Being learned as a second language, Europeans of different nationalities introduced a multitude of errors, mixing British and American English, misinterpreting English spelling, misanalyzing syntax, having difficulties with pronunciation, etc. Over time, Europeans' difficulties in learning correct English resulted in a strange dialectal koiné pidginized with European languages. Grammar became much more analytical and isolating than modern English, with predefined word order, vocabulary was reduced, morphemes were reanalyzed, many meanings disappeared, pronunciation changed by the elimination of phonotactics and allophones, clitics and contractions were restored as free and full forms, etc.

By the year 2100, general European English had become sufficiently differentiated from British and American English to generate its own regulatory academies, the Brussels Academy of English published its first edition of a dictionary and grammatical guide distinct from the other English dialects. The first edition was called the Brussels Standard English Dictionary, or BSED1.

Native English speakers wanted to change the name to European Standard English because of disagreements with other English regulatory academies who felt that European English was not true English and that it tarnished the purity of native English.

Since then, officially from the first edition of BSED in 2100, European English began to be considered as a different standard language and started to evolve on its own, this new language was already informally known worldwide as Euro from 2100 onwards, but officially it continued to be called European Standard English, although it was still quite intelligible with modern 21st century English.

Dialects
There are some local differences, due to the large number of languages in the European Union and how the characteristics of those languages influenced European English, but overall, it is a unified language with few differences. This page only describes the standard language.

Phonology
The phonology used by the BSED Standard European English remained stable throughout all editions of the BSED. This section describes the phonology, the notation used, and the sound changes from Modern English to BSE. See consonants, vowels, and diphthongs, for more details on the sound changes of individual phonemes and notation used for transcribing BSE.

Writing system and Alphabet
Every word cannot be read exactly as it is spelled, there are certain intrinsic rules, but these rules are not taught, written words must be memorized regardless of their phonetics. The writing system was inherited in its entirety from British English orthography, and it was retained until 2700. By inherited standards, it does not accept diacritical marks and, in general, pronunciation is not predictable directly from the script. As in modern English, there are 26 letters and the apostrophe. The hyphen also is used in writing to separate words that are compounds, so it has no phonetic value, rather it has an etymological value. Many words are spelled differently, as they are interpreted as compounds, so technically BSE uses its own spelling:

Grammatical categories: Introduction
To understand the evolution of the BSE dialect, it is essential to know how its vocabulary has been formed. Its grammar is divided into closed and open classes. Closed classes do not usually accept borrowings, while open classes do.

Originally, the BSE was a controlled word list based on the 5,000 most frequent words that every speaker should know, i.e., a C1 of the CEFR. This word list was analyzed in the form of lexemes and morphemes and, in order to standardize the BSE, a selection of terms was made for the closed classes. The open classes of the BSE would in later stages begin to adopt many words and terms from different European languages, especially Ancient Greek and Latin, as well as German and French, in addition to English returns. The parts of speech in BSE are:

Closed classes


 * Pronouns
 * Determiners
 * Articles
 * Quantifiers
 * Demonstratives
 * Possessives
 * Prepositions
 * Conjunctions
 * Numbers
 * Particles
 * Closed verbs
 * Auxiliary verbs
 * Phrasal verbs

Open classes


 * Verbs
 * Nouns
 * Adjectives
 * Adverbs
 * Interjections

Grammar: History
European English, before its standardization, was a set of pidgins which mixed features of European languages, British dialect, and American dialect, creating a koine which was called General European. Grammatically this Koine was considered grammarless, as it was a strongly analytical and isolating language. When European English was standardized, it was endowed with a more fusional and synthetic grammar than 22nd century English, adopting mainly the grammatical basis of French and German with some typical Romance features.

Large Numbers and Decimals
Decimals are marked with a comma and numbers greater than 1.000 [10^3] with a dot (.) like French, German and most European languages, just the opposite of the English-speaking world. The large numbers are as shown above as in European languages, they do not follow the short count typical of English countries. Numbers higher than quintillion are no longer used in everyday language, such as: sextillion, septillion, octillion, nonillion, decillion.

Auxiliary verbs

 * Negation: Subject + Verb + Negative

Prepositions
Initially, 67 prepositions were identified for the English used in Europe, after normalization, the original list increased to 81. The final list is that follows:

Conjunctions
Initially, 32 conjunctions were identified for the English used in Europe, after normalization, the original list increased to 34. The final list is that follows:

Exclamations
Initially, 20 exclamations were identified for the English used in Europe, after normalization, the original list increased to 27. The final list is that follows:

Phonetic evolution: BSE to Euro
Some consonant phonemes that were marginal in modern English were reinterpreted as allophones and merged as follows:


 * ŋ > n
 * r > ɹ
 * ʍ > hw
 * x > h
 * ʔ > "disappears"
 * ɬ > l
 * Syllabic consonants were restored in schwa plus consonant clusters.
 * The phoneme /ɹ/ in implosive position is restored due to the influence of American English and spelling, so BSE is a rhotic dialect.