Utagasvrimahi

300

General information
Utakṣurmahi is High-God-Speak, a language that the sages and monks worked together to create that would closely emulate the pure sounds and feelings found in every human. It would serve to preserve and enlighten the people who would speak it - half of its words are devoted to meditation, philosophy and dharmic teachings. The other half is focused on emotion and words of every day usage.

This language is designed to be the primordial language before the catalysm that destroyed the land of its speakers before spreading around the world of Askāla in the form of various Jamahī. (daughter languages/dialects).

Alphabet
Plosives: p, b, t, d, .ț, ḑ, c, j, k, g;

Aspirated: ph, bh, th, dh, țh, ḑh, ch, jh, kh, gh

Sibilants: f, s, z, ś, ș, x, h

Liquids: v, l/ḷ, r, y

Nasals: m, n, ņ, ń, ñ

Vowels: a, i, u, r, e, o, ā, ī, ū, ai, au

Phonotactics
1. Plosives - aspirated versions cannot be followed by /l/ or /n/. Exceptions: 
 * chla (watch liam), khla (act late), khna (ask not), 


 * ghla (English), ghna (big name)

2. Nasals: Can only combine with suffixed plosives (aspirated included) in nucleus. If in coda, a vowel must follow unless it is /ns/ or /m/. /ns/ will match /s/ with unvoiced consonants, otherwise it will match /n/ with the voiced version. Eg:
 * Vrama sanas (no change) - He is a dog / a dog - he is. (SBJ)
 * Vra ms s anas > Vr ãn  sanas (nasal-matching) - He be(comes) a dog. (ACC sg)
 * Vrams jayasas > Vrãń jayanas (nasal-matching) - You know about the dog. (ACC sg)
 * Vrāns ṇara > Vrāṇ ṇara (matching) - Remove the dogs. (ACC sg)
 * Vrānh cayatāh > Vrānś cayatāh (matching) - They like dogs. (ACC pl)
 * Vrānh ḍharanas > Vrāṇ ḍharanas (matching) - He seeks dogs. (ACC pl)

3. Sibilants: Can combine with unvoiced plosives, nasals and liquids, prefix or suffix. But retroflexes cannot combine with dentals and vice versa. NB:


 * /h/ is seen as a  fricative in coda, yet has inherent rules of sibilants although it cannot combine with aspirated plosives prefixwise while retaining its integrity.


 * Before voiceless consonants /h/ in coda will change to become any of the 4 sibilants (f, s, sh, zh) depending on where the tongue will be. As for voiced consonants, it will change to an /r/ if not next to dentals or even be dropped out depending on Sandhi. Eg:
 * l ah  d ura > l o  d u ra (rounding), ava h   ṭ a > avaṣ ṭa  (matching), ni h   v ana > nir v ana  (adjusting)
 * lāh varā > lā varā (elliding), avauh ca > avauś ca (matching), adhyāh usta > adhyār usta (adjusting)


 * /s/ - The same applies here as well, especially in coda. Except /s/ changes to /l/ if next to any voiced consonant or vowel. Eg:
 * las+dura > lal dura (voicing), avas ṭa > avaṣ ta (matching), uris rana > uri rana (elliding due to r)

4. Liquids: 


 * /av/ > /o/, but /āv/ > /au/ unless followed by another vowel. Exception: /au/ + /u/ > [āb u].


 * /ay/ > /e/, but /āy/ > /ai/ unless followed by another vowel. Exception: /ai/ + /i/ > [ār i].

5. Vowels:
 * /r/ before any dental consonant r etroflexes them. Including /l/ (becomes ḷ). This effect gets cancelled if an ā vowel appears anywhere after.


 * ~u, ~i in coda or in morpheme boundary, if followed by a dissimilar vowel, will change to (v, y). Eg:
 * Tāni abumāh > Tāny abumāh (We moved them people)
 * Asu ātarya > Asv ātarya (One of many)
 * ~a in coda is unchangeable even if a vowel follows.

Grammar

1. Nouns - fall into the 2 male/2 female classes, as well as the 8 neuter classes. They are also declined according to case and number, as seen in the tables below: (the upper is singular form, the lower plural form) {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" ! scope="col"|Gender Class ! scope="col"|root ! scope="col"|SBJ ! scope="col"|DAT ! scope="col"|VOC ! scope="col"|INESS ! scope="col"|ACC ! scope="col"|GEN ! scope="col"|ORIG ! scope="col"|INSTR ! scope="col"|TILL

~yat
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" ! scope="col"| Neuter Class ! scope="col"|Meaning ! scope="col"|root ! scope="col"|SBJ ! scope="col"|DAT ! scope="col"|VOC ! scope="col"|INESS ! scope="col"|ACC ! scope="col"|GEN ! scope="col"|ORIG ! scope="col"|INSTR ! scope="col"|TILLK
 * }

~enkauh

 * }

Phew, that was quite a monster chart of noun cases - not to fret, once you get the hang of it, it's actually really easy. First though lets focus on how cases are used in Utakṣurmahi. I will only use the Masculine #1 (~u) in these examples, to show how ~s sandhi works with verbless sentences.
 * Dalus dalkus > Dalul dalkus - the man is a boy.
 * Dalet patul ghit > Dalet patul ghitus - The man's leg is thick. (~it adjectives get affixed with suffixes, becoming ~itus(h)  itul(a) for masculine nouns in sg)
 * Pakus abit yapkṣantus > Paku l  abit ul  yankṣantus - Feather is long bird-hair (plosive sandhi cluster nasalizing rule)
 * Dalus dalvas sana > Dalu l  dalvas sana - The man exists for the boy.
 * Dalus sava dalkam narana > Dalus sava dalkãn narana - The man sees his boy.

Here we are introduced to two new rules - the internal plosive sandhi  and the  ~it  adjective ''. ''

For the internal plosive sandhi rule, depending on the situation,


 * 1) Nasalization: (eg: ~d + ṭha > ~ṇṭha, ~ad+kha > ~ankha) [ ~vP1+P2s = ~nP2s]


 * 1) Ellision: (eg: ~k + ṣṭa > ~ṣṭa, ~c + spa  > ~spa) [ P1+sP2 = ~hP2]

As for the ~it adjective, you simply get the adjective root, and affix whatever you had for the noun (including case and plurality) onto the adjective. Using 'small fish' (kit vab; ~ab neuter) in all 9 cases: Note that the ~it changes to ~id in the plural versions. This is to highlight plurality by voicing. Also note the sandhi here is very similar to Sanskrit Visarga Sandhi rules. (v-sandhi refers to voiced-sound-in-next-word-sandhi rule)
 * 1) Assimilation: (eg: ~t+ṭha > ~ṭṭha, exceptions: ~b+dha > bdha) [ P1+P2 = P2P2s]
 * SBJ: kit v ama  > kitama vama; PL: kidāmih vāmih > kidāmir vāmih (h > r v-sandhi)
 * DAT: kit v āva  > kitāva vāva; PL: kidāvih vāvih > kidāvir vāvih (h > r v-sandhi)
 * VOC: kit v abha  > kitabha vabha; PL: kidabhrāh vabhrāh > kidabhrā vabhrāh (āh v-sandhi h-ellision)
 * INESS: kit v eva  > kiteva veva; PL: kidevaih vevaih > kidevair vevaih (h > r v-sandhi)
 * ACC: kit v ams  > kitam vams; PL: kidāns vāns > kidān vāns (v-sandhi s-ellision)
 * GEN: kit v avya  > kitavya vavya; PL: kidāvīh vāvīh > kidāvir vāvih (h > r v-sandhi)
 * ORIG: kit v ebha  > kitebha vebha; PL: kidebhrā vebhrāh > kidebhrā vebhrāh (ā v-sandhi h-ellision)
 * INSTRU: kit v ema  > kitema vema; PL: kidemaih vemaih > kidemair vemaih (h > r v-sandhi)
 * TILL: kit v empa  > kitempa vempa; PL: kidepaih vepaih > kidepair vepaih (h > r v-sandhi)

== Adjectives:  Vocabulary==

Example text
Aumān humanār u styān satmān  svriyantāh - All men are created free and equal.