Terwene/fr

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Classification
Le Terwene est une LAI (Langue Auxiliaire Internationale) basée en partie sur la grammaire de l'espéranto (avec une influence chinoise), mais avec des mots qui proviennent principalement des cinq langues les plus parlées dans le monde : le chinois (mandarin), l'anglais, l'espagnol, l'hindi et l'arabe.

C'est une langue SVO agglutinante a posteriori, bien qu'elle soit beaucoup plus proche des langues isolantes que des langues agglutinantes, l'espéranto inclu.

Phonologie
Le Terwene utilise les lettres de l'alphabet latin basique.

L'accent tonique tombe toujours l'avant-dernière syllabe.

Système d'écriture
La prononciation idéale pour le r est le r roulé, mais tout phonème similaire qui se distingue du reste de l'alphabet fait l'affaire.

Phonotactiques
Les mots peuvent se terminer par une voyelle, une semi-voyelle ou par l'une des consonnes suivantes : d, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x. Les racines ne peuvent pas se terminer par plus de deux consonnes. Les mots ne peuvent pas contenir de groupes consonantiques de plus de deux consonnes (sans compter les semi-voyelles). Lors de la prononciation d'un mot, chaque voyelle ne peut être couplée qu'à une semi-voyelle, et non deux. Par exemple, "yawa" doit être prononcé "ya-wa" et non "yaw-a".

Groupes consonantiques autorisés: Diphtongues autorisées:

Pronoms
Il n'y a pas de distinction de genre à la troisième personne, mais il y a une distinction entre entités animées et inanimées. Cela peut être interprété de plusieurs façons. Habituellement, on utilisera "hi" pour les humains et "so" pour toute autre chose. Cela dit, "hi" peut être utilisé de manière plus générale pour tout ce qui est capable de communiquer, mais peut toutefois servir pour des animaux, des plantes ou des choses inanimées pour des raisons stylistiques, comme le fait de parler à un animal domestique, ou de parler de lui.

Les pronoms du pluriel sont créés en ajoutant -su, (j'ai décidé de ne pas utiliser le marqueur du pluriel -s parce que si pronom se termine par -s, ce son pourrait se confondre avec celui d'un verbe qui commence par s-, ce qui peut créer une confusion entre "mis swan" (nous sommes) et "mi swan" (je suis), par exemple). "Mi" vient de toutes les langues européennes dans lesquelles il apparait, comme l'espagnol, l'anglais, l'italien, etc.

"Tu" vient de l'espagnol, et apparait aussi dans d'autres langues européennes, comme "du" en allemand.

"Hi" vient de l'anglais "he", mais aussi de l'arabe "hi" qui signifie "elle".

Noms
Les noms normaux se terminent par -e au singulier. Le pluriel est formé en ajoutant -s. À part ça les noms ne changent pas, mais ils peuvent être combinés pour former de nouveaux mots.

Verbes
Les verbes se terminent par -ar à l'infinitif, qui est remplacé par d'autres terminaisons en fonction du temps ou du mode. Les verbes disposent de cinq suffixes qui sont utilisés pour créer un grand nombre de verbes différents.
 * -ad- exprime la continuité d'une action. Si le verbe exprime une action instantanée, l'ajout de ce suffixe signifie généralement le résultat de cette action. Exemples:
 * kahar = dire ➜ kahadar = parler
 * har = avoir ➜ kahar = posséder
 * bisar = voir ➜ bisadar = regarder


 * -ek- exprime la soudaineté ou le commencement d'une action
 * ranar = courir ➜ ranekar = se mettre à courir
 * siar = savoir, connaitre ➜ siekar = apprendre (se mettre à connaitre)
 * karar = faire ➜ karekar = se mettre à, faire soudainement
 * har = avoir ➜ hekar = obtenir, acquérir
 * dormar = dormir ➜ dormekar = s'endormir


 * -end- exprime l'aboutissement ou l'achèvement d'une action
 * canar = aller ➜ canendar = arriver
 * dormar = dormir ➜ dormendar = se réveiller


 * -if- permet de rendre un verbe transitif s'il ne l'était pas, ou de former le factitif (faire faire telle action à quelqu'un)
 * dormekar = s'endormir ➜ dormekifar = endormir
 * dormendar = se réveiller ➜ dormendifar = réveiller
 * ekar = commencer ➜ ekifar = faire commencer, démarrer
 * folar = tomber ➜ folifar = faire tomber, laisser tomber


 * -os- est uniquement utilisé sur des verbes transitifs pour les rendre intransitifs ou réfléchis
 * teycar = tenir ➜ teycosar = se tenir
 * teycekar = attraper ➜ teycekosar = s'aggriper à

Le conditionnel
Ce mode a deux terminaisons : -em pour le passé et -od pour le reste (généralement le présent). En français, ce mode se retrouve dans des formes verbales telles que "serais, pourrions, devrait..." ou encore "aurais fait, seriez partis, aurait vu..." au passé.

Présent: Passé: Cependant, le "conditionnel passé" est le plus souvent utilisé dans d'autres langues pour exprimer quelque chose qui aurait pu ou aurait dû être fait, mais ne l'a pas été. Dans ce genre de cas, le Terwene utilise plutôt le passé de l'indicatif si le contexte le permet.
 * Si mi siod xeno, mi laborod = Si j'en étais capable, je le ferais
 * Si mi siem xeno, mi laborem = Si j'en avais été capable, je l'aurais fait
 * Mi pixwel no mancar so, tan mi karel = Je n'aurais pas dû le manger, mais je l'ai fait.
 * Mi ablel ranar, tan mi no karel = J'aurais pu courir, mais je ne l'ai pas fait.

Participes
Le participe actif se forme en ajoutant le suffixe -ant- à la racine du verbe, et le participe passif avec le suffixe -ed- : Tout les exemples:
 * -ant-:
 * -an : Mi swan mancanta mafes = Je mange des pommes
 * -el : Mi swel mancanta mafes = Je mangeais des pommes
 * -on : Mi swon mancanta mafes = Je mangerai des pommes
 * -od : Mi swod mancanta mafes = Je mangerais des pommes
 * -em : Mi swem mancanta mafes = J'aurais mangé des pommes
 * -ay : n'a a priori aucun sens avec -ant-
 * -ed-: le sens peut varier entre le présent et le passé selon le verbe et le contexte. Par exemple, quelqu'un de "connu" est quelqu'un qui est connu aujourd'hui, pas dans le passé. Par contre, quelque chose de "mangé" peut être quelque chose qui a déjà été mangé, ou quelque chose qui est généralement mangé dans un certain lieu. Pour les différencier, on peut utiliser des mots comme "hoim" (maintenant).
 * -an : Mafes swan manceda = Les pommes sont (ou étaient) mangées
 * -el : Mafes swel manceda = Les pommes étaient (ou ont été) mangées
 * -on : Mafes swon manceda = Les pommes seront (ou auront été) mangées
 * -od : Mafes swod manceda = Les pommes seraient mangées
 * -em : Mafes swem manceda = Les pommes auraient été mangées
 * -ay : Mafes sway manceda = Que les pommes soient mangées !

Adjectifs et adverbes
Les adjectifs se terminent par -a. Ils peuvent s'accorder en nombre avec l'ajout d'un -s, mais ce n'est pas obligatoire et n'est recommandé que lorsqu'il est possible d'éviter de graves malentendus, par exemple lorsque le nom n'apparaît pas dans la phrase.

Les adverbes se terminent par -o et restent toujours invariables. Comme vous pouvez le remarquer, il n'y a aucune terminaison en -u ou -i, tout simplement parce que cela causerait des problèmes avec les racines qui finissent en w ou y.

Possession
La possession est indiquée par la particule te, qui vient de la particule chinoise "de" et fonctionne à peu près de la même manière, du moins pour la possession ("de" a d'autres utilisations en chinois que le Terwene n'a pas), elle est similaire au 's du génitif en anglais, mais étendu aux pronoms. Par exemple:
 * Mi te awte = Ma voiture
 * Hi swan Lukas te penge = C'est l'ami de Lucas
 * Dome swan tusu te = La maison est à vous
 * (Data) womire, xenule te dome swan ega, swan mi te penge = L'homme dont la maison est grande est mon ami

Questions
Les questions totales, auxquelles on peut répondre soit oui soit non, ou les questions qui vous donnent un nombre défini de réponses, sont créées en ajoutant la particule ma à la fin de la phrase. Ma peut aussi être utilisé dans les phrases négatives. Les questions alternatives, dont l'énoncé restreint le nombre de réponses possibles, utilisent généralement la conjonction "xor", qui peut se traduire par "soit", "ou bien", ou un "ou" exclusif (c'est-à-dire qu'on ne peut choisir qu'une seule des options proposées). Exemples: Dans cette phrase, il est explicitement indiqué qu'on peut choisir soit le café soit le thé, mais pas les deux. Réponses possibles: En revanche, si l'orateur veut donner la possibilité de choisir plus d'une option, il doit utiliser "or" qui est un "ou" inclusif, qu'on pourrait traduire en français par "ou encore" ou "et/ou". Par exemple: Les autres types de questions sont formées avec des corrélatifs en xen-. Contrairement à ce qui se fait dans beaucoup de langues, mais à l'instar du chinois ou du français familier, l'ordre de la phrase ne change pas (bien que ce soit permis) quand on pose des questions, le mot en xen- est placé là où se trouvera la réponse. Par exemple:
 * Tu swan bono = Tu vas bien.
 * Tu swan bono ma? = Est-ce que tu vas bien ?
 * Tu no swan aytire ma? = Tu n'es pas père, n'est-ce pas ?
 * Tu bolan kafe xor cate ma? = Tu veux du café ou du thé ?
 * (Ya,) kafe. = (Oui,) du café.
 * (Ya,) cate. = (Oui,) du thé.
 * (Kituta,) xyexe. = Rien, merci.
 * Tu bolan late, sukre or otre en tu te kafe ma? = Tu veux du lait, du sucre, ou autre chose dans ton café ?
 * Ya, late. = Oui, du lait.
 * No, kitute. =Non, rien.
 * Ya, amba = Oui, les deux.
 * Tu mancan xene? = Que manges-tu ? (Tu manges quoi ?)
 * Tu swan xenule te aytise? = De qui es-tu la mère ? (Tu es la mère de qui ?)

L'ordre de base
Le Terwene suit l'ordre SVO (Sujet-Verbe-Objet), mais il est également permis d'employer les ordres OSV (l'ordre du maître Yoda) et VSO. Parmi les six ordres possibles, ces trois-là sont autorisés car ils permettent de différencier le sujet de l'objet et ainsi d'éviter toute confusion possible. La règle, en résumé, c'est que "ce qui se rapproche le plus à gauche du verbe est le sujet". Dans les ordres SVO et OSV, le sujet est déjà à gauche du verbe tandis que l'objet est à sa droite, et en VSO le sujet est plus proche du verbe que l'objet.

Le SVO a été choisi parce que c'est l'ordre le plus répandu dans le monde en terme de locuteurs, et il concerne des langues comme l'anglais, l'espagnol et le chinois, qui sont parmi les plus parlées du monde.

En dehors de l'ordre des mots, rien ne permet de différencier le sujet de l'objet, donc même les pronoms restent tels quels quand ils sont l'objet de la phrase:
 * Mi aman tu = Je t'aime (J'aime toi)
 * Hi aman hi = Il/elle l'aime (il/elle aime lui/elle)
 * Misu bisel hisu = Nous les avons vus (nous avons vu eux/elles)

Adjectifs et autres modificateurs
Les adjectifs précèdent le nom qu'ils modifient, mais il est permis de les mettre plus tard si cela ne crée pas de malentendu. Quand il y a deux adjectifs pour un même nom, ils peuvent aller ensemble avant ou après le nom, être séparés par ce dernier ou encore séparés par la conjonction "he" (et), voire pas séparés du tout. En règle générale, les modificateurs se placent avant les éléments modifiés.
 * Bela teliga womise / Womise bela teliga / Bela womise teliga / Bela he teliga womise / Womise bela he teliga = Une femme belle et intelligente

Articles
Il n'y a pas d'article défini (le/la/les) ni indéfini (un/une), mais le nombre "wan" (un) peut être utilisé comme un article indéfini si nécessaire, par exemple pour distinguer les noms dénombrables de ceux qui ne le sont pas: Instead there are words that can't be either countable or uncountable, in those cases "wan" should be avoided: L'article défini n'existe pas parce que son utilisation varierait grandement selon la langue maternelle du locuteur, mais aussi parce qu'il n'existe pas dans de nombreuses langues importantes comme le chinois ou le russe. Donc pour ne pas compliquer les choses, le Terwene s'en passe aussi.
 * Mi mancan pane = Je mange du pain (peut-être un, peut-être une tranche, peut-être plusieurs)
 * Mi mancan wan pane = Je mange 1 pain
 * Mi mancan panes = Je mange des/les pains
 * Mi trinkan akwe = Je bois de l'eau (on ne peut pas boire 1 eau)
 * Mi swan wome = Je suis une personne

Prenons, par exemple, les degrés de comparaisons. Les mots pour le comparatif et superlatif de supériorité sont "mas" (plus) et "mos" (le/la plus), et le mot pour "que" est "ke": Mais il y a une autre façon d'exprimer le superlatif:
 * Mi swan mas bona ke tu = Je suis meilleur que toi
 * Mi swan mas tala ke tu = Je suis plus grand que toi
 * Hi swan mas bela ke tu = Elle est plus belle que toi
 * Hi swan mos bela = C'est le plus beau
 * Hi swan mas bela ke tutules = Il est plus beau que tout le monde

Nombres
Numbers are combined just like in Chinese: After 999 999 there are words created in a similar way to "million", "billion", "trillion" but more regularly: number + ilye. Terwene follows the same scale English does, each new word adds 3 zeros. Unlike English, the word "wan" can be omitted just like it is done for "deg", "pay" and "mil". It's also allowed to simply read the numbers, like Chinese speakers do for years and phone numbers. This is only when context allows it. For instance: Ordinal numbers are created adding -a. Other endings give other useful meanings:
 * 10: deg
 * 20: dosdeg
 * 30: sandeg
 * 400: kwarpay
 * 800: copay
 * 9 000: naw mil
 * 323 456: sanpay dosdeg san mil kwarpay kwindeg low
 * pay = one hundred
 * mil = one thousand
 * wanilye = one million
 * dos wanilyes = two million
 * sif dosilyes = seven billion
 * 1998 = wan naw naw co
 * 2000 = dos nul nul nul
 * 233445 = dos san san kwar kwar kwin
 * wana = first
 * pay dosdeg coa = one hundred twenty eighth
 * wanao = firstly / in the first place
 * doso = in pair/s
 * dego = in groups of ten

The reflexive pronoun
Terwene has the reflexive pronoun "sey" which is used for all the other pronouns. These are its uses:
 * To make the sentence reflexive for any pronoun (although it's also possible to use te same pronoun twice in the sentence to make it reflexive, for example "mi limpan mi" or "tu tu limpan"):
 * Mi limpan sey = I wash/bath myself
 * Tu mancifan sey = You feed yourself
 * To specify or emphasize who is the owner of something:
 * Hi bisel (hi te) sey te dome = He saw his own house
 * Mi aman (mi te) sey te ermise = I love my own sister
 * As a root for word building:
 * seyaxe = property
 * mortar = to die; morta = dead; morte = death; mortifar = to kill; mortife = an assassination; --> seymortifar = to suicide; seymortife = a suicide

Comparison

 * Comparative: 
 * Hi swan mas bona ke tu = He is better than you
 * Hi swan kimas tala ke tu = He is less tall than you
 * Superlative:
 * Hi swan mos bona inter tutules/fro Argentine/de data oge = She is the best one among everyone/from Argentina/of that group
 * Hi swan kimos tala = She is the least tall
 * Equals: Hi swan (dato) bela xeno tu = She is beautiful like you

Subordinate sentences
Subordinate sentences use either xen- correlatvies, or if no xen- correlative works, they use the particle ke:
 * The xen- correlative is usually at the beginning of the subordinate sentence
 * Mi no sian xener hi swan = I don't know where he is
 * Mi komprenan kos xene hi karel date = I understand why he did that
 * Hi swan wome xenule te dome swan blodala = She is the person whose house is red
 * To connect sentences that can't be connected by a xen- word, the particle "ke" is used
 * Mi sian ke hi swan en sey te dome = I know he's in his own house
 * Mi komprenan ke date no swan ibla = I understand that's not possible
 * To connect sentences when the subordinate sentence represents a "ma" question (in English one would use "if" or "whether"), the particle "ma" is used
 * Mi no siel ma hi swel en sey te dome = I didn't know whether she was in her house
 * Mi kwestan ma hi kahadan Terwene = I ask whether she speaks Terwene

Passing from one word type to another
Changing the ending of a word can change its meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on. Let's look what usually happens to the meaning:
 * Adj to verb: the verb usually becomes the transitive verb "to make something Xadj"
 * gara = warm --> garar = to heat
 * Verb to adj: adjective for things that are used or necessary to do or related to the action of the verb
 * mancar = to eat --> manca = for eating/related to eating
 * Verb to noun: this noun usually is the name of the action of the verb, but can also be the process of the verb:
 * mancar = to eat --> mance = a meal
 * dormar = to sleep --> dorme = sleep (noun)
 * Noun to verb: this verb is usually the action that is done with the noun
 * martile = hammer --> martilar = to (use a) hammer
 * Adj to noun: the name of the quality of the adjective most probably
 * bela = beautiful --> bele = beauty
 * kibela = ugly --> kibele = ugliness
 * fasta = fast --> faste = velocity
 * ega = big --> ege = size
 * tala = tall --> tale = height
 * Noun to adj: usually "related to noun" or "for noun"
 * cate = tea --> cata = for tea
 * cata peye = a cup for tea
 * myawe = cat --> myawa = for cats

Correlatives
Correlatives are special words which consist of certain beginnings and endings and are ordered in a table.

"kos -e" and "-a leye" are in the table to explain how they are formed and used because they are common correlatives, but they are not technically their own correlatives, but derived from other correlatives. This system can be used to create new ones too.

The specific words for some of the horizontal meanings are:
 * ime = moment (this is also a suffix)


 * ere = place (this is also a suffix)
 * kose = reason
 * xenoe = way
 * une = quantity/amount
 * ule = individual (used like "person", "dude" or "guy")
 * leye = type/kind/class

Examples of correlatives in use

 * -a
 * Tu legan xena kitabe? = Which book are you reading?
 * Data dome swan mi te = That house is mine
 * Tu legel hoa kitabe ma? = Have you read this book?
 * Tu legon soma kitabe ma? = Will you read some book?
 * Kituta dyere karod date = No animal would do that
 * Mi legod tuta kitabe = I would read every book
 * Baha dyeres mancan rowe = Many animals eat meat
 * Kibaha kitabes swan bona = Few books are good
 * Mi bolan otra kitabe = I want another book
 * Mi bolan legar renha kitabe = I want to read any book
 * -e
 * Date swan xene? = What is that?
 * Hoe swan awte = This is a car
 * Swan some sor tawile ma? = Is there something on the table?
 * Mi karel kitute! = I did nothing!
 * Tute swan kibona hoer = Everything is bad here
 * Mi bolan bahe = I want many things
 * Mi bolan kibahe = I want few things
 * Tu bolan otre ma? = Do you want another thing?
 * Renhe swod bona hoim = Anything would be good now
 * -er
 * Mi te awte swan xener? = Where is my car?
 * Mi naskel dater = I was born there
 * Swan pane hoer = There is bread here
 * Mi sercenday mi te kitabe somer = I'll find my book somewhere
 * Mi te kitabe swan kituter = My book is nowhere
 * Mi dormel tuter = I've slept everywhere
 * Mi canel baher = I've gone to many places
 * Mi ablod canar (to) kibaher = I could go to few places
 * Mi bolan canar otrer = I want to go to other place
 * Dormay renher = Sleep anywhere
 * -im
 * Misu mancon xenim? = When will we eat?
 * Mi datim siel = Then I knew
 * Hocanay hoim! = Come now!
 * Tu somim hocanel to Argentine ma? = Have you ever come to Argentina?
 * Mi kitutim dorman = I never sleep
 * Mi tutim amon tu = I'll always love you
 * Mi bahim canel (to) dater = I've gone there many times
 * Mi kibahim canel (to) dater = I've gone there few times
 * Hi canon otrim = She will go in other moment
 * Hocanay renhim = Come here at any time
 * kos -e
 * Kos xene tusu karel date? = Why did you do that?
 * Kos date mi canod to Mehike = Because of that I would go to Mexico
 * Mi no dormel bono kos hoe = I didn't sleep well because of this
 * Mi kos some no sercendel mi te awte = For some reason I haven't found my car
 * Kos kitute mi karod date = For no reason I'd do that
 * Mi aman hi kos tute = I love her for every reason
 * Mi aman hi kos bahe = I love him for many reasons
 * Mi canod kos kibahe = I'd go for few reasons
 * Mi karod date kos otre, no kos date = I'd do that for another reason, but not because of that
 * Hi mancan kos renhe = He eats for any reason
 * -o
 * Tusu xeno karel date? = How did you do that?
 * Hi swan dato tala xeno sey te aytire = He is as tall as his father
 * Hoo oni karan keykes = This is how one makes cakes
 * Somo hi no komprenel = Somehow he didn't understand
 * Kituto mi karod date = No way I would do that
 * Mi dormel tuto = I've slept in every way
 * Mi ablan canar baho = I can go in many ways
 * Mi ablod canar kibaho = I could go in few ways
 * Misu ablan canar otro ma? = Can we go in another way?
 * Tu ablan hocanar renho, tan hocanay = You can come in any way, but come
 * -un
 * Tu mayel xenun pane? = How much bread did you buy?
 * Mi necesan datun = I need that amount
 * Houn kafe no swan sufica = This amount of coffee is not enough
 * Mi necesan somun kafe = I need some coffee
 * Mi han kitutun kafe = I have no coffee
 * Mi han tutun kafe = I have all the coffee
 * Mi han bahun kafe = I have a great amount of coffee
 * Mi han kibahun kafe = I have a small amount of coffee
 * Mi han otrun kafe, no datun = I have another amount of coffee, not that amount
 * Mi xihwod renhun date = I'd like any amount of that
 * -ule(s)
 * Xenules swan datules? = Who are those?
 * Datule swan mi te erme = That one is my brother
 * Houles swan mi te penges = These ones are my friends
 * Somule karel date = Someone did that
 * Kitutule karod date = Nobody would do that
 * Mi aman tutule(s) = I love everyone
 * Bahules mancan pane = Many people eat bread
 * Kibahules konan mi = Few people know me
 * Otrule hocanendel, no hi = Someone else arrived (here), not her
 * Renhule ablan karar date = Anyone can do that
 * -a leye (de)
 * Tu han xena leye de awte? = What type of car do you have?
 * Tu han data leye de awte ma? = Do you have that type of car?
 * Tu konan tuta hoa leyes de pane ma? = Do you know every one of these types of bread?
 * Soma leyes de dyeres mancan rowe = Some types of animals eat meat
 * Mi han kituta leye de pane = I have no type of bread
 * Mi han tuta leye de pane = I have every kind of bread
 * Mi han baha leyes de cate = I have many types of tea
 * Mi han kibaha leyes de kafe = I have few types of coffee
 * Mi no han data leye, tan mi han otra leye = I don't have that type, but I have another type
 * Renha leye swon sufica = Any type will be enough

The useful word "ke"
"Ke" has many uses, most of them are designed to make our lives easier, sometimes by replacing longer or more specific words when they are not really necessary.

"Ke" for comparisons
As seen previously, "ke" is used as the word "than" for comparisons:
 * Hi swan mas bona ke tu = He is better than you
 * Hi swan kimas tala ke tu = He is less tall than you

"Ke" in subordinate sentences
As seen previously, "ke" can be used to connect sentences when they can't be connected with xen- correlatives:
 * Mi sian ke hi swan en sey te dome = I know he's in his own house
 * Mi komprenan ke date no swan ibla = I understand that's not possible
 * Mi no siel ke hi swel en sey te dome = I didn't know that she was in her house

"Ke" replacing xen- words
When context allows and xen- words are either long, obvious, or simply make a sentence ugly, they can be replaced with "ke":
 * Hi swan wome ke dorman hoer (instead of "xenule") = He is the person who sleeps here
 * Data womire, ke te dome swan ega, swan mi te penge (instead of "xenule") = That man, whose house is big, is my friend
 * Tu swan ke te aytise? (instead of "xenule") = Whose mother are you?
 * Tu legan ke kitabe? (instead of "xena") = What book are you reading?
 * Date swan ke? (instead of "xene") = What is that?
 * Mi te awte swan ke? (instead of "xener") = Where is my car?
 * Kos ke tusu karel date? (instead of "xene") = Why did you do that?

Days, months and years
The names of the days is created in a similar way to Chinese and Portuguese, with numbers. Months too. Monday is considered the first day of the week. The system is really simple: number + a (for ordinal number) + rote. There are two words for "day" in Terwene, one with the meaning of "rotation" for the 24 h day (rote), and one which represents the hours of light of one day (sole), which also means "Sun". Months are created the same way but with the word "lune" which means both "moon" and "month". And weeks are lun+ab+e, meaning "a fraction of moon". The word for year is "yare". The order of dates is dd/mm/yyyy, let's see some examples: You may wonder "what happens between 1st and 7th of every month? because "Wanarote" is "Monday", not "first day of the month"". Well, most probably one would say just "wana" (first) to refer to the date and "Wanarote" to say "Monday", but also one could put the adjective after the word "rote wana" to make it clear that it's not "Wanarote", or hope context would clarify it, for example if you say "wana rote de Kwaralune", it clearly doesn't mean "Monday of April", it can only mean "April 1st".
 * Mi naskel ces sana hore he dosabe dosarote degwana (rote) de kwaralune wan naw naw co
 * I was born at 3:30 Tuesday the 20th of April 1998
 * Mi dormel dur lunabe = I slept during one week

Common phrases

 * Haye = Hi/Hello
 * Bona rote = Good day (at any time)
 * Bona sole = Good day (during daytime)
 * Bona kisole = Good night
 * Bona morne = Good morning
 * Bona kimorne = Good afternoon
 * Til sun = See you soon
 * Til posrote = See you tomorrow
 * Kihaye = Bye
 * Xyexe = Thank you
 * Kixyexe = You're welcome
 * Preye = Please
 * Ihane = Sorry
 * Bonhocanende = Welcome
 * (Tu swan) xeno? = How are you? (sing.)
 * (Tusu swan) xeno? = How are you? (pl.)
 * Bono, he tu(su)? = Good, and you?
 * Bona mancare! = Bon appetit!
 * Bona boyage! = Bon voyage! (Good trip!)
 * Helse! = Health!

Prepositions
Important note: when prepositions are used alone (they are not working as prepositions), it is recommended to place them at the end of the sentence or in the place where they create the least misunderstandings, or a comma is placed after them to represent a silence.

To “to” direction
 * Hi hocanon to urbe = she will come to the city

Ces “at” relatively in the same position but not exactly Fro “from/since”, position or time Te “ 's ” possession De “of” shows some relation or expreses quantity Dur “during/while” En “in” necessarily inside, can be metaphorical or figurative Kien "outside" Til "until” both for time and place Ko “with” Kiko “without” Par “for” Kos “because (of)” Xya “under” Sor “on” Super "over" over something but not touching it Tayti “instead” Amam "in front of" place Kiamam "behind" Pre "before" only for time Pos "after" only for time Pas "next to" Far "far from/far/away" Kifar "near/nearby" Haw "about" Tra "through" Cirki "around" Inter "between/among" Anti "against" Per "by/using" Kiper "without" without an instrument Tran "crossing/at the other side of" Bey "beyond" Exeti "except, appart from, other than"
 * Hi kahadan to hisu = he speakes to them
 * Mi te penge swan ces porde = my friend is at the door
 * Mi te erme swan ces tawile = mi brother is at the table
 * Hi swan ces angle = she is at the corner
 * Mi canel fro ange to mi te dome = I went from the corner to my house
 * Hisu swan kronules fro wan naw naw co = They are kings since 1998
 * Hi swan fro Argentine = She is from Argentina
 * So swan fro arbaxe = It is made of wood
 * Lukas te kitabe = Luke's book
 * Hoa awte swan egikere te = This is the university's car
 * Kitaboteke de urbe (Urbe te kitaboteke) = the city's library (not necessarily owned by the city)
 * Peye de kafe = a cup of coffee (a cup full of coffee)
 * Dur mi mancel, hi trinkel = While I was eating, he was drinking
 * Mi no futan dur mornes = I don't walk in the morning
 * Mi residan en data dome = I live in that house
 * Mi ikan en egikere = I study in a university
 * Tu swan en xor kien ma? = Are you inside or outside?
 * Tu swan kien dome ma? = Are you out of the house?
 * Misu canay (to) kien = Let's go outside
 * Mi mancel til nawa hore = I ate until 9:00
 * Misu ranay til dome! = Let's run up to the house!
 * Mi mancan mafes ko frutakwe = I eat apples with juice
 * Ko tu mi swan mas bono = With you I feel better
 * Hi residan ko hi te ermes = He lives with his siblings
 * Mi trinkan kafe kiko late = I drink coffee without milk
 * Mi karel hoe par tu = I did this for you
 * Hi karan keykes par kimayar = I make cakes for selling
 * Peye par ubalkole = a cup/glass for wine
 * Kos date mi no mayan mafes = Because of that I don't buy apples
 * Hi no hocanon kos sey te kihelse = She won't come because of her illnes
 * Mi no mancan kos mi ne xihwan date = I'm not eating because I don't like that
 * Womihe swan xya tawile = A child is under the table
 * Mi canel (to) xya awte = I went under the car
 * Hi swan xya = He is below
 * Swan mafes sor tawile = There are apples on the table
 * Tayres udanan super misu te awte = Birds fly over our car
 * Mi trinkan tayti tu = I drink instead of you
 * Mi trinkan tayti mancar = I drink instead of eating
 * Tayti, tu mancan = Instead, you eat
 * Mi swan amam tu te dome = I am in front of your house
 * Mi swan kiamam tu = I'm behind you
 * Premorne = early morning
 * Mi naskel pre baha tempe = I was born a long time ago
 * Pre mi dormekel mi mancel = Before I fell asleep, I ate
 * Pre dormekar mi mancel = Before falling asleep, I ate
 * Mi kitutim sentel date pre = I'd never felt that before
 * Pos dormendar mi mancel = After waking up, I ate
 * Pos mi dormendel mi mancel = After I woke up, I ate
 * Mi karon date pos = I'll do that after/later
 * Mi swan pas awte = I am next to a car
 * Xene swan pas tu? = What is next to you?
 * Mi swan far = I am far
 * Date swan far misu = That is far from us
 * Canay far! = Go away!
 * Mi swan kifar tu = I'm near you
 * Misu canay somer kifar = Let's go somwhere nearby
 * Data kifara kafere swan bona = That nearby cafe is good
 * Tu sian haw xene? = What do you know about?
 * Tra winteporde encanan winte = Through the window enters wind
 * Cirki sandeg = around thirty
 * Cirkicanar = to go around
 * Cirki dome swan awtes = Around the house there are cars
 * Internatyona = international
 * Mi swan inter arbes = I'm between the trees
 * Anti kihelse = against (for) an illnes
 * Anti mure = against the wall
 * Mi swan anti tu = I'm against you
 * Hi hocanon per awte = He'll come by car
 * Mi martilan per martile = I hit with a hammer
 * Mi martilan kiper martile = I hit without hammer
 * Mi te dome swan tran sadake = My house is at the other side of the street
 * Tran data nade swan otra lande = Crossing that river it's another country
 * Misu canay (to) bey urbe = Let's go beyond the city
 * Womoge kitutim canel bey Lune = Humankind has never gone beyond the moon
 * Mi mancan tute exeti mafes = I eat everything except apples
 * Tutules hocanel exeti tu = Everyone came except you

Preffixes

 * Ho- from ho- correlatives, this particle can also be used to show proximity, usually meaning "here". All of its uses are optional, for example, one may use "canar" as "to come" but to be more clear it's possible to use "hocanar"
 * canar = to go --> hocanar = to come
 * canendar = to arrive --> hocanendar = to arrive here (usually the listener's "here" because the speaker is always in its own "here")
 * lenar = to take (from one place to another) --> holenar = to bring (from one place to here)
 * Law- from lawa = law shows relation by marriage or similar relationship
 * aytise = mother --> lawaytise = mother in law
 * lawe = law
 * Disi- disseminating, separately
 * denar = to give --> disidenar = distribute
 * disio = disseminatingly
 * disiar = disseminate
 * Ex- ex-, former
 * presidante = president --> expresidante = expresident
 * exa = former
 * Ki- "un-" the opposite meaning or the closest approximation of it
 * mayar = to buy --> kimayar = to sell
 * tonge = east --> kitonge = west
 * nore = north --> kinore = south
 * kia = opposite (adj)
 * kio = contrarily
 * sendar = to send --> kisendar = to receive
 * Pre- before, pre-, long ago in time
 * histore = history --> prehistore = prehistory
 * bisar = to see --> prebisar = to anticipate (to have a vision)
 * morne = morning --> premorne = early morning
 * ayte = parent --> preayte = ancestor
 * Re- to repeat, to do again
 * sendar = to send --> resendar = to resend
 * kahar = to say --> rekahar = to repeat
 * reo --> again
 * Mis- to do incorrectly
 * komprenar = to understand --> miskomprenar = misunderstand
 * usar = tu use --> misusar --> to misuse
 * miso = mistakenly/wrongly
 * Far- from afar
 * bisar = to see --> farbisatore = television (the object)
 * farbise = television
 * Dosab(a)- half-, semi-
 * hore = hour --> dosabahore = half an hour
 * Kwasi- almost, quasi-, pseudo
 * nome = name --> kwasinome = pseudnim
 * dyose = god --> kwasidyose = demigod
 * ihe = son/daughter --> kwasiihe = stepson/daughter

Suffixes
I won't repeat the five verb suffixes, they are explained in the Verbs section
 * -abl- capable
 * bisar = to see --> kibisabla = blind
 * swimar = to swim --> swimabla = that can swim
 * ablar = to be able, can
 * abla = capable
 * -ibl- possible, the passive counterpart of abl
 * bisibla = visible
 * mancar = to eat --> mancibla = edible
 * ibla = possible
 * -ul- individual characterized by the root
 * Argentine = Argentina --> argentinule = an argentine
 * anti = against --> antiule = an oppositor
 * fenfa = rich --> fenfule = a rich person
 * krone = crown --> kronule = king/queen
 * kimayar = sell --> kimayule = sales person
 * -wen- language
 * Enge = England --> Engewene = English (lang)
 * Franse = France --> Franswene = French (lang)
 * Cine = China --> Cinwene = Chinese (lang)
 * Israele = Israel --> Israelwene = Hebrew
 * Some languages that can not be derived from a place or people may not take -wen- and may not take the -e ending at all
 * Esperanto = Esperanto
 * Latine = Latin
 * Klingon(e) = Klingon
 * -ax- concrete thing or material related to the root
 * mancar = to eat; mance = meal --> mancaxe = food
 * dulca = sweet --> dulcaxe = a sweet/candy
 * arbe = tree --> arbaxe = wood
 * en = in --> enaxe = content
 * -es- state or abstract quality related to the root
 * bela = beautiful --> belese = beauty
 * gara = warm; gare = warmth --> garese = temperature
 * ekwala = equal --> ekwalese = equality
 * libra = free --> librese = freedom
 * ule = an individual; ulese = individuality
 * When you turn an adjective into noun and it already means the quality, -es- is not necessary:
 * fasta = fast --> faste = velocity (=fastese)
 * -il- tool to do the verb of the root or related to it
 * tingaxarte = music --> tingaxartile = a musical instrument
 * ile = tool
 * -og- group of the root
 * arbe = tree --> arboge = forest
 * bede = sheep --> bedoge = a flock of sheep
 * wome = wome --> womoge = humankind
 * -ib- tendency or inclination to do somthing (not all -ive English words end with this!)
 * krear = to create --> kreiba = creative
 * kahadar = to talk --> kahadiba = talkative
 * rekahar = to repeat --> rekahiba = repetitive
 * imaginar = to imagine --> imaginiba = imaginative
 * -ind- worthy
 * legar = to read --> leginda = read-worthy
 * acetar = to accept --> acetinda = acceptable (worthy of acceptance)
 * xyexar = to thank --> xyexinda = worthy of being thanked
 * -eyn- recipient or container of the thing or characterized by the root
 * male = money --> maleyne = wallet
 * kigara = cool/cold --> kigareyne = fridge
 * eyne = recipient
 * -ist- professional of follower of a doctrine (can be interchangeable with -ul- in some words)
 * dente = tooth --> dentiste = dentist
 * helsar = to treat/cure --> helsiste = physician/doctor
 * pyane = piano --> pyaniste = pianist
 * Budha (or Budhe) = Buddha --> budhiste = buddhist
 * -ism- doctrine, idea, religion
 * Kristo = Christ --> kristisme = christianity
 * Budha = Buddha --> budhisme = buddhism
 * Marx(e) = Marx --> marxisme = marxism
 * socie = society --> sociisme = socialism
 * -ator- machine, part of machine, or system that does the verb of the root (it's NOT used for people who do a work, -ist- or -ul- are used instead, not even roots should end with -ator if it's for people, in the rare case there is a profession that needs its own root then it may end in -ador, but preferably with -ist)
 * faste = velocity; baryar = to change; fastebaryar = to accelerate --> fastebaryatore = accelerator
 * udanar = to fly --> udanatore = flying machine, aircraft
 * winge = wing --> wingudanatore = plane, aircraft with wings
 * aspe = blade --> aspudanatore = helicopter
 * ciswar = to calculate --> ciswatore = calculator
 * -obl- multiplication
 * dosobla = double
 * sanoblar = to triple
 * kwarobla = quadruple
 * oblar = to multiply
 * -ab- fraction
 * dosabe = a half
 * sanabar = to divide in three parts
 * kwarabe = a quarter
 * lune = moon/month --> lunabe = week
 * abar = to divide
 * abe = fraction
 * -al- color
 * blode = blood --> blodala = red
 * banane = banana --> bananala = yellow
 * akaxe = sky --> akaxala = blue
 * orange = orange --> orangala = orange
 * plante = plant --> plantala = green
 * ube = grape --> ubala = purple/violet
 * lume = light --> lumala = white
 * kilume = darkness --> kilumala = black
 * rake = ashes --> rakala = grey
 * kafe = coffee --> kafala = brown
 * ale = color
 * By the way, to say "light blue" or "dark blue" and similar combinations, the word (ki)luma or the prefix (ki)lum- are used:
 * lumakaxala = light blue
 * kilumakaxala = dark blue
 * lumrakala = light grey
 * lum(a)blodala = pink
 * -eg- a bigger or stronger counterpart of the root
 * lafar = to laugh --> lafegar = to laugh a lot or very hard
 * winte = wind --> wintege = a very strong wind
 * gara = warm --> garega = hot
 * kigara = cool --> kigarega = cold
 * ega = big
 * -it- a smaller or softer counterpart of the root
 * lafar = to lough --> lafitar = to smile
 * winte = wind --> wintite = a breeze
 * lage = lake --> lagite = lagoon
 * nade = river --> nadite = stream/creek
 * gara = warm --> garita = warm but more temperate
 * kigara = cool --> kigarita = cool but more temperate
 * safine = ship --> safinite = boat
 * ita = small
 * -er- place
 * mayar = to buy --> mayere = store
 * mancar = to eat --> mancere = restaurant
 * -otek- a place to save lots of the same thing
 * kitabe = book --> kitaboteke = library
 * male = money --> maloteke = bank
 * -im- time, moment, season
 * gara = warm --> garime = sommer
 * kigara = cool --> kigarime = winter
 * flore = flour --> florime = spring
 * foyle = leaf --> foylime = autumn
 * -ar- this infinitive ending can also be used with other endings representing the meaning of the verb if the root itself doesn't express it well (thus the root is rather a noun or adjective than a verb)
 * "krone" means "crown", and "kronar" is "to crown", but to say the name of the action one can't go back to "krone" to mean coronation, so one leaves the infinitive ending, thus "kronare" is "coronation".
 * martile = hammer; martilar = to hammer --> martilare = hammering (the name of the action)
 * -ic- a part or particle of the whole or of the material
 * sande = sand --> sandice = a grain of sand
 * sale = salt --> salice = a grain of salt
 * himpate = snow --> himpatice = a snowflake
 * towfe = hair (the whole) --> towfice = a single hair
 * -idr- leader, ruler, boss
 * urbe = city --> urbidre = mayor
 * probince = province/state --> probincidre = gobernor
 * lande = country --> landidre = president or prime minister
 * safine = ship --> safinidre = captain
 * -ih- offspring, son
 * wome = person/human --> womihe = child
 * myawe = cat --> myawihe --> kitten
 * faraxe = butterfly --> faraxihe = caterpillar
 * kronule = king/queen --> kronulihe = prince/princess
 * -is- -ir- -ip- the first one is for women the second one for men and the third one is for non-binary people
 * ayte = parent --> aytise = mother; aytire = father; aytipe = non-binary parent
 * ampenge = boy/girlfriend --> ampengise = girlfriend; ampengire = boyfriend
 * ihe = son/daughter --> ihise = daughter; ihire = son
 * ise = a woman (for humans, female for other living beings)
 * ire = a man (for humans, male for other living beings)
 * ipe = non-binary person
 * These suffixes should not be used in excess, only when it's really necessary to mention gender/sex of the person/living being in question.
 * -ik- means science or pseudoscience that studies X field (most words that in English end in -ics and -logy)
 * ike = science
 * nume = number --> numike = mathematics
 * wene = language --> wenike = linguistics
 * dyose = god --> dyosike = theology
 * helse = health --> helsike = medicine
 * bite = life --> bitike = biology

Ki- and no-
The word no can be used in a similar way to ki- but they are not the same, the first one is the negation of the meaning, while the second one is the opposite meaning. Sometimes both arrive at the same meaning, in those cases ki should be used, but no may be used when ki does not create the correct meaning or doesn't make sense at all.

There are words that could have been created through ki, but two separate roots have been chosen because either a shorter word was needed (such as for prepositions), a root that started in a vowel was needed (for suffixes such as eg and it), or the two words should be different for better understanding (such as pre and pos).

Family words
There are four main family words: With those, the -is-/-ir-/-ip- suffixes for gender, and the -it-/-eg- suffixes for age, we can create most of the family words that a culture may need. For example:
 * ayte = parent
 * ihe = offspring (son/daughter)
 * erme = sibling
 * espe = spouse
 * aytayte = grandparent
 * aytiraytise = the mother of my father
 * ermihe = nephew/niece
 * ayterme = uncle/aunt
 * aytermespe = uncle's/aunt's spouse
 * aytermihe = cousin
 * ihihe = grandson/granddaughter
 * ermisite = younger sister
 * ermirege = older brother
 * ermespire = a sibling's husband
 * and many many more...

Short words not worthy of being classified
Some words and phrases in many languages like "very", "too", "and", "but", "al least", "still" and so on, are difficult to classify and usually don't follow the same rules. In Terwene that means that these words don't take any ending in their usual form. Here is a list:
 * He and
 * Mi mancan pane he trinkan cate = I eat bread and drink tea
 * Or inclusive or
 * Xor exclusive or
 * Tan but
 * Hen very
 * Tu swan hen bela = You are very beautiful
 * Tay too (in the sense of too much)
 * Data swan tay ega = That one is too big
 * Amba both
 * Ye also, too
 * Mi aman wofes, mi aman ye myawes = I love dogs, I love cats too
 * Tu mancan pane, ye mi mancan pane = You eat bread, I also eat bread
 * Mas plus, more, anymore
 * Plus in maths: Wan mas dos swan san =One plus two is three
 * More: Mi bolan mas pane = I want more bread
 * More and -er in comparisons: Tu swan mas tala ke mi = You are taller than me
 * Anymore when with no: Mi no mas dorman bono = I don't sleep well anymore
 * Mos
 * Most and -est in comparison
 * Mose maximum (noun): Xenun swan mose? = How much is the maximum?
 * Mosa maximum (adj): Kimosa ose swan deg = The maximum amount is ten
 * Moso at most: Mi bolan moso deg = I want at most ten
 * Kimas
 * Minus in math: san kimas dos swan wan = three minus two is one
 * Less: mi xihwan ko kimas sukare = I like it with less sugar
 * Less in comparison: hi swan kimas tala ke tu = she is less tall than you
 * Kimos
 * Least in comparison: Tu swan kimos teliga = You are the least intelligent
 * Kimose Minimum (noun): Xenus swan kimose? = How much is the minimum?
 * Kimosa minimum (adj): Kimosa ose swan deg = The minimum amount is ten
 * Kimoso at least: Kimoso deg womes hocanel = At least ten people came
 * Kwasi
 * Almost: Mi kwasi canendan = I'm almost arriving
 * + no barely: Mi kwasi no dorman = I barely sleep
 * Ankor
 * Still: Hi ankor mancan = He's still eating
 * + no yet: Tu ankor no mancel = You haven't eaten yet
 * Yam
 * Already: Mi yam komprenan = I already understand
 * Yet: Tu yam mancel hoer ma? = Have you eaten here yet?
 * + no no longer: Mi yam no mancan rowe = I no longer eat meat
 * Sun soon
 * Preroto yesterday
 * Horoto today
 * Posroto tomorrow
 * Roto daily
 * Lunabo weekly
 * Luno monthly
 * Yaro annualy
 * Iben even
 * Iben tu komprenan date = Even you understand that
 * Hus just (recently)
 * Mi hus karel so = I just made it
 * Tuy immediately
 * Hocanay tuy! = Come immediately

Animal and human parts

 * Kepe = extremity, limb (arms, legs, tails, trunks)
 * Sorkepe = arm
 * Xyakepe = leg
 * Kiamamkepe = tail
 * Olar = to smell --> olile = nose --> olilkepe = trunk
 * Bisar = to see --> bisile = eye
 * Olar = to smell --> olile = nose
 * Tingar = to hear --> tingile = ear
 * Onte = lip
 * Ontoge = mouth
 * Oste = bone
 * Towfe = hair
 * Bisiltowfe = eyelash
 * Frente = forehead
 * Bisilfrente = eyebrow
 * Pyele = skin
 * Xente = body
 * Mane = hand
 * Kepite = finger, toe
 * Fute = foot
 * Kepitedire = nail (dire = shield)
 * Neke = neck
 * Maneneke = wrist
 * Pensar = to think --> pensile = brain
 * Towe = head
 * Towmyene = face
 * Dile = heart
 * Dente = tooth

Rooms

 * Rume = room
 * Cefar = to cook --> cefrume = kitchen
 * Dormar = to sleep --> dormerume = bedroom
 * Mancar = to eat --> mancerume = dining room
 * Limpar = to wash --> limperume = washing room
 * Banar = to take a bath --> banerume = bathroom (with shower)
 * Necesar = to need --> necesrume = bathroom (with or without a shower)
 * Bite = life --> bitrume = living room

Person, human, man and woman
The word for human, man and woman is "wome" which may take a suffix to specify gender. However, even though some languages, like Chinese, have only one word for person/human, I decided to have a separate word for person, since humans are a species, while person is more like an intelligent being. Think about it, would you rather call an Artificial Intelligence which is as smart and concious as a us a human or a person? Would you rather call an intelligent alien a human or a person? Also the word "person" is used for other meanings, such as "juridical person". So, the word for person is "persone".

IUPAC nomenclature
Alkanes (alkanes), alkenes (alkenes) and alcynes (alkines) use Terwene numbers as prefixes. Similar prefixes and suffixes are usually created from Terwene's own words to create a scientific vocabulary much more comprehensible to common people, not just scientists who studied for years.
 * Wanalkane = methane
 * Dosalkene = ethene
 * Degwanalkine = undecyne

Example text
Mars (planet) Wikipedia article

"Marse (planete).

Marse swan kwara planete fro Sole he dosa mas ita planete en Sola Sisteme pos Merkure. So han nome de roma dyose de harbe, he so plurimo swan nomeda "Blodala Planete" kos blodaloyda fera oxigaxe sor sey te myene denan to so blodaloyda oyde xena swan kibehifa inter astes bisibla to akela bisile. Marse swan petra planete ko kidensa ayreparate, so han myena myases oyda to Lune te krateres he to Tere te bales, sahares, he pola barfa parates.

Marse te rota imege he gara cikle ye swan oyda to Tere te, xeno swan kline xena kosan gara cikle. Sor Marse swan Olimpus Monte, mos ega hwomonte he dosa mos tala koneda monte en Sola Sisteme, he ye swan Bale Marineris xena swan wan de mos ega bales en Sola Sisteme. Kirofa Norapola Diprese en nora dosabesfire okupan kwardeg interpaye de planete he iblo swan egega kratere. Marse han dos lunes: Fobose he Deymose, xena swan ita he ko kiregula morfe. Sosu iblo swan kapteda astites, xeno 5261 Eureka, wan Marsa troyane."

Dictionary
Dictionary with English, Spanish and Esperanto translations and examples.