Kiitra

General information
Kiitra is one of the six major indigenous languages of the planet Alplaa, and used through its solar system as a universal auxilliary language.

Historical background
The name Kiitra refers to a confederation of city-states, representing eight different ethnolinguistic groups (along with Saakh speakers along the western border, and Konarai speakers along the northern border). Over time, as trade and inter-community cooperation demanded a common language, a series of simplified combined lexicons ("pidgins" and "creoles" in Terran terminology) began to emerge. Eventually, the government of the Ferap Kiitra formed a commission to unify and standardize these into an official Kiitra language. The result was a highly regular agglutinative language, with a consistently phonetic writing system. It was so successful in terms of both adaptability and ease of learning that it displaced the other languages and dialects in the Ferap Kiitra within a few generations, and its alphabet and writing format would be adopted by the Konarai, Saakh and Krishkarha (the Baija would continue to use their own complex script).

The Kiitra Language Commission (hirajnashaijaat Kiitra) is still in existence after 1500 years, one of the oldest continuing government agencies on Alplaa. Its mission is to both research the evolution of Kiitra, and to maintain standards of usage.

When the United Nations Interstellar Ark arrived in Alplaa's solar system, and contact was made with the Terran settlers on board, the decision was made in short order to continue to use Kiitra as the mode of communication. Since the Alplai are descended from birds, and have beaks instead of lips, this limits some of the phonemes they are able to pronounce, compared to Terrans with their flexible lips. While Terrans continue to use their own languages (especially English), Kiitra retains its place as the focal point of communication for the Alplai people throughout the Gentakraat val Alplaa (Concordance government of the Alplai solar system).

Variety of verbal usage
When the modern Kiitra language was formulated, the main priority was grammatical word order and correct enunciation of phonemes. This left syllabic stress and tonal pitch open to interpretation by the user. As a result, a number of variant forms (what Terrans would call "dialects" and "accents") emerged within both the Ferap Kiitra and other regions of the Concordance. Many of these variants follow stress and pitch patterns of a speaker's native language.

Alphabet
The Kiitra alphabet is highly phonetic, with each character representing one sound or closely-related sounds. There are eight vowels, nineteen consonants, and one glottal-stop marker: Note: The order above is for the convenience of English-speaking Terrans learning Kiitra; the actual order of the Kiitra alphabet (hiirmekei) is as follows:

a, aa, o, i, ii, e, u, uu, ', h, s, g, k, kh, n, m, f, v, j, z, sh, p, b, d, t, l, r, rh

.─ .─: ╙ └ └: ╘ ╚'''╚: . ° .°: . ═ ┌ ╒ ╒° <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╓ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╔ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">├ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">├: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╞ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╞: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╞° <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">║ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╟ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╠ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">╠: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.┴ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.╨ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.╨°                   '''

There are also two additional vowel sounds, represented by combining two vowel characters:

Restrictions
With the exception of ai and ei, there are no other cases of combined or "blended" vowels; in many words the glottal-stop marker is used to separate vowels from one another. This restriction is also present in other Aplaian languages, and even more so with Konarai having only one vowel sound (a). Combined with the restrictions of Alplai vocal physiology (ie, rigid beaks making it difficult to reproduce more nuanced labial sounds) and the absence of certain consonants and digraphs (ch, th, w), this makes it more difficult for Alplai to pronounce Terran words than for Terrans to pronounce Kiitra and other Alplai languages.

Punctuation and written format
Kiitra is written in continuous form; words are separated by a special punctuation mark instead of blank spaces. Paragraphs are formatted with hanging indents; this was originally adopted so that a recipient could write responsive notes in the margins. Also, Kiitra has only one letter case; proper names are designated by a special marker placed in front of the first letter. [1] = placed in front of sentence; [2] = placed in front of name

Numbers and mathematical symbols
The Alplai use a base-10 numerical system, with the nine positive numbers in groups of three, along with symbols for different mathematical operations: Additionally: Example : 502,374 = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">~<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\:<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">×<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/ = ponk'shot'dof'mot'dol'shot'sipot'taz'n'got
 * 10 = taz
 * numbers 11 to 19 = taz'n' + [number 1-9]
 * 100 = shot
 * 1,000 = mot
 * 1 million = haalmot
 * 1 billion = jermot
 * 1 trillion = mormot

Negative numbers
To indicate a negative number, a zero and minus sign are placed in front; the compound word jon'k'niin is placed in front of the number.
 * -19 = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">~<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">˅<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">×:<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> = jon'k'niin taz'n'nof

Decimal numbers
Tazeimek is the proper name for the decimal mark; in the name of a particular number, the separation point between the integer and the decimal fraction is called tazei, and decimal numbers less than one simply begin with tazei.
 * 1.1 = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">‿ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\ = okh tazei okh
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">0.365 = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">~ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">‿<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\:<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/:<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/. = tazei dol'zot'ponk

Fractions
A fraction is expressed by linking the divdend and divisor with the archaic word for division, tii, then adding the suffix -luu. When the number is a whole with a fraction, the word sed ("with") is placed between them; this is represented formulaically with the <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">˄. symbol.
 * one-half = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">▼ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\.  = okh'tii'dofluu
 * one-quarter = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">▼<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/   = okh'tii'gotluu
 * three-fifths = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">▼<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/.  = dol'tii'ponkluu
 * one and two-thirds = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">˄. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">▼<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">\:    = okh sed dof'tii'dol'luu

====<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ordinal numbers     ==== <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The suffix -luu is added to a number to indicate the ordinal form:
 * <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">"first" = okhluu
 * "second" = dofluu
 * "sixteenth" = taz'n'zotluu

Nouns
Kiitra nouns have a highly regular pattern, with plural and possessive forms created by the addition of suffixes. Verbs, adjectives and nouns can likewise be made into certain concrete noun forms by adding specific suffixes.
 * Plural : add -jiit
 * Possessive : add -luu
 * Person : add -ai (example: "medical science" to "physician" = rekaavaag to rekaavaagai)
 * Group or organization : add -aat (example: "traditional" to "Traditionalist Party" = diirdezna to diirdeznaat)
 * Vehicle or craft : add -juush (example: "sea" to "boat"/"ship" = mura to murajuush)
 * Structure or complex : add -dara (example: "sky" to "airport" = eksa to eksadara)
 * Sub-unit of complex structure : replace -dara with -badra (example: eksabadra for "airport terminal")

Pronouns
There are fourteen pronouns, organized according to person (first, second, third), number, (singular, plural), gender (male, female, neuter, inanimate) and formality. The formal forms were used in the past for speaking to or about a person of higher social station; as Kiitra and Alplai society became more democratic, their use fell out of favor, and they are now restricted to either deities or highly esteemed decedents.

Familial relationships
Kiitra nouns for relatives are grouped into two general categories: Thus the basic words: Gender is indicated by prefixing either ada- for "male" or ava- for "female".
 * "Horizontal" relationships share the -aita root
 * "Vertical" relationships share the -idra root
 * jaita for "sibling"
 * laita for "cousin"
 * vidra for "parent"
 * pidra for "child/offspring"
 * kidra for "parent's sibling" (aunt or uncle)
 * zidra for "sibling's child/offspring" (niece or nephew)

Vertical relationships also have a system of conjugation for indicating generational "levels" based on comparative and superlative indicators:
 * second level ("grand-"): change root to -idriil
 * third level ("great-grand-"): change root to -idriikh
 * fourth level ("great-great-grand-"): prefix ekaa- to third level
 * fifth level ("great-great-great-grand-"): prefix ekiil- to third level
 * sixth level ("great-great-great-great-grand-"): prefix ekiikh- to third level
 * seventh level and above: continue adding prefix as in fourth through sixth level

Marital status and relationships
Marriage is indicate by the root word takra ("promise" or "pledge"). One's spouse is therefore takrai ("promised one"); gender-specific versions follow a more archaic form:
 * "husband" = takradai
 * "wife" = takravai

In-laws are indicated by adding the suffix -krai, followed by the appropriate possessive pronoun. Thus:


 * "my brother-in-law" = adajaitakrai mraluu.
 * "their daughter-in-law" = avapidrakrai airaluu

Additionally:
 * pekhtakrai = divorced person
 * mlenotakrai = widowed person
 * nitakrai = single or never-married person

Verbs
Kiitra verbs follow simple form and tense conjugation rules: Example: Some actions are indicated by "compound" verb forms, where two verbs are utilized to indicate a single action.
 * all verbs end in a consonant, both to better distinguish them from other words, and to better enable tense conjugation
 * the same tense form is used for all subject forms; thus there are no irregular verbs
 * past tense is indicated by adding the suffix -iit
 * future tense is indicated by adding the suffix -iis
 * adra hosh drof Marif = "He travels to Marif." or "He is traveling to Marif."
 * adra hoshiit drof Marif = "He traveled to Marif." or "He has traveled to Marif."
 * adra hoshiis drof Marif = "He will travel to Marif." or "He will be traveling to Marif."

Example 1 : persh + [person] + kijem = "to beg someone to forgive" = "to apologize" Example 2 : shrib + [person] + ozgar = "to help someone to remember" = "to remind someone"
 * mra persh shra kijem mra = "I beg you to forgive me." = "I apologize (to you)."
 * avra shribiit adra ozgar zaam val goja = "She helped him to remember time for food/meal." = "She reminded him about mealtime."

Etiquette regarding apologies
While it is grammatically feasible for anyone "to beg forgiveness" of or for anyone else, custom and courtesy places additional limitations:
 * 1) The word miirvan ("please") may be placed in front of an apology for emphasis, but the phrase miirvan belaam ("please allow") is seen as fawningly insincere.
 * 2) The imperative jalrii may be used but only if either the subject or object is in the third person, and never when the object is in the first person; in other words, you can insist that someone apologizes to someone else, but it is rude to demand an apology for oneself, and insincere to say one must apologize to the person you are addressing.
 * 3) When immediately responding to a minor breach (ie, bumping into someone), it is appropriate to use the informal kijem mra ("forgive me"); the equally simple response is kijemiit ("forgiven").

Adjectives, articles and determiners
With three exceptions, adjectives are prefixed to the subject noun; the exceptions are: In all of these exceptions, the adjective remains a separate word; quantifiers are placed in front of the subject noun, and the other forms are placed afterwards. Some allowances are made when a new compound word is introduced into the Kiitra lexicon, and strict formal usage creates an overly cumbersome term: Kiitra has no indefinite article, and the definite article prefix id'- is used sparingly.
 * quantifiers
 * ethnic, linguistic and/or geographic designations
 * possessive noun forms
 * nuj = "north or northern"; okriina = "monorail"; nujokriina = "northbound monorail"
 * okh = "one"; adabaakh = "boy or juvenile male"; terai = "Terran"; okh adabaakh terai = "one Terran boy"
 * nela = "blue color"; bruu = "bowl"; adraluu = "his"; nelabruu adraluu = "his blue bowl"
 * The invention of telescreens led to the creation of the word bejafaaz (combining "sight" + "system")
 * When portable versions, like the Terran "smartphone" were developed, the word for "small" (orpa) was prefixed; this was eventually truncated to orbejafaaz

The Kiitra prefix determiner eja'- can translate as "this, that, those or these", but only in adjectival form. To distinguish between "this/these" and "that/those" add ega ("here") or efa ("there") respectively.
 * adra tolug eja'zokh ega = "He knows this person."
 * avra tolug eja'zokh efa = "She knows that person."

Pronoun forms would mean prefixing eja'- to the third person inanimate form, therefore eja'era for singular, and eja'iira for plural. Also, these pronoun forms are only for use as objects; for subjective use, correct Kiitra usage is as follows:
 * ega zon ... ("Here is/are ... ") for "This is ... " and "These are ... "
 * efa zon ... ("There is/are ... ") for "That is ... " and "Those are ... "

Adverbs and auxilliary verbs
Most modifications are placed before the verb's subject: With complex sentences, one must be careful to place the adverb before the correct subject: The negative particle ni- can be prefixed to many verbs; one should be aware, however, of existing polar verb pairs (ie, ozgar and nuujar = "remember" and "forget") and use a verb's existing opposite whenever possible.
 * kulpa mra nuujariit = "I almost forgot."
 * "They saw her quickly take those bowls." = aira bejiit vroja avra reniit eja'brujiit

Necessitative modality
The word jalrii ("necessary" or "imperative") is used in much the same way as "must" or "should" in English; it is placed in front of the verb's subject in a sentence
 * jalrii avra tolug = "She must know"
 * inra dozol jalrii shra persh adra kijem = "We believe you should apologize to him."

Equivalent modes for "may/might"
For English speakers learning Kiitra, it is important to remember that "may" and "might" can be used to indicate one of two modes, for which Kiitra has two forms:

To indicate whether something is possible, the word shipaa is placed in front of the verb's subject; the opposite of shipaa is nipaa. To indicate whether something is permissible, the word belaam is placed in front of the verb's subject; the opposite of belaam is nipraam. The phrase miirvan belaam ("please allow") makes a sentence into a request for permission.
 * shipaa avra hosh abaten = "She likely travels today."
 * nipaa adra hoshiis bolsaten = "He will unlikely travel tomorrow."
 * belaam zra veled khaal = "You are allowed to go home."
 * nipraam shra ren eja'era = "You are forbidden to take that."
 * miirvan belaam mra guujog aba = "Please allow me to eat now."

Questions and interrogative words
All interrogative words begin with f't- Non-interrogative forms (adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners and/or relative pronouns) are created by changing f't- to p't-.
 * f'tama = "when"
 * f'tara = "who"
 * f'tazra = "why"
 * f'teda = "how"
 * f'tega = "where"
 * f'tejiit = "how many/much"
 * f'tera = "what"
 * f'tiira = "which"

There is also the "filler" interrogative f'taa placed in front of a spoken sentence to turn it into a question: ''F'taa? ''by itself is also an interrogative interjection, like "Huh?" or "Eh?" in English
 * hiirh zon deshal = "Everything is ready."
 * f'taa hiirh zon deshal? = "Is everything ready?"

Greetings
There are three Kiitra words used to greet someone: Responding to introduction w hen introduced to someone, the usual response is: zrhopa en nonsha = "An honor and a pleasure."
 * riikhaa = a general greeting, appropriate for all occasions
 * shifkhada = specific welcome for a newcomer
 * faandrakha = "good morning" specifically used between members of the same household

Inquiries about well-being
To ask someone how they are, the word fanuujaa is used; it is an archaic word, roughly translating: "Things are good, yes?"

Responses to fanuujaa are usually quite simple: after responding positively, one might ask: enshii shra? = "also you?" or "and you as well?"
 * shaa = "yes" with the implication that one is well
 * faan = "good/well"
 * shasha faan = "very well" or "excellent"
 * nifaan = "not good"
 * nipaa faan = "not so good"
 * muur ("bad") and shasha muur ("really bad") are rarely used, especially about oneself

Thanks
The Kiitra word for "thank you" is degjaa; this can be intensified by saying: degjajiit ("many thanks"), or made specific by saying: degjaa zura ("thanks for it/this/that"). The customary response is nonsha kher = "Glad to do it."

Parting
When parting, the usual word is: fanituu; this is another archaic word, roughly meaning: "Good future."

A less common parting phrase is: faaniikh p'jema = "Best of luck."

Naming Conventions
The Alplai do not have surnames like many Terrans do. Instead, the proper name is followed by a phrase known as a vartoga; this roughly corresponds to a patronymic, but is not strictly patrilineal, and since there are different forms for various cultures (as well as for descendants of Saakh nobility and devotees of Murai) it is also indicates ethnic and/or other elements of one's background.

Kiitra
[name] + vara + [mother's name] + en + [father's name]

Fajrok vara Taluukadovej en Fajaran

Konarai
[name] + fala + [mother's name] + laja + [birthplace]

Shaladajana fala Tasharana laja Dajamarava

Saakh and Krishkarha
The Krishkarha adopted the Saakh convention while under the suzerainty of the ancient Saakh emperors.

[name] + vaar + [father's name]

Marok vaar Tonavon

Descendants of Saakh nobility
Individuals descended from the Saakh imperial nobility retain their own naming convention of following the father's name with uu'maaj ("of house of") and the name of their ancestral noble house; more formally, the name may be preceded with the courtesy title Rhas ("prince" or "lord")

Rhas Ganak vaar Jenzalak uu'maaj Jiiraan

Baija
[name] + khelaa + [father's name] + eglaa + [father's clan]

Toralok khelaa Zunarash eglaa Giiradra

Murai devotees
When the Murai religious movement began in the aquatic floating cities, some viewed it with suspicion and hostility, causing many devotees to be estranged from their families. In response, many adopted a "spiritual" vartoga to emphasize their commitment to the Murai devotional community.

[name] + edravara + [spiritual mentor]

Keritanej edravara Duushranan

Gender distinctions in names
In most cultures, male names end in k, n or sh; female names end in g, m or j. These endings also correspond with one another:


 * k with g


 * n with m


 * sh with j.

This allows transgender individuals to easily change names by replacing the last letter with its counterpart, or (in the case of androgynous individuals) with z.

The exception to this is with the Konarai. Male names end with a consonant, and female names end with a vowel; transgender individuals therefore drop or add a vowel.

Time measurements
The Alplai day (ten) is approximately 23 hours 12.5 seconds in Terran units. It is divided into twenty zamei, the first beginning around sunrise (or roughly 6:00am standard Terran time). Each zamei is divided into fifty megzamei, and each megzamei is divided into fifty enzamei. The approximate Terran units are: Additionally, the Alplai caledar is organized as follows Alplaa's actual solar year is 363.21 days. Every fifth year, a "leap day" (kadraten) is added, and a second leap day added every hundredth year.
 * 1 zamei = 1 hour 9 minutes 0.625 seconds
 * 1 megzamei = 1 minute 12.8125 seconds
 * 1 enzamei = 1.65625 seconds
 * 11 days = 1 kalfot
 * 3 kalfot or 33 days = 1 ater
 * 11 ater or 33 kalfot or 363 days = 1 Alplaian year (felja)

The names for the Alplai "months" or ater are: The vernal equinox for the northern hemisphere of Alplaa begins around the first day of the first month; this is not true for Totrana, however, due to a difference in its axial tilt, so its northern autumnal equinox begins about seven days before Alplaa's corresponding vernal equinox.
 * 1) Jedrater
 * 2) Biizagater
 * 3) Shuutater
 * 4) Ejadater
 * 5) Zefanater
 * 6) Vetrater
 * 7) Gerdegater
 * 8) Megriishater
 * 9) Bojater
 * 10) Maakhlater
 * 11) Pergonater

Nonverbal communication
The Alplai use different gestures and body language to convey concepts and emotions, due to both cultural and physiological differences. They do not, for example, shake hands as a greeting gesture, as this was only done between warriors in their ancient history (and is thus retained only as a ritual in Saakh fencing bouts). Another typical Terran greeting, waving a hand, is also interpreted differently in each Alplai culture:
 * In the Kiitra culture, it is seen as dismissive.
 * The Saakh view a raised hand as a command for silence.
 * The Konarai see a hand raised above the shoulder as a prelude to a violent strike, and will typically respond with fear.
 * The Krishkarha will see a raised hand as a challenge to a fight.
 * The Baija read a waving hand as: "Go away, I don't like you."

The ovetna and other greeting/parting gestures
The universal sign of greeting among the Alplai is to place the right hand over the chest with fingers spread, and bow slightly. This gesture, called the ovetna, may also be exchanged on parting. The ovetna evolved as a blending of traditional Saakh and Kiitra greeting gestures:
 * Saakh nobility and warriors would greet one another by placing the left hand behind in the small of the back, the right hand over the chest with fingers pointed left and elbow straight out, and popping up on the balls of the feet with a slight forward jerk.
 * The Kiitra would greet one another by turning both hands with palms facing out while bowing the head.

Krishkarha greeting and parting
The Krishkarha greet one another by two thumps of the right fist on the chest. When parting, the fist is placed in the center of the chest, followed by a stiff slight bow at the waist.

Baija greeting and parting
The Baija greeting gesture starts with raising the right fist, palm facing in, then extending the forearm and opening the hand. For parting, place the right fist inside the open left hand and extend forward.

Konarai greeting and parting
The Konarai have an elaborate greeting and parting ritual, along with a particular etiquette as to who initiates the greeting ritual: The ritual involves three major steps, all done while singing a song of thanksgiving to Ajamara: When a person approaches a Konarai village, all of the villagers will begin greeting them with the first step. The visitor is expected to engage in the full ritual with the nearest person; when a party of visitors approaches, the visitor nearest the village approaches the nearest villager, and other villagers then approach other visitors. Villagers will also welcome visitors with samplings of seasonal foods.
 * The individual who is most at home where the greeting takes place is expected to initiate.
 * When both are equally at home, or in a strange place, the person who sees the other first initiates.
 * The greeter folds both hands over the chest, then spreads them to shoulder height, palms up and fingers relaxed.
 * The respondent does the same, then places the left hand over the greeter's heart.
 * The greeter places the left hand over the respondent's heart, and each places their right hand over the other person's left.

The parting gesture is simpler. Each person places the left hand over the other person's heart, then places the right hand over the other person's left. This is usually accompanied with the saying: Ajamara vaza shara ("Ajamara be with you.")

Finger counting
The Alplai use a method for counting up to ten on one hand:
 * One - little finger extended
 * Two - ring and little finger extended
 * Three - middle, ring and little finger extended
 * Four - index, middle, ring and little finger extended
 * Five - thumb extended, other fingers folded
 * Six - thumb and index finger extended
 * Seven - thumb, index and middle finger extended
 * Eight - thumb, index, middle and ring finger extended
 * Nine - all five fingers extended
 * Ten - all five fingertips together and pointing up

Applause
Alplai slap an open palm against the thigh, sometimes both hands on both thighs in exuberance.

Beckoning
Bent arm raised, forearm horizontal, hand moving in circular motion at wrist.

Confusion
Alplai express confusion by tilting the head to one side.

Hand to shoulder
Placing a hand on another person's shoulder is done to acknowledge good news in a celebratory/congratulatory manner - the Alplai equivalent of a high-five or fist-bump.

Kissing
Alplai couples "bill" by gently tapping the sides of their beaks together.

Pointing
Alplai point with the third and fourth finger; it is also not considered rude to point at someone to gain their attention.

Signifying agreement or disagreement
To signify agreement, Alplai jerk the head upwards twice; to signify disagreement, the head is jerked downward twice.

"Smiling" and "frowning"
Alplai express pleasure by lifting the head with the beak open; displeasure is expressed by lowering the head with eyes fixed on the other person.

Stop
Bent arm raised, forearm horizontal, hand and fingers flat and stiff.

Trilling
Alplai "sigh" using a high-pitched trilling sound.

Lexicon
The following is a listing of words and phrases in Kiitra and the other languages of Alplaa. For ease of use, they are printed in Latin alphabet transliteration.

The format is as follows:

Kiitra word or phrase (word class) meaning in English [additional notes] This list is a work in progress. If you think of a concept which is not covered by any word or phrase in this lexicon, please contact user Lamikorda (talk) to suggest an addition.
 * example of idiomatic usage - meaning in English

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aba (adjective or adverb) now, presently abaten (noun or adverb) today, the current day
 * id'aba - the present time

abiikh (adjective or adverb) immediate, immediately, right now

ada (adjective or adverb) male, of the male sex or gender

adabaakh (noun) boy, juvenile male

adafesh (noun) man, adult male

adajaita (noun) brother, male sibling

adakejra (noun) adolescent male

adakidra (noun) uncle, parent's male sibling

adalaita (noun) male cousin

adapidra (noun) son, male offspring

adarja (noun) sir

adavidra (noun) father, male parent

adazidra (noun) nephew, sibling's male offspring

adazokh (noun) male person

adjra (pronoun, formal) he, him [third-person singular male pronoun used for deities or esteemed decedents]

adjraluu (possessive pronoun) his [third-person singular male pronoun used for deities or esteemed decedents]

adma (noun) origin, source

adra (pronoun) he, him

adraluu (possessive pronoun) his

aira (pronoun) them, they [for persons or other living things, gender-neutral]

airaluu (possessive pronoun) their, theirs [for persons or other living things, gender-neutral]

ajala (adjective) equal

ajaldar (verb) to equalize, to make equal

ajaladra (adjective) egalitarian

ajaladraat (noun) Egalitarian Party; Alplai political party devoted to promoting, protecting and extending equal rights for all citizens

ajaladrai (noun) egalitarian person, member of Egalitarian Party

ajan (verb) to say, to speak, to utter

ajna (noun) speech, utterance

ajnakuud (noun) syrinx, voicebox

ajnara (noun) ability to speak, voice

ajra (pronoun, formal) he/she, him/her [third-person singular neuter pronoun used for deities or esteemed decedents]

ajraluu (possessive pronoun) his/her/hers [third-person singular neuter pronoun used for deities or esteemed decedents]

akorajet (noun) Alplai equivalent of doctoral degree, or person who has earned such a degree; doctor, doctorate

Alplaa (proper noun) name of homeworld for the Alplai peoples

Alplai (noun, adjective) people of Alplaa, a sapient race evolved from avian ancestors; originating from or related to Alplaa

ara (pronoun) he/she, him/her [gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun]

araluu (possessive pronoun) his/her/hers [gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun]

ater (noun) Alplaian month of 33 days

ava (adjective or adverb) female, of the female sex or gender

avabaakh (noun) girl, juvenile female

avafesh (noun) woman, adult woman

avajaita (noun) sister, female sibling

avakejdra (noun) adolescent female

avakidra (noun) aunt, parent's female sibling

avalaita (noun) female cousin

avapidra (noun) daughter, female offspring

avarja (noun) madam

avavidra (noun) mother, female parent

avazidra (noun) niece, sibling's female offspring

avazokh (noun) female person

avjra (pronoun, formal) her, she [third-person singular female pronoun used for deities or esteemed decedents]

avjraluu (possessive pronoun) her, hers [third-person singular female pronoun used for deities or esteemed decedents]

avra (pronoun) her, she

avraluu (possessive pronoun) her, hers

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aabirvosha (adjective) impressive

aaj (adjective) south, southern

aan (verb) to sleep

aana (adjective) sleepy, sleeping, sleep-related

aanai (noun) sleeper, sleeping person

aanashiinla (noun) bedroom

aanda (noun) sleep

aanomja (noun) bed

aaprev (verb) to navigate, to plan or plot course of travel

aapreva (noun) navigation

aaprevai (noun) navigator, person at helm

aapreviila (noun) helm; cockpit

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baaj (adjective) over, up

baajgraatra (noun) staircase, stairs

baajibdra (noun) arm, upper limb

baajishruu (noun) shoulder

baajtefra (noun) ceiling of room

baakh (noun) child, juvenile

baalzrii (adjective or adverb) exact, exactly, precise, precisely

bada (noun) leaf

badara (noun) branch of tree or other large plant

badra (noun) place; division of larger complex

bej (verb) to see

beja (noun or adjective) sight, pertaining to sight or vision

bejafaaz (noun) telescreen; device combining television, videophone and computer

bejkuud (noun) eye

bejsa (adjective or adverb) visible, visibly

bela (adjective) brown color

belaam (verb) to allow, to permit

beluuga (adjective) practical, pragmatic

beluugaat (noun) Pragmatist Party; Alplai political party advocating a nonideological approach to problem-solving and a balance of power between executive and legislative branches

beluugai (noun) pragmatist, member of Pragmatist Party

benag (noun) feather

benakha (noun) plumage

benash (verb) to preen, to treat and clean plumage

benshazai (noun) Alplai professional who provides intensive treatment of plumage

ber (verb) to be able

bera (adjective or adverb) able, ably

beshna (noun) scratch

beshnar (noun) claw, nail, talon

beshon (verb) to claw, to scratch

biira (adjective) yellow color

Biizagater (proper noun) second "month" in the Alplai calendar

bitjra (noun) rock, stone

bitla (adjective) hard, solid

blaan (adjective) aged, old

Bojater (proper noun) ninth "month" in the Alplai calendar

bok (noun) relaxation, relaxation
 * g'boz bok - to relax/rest [lit.: to have relaxation/rest]

boka (adjective) relaxed, relaxing, restful, resting

bokahosha (noun) recreational trip, vacation trip

bokaten (noun) rest day, vacation day

bokh (noun) tail [appendage of animal]

bolsa (adjective or adverb) after, late
 * aira feiniis bolsa jalrizaam - they will come late

bolsaten (noun or adverb) tomorrow

bolsiikh (adjective or adverb) latest, future bolsiil (adjective or adverb) later
 * id'bolsiikh - all future time, the future

bolta (adjective or adverb) before, early
 * aira feiniit bolta jalrizaam - they came early

boltaten (noun or adverb) yesterday

boltiikh (adjective or adverb) earliest, past boltiil (adjective or adverb) earlier
 * id'boltiikh - all past time, history, the past

bon (verb) to find, to locate

bona (adjective) found

bonra (noun) find, minor discovery, something found

bora (noun) foot [lower appendage of animal]

boratiir (noun) toe

borshruu (noun) ankle

boshra (noun) path, road, trail

brei (noun) ability

bruu (noun) bowl

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daarshiinla (noun) living room or den, main room of house

daafaa (noun) informal form of "father" often spoken by children; equivalent to "papa"

dalen (verb) to swim

dalna (adjective) swimming

dalnai (noun) swimmer

dara (noun) central facility, complex

degjaa (interjection) thank you, thanks dejon(noun) physical sensation
 * degjaa zura - thanks for that
 * degjaajiit - many thanks, thanks a lot
 * adra toniit aira degjaa - he gave them thanks, he thanked them

dela (noun) mass, weight

delagelenra (noun) gravity

derja (noun) spleen

deshal (adjective) prepared, ready

diirdezna (adjective) traditional, conservative

diirdeznaat (noun) Traditionalist Party; Alplai political party advocating a strong executive branch of government

diirdeznai (noun) tradtionalist person; member of Traditionalist Party

diirsa (noun) drug, medicine

diirsavaag (noun) pharmacology

diirsavaagai (noun) pharmacist

diirsavaagdara (noun) pharmacy

dof (numeral) two

dol (numeral) three

dona (noun) egg; consisting of shell, albumin, yolk and fertilized ovum or embryo

dontishnar (noun) ovum

dovegaad (noun) afternoon

drakha (noun) morning

drof (preposition) to or toward

dulokh (noun) chest, thorax

duuja (adjective or adverb) slow, slowly

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ebon(adverb) again

edra (adjective) spiritual

edramai (noun) spirit, supernatural entity

edriikhai (noun) deity, god

efa (noun and adverb) there ega (noun and adverb) here egiirh (adjective or adverb) only
 * efa zon ... - "There is/are ... "; used the same as English: "That is ..."/"Those are ... "
 * ega zon ... - "Here is/are ... "; used the same as English: "This is ... "/"These are ... "

eja'- (adjectival determiner prefix) that, these, this, those
 * eja'era (object-only pronoun) that thing, this thing
 * eja'era ega - this thing
 * eja'era efa - that thing


 * eja'iira (object-only pronoun) these things, those things
 * eja'iira ega - these things
 * eja'iira efa - those things

ekaa (adjective) grand, great, important, prestigious

ekaashaijaat (noun) government ministry

ekaashaijaras (noun) government minister

ekaavajna (noun) paragraph

ekabon (verb) to discover

ekabonra (noun) discovery

ekbiivar (noun) mountain

ekiikh (adjective) greatest, highest degree of importance or prestige

ekiil (adjective) greater, higher degree of importance or prestige

eksa (noun or adjective) sky

eksabadra (noun) air terminal at airport

eksadara (noun) airport

eksadopar (noun) cloud

eksajuush (noun) aircraft

eksakiij (noun) atmosphere

eksashaar (noun) rain

elbra (noun) supper, light late night meal

elma (noun) emotion of love

elmaat (noun) love relationship, romance

elmai (noun) beloved, lover

elmatakar (verb) to marry, to wed

elmatakra (adjective) married

elmatakraat (noun) marriage

elmatakrai (noun) spouse

elmon (verb) to love

ema (noun) emotion of liking

emaat (noun) friendship

emai (noun) friend

emara (noun) something liked

emgana (noun) stomach [digestive organ]

emilara (noun) something preferred, preference

emilon (verb) to prefer

emon (verb) to like

emriiza (noun) colon [digestive organ]

emuuta (noun) intestine

en (conjunction) and

enra (adjective) other

enrakra (noun) planet [see also: pakhtaraag]

enshii (adverb) also epashna(noun) gizzard, proventriculus
 * faan, degjaa. enshii shra? - I'm fine, thanks. You as well?

era (pronoun or noun) it, thing [inanimate object]

eraluu (possessive pronoun or noun) its [inanimate object]

etgom (verb) to pretend, to simulate

etgoma (adjective) simulated

etgomera (noun) simulation

etgomolaanra (noun) flight simulator

ezrhada (adjective) radical

ezrhadaat (noun) Radical Party; Alplai political party favoring grassroots democracy and radical decentralization of power

ezrhadai (noun) radical person, member of Radical Party

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faan (adjective) good, well

faandrakha (greeting) good morning [only spoken among members of the same household]

faaniil (adjective) better

faaniikh (adjective) best faaz (noun) system
 * faaniikh p'jema! Best of luck!

faazglok (noun or job title) system operations officer/administrator

fanituu (interjection) goodbye

fanuujaa? (inquiry) How are you? [lit: "Things are good, yes?"]

farg (noun) tree

fargtofga (noun) bark of tree

fein (verb) to come

felja (noun) year

fiija (noun) bird

fesh (adjective or noun) adult

fojal (verb) to dress, to put on clothes

fojla (noun) clothes, clothing, garment, garments

fragosh (noun) wood

frem (noun) door, portal
 * inra lobeliit frem gopshii inra - we repaired door between us; idiomatic metaphor for reconciliation

frepshur (noun) velcro fastener

f'taa (interrogative interjection) word said in front of sentence to indicate it is a question [see 3.5 above]
 * f'taa? Eh? Huh? Wha?

f'tajna (noun) question

f'tama (interrogative) when

f'tara (interrogative pronoun) who

f'tash (verb) to ask

f'tazra (interrogative) why

f'teda (interrogative) how

f'tega (interrogative) where

f'teimek (noun) question mark

f'tejiit (interrogative) how many/much

f'tera (interrogative) what

f'tiira (interrogative) which

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gaanei (noun) story

gaavii (adjective, adverb or determiner) enough, sufficient, sufficiently

gaavipaa (adjective or adverb) adequate, adequately

gad (verb) to bite

gada (adjective) bitten

gadra (noun) bite, wound produced by biting

ganipojega (noun) novel, book-length fiction

garfoja (adjective) hungry
 * g'boz garfoja - to hunger [lit.: to have hunger]

gaziij (verb) to attempt, to try

g'boz (verb) to have, to possess gein (noun) effort, labor, work gejra (noun) adolescent
 * g'boz bok - to relax/rest [lit.: to have relaxation/rest]
 * g'boz garfoja - to hunger [lit.: to have hunger]
 * g'boz genpifon - to empathize/sympathize [lit.: to have empathy/sympathy]
 * g'boz golpa - to be ugly [lit.: to have ugliness]
 * g'boz juntra - to be beatiful [lit.: to have beauty]
 * g'boz nonsha - to be happy [lit.: to have happiness or pleasure]
 * g'boz otja - to be sad [lit.: to have sadness]
 * g'boz tilnei - to fear [lit.: to have fear]
 * kher gein - to labor/work, to put effort into something [lit.: to do effort/labor/work]

geled (verb) to pull

geleg (verb) to push

gen (adjective) joint, mutual, shared

genkijem (verb) to reconcile

genpifon (noun) empathy, sympathy
 * g'boz genpifon - to empathize/sympathize [lit.: to have empathy/sympathy]

gentakra (noun) concord, covenant, mutual agreement genton(verb) to share gerjaad (noun) corridor, hallway
 * Gentakraat Alplaa - Concordance of Alplaa; global federal government established by mutual agreement among Alplaa's sovereign states

genzomaj (verb) to communicate

genzomjara (noun) communication

giidan (verb) to stand

giidna (adjective) standing

giila (noun) arthropod, insect

gina (noun) breath

ginakiij (noun) oxygen

gi'on (verb) to breathe

girna (adjective) caused, effected by

giron (verb) to cause, to make something happen

gleb (noun) fat, grease

glenja (adjective and noun) black

glenshuul (noun) iron

glok (noun) operator, one who operates a system or performs a function

goja (noun) food, meal

gojashiinla (noun) dining room

gola (noun) space, realm beyond a planet's atmosphere

golabadra (noun) spaceport landing pad

goladara (noun) spaceport

golajuush (noun) spacecraft, space shuttle

golavaag (noun) astronomy, space science

goldra (noun) character, spirit

golpa (noun) ugliness
 * g'boz golpa - to be ugly [lit.: to have ugliness]

gombreg (verb) to magnetize

gombrega (adjective) magnetic, magnetized

gombregra (noun) magnetic force, magnetism

gombritjra (noun) lodestone, magnet

gopshii (preposition) between

gorei (noun) darkness, absence of light

gorh (adjective) dark shade of color

gorkaaja (noun) shadow

got (numeral) four

graaj (adjective) forward, front

graat (verb) to walk

graata (noun) walk

graatai (noun) walker, one who walks

gref (adjective or adverb) away, away from

gushna (adjective or adverb) difficult

gushnera (noun) difficulty

guujog (verb) to eat

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haalmot (numeral) million

hara (adjective) round

haragokh (noun) wheel

hedra (adjective or noun) family, familial

heija (noun) hand

heijatiir (noun) finger

heishruu (noun) wrist

hela (adjective) green color

helg (noun) window

hezefaa (interjection) attention

hezfajen (verb) to listen

hiirh (adjective or adverb) all, every

hiirai (pronoun) everybody, everyone

hiirhajna (noun) language

hiirhega (adverb) everywhere

hiirhera (pronoun) everything

hiirhmekei (noun) alphabet, writing system

hiirhzaam (adjective or adverb) always

hina (adjective) new

hobor (noun) fruit

hobrosun (noun) fruit juice or nectar

hobrozalpa (noun) heated fruit juice often consumed during breakfast, "fruit broth"

hosh (verb) to explore, to journey, to travel

hosha (noun) exploration, journey, trip; (adjective) traveling

hoshagai (noun) traveler

hukna (adjective or adverb) deep, extreme, intense, severe

huknajinot (verb) to freeze

huknakinot (verb) to boil

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ibar (verb) to be called/named

ibra (noun) name

id'- (article) the [used sparingly, as though indicating the only thing being described or existing]

ida (adjective or adverb) unique, uniquely

id'hiirha (noun) the Universe, totality of existence

ijladopar (noun) fog, ground-level mist

ijal (noun) earth, ground, soil

ijaraaf (noun) ground/main floor of a building

il (conjunction) or

inra (pronoun) us, we

inraluu (possessive pronoun) our, ours

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iibdokuud (noun) liver

iigma (noun) mouth

iija (noun) animal, beast

iilda(noun) sand

iira (pronoun) them, they [inanimate objects]

iiraluu (possessive pronoun) their, theirs [inanimate objects]

iirka (noun) energy, power

iirkuundra (noun) engine

iirtar (noun) heart [circulatory organ; Alplai do not see the heart as the seat of emotions]

iishruu (noun) joint

iivar (noun) hill

iizaad (noun) bone

iizada (adjective) bony, like bone

iizadra (noun) skeleton

iizog (noun) horn [appendage of some animals]

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jaad (noun) meat

jaanda (noun or adjective) peace, peaceful

jaita (noun) sibling

jalera (noun) need, requirement

jaliir (verb) to need/require

jalrii (adjective or adverb) imperative, necessary, required jalrikar (noun) duty, required action
 * jalrii mra kher eja&apos;bokera - I must do this task

jalrizaam (noun) appointment

jefta (adjective) white color

jeif (verb) to taste

jeifa (noun) flavor, taste

jeifar (noun) tongue

jeifrei (noun) ability to taste

jein (verb) to hear

jenbrei (noun) ability to hear, auditory sense, hearing

jenkuud (noun) ear

jermot (numeral) billion

jiikh (adjective or adverb) most

jiil (adjective or adverb) more

jiit (adjective or adverb) many, much [also plural suffix for nouns]

jinot (verb) to chill or cool

jinta (adjective) cold

jintiikh (adjective) freezing, extremely cold

jintipaa (adjective) cool, not too cold

jintjorvumja (noun) kitchen refrigerator

j&apos;la (pronoun, formal) you [second-person singular pronoun for deities or highly esteemed decedents]

j&apos;laluu (possessive pronoun) your, yours [second-person singluar pronoun for deities or highly esteemed decedents]

jofel (adjective) savory flavor

jon (numeral) zero

jorva (noun) shelf

jorviira (noun) wall-mounted cabinet

jorvumja (noun) bureau, chest of drawers

joz (adjective) solid [as opposed to liquid or gaseous]

jozmelt (noun) feces

jozmelteg (verb) to defecate

juntra (adjective) beauty juush (noun) craft, vehicle
 * g&apos;boz juntra - to be beautiful [lit.: to have beauty]

juushbora (noun) landing gear for aircraft or spacecraft

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kaaj (verb) to go, to move

kadar (verb) to add

kadara (noun) addition

kadra (adjective or adverb) additional, extra

kadraten (noun) leap day [added every fifth year, and second leap day added every 100th year]

kadrefar (noun) vestigial air sac in Alplai anatomy

kaja (adjective) moving, in motion

k'ajlaan (mathematics) equals

kalfot (noun) period of 11 days

kejra (adjective or adverb) left direction, leftward

kelna (adjective) light in color, pale in color

kera (noun) world

kidra (noun) parent's sibling; aunt or uncle

kiij (noun) air, gas, vapor

kiijmer (noun) fart, flatulence

kiijmerdeg (verb) to fart, to pass gas through the anus

kiilda (noun) gullet, throat

kiirh (adjective or adverb) any, some

kiirhai (pronoun) anybody, anyone, somebody, someone

kiirhega (adverb) anywhere, somewhere

kiirhera (pronoun) anything, something [not the same as the adjectival and adverbial forms in English]

kijem (verb) to excuse, to forgive kinot (verb) to heat, to warm
 * kijem mra! - Excuse me! [said immediately after minor transgression]
 * kijemiit - (You're) forgiven [said in response to above]
 * mra persh shra kijem mra - I beg you to forgive me; I'm sorry [see 3.2.1 above]

kinta (adjective) hot

kintiikh (adjective) boiling, extremely hot

kintipaa (adjective) warm, not too hot

kintjorvumja (noun) kitchen oven/stove

k'niin (mathematics) minus

k'niiniikh (mathematics) exponential root k'niiniil (mathematics) divided by k'niijlaan (mathematics) not equal to
 * nof k'niiniikh dol k'ajlaan dol - third root of nine equals three
 * dof'taz k'niiniil ozat k'ajlaan ponk - forty divided by eight equals five

kokh (verb) to hatch

kokha (adjective) hatched

kokhaten (noun) hatching day [Alplai equivalent of birthday]

kola (noun or adjective) square geometric shape

komuu (noun) elbow, middle joint of upper limb

kona (noun or adjective) cube, cubic

konat (verb) to detect scent or odor, to smell something

konta (noun) aroma, odor, scent, smell kontar (noun) nose, olfactory organ
 * era g'boz muurkonta - it smells bad; it has a bad odor

kontrei (noun) ability to smell, sense of smell

k'orpiil (mathematics) less than

k'orpiilajlaan (mathematics) less than or equal to

k'periil (mathematics) greater than

k'periilajlaan (mathematics) greater than or equal to

kram (noun) employee, staffer, staffperson

kramgojabadra (noun) employee cafeteria, staff canteen

k'shaan (mathematics) plus

k'shaaniikh (mathematics) exponent, to the power of

k'shaaniil (mathematics) multiplied by

kulpa (adjective or adverb) almost, nearly

kuud (noun) organ, part of anatomy

kuundera (noun) apparatus, device, machine

kuuraj (verb) to farm

kuuraja (noun or adjective) farming, agricultural, agriculture

kuurajabadra (noun) farm

kuurajai (noun) farmer

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khaal (noun) home

kher (verb) to do khoravor (noun) large hoofed marsupial, domesticated by the Alplai much like the Terran horse
 * kher gein - to do work, to work
 * nonsha kher - glad/happy/pleasure to do (it) [response to expression of thanks]

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lador (noun) night

ladrhaag (noun) star

ladrhaagbadra (noun) constellation

ladrhaagdara (noun) galaxy

lagna (noun) belief

lagnai (noun) believer

lagon (verb) to believe

laita (noun) cousin, parent's sibling's child

ledra (preposition) in

legra (preposition) out

lejra (adjective) right, rightward

liija (noun) reptile

lobel (verb) to fix, to repair lokh (verb) to halt, to stop
 * jalrii inra lobel frem gopshii inra - we must repair door between us; idiomatic metaphor for reconciliation

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maaltonda (noun) spine

maiter (noun) abdomen, belly

mekled (verb) to read

mekleg (verb) to write

meltabruu (noun) toilet

melteg (verb) to relieve oneself, to use a toilet [see also jozmelteg and tolfmelteg]

mentala (noun) Alplai plucked zither with triangular soundboard and strings running from one corner to its opposite side

metla (adjective) soft [substance texture]

miija (noun) fish

miirvan (interjection) please mlen (verb) to die
 * miirvan belaam mra kher eja'era - please allow me to do this, may I do this

mlena (adjective) dead

mlenai (noun) corpse, dead person

mlenar (noun) death

mlenotakra (adjective) widowed

mlenotakrai (adjective) widow, widower

mlenotja (noun) grief, grieving, mourning

modrema (noun) kidney

mojavrai (noun) passenger

mormot (number) trillion

mot (number) thousand

mra (pronoun) I, me

mraluu (possessive pronoun) mine, my

murabadra (noun) dock

muradara (noun) harbor, seaport

Murai (proper name) Alplai goddes of seas and oceans worshipped as mother of all life

murajuush (noun) aquatic vessel, boat, ship

murgiila (noun) crustacean

muur (adjective) bad, opposite of good

muuriikh (adjective) worst

muuriil (adjective) worse

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naa (particle) no

nata (noun) bread

nejda (noun) breakfast

nela (adjective) blue color

nen (conjunction) but, however, yet

nerka (adjective) orange color

nibal (adjective) empty

nibeja (adjective) blind, sightless

nibejsa (adjective) invisible, unseen

nibrei (noun) inability

nidjon (noun) numbness

nigeinra (adjective) lazy

niirh (adverb) never

niirhai (pronoun) nobody, no one

niirhega (adverb) nowhere

niirhera (pronoun) nothing

nijala (adjective or adverb) unequal, unequally

nijra (adjective) dry

nikaja (adjective) still, unmoving

nil (conjunction) nor

nilgna (noun) doubt

nilgnai (noun) doubter, skeptic

nilgon (verb) to disbelieve, to doubt

nipaa (adjective or adverb) unlikely

nipraam (verb) to forbid, to prohibit

nireka (noun) disease, illness

nirekera (noun) germ, pathogen

nirekreg (verb) to cure a disease [lit.: to expel a disease or its cause]

nised (preposition) without

nitakra (adjective) unmarried

nitakrai (noun) bachelor, bachelorette, unmarried person

nituuna (adjective) free, gratis, without charge or cost

nof (number) nine

nonsha (noun) happiness, joy, pleasure nrada (noun) hatred
 * g'boz nonsha - to be happy [lit.: to have happiness]
 * nonsha kher - glad/happy/pleasure to do it [response to thank you, equivalent to "you're welcome"]

nradai (noun) enemy, someone hated

nradon (verb) to hate

nuj (adjective) north, northern

nuujar (verb) to forget

nuujra (adjective or adverb) forgotten

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okh (number) one

okriina (noun) monorail

okriinabadra (noun) monorail boarding platform

okriinadara (noun) monorail station

olaan (verb) to fly

olaana (noun) flight, flying

olaanai (noun) person qualified to fly an aircraft and/or spacecraft, pilot

olaanglok (noun) flight officer, pilot flying an aircraft or spacecraft

olga (adjective) light in weight

olnaa (adjective) flying, in flight

olnaabdra (noun) wing

orbefaaz (noun) portable telescreen [Alplai equivalent of an advanced smartphone]

orbeng (adverb, preposition) down

orka (determiner) few, some

orpa (adjective) little, small

orenrakra (noun) moon, satellite

orpiikhzaam (interjection) just a moment

orpna (adjective) short in height or length

orptilnei (noun) apprehension otja (noun) sadness ovetna (noun) Alplai greeting gesture [see 7.1 above]
 * g'boz orptilnei - to be apprehensive
 * g'boz otja - to be sad, to have sadness

ozat (number) eight

ozgar (verb) to remember

ozgara (noun) memory, recall of specific event

ozgra (adjective) remembered

ozgrabrei (noun) memory, ability to recall

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paal (adjective) filled, full, stuffed

paara (adjective) heavy in weight

pakhat (verb) to be lost, to stray, to wander

pakhta (adjective) lost, wandering

pakhtai (noun) wanderer

pakhtapeigar (verb) to daydream

pakhtapeigra (noun) absent-mindedness, daydream, wandering thoughts

pakhtapeigrai (noun) absent-minded person, daydreamer

pakhtarhaag (noun) planet [archaic, poetic]

pega (adjective) purple color

peigar (verb) to think

peigra (noun) thinking, thought

peigradma (noun) mind

peigrai (noun) thinker

pejud (adjective) bland, plain in flavor

pekhtakar (verb) to divorce

pekhtakra (adjective) divorced

pekhtakraat (noun) act or process of divorce

pekhtakrai (noun) divorced person

pera (adjective) big, great, large

perdal (verb) to grow

perdla (noun) growing, growth

perna (adjective) long in length, tall in height

persh (verb) to beg, to plead petal (verb) to change
 * mra persh shra kijem mra - I apologize, I beg you to forgive me

petla (noun) change

pidra (noun) child, offspring

pifon (noun) emotion

piidan (verb) to sit

piidna (adjective) seated, sitting

piidnara (noun) chair, seat, stool

piil (noun) fire

piilteg (noun) ash, burnt material

piladopar (noun) smoke

pilan (verb) to burn pilna (adjective) burned, burnt
 * adra gironiit eja'fragosh pilan - he burned that wood, he caused that wood to burn

p'jena (noun) luck pojega (noun) book
 * faaniikh p'jena! - best of luck

ponad (verb) to create, to make something

pondabrei (noun) creativity, artistic skill

pondagai (noun) artist, craftperson

pondera (noun) artwork, creation, crafted item

ponk (number) five

praaj (adjective) back, behind

p'tara (relative pronoun) who

p'tazra (adverb or conjugation) why

p'teda (adjective, adverb, conjugation) how

p'tega (adverb or conjugation) where

p'tejiit (adverb) how many, how much

p'tema (adverb or conjugation) when

p'tera (relative pronoun, adverb) what

p'tiira (relative pronoun, determiner) which

puul (verb) to bore, to cause someone to be bored

puula (adjective) boring, dull, uninteresting

puulei (noun) boredom, state of being bored

puulta (adjective) bored, uninterested

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raaf (noun) floor of building, level

raala (adjective) red color

rasaijaat (noun) government

rasuvaal (noun) head of government, prime minister

rekaa (noun) health

rekaashribai (noun) medical assistant, nurse, paramedic

rekavaag (noun) medical science, practice of medicine

rekaavaagai (noun) medical doctor, physician

rekaavaagbadra (noun) clinic, medical center in a larger facility

rekaavaagdara (noun) hospital, large medical facility

ren (verb) to take, to receive something given

riidan (verb) to lie down, to recline

riidna (adjective) lying down, reclining

riidnara (noun) couch, divan

riija (noun) mammal

riikhaa (interjection) greeting, hello

rim (noun) fur, hair

rumorda (noun) vulgar term for a coughed-up hairball; later used as a slur for Terrans/humans

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rhaag (noun) light, luminescence

rhaagzeish (noun) lamp

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sela (noun) head [body part]

seliizdra (noun) skull

selmuu (noun) neck [body part]

sipot (number) seven

sona (noun) beverage, drink

suunog (verb) to drink

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shaa (particle) yes

shaanponad (verb) to assemble, to manufacture

shaanpondadra (noun) factory, manufacturing plant

shaar (noun) water

shaarbruu (noun) sink, water basin

shaij (verb) to serve

shaija (noun) service

shaijaat (noun) commission, civil service department

shaijaras (noun) commissioner, head of civil service department

shala (adjective) easy

sharipa (adjective) damp, moist

sharpar (adjective) soaked, wet

shasha (adjective, adverb, interjection) certainly, definitely, sure, surely, very

shebrontiizrot (noun) slipstream field [Alplai means of faster-than-light interplanetary travel]

sheigar (verb) to agree, to concur

sheigra (adjective) agreement, concurrence, shared opinion

shen (verb) to exist, to live

shena (adjective) alive, existing, living

shenai (noun) living thing

shenar (noun) life

shibaan (verb) to dream

shibaana (adjective) dreaming, dreamy

shibaanai (noun) dreamer

shibaanda (noun) dream

shifkhada (interjection) welcome

shiija (noun) amphibian

shiinla (noun) room in a house

shipaa (adverb) likely, possible shipaanipaa (adjective or adverb) so-so, uncertain, unsure
 * shipaa inra hosh drof Kerapuul - we might travel to Kerapuul

shirega (noun) central square of city or town

shokaad (verb) to make music

shokda (noun) music

shokdajan (verb) to sing

shokdajna (noun) song

shol (noun) blood

shomuu (noun) knee

shot (number) hundred

shra (pronoun) you [singular]

shrib (verb) to assist, to help shribai (noun) assistant, helper
 * adra shribiit avra ozgar eja'jalrizaam - he reminded her about that appointment

sh'taaka (adjective) ethnocentric, parochial, regionalist, sectionalist [typically describing social/political movements or parties representing particular ethnic and/or geographic interests]

shuul (noun) metal

shuula (adjective) metallic

shuuna (noun) sneeze

shuunadiirsa (noun) allergy medication, antihistamine

shuu'on (verb) to sneeze

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taaj (adjective) down, under

taajbadara (noun) root of tree

taajmurajuush (noun) bathyscaphe, submarine

taarei (noun) drum

taarkaad (verb) to drum, to provide percussive musical rhythm

takar (verb) to pledge, to promise

takra (noun) pledge, promise

takradai (noun) husband ["promised man"]

takravai (noun) wife ["promised woman"]

takrazaam (noun) marriage ceremony, wedding

tarbdra (noun) leg, lower limb

tarishruu (noun) hip

taz (number) ten

tazeimek (noun) decimal point

tefra (noun) wall

teish (adjective) sweet in taste

tejna (noun) word

ten (noun) day

teraa (noun) Terra, planet Earth

terai (adjective, noun) Terran, human

tiigraat (verb) to step

tiigraata (noun) step

tiikra (noun) asteroid, planetoid

tiina (noun) seed

tiishaijaaat (noun) division or office of a commission or civil service department

tiishaijaras (noun) director or head of division [see above]

tiivejan (noun) phrase

tilnei (noun) fear tilneshibaana (noun) nightmare
 * g'boz tilnei - to be afraid, to have fear
 * ton tilnei - to frighten, to give fear

timokh (noun) brain [organ]

tishnar (noun) living cell

tivona (adjective) sonic t'kon (verb) to close
 * tivona dof - Mach two, twice the speed of sound

tofga (noun) skin

tojla (adjective) grey color

tolf (noun, adjective) liquid

tolfmelt (noun) urine

tolgmelteg (verb) to urinate

tolga (noun) data, information, knowledge

tolgadara (noun) library

tolgafaaz (noun) computer, information system

tolgafrem (noun) computer terminal or workstation, data portal

tolgajan (verb) to explain, to inform, to notify, to tell

tolgajna (noun) explanation, notice

tolug (verb) to know, to comprehend

tomlen (verb) to kill, to murder

tomlena (adjective) killed, murdered

tomlenai (noun) killer, murderer

tomlenra (noun) killing, murder

ton (verb) to give tona (noun) contribution, donation, gift, offering
 * aira toniit avapidra airaluu ibra val Jenivram - they named their daughter Jenivram
 * adra toniis emai adraluu rekaa - he will cure/heal/nurse his friend
 * ton tilnei - to frighten, to give fear

tonosh (verb) to bring

tork (verb) to deceive, to lie

torka (adjective) false

torkapal (noun) deception, dishonesty

torkra (adjective) deceptive, dishonest

torkrai (noun) deceiver, liar

torpa (noun) dishonor

torpabra (adjective) dishonorable

toruk (noun) deception, falsehood, lie

trada (noun) pain

tuula (noun) merchandise

tuulbadra (noun) shop. store

tuulda (noun) purchase

tuuldai (noun) customer, shopper

tuuldara (noun) marketplace, shopping mall

tuuled (verb) to buy

tuuleg (verb) to sell

tuulen (verb) to trade

tuulga (noun) sale

tuulgai (noun) merchant, salesperson

tuuljuush (noun) merchant cart or stall

tuulna (noun) trade, transaction

tuuna (noun) cost, price

Other Alplai languages
tba