Bäladiri/Lexicon

Agriculture

 * máθïl, máulnas - n. [*mạθul]
 * olive, olive tree


 * fiðnátšïs, fiðnažúnas - n. [*fịθanatšus]
 * rice crop

Avians

 * gháprï, ghavrínas - n. [*ḡạpri]
 * pigeon


 * fújä, fûnas - n. [*fụjo]
 * bird, avian

Felines

 * θálä, θálās - n. [*θạlo]
 * cat, small household feline
 * Remark: morphologically shaped like an adjective, though probably not a nominalisation of anything attested

Locomotion

 * síp-al, sím-ōn, sim-ádē - vi. [*sịpāl, sịpāwūn, sịpādeji]
 * fly, glide on air

Decay

 * básïs, báunas - n. [*bạsus]
 * stench


 * bás-ul, báz-ūn, báudē - vi/vt. [*bạsūl, *bạsūwūn, *bạsūdeji]
 * itr. stink, smell, reek
 * trn. cause to stink, cause to smell


 * húmmë, húmmās - adj. [*hụmma]
 * rotten, decayed, festered


 * húmm-al, húm-ōn, hum-ádē - vi. adj. [*hụmmāl, *hụmmāwūn, *hụmmādeji]
 * be rotten, festered
 * rot, fall apart, decay, fester

Vision, Optics

 * ák-al, ág-ōn, agh-ádē - vt. [*ạkāl, *ạkāwūn, *ạkādeji]
 * see, spot


 * áku, aghúnas - n. [*ạkuw]
 * eye
 * Remarks: in addition to the regular plural paradigm that stems from , the noun has a dual form that follows the nominative dual in 


 * kórp-al, kórb-ōn, korv-ádē - vt. [*kọrpāl, *kọrpāwūn, *kọrpādeji]
 * reflect (of light)
 * by extension reflect, bounce off self (of generic objects)
 * by extension put off, make uninterested in self (of people)
 * (trim the edges off of, remove edges from)

Motion, Lation

 * fént:al-járä, fénd:ōn-járä, fenn:ádē-járä - vt. [*fẹntāl, *fẹntāwūn, *fẹntādeji; + fossilised directional -járä]
 * pluck out, sharply pull out (of flowers)
 * pull on, sharply pull on, quickly tug on
 * extract by quickly pulling out


 * kúll-ul, kúl-ūn, kugh-údē - vi/vt. [*kụllūl, *kụllūwūn, *kụllūdeji]
 * itr. arch. arrive, come
 * trn. owe, be about to pay (a certain sum of money, recompensation in immonetary value)


 * kállë, kaghánas - n. [*kạlla]
 * way, road, path, direction of motion


 * rík-al, ríg-ōn, righ-ádē - vi. [*rịkāl, *rịkāwūn, *rịkādeji]
 * stand, be erect upright, be located

Metallurgy

 * θâtën, θāðánas - n. [*θạtan]
 * gold


 * ség, ségnas (sénngas) - n. [from a Northern source, via trade]
 * lead, molybdenum


 * sáfrë, safránas - n. [*sạfra]
 * iron


 * mîpä, mīvónas - n. [*miẹpo]
 * silver


 * véssët, vessánas - n. [from Bassani véssəd]
 * patina, thin oxide layer, verdigris


 * hémmë, hevénas - n. [*hẹnme]
 * copper


 * gírët - n. [from Bassani gjírəd]
 * rust, iron oxide

Astronomy

 * mīvágän, mīváunas - n. [mīv-ágän]
 * one who is in the stars/among the heavens


 * mīvírës, mīvírās - adj. [mīv-írës]
 * silvery
 * stellar, extraterrestrial
 * heavenly, divine


 * θāðágän, θāðáunas - n. [θạta-ágän]
 * the Sun; Hêlios


 * sâmï, sâuna - n. [*sạ̄mu]
 * the Sun;

Physiology

 * sárrïs, saghúnas - n. [*sạrrus]
 * fracture


 * sárr-ul, sár-ūn, sagh-údē - vt. [*sạrrūl, *sạrrūwūn, *sạrrūdeji]
 * to break, to fracture, to crack


 * atánnï, atëghúnas - n. [*atạnnu]
 * tactile feeling, sensation of touch

Anatomy

 * mážë, mážās - n. irr. [mạža]
 * vertebra
 * Remark: derives from an obsolete adjective, "crooked, wry, odd-shaped", that became nominalised.

Hydrology

 * míghï, mînas - n. [*mịḡi]
 * water


 * sálëθ, sânas - n. [*sạlaθ]
 * sea


 * gáirïs, gáirïnas - n. [*gạjirus]
 * river, river flow; river bed


 * gáir-ul, gáigh-ūn, gaj-údē - vi. [*gạjirūl, *gạjirūwūn, *gạjirūdeji]
 * flow (of rivers, liquids)


 * θít-al, θíd-ōn, θið-ádē - vt. [*θịtāl, *θịtāwūn, *θịtādeji]
 * bring, carry, deliver (of rain, water, bodies of water)

Existence

 * sä:gútt-ul, sä:gút-ūn, sä:gud-údē - vt. [*sogụttūl, *sogụttūwūn, *sogụttūdeji]
 * destroy, annihilate
 * unmake, reverse the process of creation of
 * render false, render untrue


 * kím-ël, kím-un, kî-dē - vt. mort. [*kịmal, *kịmawūn, *kịmadeji]
 * make, create
 * render true


 * kélp-il, kélb-ø̄n, kelv-ídē - vt. [*kẹlpīl, *kẹlpīwūn, *kẹlpīdeji]
 * cause +
 * cause, cause to happen
 * do, perform, carry out


 * gíttës, gíttās - adj. [*gịttas]
 * all of, each, the whole of
 * Remark: even when used with a singular noun, it triggers plural object agreement in the verb.


 * žujá - postp/clit. [*žu-jạ]
 * its own, its very, its very own
 * Remark: refers the item back as a concrete possession of the subject, emphasising the relationship; attaches as a clitic to an inflected noun phrase, though it behaves semantically much like a postpositional.


 * gítt-āl, gít-ōn, gið-ádē - vi. adj.
 * be whole, be complete, include all of what normally constitutes self


 * tšáprïs, tšáprās - adj. [*tšạprus]
 * unique
 * only, none other than

Agriculture

 * bírmë, bighénas - n. [*bịrre]
 * head of cattle; head of dragon (as a unit of measure)


 * bírmë, bírmë - n. [*bịrma]
 * cattle; dragon cattle (mass noun)
 * Remark: Bäladiri mass nouns merge the accusative into the nominative


 * njúim-al, njúiv-ōn, njuj-ádē - vt. [*ñụjmāl, *ñụjmāwūn, *ñụjmādeji]
 * slaughter (of cattle) for nutritional (not sacrificial) purposes

Architecture

 * kúbïs, kuvínas - n. [*kụbis]
 * house, home, family residence

Names

 * Belágän, Beláunas [bel-ágän]
 * the black one, Black

Music

 * géss-al, gés-ōn, gez-ádē - vi/vt. [*gẹssāl, *gẹssāwūn, *gẹssādeji]
 * itr. perform, play music, produce music (in general)
 * trn. use instrument so as to produce music, play, perform


 * láuk-al, láug-ōn, lāgh-ádē - vi/vt. [*lạwakāl, *lạwakāwūn, *lạwakādeji]
 * itr. sing, produce melody with voice
 * trn. sing, hum (of songs, melodies)

Art

 * bárë, bânas [*bạr-a]
 * incision, etching, groove


 * búr-ul, búgh-un, bugh-údē - vt. [*bạr- —> *bụr-ūl]
 * draw, sketch, etch out, inscribe

Logic

 * fólpïn, folvínas - n. [*folpịn (loanword)]
 * cause, reason, precondition


 * folvi-sék:ul, folvi-ség:ūn, folvi-segh:údē - vt/vi. [folvi-sek:ul]
 * trn. debate, discuss with
 * itr. debate (of a collective; reciprocal)

Faces, Masks

 * gísmä, gisvónas - n. [*gịsmo]
 * bare face, one's uncovered visage


 * véumä, veuvónas - n. [*vẹomo]
 * covered/masked face


 * veuvílïn, veuvînas - n. [veuv-ilïn]
 * mask

Kinship

 * súngë, sûnas - n. [*sụŋa(s)]
 * brother


 * úkät, ughónas - n. [*ụkot]
 * kinsman


 * mírïs, mînas - n. [*mịris]
 * brother, close male cousin


 * gópär, gomónas - n. [*gọpor]
 * child; young member of family (narrow/extended)


 * gájtë, gajðánas - n. [*gạjita]
 * ancestor


 * gújt-ul, gújd-ūn, gujð-údē - vt. [*gụjitūl, *gụjitūwūn, *gụjitūdeji]
 * be descended from

Honour

 * sánä, sánās - adj. [*sạno]
 * brave, courageous


 * rátt-al, rát-ōn, rad-ádē - vt. [*rạttāl, *rạttāwūn, *rạttādeji]
 * frighten, terrify, cause/instill fear in


 * gés-al, géz-ōn, gê-dē - vt. [*gẹsāl, *gẹsāwūn, *gẹsādeji]
 * guard, protect, watch over, ward
 * rear/bring up (of children)

Control

 * náppës, namánas - n. [*nạppas]
 * fetters, reins, chains


 * nápp-al, náp-ōn, nam-ádē - vt. [*nạppāl, *nạppāwūn, *nạppādeji]
 * bind, chain; control, keep on a leash

Politics

 * nábïl, náulnas - n. [*nạbul]
 * Imperial emissary, Imperial governor


 * láθï, lânas - n. [*lạθi]
 * slavery/serfdom in the Imperial system; Imperial serfdom


 * ärkádžï, ärkáunas - n. [*ärkạ-džu (loanword)]
 * leader, chieftain, duke


 * ägúrrë, ägúrrās - adj. [*o:kụ̄rra]
 * independent


 * ilúnnë, ilughánas - n. [*ilụmna < *i-lụna]
 * ally


 * bädím-il, bädív-ø̄n, bädî-dē - vi. adj. [*bọdimīl, *bọdimīwūn, *bọdimīdeji]
 * be convenient, be easy, be easily managed, be easily accomplished, be simple to perform

Ethnology

 * bénër, bénās - n. [*bẹnar]
 * nation, ethnic group, people, folk
 * Remarks: a nominalised adjective; the adjectival semantics are unattested in Bäladiri

Religion

 * ráx-al, rág-ōn, rav-údē - vt. irr. mud. [*rạxn̄l, *rạxn̄wūn, *rạxn̄deji]
 * taboo trn. eat flesh from a being of the same species, cannibalise the dead


 * múpp-ul, múp-ūn, mub-údē - vt. mud. [*mụppm̄l, *mụppm̄wūn, *mụppm̄deji]
 * taboo trn. eat flesh from a living being; cannibalise the living


 * kánj-al, káj-ōn, ká-udē - vt. irr. mud. [*kạñm̄l, *kạñm̄wūn, *kạñm̄deji]
 * rel. trn. divine sth. by cracking human bones over a fire


 * nárg-al, nárg-ōn, nárg-ádē - vt. [*nạrgāl, *nạrgāwūn, *nạrgādeji]
 * taboo trn. desecrate by ingesting, eating


 * mīvirômë, mīvirônas - n. [mīv-írë-ómë]
 * divinity, godhood


 * géutë, géutās - adj. [*gẹota]
 * dead; lifeless (of organic matter)


 * géut-al, géud-ōn, geuð-ádē - vi. adj. [*gẹotāl, *gẹotāwūn, *gẹotādeji]
 * be dead, be lifeless (of organic matter)

Food Production

 * sínngë, sínngas - n. [*sịŋŋa]
 * cooked snake


 * áf-al, áv-ōn, â-dē - vi. [*ạfāl, *ạfāwūn, *ạfādeji]
 * to cook, boil, fizzle (of liquids, foods)


 * andúnë, andúnas - n. [*anduna]
 * millstone, mill


 * ysám-il, ysáv-ø̄n, ysái-dē - vt. [*y:sạmīl, *y:sạmīwūn, *y:sạmīdeji]
 * to brew, cook, boil, ferment


 * brásë, braðánas - n. [*brạsa]
 * flour; rice flour


 * bras-sék:ul, bras-ség:ūn, bras-segh:údē - vi/vt. [bras-sek:ul]
 * itr. to work the fields; work in agriculture; cultivate wheat, cultivate rice
 * trn. to cultivate sth. (a plant)

Personality

 * káumën, kāmánas - n. [*kạwaman]
 * moron, idiot


 * dípël, dimánas - n. [*dịpal]
 * uncreative/narrowminded individual


 * dimírës, dimírās - adj. [dimë-írës]
 * uncreative, narrowminded, dull, mechanical
 * Remarks: has a doublet in 

Philosophy

 * ïpáx-al, ïpág-ōn, ïpav-ádē - vi. [*i-pạxāl]
 * lament, bemoan, complain

Aesthetics

 * játïs, jaðúsas - n. [*jạrus]
 * beauty, excellence in aesthetics


 * ját-ul, jád-ūn, jað-údē - vi/vt. [*jạtūl, *jạtūwūn, *jạtūdeji]
 * itr. be pretty
 * trn. cause to be pretty, beautify, decorate


 * kórp-al, kórb-ōn, korv-ádē - vt. [*kọrpāl, *kọrpāwūn, *kọrpādeji]
 * trim the edges off of, remove edges from
 * smoothen, make less rough
 * make harmonious, make fitting
 * make inconspicuous
 * (reflect (of light), cause to bounce off self (of generic objects), put off (of people))

Secrecy

 * gáddž-al, gádž-ōn, gaž-ádē - vi/vt. [*gạddžāl, *gạddžāwūn, *gạddžādeji]
 * itr. sneak, crawl, move while outside field of vision
 * itr. move unnoticed, move unnoticeably
 * trn. steal, take, confiscate

Clothing, Decoration

 * sûdël, sūnénas - n. [*sụ̄dnel]
 * fur, fur clothing article


 * mīvéllën, mīveghénas - n. [mīv-ellën]
 * item of silver jewellery; silver ring


 * sóp-al, sób-ōn, som-ádē - vt. [*sọpāl, *sọpāwūn, *sọpādeji]
 * carry on one's surface, wear, be decorated by


 * kâmmäš, kāvónas - n. [kạ̄mmoš]
 * hunting charm, hunting trinket, hunter's good luck charm

Textile

 * fárghë, faghánas - n. [*fạrḡa]
 * canvas, sturdy cloth; sailcloth, sail canvas

Emotions

 * úkät, ughónas - n. [*ụko-t]
 * happiness


 * páxït, paxúnas - n. [*pạxu-t]
 * contentness, positivity

Warfare

 * šînngë, šīghánas - n. [*šīŋŋa]
 * army; encampment

Wealth, Commerce

 * móšpï, možvúnas - n. [*mọčpu]
 * wealth, riches


 * možvágän, možváunas - n. [možv-agän]
 * wealthy/rich individual


 * fúrgh-ul, fúr-ūn, fugh-údē - vi/vt. [*fụrḡūl, *fụrḡūwūn, *fụrḡūdeji]
 * itr. be expected to pay up, be thought of as someone who pays up
 * itr. pay, use money as the preferred means of commerce
 * trn. pay (in money) for, pay money for
 * Remark: has a synonymous doublet in fúrvul

Morality, Free Will

 * kóts-ul, kóz-ūn, koð-údē - vt. [*kọtsūl, *kọtsūwūn, *kọtsūdeji]
 * pick, choose, elect, end up prefering


 * kótsïs, koðúnas - n. [*kọtsus]
 * choice, pick


 * kéng-il, kégh-ø̄n, kéidē - vi. adj. [*kẹŋīl, *kẹŋīwūn, *kẹŋīdeji]
 * be right, be correct, be true


 * sétt-il, sét-ø̄n, sed-ídē - vt. [*sẹttīl, *sẹttīwūn, *sẹttīdeji]
 * kill, murder, take life from a conscious being or entity

Mental

 * lä-gúrïs - n. [lä-*gụris]
 * carelessness, recklessness, lack of reckoning; involuntary irresponsibility


 * lägúr-il, lägúgh-ø̄n, lägújdē - vi. [*lo-gụrīl, *lo-gụrīwūn, *lo-gụrīdeji]
 * not care, be careless


 * ïgúr-il, ïgúgh-ø̄n, ïgújdē - vi/vt. [*i-gụrīl, *i-gụrīwūn, *i-gụrīdeji]
 * itr. be careful, pay attention
 * itr. be paranoid; overthink (in general)
 * trn. overthink (sth.)
 * trn. monitor, observe
 * trn. pay attention to; show special interest in


 * lûtt-al, lût-ōn, lūd-ádē - vt. [*lụwtāl, *lụwtāwūn, *lụwtādeji]
 * intuitively know, be aware of
 * intuit, realise without conscious action/based on previous experience
 * be (intuitively) familiar with


 * ïkóg-il, ïkóv-ø̄n, ïkójdē - vt. [*i-kọxnīl, *i-kọxnīwūn, *i-kọxnīdeji]
 * intend to do +
 * intend to make
 * measure out (of fabric)


 * súttët, sudánas - n. [*sụttat]
 * dream, nighttime visions

Numbers, Order

 * gérë, gérās - adj. [*gẹra]
 * previous, former, the last counted


 * gér-al, gégh-ōn, g-êdē - vi. adj. [*gẹrāl, *gẹrāwūn, *gẹrādeji]
 * be the previous, be the former, be the last counted


 * páθï, pájnas - n. [*pạṯi]
 * end, termination


 * púθ-il, púð-ø̄n, p-ŷdē - vi. adj. [*pụṯīl, *pụṯīwūn, *pụṯīdeji]
 * to be the final, terminal, last in line


 * púθï, púθās - adj. [*pụṯi]
 * final, terminal, last

Geography, Geology

 * párpï, parvínas - n. [*pạrpi]
 * bottom, geometrical/geographical lowest limit; sea floor


 * sáččät, sažónas - n. [*sạtšot]
 * boulder


 * súčč-ul, súč-ūn, suž-údē - vt. [*sụtšūl, *sụtšūwūn, *sụtšūdeji]
 * block the path/flow of (a river, stream)


 * géšmï, gežvúnas - n. [*gẹčmu]
 * rocky protrusion, cliff, promontory


 * mêrët, mêrās - n. [*mẹ̄rat]
 * world, existence
 * Remarks: a nominalised adjective; the adjectival semantics are unattested in Bäladiri

Time

 * sérrë, sérrās - adj. [*sẹrra]
 * imminent, upcoming
 * adv. imminently, soon, 'about to'


 * sájkä, sájkās - adj. [*sạjko]
 * current, present, up-to-date
 * adv. currently, now


 * sajvómë, sajvônas - n. [sajk-omë]
 * present
 * current time; current era
 * the modern age


 * íššï, ižúnas - n. [*ịššu]
 * day, daytime


 * gámmï, gavúnas - n. [*gạmmu]
 * night, nighttime
 * day (from midnight to midnight)


 * gúmmï, gúmmās - adj. [*gụmmu]
 * nocturnal, nighttime, nightly
 * / today


 * ýžël, ýžās - n. [*ẏžal]
 * morning, dawn

Colours

 * bélë, bênas - n. [*bẹle]
 * black, blackness


 * bél-il, bégh-ø̄n, bé-idē - vi. adj [*bẹlīl, *bẹlīwūn, *bẹlīdeji]
 * be black, be very dark; be in the shadows


 * sókkïs, soghínas - n. [*sọkkis]
 * dim blue, blue-grey, cool grey


 * sókk-il, sók-ø̄n, sogh-ídē - vt. [*sọkkīl, *sọkkīwūn, *sọkkīdeji]
 * dye blue, dye grey
 * beat up
 * flood, drench

Conjunctions

 * ší .... ší - conj. [*ši]
 * either .... or


 * gáitä - conj. [from gál and the inherited cliticised conjunction *to]
 * and, as well as, adding, in addition to


 * grántä - conj. [from gál and the inherited cliticised conjunction *to]
 * thus, afterwards, adding to that, in addition


 * tä - conj. [*to]
 * and; cliticised conjunction that binds two verbs without directly and independently subordinating either

Demonstratives

 * jak- - mmf. [*njak-]
 * so, in a manner close to me
 * this one, like this one
 * Remark: forms various demonstratives and undergoes lenition


 * jákës, jákās - adj. [jak-*as]
 * this, this one, like this


 * jaghámën, jagháunas - n. [jak-amën]
 * this individual, this thing, this one


 * jághmï, jaghmās - adj. [jak=mï]
 * now, present, current


 * leuk- - mmf. [*la-njak-]
 * in any manner, in any way
 * any one, like any
 * Remark: forms various demonstratives and undergoes lenition


 * leughámën, leugháunas - n. [leuk-amën]
 * any individual, any thing, anything

Metamodifiers

 * žōr - mmf. [*žuar]
 * so, in such a way (pseudo-demonstrative without a reference)
 * in a large way, in an extremely large amount
 * inconcievably, immeasurably

Postpositions

 * ójï - postp. [*ọju]
 * +: coming from down towards the speaker


 * ózï - postp. [*ọzu]
 * +: coming from up towards the speaker


 * járä - postp. [*jạro]
 * +: out of (the interior of) and away from


 * zárä - postp. [*zạro]
 * +: into (the interior) and towards


 * já - postp. [*jạ]
 * +: 's; marks both inalienable and alienable concrete possession


 * sántë - postp. [*sạnta]
 * +: 's; marks abstract possessive relationships, such as kinship and abstract possessed objects.
 * Remarks: the postposition has an unstressed alternant in 


 * sū - postp. [*sū]
 * +: about/concerning ; statically atop of


 * jí - postp. [*ji]
 * +: not knowing (about)


 * zä - postp. [*zo]
 * +: on the surface of
 * +: in (a conversation, book, mass of content, dream)


 * gët - postp. [*gat]
 * +: on the surface of


 * njër - postp. [*ñer]
 * +: beyond, across, on the other side of

Possessives

 * jághï - part. poss. [já-ïghï]
 * my, mine
 * Remarks: a possessive particle that syntactically behaves like an adjective but doesn't inflect; is the result of an unproductive postposition prefixation process onto clitic pronouns

Light Verbs

 * áθ-il, áð-ø̄n, áidē - vl. [*ạθīl, *ạθīwūn, *ạθīdeji]
 * have to, must, be obliged to, ought to; +


 * xír-il, xígh-ø̄n, xîdē - vl. [*xịrīl, *xịrīwūn, *xịrīdeji]
 * almost do; fail to, barely be unable to; +


 * g-ál, g-ôn, g-áde - vl. [*gal, *gaun, *gadeji]
 * add, increment
 * Remarks: the verb is obsolescent and used primarily in fixed lexical items


 * úr-ël, úgh-un, úd-dē - vl. mort. [*ụral, *ụrawūn, *ụradeji]
 * have to, ought to; +
 * Remarks: the verb is used to make imperatives as Bäladiri doesn't mark imperatives morphologically


 * gh-ûl, gh-ûn, g-ûdē - vl. cop. [*ḡụ̄l, *ḡụ̄wūn, *gụ̄deji]
 * continue being, remain +
 * Remarks: the verb has a copulative character

Noun–Verb Pairs
One of the more common correspondences between noun-verb pairs is that of coordinate cognates: nouns that ended in one of { *-as *-is *-us } will most frequently have a verb formed directly from the same root that is respectively either earthy, solar or lunar. This is visible in coordinated pairs such as ‹náppës :: náppal› (fetters :: to bind) and ‹gáirïs :: gáirul› (river :: to flow).

Many noun roots without a nominal suffix that corresponds to a verbal equivalent have verb analogues with ablaut; a common alternation is  (noun-to-verb), as with  (incision :: to draw).

Noun-to-Verb Derivations
All productive Bäladiri N→V derivational suffix complexes are bi- or trisyllabic and have a monosyllabic 'core' and a thematic vowel; some non-productive suffixes remain that are monosyllabic or that have four or more syllables. All suffixes cause a stress shift and accompanying lenition.


 * -sek:ul, -seg:ūn, -segh:údē - vi. [*-sekūl, *-sekūwūn, *-sekūdeji]
 * to work so as to acquire noun

Noun-to-Noun Derivations

 * -ágän, -áunas [*-akon, *-akonās]
 * one who embodies the concept of, one who has the properties of


 * -ílïn, -înas [*-ilin, *-ilinās]
 * intrinsic to, essential to, vital part of


 * -éllën, -eghénas [*-ellen, -ellenās]
 * that which is made of, that which is wrought out of, that which is made up of

Noun-to-Adjective Derivations

 * -írës, -írās [*-iras, *-ira-ās]
 * reminding of, resembling, having the characteristics of (a member of the set of)

Adjective-to-Noun Derivations

 * -ómë, -ônas [*-oma, *-oma-nās]
 * forms abstract, conceptual nouns related to the adjective

Verbal Prefixes

 * lä-, lë- [*lo-, *la-, *le-]
 * forms antonyms from some verbs


 * sä- [*a:so-, *so-]
 * forms revertives from verbs