Mbörösliŋ

"'м Ўнсёг ӓ хӦ, тахі хӓл Пӧр кӧ' - м Мбӧрӧсліҥ Пражма ""'m Ynsëg ä hÖ, tahi häl Pör kö' - m Mbörösling Pražma""'Into the Sky of the Back of an Axe, a mad Person comes' - Mbörösling Proverb"

General Info
Mbörösling /mbɔ.ɾɔs.liŋ/, (natively Мбӧрӧсліҥ from м Бӧрӧс Ліҥ, m Börös Ling, lit: People's Language) is the language of the People of the Siberian Lake Baikal, called м Бӧрӧс Баїка, m Börös Bajka, lit: People of the Lake, it is an language isolate with only the dialect of Bajka-Sëlen surviving since the age of the Mongols, taking vocabulary from the Buryat Branch of Mongolic (eg. Даї Daj lit: war), Russian (eg. Пѥзд Pjëzd lit: Train) and Chinese (Мы Mji lit: Rice).
 * Mongolic Buryat: for War terms, Horses, Equipment:
 * Russian: for Modern Terms, Transportation;
 * Chinese: for food, agriculture, farm animals;

"м Ўнсёг ӓ хӦ, тахі ӓл Пӧр кӧ", "m Ynsëg ä hÖ, tahi äl Pör kö" , "Into the Sky of the Back of an Axe, a mad Person comes" - Mbörösling Proverb - Interpretation - In battle, the back of the axe was usually amorphous compared to the sharp front, but when in brutal conquests, the vision of warriors hitting people with the back of the axes meant abduction, only a mad person would come into the range (sky) of back of the axe. Meaning only mad persons would go and meet with the back of the axe. An easier way to read would be, "tahi äl Pör kö ä m Ynsëg hÖ", "A mad Person comes into the Back of an Axe's Sky".

Family tree: Main events:
 * Proto-Bajka (*Lingvèn - Firsling Фірсліҥ) [NA-600AD] (extinct, no records)
 * Old Bajka-Sëlen (*Lingè - Rutoling Рутоліҥ) [600AD-1400AD] (influenced by the Mongol Buryat and Chinese, extinct, almost no records, only in Pictogram form)
 * Middle Bajka-Sëlen (Lingè Ліҥӗ - Sykling Сўкліҥ) [1400AD-1800AD] (Influenced by Chinese and Russian, extinct, records in Extended Cyrillic )
 * (Modern) Bajka-Sëlen (Ling Ліҥ - Mbörösling Мбӧрӧсліҥ) [1800AD-Now] (Influenced by Russian, records in Extended Cyrillic )
 * Old Angara (*Wèn - Rutohängäräling Рутохӓҥӓрӓліҥ) [600AD-1400AD] (extinct, almost no records, influenced by Chinese, records only in written Pictogram form)
 * Angara-Sëlen (Angarawèn Аҥараӱӗн - Angaraling Аҥараліҥ) [1400AD-1800AD] (extinct, records only in written in Chinese Hanzi and Extended Cyrillic)
 * Foundation of the Proto-Bajka around the banks of the Baikal Lake;
 * Arrival of Mongol Trades from 600 AD to 1100 AD;
 * Conquest of the Mongols in the beginning of the 11th century to 13th century, changing Old Bajka-Sëlen into Middle Bajka-Sëlen;
 * Arrival of the Russians in the 16th to 18th century, changing Middle Bajka-Sëlen into Modern Bajka-Sëlen, extinction of the Angara-Sëlen dialect due to natural disasters, famine and war;

Consonants
In Mbörösling there are two main types of consonants: clean (no Palatalization) and iotized (Palatalized), Semi-Vowels are treated as Vowels, so they appear in the chart but are not considered Consonants.

There are 23 Clean Consonants: And 22 Iotized Consonants:

They are distributed in the following manner:

Semi-Vowels
The Semi-Vowels that exist in the language are /j/, /w/ and /h͡ʍ | ʍ/, formed from the i and u vowels with diaeresis, Ь Jëvj is mostly used to signify Iotized Consonants/Vowels.

Proper Vowels
Proper Vowels are divided into three types: They are distributed in the following manner:

Iotized Vowels
Beyond the Proper Vowels, some of the Vowels can be Iotized, meaning that either they are preceded by a /j/ or /ʲ/.

Vowel Harmony
Words in the language can have either front or back vowels, no word has both. Middle and Semi-vowels can be in both, if a word is entirely with Neutral vowels, it becomes a Back Vowel Word.

-The only exception are joined words like the name of the language, which derived from two words, in this case, the first vowel dictates the word harmony changes may be made depending on the vowel: (if the first word was a Neutral word, then no harmonization is needed) -Words that enter the language have their vowels changed to fit the vowel harmony like Russian компьютер meaning computer, being reanalyzed as Компѩтӗр due to the final front vowel.
 * i and u is not harmonized;
 * a, ë and e are always harmonized;
 * o, ö and ä may be harmonized;

-Compound words that originated from the transition period between Proto and Middle were all mandatorily harmonized, like *Daajpërhè (War+Person) n. Warrior, instead of *Daajpörhè.

Writing System
The Written System of Mbörösling is based on the Cyrillic Extended Alphabet, brought by the Russians along with transportation during the first expansions into Siberia from 16th to 18th centuries, during the 19th century, various transportation and other related vocabulary entered the language along with a more standardized writing system.

For Example:

Ў/Ѧ/Ꙟ were used by the Bajka, Sëlen and Angara Tribes to represent the sound /y/, while Ѩ represented /ʲy/, so while in old texts these can still appear, in modern writing Ў and Ѩ are used, Ѧ is still used in modern texts due to similarities to Ѩ by some old writers but in decline.

Ә/Ӗ were used by the Tribes to represent the sound /ə/, now in modern texts Ӗ is used, but Ә can still be viewed in some signs and old texts.

Ӕ was divided into two branches of sounds /æ/ and /ae/ depending on the tribe, modern uses more the /ae/ sound that the Bajka originally used.

Ь on its own is not considered part of the alphabet, only when pared with consonants or vowels, so all the letters that have it are considered one letter.

Special non-allowed strings: due to ХЬ /ç/ and Х /h/ having the same sound when І or Ѧ/Ꙟ/Ў are after them /çi/ and /çy/ respectively, when this happens Ь cannot be placed between them and Iotization has no effect. Example: Тахі Tahi /tahi/ --> /taçi/; so string like ХЬІ and  ХЬЎ cannot exist and are instead rendered ХІ and  ХЎ, with special attention to the iotized vowels versions ХЫ and ХѨ as these aren't allowed as well.

Due to the similarity between Jëvj+Ir and Jir letters, ЬІ and Ы respectively, only differing in spacing, some initial and kids textbooks use Ӹ. Ӹр Тьӓп Jir Tjäp, as a substitute to Jir to be easier to distinguish the two.

In Iotizations, the vowel always gets the priority of changing if it has a corresponding iotized form. * ԗ is the only proto introduced letter from old texts that is still used to this day in some words like Жӧԗо Žörho meaning n. head of arrow (from Buryat)

.

Proto Introduced Letters
Some scholars introduced extra letters that they found in older textbooks when talking about Proto and Old Bajka-Sëlen and (Old) Angara-Sëlen. Q and K merged from Proto to Old after the weakening of the K/K' to Kj/K'j: Ejectives were all lost and merged with non-ejectives from Old to Middle: RH and R merged from Old to Middle: Records show that most of the lost features in the modern language were preserved in the Angara-Sëlen, with severe changes to the vocabularies due to only having Chinese influence.
 * Qa - Ka | Ka - Kja
 * Q'a - K'a | K'a - K'ja
 * K'a - Kèa/Ka | Ka - Ka
 * K'ja - Kèja/Kja | Kja - Kja
 * *Pörhè --> Pör - n. person

* ԗ is used in some words still, they have the sound /ɾ.h/ or /ɾχ/, depending if there is a vowel or not before, instead of /χ/ or /ʀ/ like in old texts.

Nouns
Nouns in the language can differ in number, case and definiteness, gender is not expressed. In some proto/old words the now extint "èn" noun marker appeared, with the passage of time, it eroded away in some words, while in others it is no longer a noun marker and simply part of the word, using the èn is considered formal/elder speech, examples, tree can be used with or without èn, language lost èn:

Mutations
Before talking about the declensions by case, Mutations in the language are one of the bases of the grammar, and they come in three forms:
 * Iotization: Palatalization of the Vowel or Consonant;
 * Darkening: Unvoiced -> Voiced -> Nasal;
 * Vowel H: the words beginning with vowel gain a H, normally words that end in a vowel have this mutation;
 * Softening: the plosives (and palatalized plosive) become fricatives, normally because of an anterior fricative;

Determinatives
There are three types of Determinatives, Demonstrative Determiners, Interrogative Determiners and Quantifiers, normally articles and added to the end of the noun they modify, with the exception to the interrogative determiners that go before the noun and the case they have.

Demonstrative Determiners
The demonstrative determiners are this(close to the speaker), that(close to the receiver), and that yonder(far away from both).

Interrogative Determiners
These can be used on any part of the sentence to convey the interrogative mood and to put emphasis on a particular part of the sentence.

Quantifiers
Quantifiers are normally articles that determine the amount of the noun, this includes some special articles, numbers, fractions, multiplicators and other words.

Cases
Most of the cases are articles added before the noun with each having mutations associated to them.

Examples: Пӧр Pör - Person, Трав Trav - Tree Usage of the NOM, ACC and ABS cases: Nouns between cases: In some cases, nouns can go between the case marker and the noun it changes eg: "ä m Ynsëg hÖ", "into the Back of an Axe's Sky", lit: LOC GEN Back of an Axe Sky. The GEN case + noun can normally go between the case marker and the noun possessed by it. It may even be rendered as "äm Ynsëg hÖ" joining the two cases. The only exception is with another Genitive case, in that case, all of the genitives go between the case marker the main noun but maintain the order. eg: "m Ynsëg m Ër ä hÖ" "the Back of an Axe's Blade's Sky" can be rendered as "ä m Ynsëg m Ër hÖ".

Verbs
Verbs come in three declensions, and differ in tense, aspect, number and person.
 * 1st Declension: Transitive;
 * 2nd Declension: Intransitive;
 * 3rd Declension: Irregular, only has to be, to do, to come.

3rd Declension - to be (e e)
This declension is based in three stems, *sem/*e(non-past to be), *ëšt(present to be) and *fö/*ö(past to be), standardized by the Bajka dialect.

3rd Declension - to do (фач fac)
This declension is based on two stems, *fac/*fäc(non-future to do), *hic/*ic(non-present to do), standardized by the Bajka dialect.

3rd Declension - to come (кьў/кѩ kjy)
This declension is based on three stems, *kjy(present to come), *vë(past to come), *ir(future to come), standardized first by the Sëlen and then introduced to the Bajka and remodeled.

1st Declension - to attack (вўрту vyrtu)
Pay attention to the Past Perfect that use the auxiliary verb to be in the same tense, and the particle "e" in the Present Habitual that causes Vowel H Mutation.

2nd Declension - to die / to close eyes (ані ani)
Pay attention to the Present Progressive and Past Perfect that use the auxiliary verb to be in the same tense, and the particle "e" in the Present Habitual that causes Vowel H Mutation.

Pronouns
There are pronoun declensions for several cases, if not specified use the case marker + the NOM pronoun table. Eg:VOC + 2nd S : jä Tju

Syntax
With the case system, the word order is relatively free, however the mainly used is the AVO, SaV and VSo where A = Agent, O = Object, Sa = Subject Intentional So = Subject Unintentional ,V = Verb phrase.

Example text
* dying is normally an act that in involuntary unless stated otherwise

Lexicon
Proto-Bajka and Old Bajka-Sëlen columns only have reconstructed romanization Middle Bajka-Sëlen and Bajka-Sëlen have both cyrillic spelling and romanization.