Kedagiji

Kedagiʤi ['kedagiʤi] is an a-priori conlang of a small unambiguous grammar.

Phonotactics
The stress is on the first syllable. There is no reduction. Syllable format is CV - consonant-vowel.

Writing System
Matches the phoneme inventory.

a b d ʣ ʤ e f g i j k l m n o p r s ʃ t ʦ ʧ u v x z ʒ

Rules
Abbreviations: PW = previous word; NW = next word; QB = quote begin; QE = quote end.

Text consists of sentences split with pauses. Sentences consist of connected words in an almost free order. A word consists of a root and affixes. The connection is based on polypersonal agreement where different third persons are marked differently. In other words the same 3-rd person affix in different words points to the same thing. The affix order is defined in the dictionary for each root. The last vowel of a root determines how many affixes it has: 0 -e, 1 -i, 2 -u, 3 -o, 4 -a. It isn't variable.

1) affix1 + i-root

2) affix1 + affix2 + u-root

3) affix1 + affix2 + affix3 + o-root

4) affix1 + affix2 + affix3 + affix4 + a-root

1st person affix is ma, 2nd is ta, indefinite is na. Reference to the previous word is ʃa, to the next it's xa. The choice of a 3rd-person affix is up to speaker, but affixes should be same in different word of a sentence for the same object they point at. All affixes end with -a.

To refer to an affix of the previous sentence one uses word pu.

To refer to an affix of the sentence before the previous one, one uses word fu.

To refer to the next word one uses the word xi or the affix xo.

To refer to the previous word one uses the word ʃi or the affix ʃa.

Direct and indirect speech
One may group several sentences putting words se (quote begin) and te (quote end) around them. It makes one unit from grammatical point of view. One uses it for expressing the indirect speech, for example.

Tense
Tense is optionally expressed with words already, later, now and ago.

Gender
Gender is optionally expressed with words male and female.

Number
Singular and plural is expressed with numbers. If number is omitted, one should guess from context, the number is "at least one" by default (n ∈ N, n ≠ 0). A nominal number ends with jali. A cardinal number ends with zuni.

Ordinal numbers end with the word nuzu. The first parameter is a thing ordered, and the second is a set of everything in that order.

Negation
Negation is expressed with word ʧiki.

Comparative
Comparative word is baʃu - more. Superlative is expressed as "more than all".

Only and the only
In phrases with "only" it's always meant that one is something while others aren't. Therefore the reference to others is necessary. It is expressed with the word "joso" - "only for x1 but not for x2, x3 is true".

EBNF
Note. { } means 0 or more repetitions, [ ] means 0 or 1 repetition, groups together, comma concatenates strings, | means an alternative, - means an exception, (* comment *).

text = sentenceFirst, ".", [" ", sentenceSecond, ".", {" ", sentence, "."}];

sentenceFirst = sfWordSingle | (sfWordFirst, {" ", sfWord}, " ", sfWordLast);

sentenceSecond = ssWordSingle | (ssWordFirst, {" ", ssWord}, " ", ssWordLast);

sentence = wordSingle | (wordFirst, {" ", word}, " ", wordLast);

(* 1S *)

sfWordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRootFirst |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* 11 *)

sfWordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* 1N *)

sfWord = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRootFirst |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* 1L *)

sfWordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRootFirst |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* 2S *)

ssWordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRootSecond |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* 21 *)

ssWordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRootSecond |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* 2N *)

ssWord = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRootSecond |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* 2L *)

ssWordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRootSecond |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* NS *)

wordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* N1 *)

wordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* NN *)

word = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRoot |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* NL *)

wordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* end *)

affix = consonant, "a";

quote = "se( ", text, " )te";

affixSingle = affix - "ʃa" - "xa";

affixFirst = affix - "ʃa";

affixLast = affix - "xa";

iRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "i" ;

uRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "u";

oRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "o";

aRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "a";

iRootSingle = iRoot - "ʃi" - "xi";

iRootFirst = iRoot - "ʃi";

iRootLast = iRoot - "xi";

uRootFirst = uRoot - "pu" - "fu";

uRootSecond = uRoot - "fu";

iNumber = "ʤali" | "zuni";

uNumber = "nuzu";

numbers = numE | numDiv;

numE = integer, [" kaʒe ", natural, [" beʤe ", integer]];

numDiv = (integer, " tine ", natural) | (integer, " rume ", natural, " tine ", natural);

integer = ["xife "], natural;

natural = number, {" ", number};

number = "vaʧe" | "rape" | "mepe" | "dope" | "suxe" | "vime" | "ʒiʤe" | "buʃe" | "dize" | "pije";

vowel = "a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u";

consonant = "b" | "d" | "ʣ" | "ʤ" | "f" | "g" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "p" | "r" | "s" | "ʃ" | "t" | "ʦ" | "ʧ" | "v" | "x" | "z" | "ʒ".

Examples
Hello! Hi!

mataʧusu.

1-2-greet.

@

Good day!

laxumi lavuki.

3l-good 3l-day.

@

Good morning!

laxumi labati.

3l-good 3l-morning.

@

Good evening!

laxumi laliri.

3l-good 3l-evening.

@

Good bye! / See you!

matazibu.

1-2-bye.

@

Thank you!

matanahalo.

1-2-4-thank.

@

You are welcome!

matanavano.

1-2-4-accept.

@

Never mind!

xaciki matanavano.

NW-not 1-2-4-accept.

@

Yes.

nahufi.

4-correct.

@

No.

naciki.

4-not.

@

Only one son of John sleeps.

vace kazuni kadahayoso dapamicu dapixi kapamicu kapixi payivani kacozi.

one 3k-NUM 3k-3t-PW-only 3t-3p-child 3t-male 3k-3p-child 3k-male 3p-John 3k-sleep.

@

The only son of John sleeps.

vaqaxayoso xafadahu vadamicu faxi vapixi dajoyani vacozi.

3v-3q-NW-only NW-3f-and 3v-3t-child 3f-that 3v-male 3t-John 3v-sleep.

@

Only the only son of John sleeps.

vaqaxayoso xafadahu vadamicu faxi vapixi dajoyani vaqaxayoso vacozi.

3v-3q-NW-only NW-3f-and 3v-3t-child 3f-that 3v-male 3t-John 3v-3q-NW-only 3v-sleep.

@

All cats are gray.

vadogi haxajecu vajopi.

3v-cat PW-NW-if 3v-gray.

@

Not all cats are gray.

xaciki xabajecu vadogi baxi vajopi.

NW-not NW-3b-if 3v-that 3b-cat 3v-gray.

@

All cats aren't gray.

ladogi haxajecu lajopi haciki.

3l-cat PW-NW-if 3l-gray PW-not.

@

All gray cats are nice.

vaqaji xahajecu xaladahu vajopi laxi vadogi.

3v-nice NW-PW-if NW-3l-and 3v-gray 3l-that 3v-cat.

@

Some black cats are nice.

vaqaji xohehafu xosodahu vagaki soxi vadogi.

3-nice 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-black 3-that 3-cat.

@

Some nice cats are black.

vagaki xohehafu xosodahu vaqaji soxi vadogi.

3-black 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-cat.

@

Some nice black creatures are cats.

vadogi xohehafu xosodahu vaqaji soxi vagaki.

3-cat 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-black.

@

Among nice cats there are gray and black.

maxi xorodahu vaqaji roxi vadogi mahehafu vajopi mahehafu vagaki.

3-that 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-cat 3-3-some 3-gray 3-3-some 3-black.

@

Nice cats are gray and black.

paxi xaradahu vaqaji raxi vadogi pahajecu xasadahu vajopi saxi vagaki.

3p-that NW-3r-and 3v-nice 3r-that 3v-cat 3p-PW-if NW-3s-and 3v-gray 3s-that 3v-black.

@

He said not all cats are gray.

se( xaciki xafajecu vadogi faxi vajopi. )te dahazelu.

QB NW-not NW-3f-if 3v-cat 3f-that 3v-gray QE 3d-PW-say.

@

Being a cat means to be gray and nice.

vadogi haxakapu haladahu vajopi laxi vaqaji.

3v-cat PW-NW-mean NW-3l-and 3v-gray 3v-nice.

@

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

lanaxayoso laqaji lajopi ladogi.

3l-4-NW-only 3l-nice 3l-gray 3l-cat.

@

Among cats only gray are nice.

radogi laraxayoso laqaji lajopi ladogi.

3r-cat 3l-3r-NW-only 3l-nice 3l-gray 3l-cat.

@

I eat the second time.

rape xananuzu mananisu.

two NW-4-ordinal.number 1-4-eat.

@

I eat twice.

rape xazuni mananisu.

two NW-4-quantity 1-4-eat.

@

All I do is sleeping.

manabobu haxajecu macozi.

1-4-do PW-NW-if 1-sleep.

@

He runs fast.

xafemi lavizi.

NW-fast 3l-run.

@

The rapidity of his run is admirable.

naxalagu xafemi lavizi.

4-NW-admire NW-fast 3l-run.

@

What is he doing?

larabobu radoki.

3l-3r-do 3r-what?

@

What is your name?

talajepu ladoki.

2-3l-call 3l-what?

@

He did a lot for me.

xaroni larabobu rajeli.

NW-already 3l-3r-do 3r-much.

@

There are at least 3 different cats so that they sleep in the moment.

mepe lazuni hakobi ladogi xalehi lacozi.

three 3l-quantity PW-at.least 3l-cat NW-now 3l-sleep.

@

There is at most 1 cat so that it sleeps in the moment.

vace lazuni hajuti ladogi xalehi lacozi.

one 3l-quantity PW-at.most 3l-cat NW-now 3l-sleep.

@

There are from 4 to 42 cats so that they sleep in the moment.

zadazeru zasabahu mepe sajali kazabahu dope mepe kajali xalehi dacozi.

3z-3d-quantity 3z-3s-more three 3s-nominal.number 3k-3z-more four three 3k-nominal.number NW-now 3d-sleep.

@

There are the same amount of sleeping cats as dogs eating meat.

zadazeru dadogi salazeru lalezi zasaceju xalehi dacozi lakanisu katuzi.

3z-3d-quantity 3d-cat 3s-3l-quantity 3l-dog 3s-3z-equal NW-now 3d-sleep 3l-3k-eat 3k-meat.

@

This is a white wolf.

laquci laxoxi ladoji.

3l-this 3l-white 3l-wolf.

@

This wolf is whiter than that wolf.

laquci ladoji laxoxi haxabahu raxoxi radoji.

3l-this 3l-wolf 3l-white PW-NW-more 3r-white 3r-wolf.

@

The wolf is white.

laquci ladoji laxoxi.

3l-this 3l-wolf 3l-white.

@

A white wolf bites a man.

laxoxi ladoji laradolu raruti.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-3r-bite 3r-human.

@

The wolf that bites a man is white.

ladoji laradolu raruti laxoxi.

3l-wolf 3l-3r-bite 3r-human 3l-white.

@

A white wolf is a beast.

laxoxi ladoji laqaxi.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-beast.

@

White wolf's name is John Johnson.

laxoxi ladoji larajepu rajoyani rajoyanisoni.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson.

@

John Johnson the wolf is a beast.

ladoji lajoyani lajoyanisoni laqaxi.

3l-wolf 3l-John 3l-Johnson 3l-beast.

@

The wolf which is white, its name is John Johnson.

ladoji laxoxi larajepu rajoyani rajoyanisoni.

3l-wolf 3l-white 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson.

@

The wolf called John Johnson is white.

ladoji larajepu rajoyani rajoyanisoni laxoxi.

3l-wolf 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson 3l-white.

@

The beast which is a wolf is mine.

laqaxi ladoji malasaru.

3l-beast 3l-wolf 1-3l-own.

@

This is a friend of my son.

laquci laraqugu ramamicu rapixi.

3l-this 3l-3r-friend 3r-1-child 3r-male.

@

John's wolf is a friend of my son.

ladoji jajoyani jalasaru laraqugu ramamicu rapixi.

3l-wolf 3j-John 3j-3l-own 3l-3r-friend 3r-1-child 3r-male.

@

My white wolf bites a man.

madasaru daxoxi dadoji daradolu raruti.

1-3d-own 3d-white 3d-wolf 3d-3r-bite 3r-human.

@

My white wolf biting a man is a beast.

madasaru daxoxi dadoji daradolu raruti daqaxi. cyfu va fa saru va qa xoxi qa doji qa dolu qa sa ryti sa qaxi qa

1-3d-own 3d-white 3d-wolf 3d-3r-bite 3r-human 3d-beast.

@

My wolf bites me.

madasaru dadoji damadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-1-bite.

@

My wolf bites him.

madasaru dadoji dasadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-3s-bite.

@

My wolf bites itself.

madasaru dadoji dadadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-3d-bite.

@

A white wolf of John's son hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand.

daxoxi dadoji cadasaru cayamicu capixi yajoyani xajudi daladolu zahakucu zadazuku lavavabu vapaqugu pamamicu papixi

3d-white 3d-wolf 3c-3d-own 3c-3y-child 3c-male 3y-John NW-very 3d-3l-bite 3z-PW-via 3z-3d-tooth 3l-3v-hand 3v-3p-friend 3p-1-child 3p-male.