Proto-Bakarh

Setting and Information
Proto-Bakarh is reconstructed a fully polysynthetic language in the narrowest sense: it featured both noun incorporation and polypersonality; it supposedly was a primarily fusional, secondarily agglutinating language.

Phonotactics
The phonotactics of PB have been reconstructed to approximately this format:

Here, the one-letter tokens represent the following:
 * N - any nasal
 * S - any obstruent
 * C - any consonant
 * V - any vowel
 * F - any fricative or /ɦ/

No obstruent can follow a geminate in the onset, while no such rule exists for the coda. Aspirated plosives cannot be word-final, while no such restriction is imposed upon fricatives.

Basics
Proto-Bakarh was a verb-initial language in which modifiers followed the modified and heads often preceed dependents.

Terminology
Several lexical categories are found in Proto-Bakarh. They are:
 * Nouns - any lexical item that can take a case and become an argument.
 * Verbs - any lexical item that conveys an action and can (but isn't obligated to) take an argument.
 * Modifiers - any lexical item that modifies another lexical item.
 * Particles - any lexical item that serves a role in the regulation of sentences and expresses relations between phrases.

There are several items which don't fit into any of the categories above, and as such are sorted as Uncategorised. Most of the uncategorised items can fit in into some or all of the categories according to their function at that moment, but a few have unique functions.

Morphology
In essence, Proto-Bakarh morphology is divided into two large categories: synthetic morphology and analytical morphology. Synthetic morphology refers to direct changes to the words themselves, while analytical morphology to the various associated functional morphemes that are not phonologically bound to the verbs.

Often these two morphologies mix and the results and the processes themselves are reflected differently in various descendants.

Synthetic Morphology
In essence, synthetic morphology had already begun simplifying by the Proto-Bakarh period. Almost all of it is preserved, but certain aspects of it, not reflected in any daughter language, show up only in foreign loans of the period. The language's synthetic morphology is divided according to the two major word classes: verb morphology and noun morphology.

Noun Morphology
The Proto-Bakarh noun is made up of the following components:

The abbreviations above mean the following:
 * - a prefix attached to the core of the noun
 * - the basic form of the noun, not simplifiable further
 * - a suffix (often derivational in nature) attached to to form the core
 * - the declension of the noun
 * - an optional clitic added to the noun to form a noun complex.

Root
The root is the smallest coherent syntactial and morphological unit we find in Proto-Bakarh. While it is not a word, it is more independent than pure morphemes. Roots in Proto-Bakarh are almost exclusively of a single syllable, although disyllabic roots can also be found but in smaller amounts. There is only one reconstructed trisyllabic root in the language:  (Ōktarh species) - as it is a loanword from Proto-Dnaric, it isn't considered a proper example of the structure of Proto-Bakarh roots.

Monosyllabic roots in Proto-Bakarh never contained both a lateral and a rhotic at the same time, although disyllables sometimes did.

Disyllabic roots in Proto-Bakarh contained either only front or only back vowels in their base form,  but this could change when modified.

The peculiar property of Proto-Bakarh roots was that they changed their vowels during certain processes. This is called ablaut, and there were three kinds of ablaut:
 * 1) Front-back ablaut (shīŋH ~ shūŋH)
 * -This form of ablaut substitutes the vowel in question with its opposite on the horizontal axis.
 * 2) High-low ablaut (nłosH ~ nłusH)
 * -This form of ablaut substitutes the vowel in question with its opposite on the vertical axis.
 * 3) Short-long ablaut (ṣisxam ~ ṣisxām)
 * -This form of ablaut substitutes the vowel in question with its opposite in regards to length.

All three forms of ablaut are morphologically conditioned and occur only in specific enviroments. The vowel undergoing ablaut is always the last vowel in the root. Each ablaut can be applied only once (no stacking of ablauts is possible), and any further ablauts of the kind previously used shall invariably be ignored.

A few special roots to keep in mind:


 * 1) <ŋasq> - its basic usage is as an anchor in top-level phrases (phrases that do not stand below anything except the sentence unit).
 * This root doesn't change the length of its vowel if any other ablaut applies.
 * 2) <ŋēt> - its basic usage is an anchor in non-top-level phrases (phrases that are under other phrases).
 * This root doesn't change its vowel quality.
 * 3)  - it is used as a general negative.
 * This root doesn't change the length of its vowel.
 * 4) - it is used as a general positive.
 * This root doesn't change the length of its vowel.

Suffix
The suffix that goes to the root of the noun is second in importance only to the root. Every noun has a suffix, even if it is based on the trisyllabic root. A suffix might not be obvious in appearance, but that usually means it has either contracted or has been assimilated.

Generally speaking, there are a few morphophonological suffixation rules in PB:
 * Short vowels merge with /ɦ/ in varying ways, depending on their position in the mouth.
 * If the vowel is back, the combination /ɦV/ becomes /ɰu/.
 * If the vowel is front, the combination /ɦV/ becomes /ŋi/.
 * Two short vowels will collapse into one long vowel whose height is determined by the first and frontness by the second vowel.
 * Two long vowels become seperated by a consonant - the exact consonant is determined by the first vowel.
 * If the first vowel is high, the seperator consonant is /ŋ/.
 * If the first vowel is low, the seperator consonant is /x/.

Ending
Endings of nouns show its number, case and definiteness. Case and number are correlated but not truly conflated. The table below demonstrates the relationship between case and number: