Xumiqedi

This is a conlang featuring a small and unambiguous grammar.

Phonotactics
The stress is on the first syllable with higher pitch, there is no reduction. Syllable format is CV - consonant-vowel.

Grammar
Text consists of sentences in an arbitrary order. Sentences consist of connected words. The connection always has a direction. Main word is followed by dependent words. Dependent words order is defined in the dictionary for each main word. The last phoneme of a word determines how many dependent words it has: 0 -a, 1 -i, 2 -u, 3 -o, 4 -y. Also that part does not change.

Pronouns end in -a. Pronouns provide a common context between sentences. The same pronouns in different sentences refer to the same things. The choice of a pronoun is up to speaker, they are equal.

cyfu va na - I and you. cyfu ka na cozi ka - I sleep. cozi sa - Someone sleeps. cyfu na da pizu na ra - I love something/someone. cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga - I love cats. cyfu la ka pizu la na dogi na pizu na ma tuzi ma - I love the cat that loves a meat.

One may group several sentences putting words se (cite begin) and te (cite end) around them. It makes one unit from grammatical point of view. One uses it for expressing the indirect speech, for example. This structure has zero dependencies.

cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga - I love cats. su va se cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga te zelu na va - He says I love cats. su va se cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga te zoku na va - He says "I love cats".

Names are expressed as a word with one dependency and that yields a sentence. Names of many words may be split into several sentences:

johani va raseli va - John Russel.

Tense is expressed with words already, later, now and ago, and they are above "verbs".

cyfu da sa pizu da ga - I love it. cyfu da sa lewi pizu da ga - I love it right now. cyfu da sa roni pizu da ga - I loved it. cyfu da sa vibi pizu da ga - I will love it.

These words are also translated as former / ex-, current / present and future.

Also there are words while and after.

gyzu pizu da ga cozi da - He loves it while he sleeps. futu pizu da ga cozi da - He loves it, and after that he sleeps.

Dependency priority is from right to left. That may confuse programmers. It means that a main word "waits" while its dependencies get all of their dependencies if any, then only the main word gets a next one. Consider a text:

"gyzu pizu da ga cozi da".

In this language a tree builds up like this:

"(gyzu (pizu da ga) (cozi da))".

But there are programming languages where priority is from left to right, so the tree should be different:

"(gyzu pizu da) ga cozi da",

and the words outside parens are unneeded dependencies, that's error of interpretation. In this language there is no parens and no first-class functions.

Gender is expressed with words male and female. If omitted, one should guess from context. There is no gender by default.

ryti va - Human. ryti va jiji va - Woman. ryti va pixi va - Man.

Singular and plural is expressed with numbers. If number is omitted, one should guess from context, there is no number by default. A number itself is nominal. To make a cardinal number add "zuni" in the end.

vaci zuni va dogi va - A cat (one). rapi zuni va dogi va - Two cats. jeli va dogi va - Cats (many). vugi va dogi va - Some cats. qeni va dogi va - All cats. dogi va - A cat or cats.

Ordinal numbers end in the word "nuzi".

rapi zuni va dogi va - Two cats. rapi nuzi va dogi na - The second cat.

Numbers.

1 - vaci 2 - rapi 3 - mepi 4 - dopi 5 - suxi 6 - vimi 7 - qiji 8 - bywi 9 - dizi 0 - pihi 10 - vaci pihi 11 - vaci vaci 777 - qiji qiji qiji 1 000 - vaci pihi pihi pihi 1 000 000 000 000 (1e12) - vaci beji vaci rapi -1,28e10 - xifi vaci kaqi rapi bywi beji vaci pihi 1/3 - vaci tini mepi

Negation is expressed with word "ciki" on top of the sentence.

qeni va dogi va jopi va - All cats are gray. ciki qeni va dogi va jopi va - Not all cats are gray. qeni va dogi va ciki jopi va - All cats are not gray.

Comparative word is "bawu" - more. Superlative is expressed as "more than all".

doji - wolf xoxi - white doji va bawu xoxi va xoxi ga doji ga - This wolf is whiter than that. (The whiteness of the first wolf is more than the whiteness of the second.)

Phrases with "only". It's always meant that one is something while others aren't. Therefore the reference to others is necessary. It is expressed with the word "hoso" - "only for x1 but not for x2, x3 is true".

Among all things only gray cats are nice. hoso va na qaji va jopi va dogi va only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1.

Among cats only gray are nice. hoso va na qaji va jopi va dogi va dogi na only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1, cat 2.

Only one son of John sleeps. hoso va na vaci zuni va cozi va micu va ta pixi va hivani ta micu na ta pixi na only 1 2 (one (quantity 1)), sleep 1, child 1 3, male 1, John 3, child 2 3, male 2.

The only son of John sleeps. hoso va na dawu micu va ta pixi va hivani ta cozi va only 1 2 (and (child 1 3) (male 1)), John 3, sleep 1.

Only the only son of John sleeps. hoso va na dawu micu va ta pixi va hivani ta hoso va na cozi va only 1 2 (and (child 1 3) (male 1)), John 3, only 1 2 (sleep 1).

The dictionary is generated pseudorandomly, but some words are borrowed. In the borrowed words one puts h between two vowels in a row and i between two consonants in a row. The dictionary may grow forever and sometimes be fixed. It's discouraged to borrow a word shorter than three syllables. There is no rules to make new words. Concatenation of roots is not productive, I believe. Commas, dots, etc are not regulated.

EBNF
text = sentence, {space, sentence}; sentence = word0 vowel = "a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y"; consonant = "b" | "c" | "d" | "f" | "g" | "h" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "p" | "q" | "r" | "s" | "t" | "v" | "w" | "x" | "z"; wordbase = consonant, {vowel, consonant}; word0 = wordbase, "a"; word1 = wordbase, "i"; word2 = wordbase, "u"; word3 = wordbase, "o"; word4 = wordbase, "y"; space = blank, {blank}; blank = " " | "," | "." | "?" | "!" | ";" | ":" | "[" | "]" | "{" | "}" | "" | "|" | "/" | "~" | "*" | "(" | ")" | "-" | " ".
 * (word1, space, sentence)
 * (word2, space, sentence, space, sentence)
 * (word3, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence)
 * (word4, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence)
 * ("se", space, text, space, "te");

Example text
To do.

Site
In English and Russian. https://sites.google.com/view/xumiqedi