Logiano

Setting
Logiano is designed to be a simple language using a logical method of modulation. It is meant to be used as an international auxiliary language and has not devloped "naturally."

Alphabet
Initially, the alphabet had very unique designs. But as I started to develop the vocabulary, I decided to use existing characters to make it easier to learn.

Every letter has one sound (Though some sounds, like the letter R, will differ based on the native language of the speaker).

English IPA:

Phonotactics
No more than two consonants in succession per root word. If roots are combined and there are more than two consonants in succession, the letter A is added to the end of the first root. BRATϢϿO, "Goodbye" is made from the roots "BR"- to go, and "TϢϿ"- good. An A must be placed between the roots. If roots are combined and there is a double letter, the second may be omitted. Letters at the beginning of words are hardened.

Stress
Stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable. Affixes separated by a dash are not considered part of the word and therefore do not follow this rule.

Articles
The definite articles are ƵѦ and ƵѦN. The former is used for singular nouns, the latter for plural nouns. The only indefinite article is KѦ, used for singluar nouns (see Table of Correlatives).

Nouns
Nouns always end in O, which is attached to the root. Plural nouns are formed by attaching Ͽ to the root.

Pronouns
The plurals are not derivatives of the singulars due to plural adjective conflicts.

Proper Nouns
Proper nouns such as titles or names are left alone but are still translated as accurately as possible: ƸO TUϪЭNAÇ MARϿA- I (am aquianted with) Maria.

Objects
Indirect objects (Dative case) are formed by adding V to the end of a noun (not the root): ƸO ΔAÇ ƵOV ƵѦ UTO- I give you the car.

Verbs
Verbs are formed by attching AÇ to the root.

Negatives
Negative verbs are formed simply by adding the prefix BѦ-: ƸO BѦ-LAÇ- I am not.

Tenses and Aspects
Tenses and aspects have different meanings in Logiano. What some languages consider a separate tense may be considered an aspect in Logiano, and vice versa. Aspects may be combined with a tense (VAÇ-ПϿΘA- had seen). The tense ending always precedes the aspect ending. If more than one aspect is needed, the aspect endings are arranged alphabetically (VAÇ-ϷAϨA – to see oneself). There are no transition verbs.

Tenses
Each tense (except Present) is denoted by a suffix ending in Ͽ

Aspects
Each tense is denoted by a suffix ending in A

Examples and Explanations
I am going to see the dog- ƸO BRAÇ-ʕA VAÇ-ϷA ƵѦ KѦNO

Literally, this statement means "I going to see the dog." The helping verb "am/LAÇ" is not used.

I will be seeing the dog- ƸO VAÇ-NϿʕA ƵѦ KѦNO

Again, the helping verb is omitted.

I had been seen by the dog- ƸO VAÇ-ПϿΘAMA TON ƵѦ KѦNO

The ending ПϿ denotes past tense, ΘA denotes perfective (have seen), and MA denotes passive (am/is/are seen).

Adjectives
Adjectives are put before the object that they are describing and are created by adding U to the root: BEJ U UTO - beautiful car. Adjectives that describe plural nouns end in UM: BEJ UM UTϿ - beautiful cars.

Comparatives
Comparatives are formed by adding the suffix ѦΘ (more) or ѦΘKA (most) to the end of an adjective. The word “than” when used to compare is “ϢЭN” (VϿƸU-ѦΘ ϢЭN NEÇO- whiter than snow).

Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by attaching K to the end of an adjective (not the root): ENΓORΘUK- angrily. Adverbs immediately precede the verb.

Table of Correlatives
Loosely based on Zamenhof's table for Esperanto. Relative pronouns can be formed by adding the conjuntion ending T: ƸO ƸϿAÇ MOƵѦT BRANΔAÇ- I know who drives.

Greetings
Hello- ϷELO

Hi- ϷAJO

Goodbye- BRATϢϿO

How Are You?- ϷOƵѦ LAÇ ƵO?

Good- TϢϿU

Bad- XANU

So-so- RANU

Excellent- TϢϿU-ÇOLЭ

Example text
KѦ ROΔO LAÇ ΦJOKѦ ΓARUƵO. ƵѦ ΓARUƵO KOϢAÇ-MA VѦN ƵѦ EПЭΓO ΔEN KѦ ROΔU ƸOMO. KѦ BRϿXU ROΔO~ KѦ ROΔO ΦOʕѦT LAÇ ϷABU ΘAÇ-ϷA~ ΓURAÇ VORUK LAÇ-ϷA ϨAKU, BRAΔU, JOT ΘϿNU. ƵѦ ЭVO ΔEN KѦ ROΔO LAÇ LOTU. KѦ ROΔO LAÇ ΔϿTAVUK UΔJABU (18) ÇENTϿMϿTϿRϿ ΔEN ΔϿAMϿTϿRO.

Translation

An apple is a kind of fruit. The fruit is found on the branch of an apple tree. A ripe apple- an apple that is ready to eat- can also be green, brown, or yellow. The shape of an apple is like a ball. An apple is approximately 18 centimeters around.