Varðinekvas/Old

So, yep, Old 'Nekvas that is. AKA Western dialect with less substrate.

History
Rejoice, those who are faithful (and those who are not), since I've came up with an explanation how the f*ck an IE language came to a conworld.

Varði originated from a group of PIE (hence the conservativity) refugees whose tribe was nearing extinction because of a war with another tribe and decided to perform a ritual which was thought to teleport the targets into a safe place. It was quite successful, as no one has seen those who underwent it any more, however due to me being the creator of this language some unknown error some of them ended up in my conworld, then in its analogue of Early Middle Ages, name of which in Varðinekvas is still undecided.

Name
"Varði" most likely means "the bearded ones", because the neighboring Köz commonly didn't have beards.

Phonology

 * See Varðinekvas.

The phonology of Old Varðinekvas is largely the same, with a few exceptions:
 * 1) Some sounds and corresponding graphemes are absent because a substrate carried them over to the modern form of the language.
 * 2) é and ó are not only raised but also lengthened. In fact, <ó> represents [ʊ].

Stage 1: Proto-Varðinekvas
Let's assume that PIE was like the reconstructions.

So, Proto-Nekvas is the name applied to language in its rather rudimentary form, attested from earliest inscriptions on spearheads, pottery and so on and still almost mutually intelligible with PIE.

Note that Proto-Varðinekvas always had stress on the 1st syllable of the root.

Sound changes
- Basic sound changes from PIE - -- Vowel changes -- h₁ > 0 /#_ ! /#_CC (h₁lewdʰ- > lauðos) h₁ > 0 /V_ (dʰéh₁tis > ðetis) h₁ > a (*h₂enh₁mos > enams) h₂ > 0 /#_V (*h₂ówis > ovis) h₂ > a /#_ (h₂nḗr > anér) h₂ > á (h₂ḱrós > áš(ə)r-, ášro) h₃ > o (h₃dónts > odont) h₃e > o (h₃ekʷ- > ogu) éh₂ > á (bʰréh₂tēr > brát(er) ew > au (bʰewdʰ- > bauð-) ē > é (h₂nḗr > anér) {o a} > e /Cʲ_ (ḱad- > šed-) -- Consonant changes -- w > v (h₂ōwyóm > ovio) kʷ > gʷ ! kʷ > gʷ /_C [-voiced] Pʷ > Pu /_C (h₁n̥gʷnis > agunis) Pʷ > P Pʰ > P /#_C (bʰrem- > brem-, brimai) bʰ > b /_D (bʰewg- > baug-, bégai) Pʰ > P /#_e? ! *dʰ > d /#_e (bʰer- > ber-; dʰegʷʰ- > ðeɣ-) bʰ > b /C_? (ǵómbʰos > žembas) Pʰ > F ḱ ǵ > š ž ḱʰ ǵʰ > x ɣ ! /_C - Post-PIE sound changes - -- Stress-based ablaut -- --- Stressed --- a > á in standalone monosyllables e > a ^^ (brem > bram (imp.) e > é /l_ k_ g_ (šlevas > šlévas) {s þ} {z ð} > š ž /_i (ðiɣai > žiɣai (3sg) P[+velar] > P[+alveolar] /_V[+front] F[+velar] > F[+postalv.] /_V[+front] --- Unstressed --- {x ɣ} > k g /_a o (žiɣai > žigai) é > i (anér > anir) ai > e (žigai > žige) oi ei > i (laudoi > laudi) au > ó (velauva > velóva) np *mt > mp nt (ḱm̥tóm > šimta > šinta) ɣ > x /_# (breɣ > brex (n.) a > 0 /#_ ! /#_CC (anir > nir ! an(t)ras > an(t)ras) P F[+voiced] > P F [-voiced] /_# (varð > varþ ! varðis > varðis) The tribe(s) allegedly wandered west from around the Middle Mountain Range and the Proto-Varðinekvas stage ended when they settled in a (non-Köz) area called "Važdiba", derived from the word važda (arm, limb) or važdis (having long limbs), which referred to natives of the area, and -ba, a generic placename suffix. By the time of first settlements the PV stage was considered to have ended.