Lili

Warning: this version of Lili is outdated and work in progress, please wait. --- Lili is an engineered language made with the goal of being an "atomic language", in the sense that words are made of "semantical atoms", words that cannot be divided any further. Or at least, I'll try to make it like that (lol).

Syntactically unambiguous
It must always be clear what the particles, markers and adjectives refer to.

Compoundable
There shouldn't and won't be any word for "child", for example, because that's a complex concept. Instead, you have to compound "human + young". There won't be any word for "steal", either. You have to compound it.

Disambiguable
You can always disambiguate a sentence if it's ambiguous.

Consonants
Lili has 16 consonants:

b: /b

c: /ʃ

d: /d

f: /f

g: /ɡ

j: /ʒ

k: /k

l: /l

m: /m

n: /n

p: /p

r: /r

s: /s

t: /t

v: /v

z: /z

Vowels
Lili has 5 vowels:

a: /a

e: /ɛ

i: /i

o: /ɔ

u: /u

Syntax
Lili has a SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order for non-switch sentences. Ignoring "p" and "t", the elements that occupy the odd positions of a sentence are called "operands", while the elements that occupy the even positions of a sentence are called "operators". There must always be an odd number of elements (ignoring "p" and "t") in the sentence, so that a sentence always starts and ends with an operand, alternating between operands and operators. Every word is separated by an "i" or an "l", everything is lowercase and there is no punctuation. Spaces are completely arbitrary. See the following transitive sentence:

cinakirend: I eat an apple

c: I (operand)

nak: to eat/drink (operator)

rend: apple (operand)

This is the most basic type of sentence. Be careful, though, "cinak" is not a grammatically valid sentence, because it's an even number of elements. If you want to connect a subject to a verb without an object, you have to use the operator "d" between the subject and the verb. The sentence will become:

cidinak: I eat

Parentheses
Consider the following sentence:

cinakipi rendikickau: I eat a red apple

c: I

nak: to eat

p: (open parenthesis)

rend: apple

k: (connecting operator)

ckau: red

The same sentence without the parenthesis would have meant "the fact that I apple an apple is red", which makes no sense. That's because "kickau" (red) would have referred to the whole sentence instead of just "apple". A parenthesis is closed with "t", but that cannot appear at the end of a speech.

Switch
Adding an e- before any operator will switch A and B. For example:

cinakirend: I eat an apple

rendlenakic: I eat an apple

The meaning is exactly the same. Switch sentence have an OVS word order.

Degree words
Words like "zuca" usually mean a thing or its opposite. In this case, "zuca" means "sad-happy". To give this word a degree, you must use the operator "k" and then one of these operands: vuon, vuen, vuan, vun, von, ven, van. zucalkivuon: very sad (-3) zucalkivuen: sad (-2) zucalkivuan: a bit sad (-1) zucalkivun: neutral (0) zucalkivon: a bit happy (+1) zucalkiven: happy (+2) zucalkivan: very happy (+3)

Verbal tenses
"z" is the operator that introduces time, while "puf" is the operand that means "past-future". For example:

cidinak: I eat/drink (no tense)

cidinaki zipi pufikivuan: I just ate/drank (immediate past)

cidinaki zipi pufikivun: I'm eating (present)

cidinaki zipi pufikivon: I'm about to eat (immediate future)

Singular and plural markers
Unmarked nouns in Lili are neither singular nor plural. To mark them as singular or plural you need to add the operator "k" after the noun, and add sn to make them singular, pn to make them plural, or gn to make a generalization. This is optional.

rend: apple

rendikisn: an apple

rendikipn: some apples

rendikign: apples in general

The generalization marker is used in sentences like these:

aboti kigni dipi dusmikivuen: humans are stupid

abot: human

k: (connecting operator)

gn: generalization marker

d: (connecting operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

dusm: dumb-smart

k: (connecting operator)

vuen: degree marker (-2)

Genders
After the operator "k", add the operand "na" for "female" or "vu" for "male".

ci dinak: I eat/drink

ciki naldinak: I (female) eat/drink

ciki vuldinak: I (male) eat/drink

Compound words
Most English words don't have a direct translation in Lili. You have to compound them using stems, which are simple words. For example, to make the word "to see", you have to say "to feel with eyes", which is "fereinsiovop".

fere: to feel (operand)

ns: (instrumental operator)

ovop: eye (operand)

Compounding is going to be better explained in the later lessons.

Case prepositions
There are a lot of operators that function like prepositions that function like cases. For example, "cm" is the comitative operator, that means "in company of", "with". For example:

cidi asob icmij: I play with you

c: I (operand)

d: (connecting operator)

asob: to play (operand)

cm: (comitative operator)

j: you (operand)

As another example, "ns" is the instrumental operator, that means "by the means of".

cidina kinsizrau: I eat with a fork

c: I (operand)

d: (connecting operator)

nak: to eat/drink (in this case the context is clear) (operand)

ns: (instrumental operator)

zrau: fork (operand)

Evidentiality
After the operator "av", you can insert the source of a statement. For example:

fere: experienced event

kreu: hearsay

dop: inference (when you are sure something happened but didn't experience it yourself)

zuf: speculation (when you have no idea what you're talking about, similar to the word "might" or "I suppose that...")

Example sentence:

reldi cafalavi zuf: he/she might be sleeping

re: he/she/it (operand)

d: (connecting operator)

cafa: to sleep (operand)

av: (evidentiality operator)

zuf: speculation (operand)

You can use normal words after "av", too. Like "benk" (to study). Adding "avibenk" to a sentence means you learned it through studying.

Negative and interrogative sentences
After the operator "k", "u" turns a sentence into negative, while "ba" turns it into yes/no interrogative. Example:

ji naki rendi zipedalkiu: you didn't eat any apple(s) today

ji naki rendi zipedalkiba: did you eat any apple(s) today?

j: you

nak: to eat/drink

rend: apple

z: (introduces time)

peda: the past part of today

k: (connecting operator)

u: negative; ba: interrogative

It is possible to refer to only part of the sentence, to express some nuances. For example:

jikibal naki rendi zipeda: was it you who ate the apple(s) today?

ji nakipi rendikibalti zipeda: was it an apple the thing you ate today?

ji naki rendi zipi pedalkiba: was it today that you ate the apple(s)?

Types of yes/no questions
There are 9 types of yes/no question markers, according to what the speaker thinks and hopes the answer to be.

"ba": standard

"beu": the speaker thinks and hopes the answer to be "no"

"bau": the speaker thinks the answer will be "yes", but hopes the answer to be "no"

"be": the speaker thinks the answer will be "no"

"bu": the speaker hopes the answer to be "no"

"ba": the speaker thinks the answer will be "yes"

"beo": the speaker thinks the answer will be "no", but hopes the answer will be "yes"

"bo": the speaker hopes the answer to be "yes"

"bao": the speaker thinks and hopes the answer will be "yes"

Relative pronoun
"reu" is the relative pronoun operator, that means "that/who/which". For example:

aboti reulpi kacairi kruko: killer

---

abot: human (operand)

reu: relative pronoun (operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

kaca: to cause (operand)

r: (connective operator)

kruko: death (operand)

---

Yes, that's the way to say "killer" in this Lili, since there is no direct translation. There is no "-er" suffix like in English, so you need to say "a person who [does something]".

"Like"
There are four ways to say "like" to compare something to something else: use the operators "kak", "kek", "kok" or "kuk".

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j: you

d: (connecting operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

tuvu: (trigger... it will be explained better later) (operand)

r: (connecting operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

fere: to feel (operand)

ns: (instrumental operator)

fauk: nose (operand)

t: (close parenthesis)

t: (close parenthesis)

kak/kek/kok/kuk: like

kbac: goat

---

jidipi tuvuiripi fereinsifauki titi kak ikbac: you smell like a goat (you smell, and goats smell too)

jidipi tuvuiripi fereinsifauki titi kek ikbac: you smell like a goat (the smell is similar)

jidipi tuvuiripi fereinsifauki titi kok ikbac: you smell like a goat (the intensity is similar)

jidipi tuvuiripi fereinsifauki titi kok ikbac: you smell like a goat (the smell and intensity are similar)

Sensual triggers
"tuvu" is a word that is difficult, if not impossible, to translate in English. For example, "fereinsifauk" means "to smell", in the sense "detecting a smell (literally: "to feel with the nose")", not "emanating a smell". To say that in the second sense, you must use "tuvu". "tuvuiripi fereinsifauk" roughly means, literally, "to enable feeling with the nose". It can be used with any other sense, for example: "fereinsiovop" means "to see", while "tuvuiripi fereinsiovop" means "to be visible".

From an individual to a group
The operand "koze", after the operator "k", modifies a noun and turns, for example, "human" into "humankind".

abot: human

aboti kikoze: humankind

Everyday, a guy looks at me
catelkivoklezipi abotikivuldipi fereinsiovopiki spaultiric: everyday, a guy looks at me

---

cate: day (period from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59) (operand)

k: (connecting operator)

vok: every (operand)

ez: (switched "z") (operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

abot: human (operand)

k: (connecting operator)

vu: male (operand)

d: (connecting operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

fere: to feel (operand)

ns: (instrumental operator)

ovop: eye (operand)

k: (connecting operator)

spau: (intentional action marker) (operand)

t: (close parenthesis)

r: (connecting operator)

c: I (operand)

---

This sentence is ambiguous, because we don't know if it's always the same guy or if the guy can be different everytime. There is an optional way to disambiguate this sentence, putting "dob" after the operator "k" to indicate that the guy is always the same, and "tob" to indicate that it can change.

catelkivoklezipi abotikivulkidobi dipi fereinsiovopiki spaultiric: everyday, a guy looks at me (always the same guy)

catelkivoklezipi abotikivulkitopi dipi fereinsiovopiki spaultiric: everyday, a guy looks at me (not necessarily the same guy every time)

Expectations
"To expect" in English has two meanings: "to want", and "to think something will happen". They are translated as "casu" and "keco" respectively.

cicasul vtau: I expect (want) an answer cikecol vtau: I expect (think that will happen) an answer

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c: I (operand)

casu/keco: (operators)

vtau: answer (operand)

Requests
After the operator "m", "rob" indicates that it's a request.

jlabo cici mirob: please hug me

j: you (operand)

aboc: hug (operator)

c: I (operand)

m: (operator)

rob: (request) (operand)

Emotions and tones of voice (outdated from here)
After the operator "m", a word that indicates emotion or tone of voice, indicates that the sentence is said with that emotion or tone or voice.

cicasulpi clabo ciji timinuca: "I want to hug you" (said with a smile).

c: I (operand)

casu: to want, wish (operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

c: I (operand)

aboc: hug (operator)

j: you (operand)

t: (close parenthesis)

m: (introduces emotion or tone of voice) (operator)

nuca: smile (operand)

You can also use "m" as an operand, then use "r", and then the name of the motion, to use them as emoticons.

mirinuca: (smile emoticon)

Conditionals
"rac" means "therefore", and "erac" is the switch of "rac", it means "because".

jlabo cici racipi cidizaca: you hug me, therefore I'm very happy

cidizacal eracipi jlabocic: I'm very happy, because you hug me

"rof" means "if A, then B". Its switch "erof" is a bit difficult to translate in English, but it's something like:"it would be A, if B"

jlabo cici rofipi cidizaca: if you hug me, then I'm very happy

cidizacal erofipi jlabocic: I would be very happy if you hug me

"rer" can either mean "rac" or "rof"

jlabo cici reripi cidizaca

It's not specified whether the listener hugs the speaker.

Affirmative or negative
"au" after the operator "k" ambiguates the sentence, rendering it affirmative or negative.

relabo cici klau: he/she hugs me, OR he/she doesn't hug me.

---

re: he/she/it (operand)

aboc: to hug (operator)

c: I (operand)

k: (connecting operator)

au: (affirmative or negative marker) (operand)

Can be translated in English approximately as "He/she doesn't necessarily hug me", but without the awkwardness. Useful when you don't want to admit something.

Yes/no
a: yes

au: yes OR no (when you don't want to answer)

u: no

Weather
Usually, saying "rejd" (rain) or "kavo" (snow) is enough to say "it rains" or "it snows". If you want to specify it's unambiguously a verb, then say "weather event" + "d" + "suba", for example:

rejdidi suba: it rains

But it's unnecessary. "rejd" is enough, even though it can be either a noun or a verb if alone. If you want to specify "rain" as a noun, use the noun suffix "un" after the operator "k".

rejd: rain/it rains

rejdidi suba: it rains

rejdi klun: rain (noun)

Reflexives
"caj" is the reflexive pronoun, and can be used interchangeably with normal pronouns.

clabo cic = clabo cicaj = I hug myself

Sexual orientations and fetishes
There are two words to describe your sexual preferences: "zoge" and "fnau". "zoge" means you want to have sex with someone, while "fnau" is a fetish. "Towards" is "r". They can be either operands or operators.

zogeirigog: homosexuality zogeiricta: heterosexuality zogeirizev: bisexuality zogeiriguedo: pedophilia zogeirikruko: necrophilia zogeiripn: polygamy fnauirigava: foot fetish cizogelgog: I'm gay cizogeicta: I'm straight cifnaulgava: I have a foot fetish aboti zeulpi zogeirigog: gay person

The first time
"The first time she hugged me, I was very happy". Let's see how to translate this.

"Time" (in the sense of "occurrence") is "raop". "One" is "ras". To turn a cardinal number into an ordinal number, use "rod". "First" is "rasikirod". "The first time" is "raopikipi rasikirod(iti)". "She hugged me" is "relkinal abocic". To connect these two sentences, we must use the operator "dac". "raopikipi rasikiroditi dacipi relkinal abocic(iti)" means "the first time she hugged me". "I was very happy" is "cidizaca". To connect these two sentences, we must use the operator "ez", which is the switch of "z". The complete sentence will be:

raopikipi rasikiroditi dacipi relkinal aboci citi ezipi cidizaca

Expressing your opinion about an event
Use the operand "b-ga" (bad-good) and refer to the whole sentence. For example:

jidi zbefi kibuega: you're fat (I don't like it) jidi zbefi kibuga: you're fat (I have a neutral opinion about it) jidi zbefi kibega: you're fat (I like it)

Politeness
After the operator "m", the following operands express different levels of politeness.

zueje: vulgar

zuaje: informal

zuje: humble

zoje: polite

zeje: honorific

True and false insults
jigei pcuci mispu: you are an excrement

It's not true that the listener is an excrement, but the speaker says it as an insult. Every word becomes an insult with "spu", even words that mean "computer" or "strawberry". "spu" can be disambiguated in "spub", which is an insult said when the speaker is angry at the listener, and "spuc", which is a playful insult not meant to be taken seriously. "snu" is an insult used when the sentence is literally true. "stu" is the ambiguation of "spu" and "snu".

"spu": metaphorical insult

"spub": metaphorical angry insult

"spuc": metaphorical playful insult

"snu": literal insult

"snub": literal angry insult

"snuc": literal playful insult

"stu": metaphorical or literal insult

"stub": angry, metaphorical or literal insult

"stuc": playful, metaphorical or literal insult

"sne": used when the speaker is stating a fact that can be considered offensive, but the speaker is neither angry nor annoyed, and doesn't mean it as an insult.

Sarcasm and metaphors
After the operator "m", "sra" is the operand that indicates that something is sarcastic, while "nta" indicates that it's a metaphor. Sarcasm and metaphors can be combined with each other.

cicebeikruko: I'm dying (literally, i.e. the speaker is dying) cicebeikrukoi minta: I'm dying (metaphorically, i.e. the speaker is uncomfortable) cicebeikrukoi mipintalkiau: I'm dying (metaphorically or literally)

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c: I (operand)

cebe: to become, transition (into) (operator)

kruko: death (operand)

My book
"de" is the possessive, but it's ambiguous.

cidelonda: my book

Did I buy it? Did I write it? It's unspecified.

cidebionda: my book (I bought it, but someone else wrote it) cidekionda: my book (the one I wrote)

Note that this distinction isn't valid for every word. In doubt, use "de".

Ambiguate the value of a degree word
There is no direct translation of the word "temperature". Instead, we must use k-ta ("cold-hot"), put a "u" instead of the hyphen ("kuta"), and use the operand "van" after that. "kutalkivan" means "unspecified value of cold-hot", and means "temperature". Something like "cidipi vurikivaniti riji" can mean "I love you", "I hate you", or anything in between. "kutalkivani kibega" means "a pleasant temperature".

A place where they sell food
"rasu" is "food". "sera" is "to sell". "serairi rasu" is "to sell food". "vems" is a place for activities. "vemsi kipi serairi rasu" is "a place where they sell food".

Meat
"cvuv" is the animal meat for human consumption. "[animal]" + "de" + "cvuv" means "the meat of [that animal] as food". For example, "akro" is chicken, but doesn't usually refer to its meat as food (unless it's obvious by the context). To refer to its meat as food, say "akroldei cvuv".

Days of the week
zava: Sunday

buoz: Monday

mazn: Tuesday

vefn: Wednesday

done: Thursday

apro: Friday

avep: Saturday

Permissions and prohibitions
orab: compulsory

crao: encouraged

sodo: permitted

zvaz: discouraged

gnau: prohibited

---

sodoiri smoki kiba: is smoking [here] permitted? cicraoikbaz: I encourage criticism

Habitual aspect
"baz" is the habitual aspect, and it goes after the operator "k", as usual.

cinakirendi kibaz: I habitually eat apples cifba dianami kibaz: I habitually watch cartoons cifba dipi anami kidobiti kibaz: There's a cartoon I habitually watch cifba dipi anami kidobiti kipi bazi zipuef: There's a cartoon I used to watch

When the listener makes the speaker feel an emotion
After the sentence, after the operator "m", insert [emotion + "erag" + "j"]. Don't forget to use the parenthesis correctly. For example "I love you, you're making me feel very happy":

civariji mipi zacale ragij

Seasons of the year
vesna: spring

retom: summer

osen: autumn

zmau: winter

The difference between "smelling" and "having a smell"
In English, there is no lexical difference between smelling something and having a smell, or any other of the 5 senses either. In Lili, there is this difference: ("cfad" means "soft")

fbab vs faub

cifba bicfad: I feel a soft thing (i.e. I'm touching something soft) cifau bicfad: I feel soft (i.e. if you touch me, you'll feel soft)

---

fbac vs fauk

cifba cibega: I'm smelling a good thing

cifau kibega: I smell good (i.e. a good smell emanates from me)

---

fbad vs faud:

cifba dibega: I'm looking at something good

cifau dibega: I look good

---

Also: fbaf vs fauf (hearing) fbag vs faug (taste)

Topic marker
"top" is the topic marker. It broadly means "as opposed to something/someone else". For example:

cinakipi rendikisniti zipuaf: I just ate an apple cikitopi nakipi rendikisniti zipuaf: it was me who just ate an apple cinakipi rendikisniki topiti zipuaf: it was an apple the thing I just ate

My hand
There are two meanings of "my hand", though one is extremely unlikely

cidelvado: my hand (the one of my body) cidezivado: my hand (the hand of someone else that I consider to be my property)

"cidezivado" can be used, in an unlikely hypothetical case, if I cut off someone's hand and consider it to be mine.

Vocative
Name of the thing you're calling + "v" + sentence

abotikinalvipi cilabanij: I love you, girl.

In a certain style
"kub" means style. "pef" "means "future". "kubikipef" means "futuristic style".

About questions again
"bab" is an interrogative marker that means the question is affirmative for the speaker. "bac" means the question is negative for the speaker

jidizecal kibab: are you happy, too? (I am) jidizecal kibac: are you happy? (I'm not)

It's cold, according to whom?
"saz", "sez" and "soz" mean"to have an opinion (that)", but they're different. For example, consider the three following sentences:

axobiki robikiul eragi kueta: don't go outside, it's cold (ambiguous) axobiki robikiul eragipi cisazikueta: don't go outside, it's cold (see below) axobiki robikiul eragipi cisezikueta: don't go outside, it's cold (see below)

The second sentence is strange, because why would a speaker discourage someone else from going outside based on his/her own perception of cold? It's clear that the speaker is projecting his/her own perception of cold onto another person, that's why the word "sez" needs to be used. "saz" means you don't care about people agreeing with you, while "sez" means you want people to agree with you. In the case of "don't go outside, it's cold", the speaker is not merely stating his/her own opinion about the temperature, he/she wants the listener to agree as well. "soz" can either mean "saz" or "sez".

Difficult and easy
"Difficult" and "easy" have two meanings each. "z-de" means "difficult-easy" in the sense that something is difficult or easy to do, while "s-zu" means "difficult-easy" in the sense that something is unlikely or likely to happen. For example:

aboti reulpi xekalki zede: a person who gets angry easily (see below) aboti reulpi xekalki sezu: a person who gets angry easily (see below)

The first sentence means that the person described finds getting angry to be an easy achievement.

The second sentence means that the person described often gets angry for little to no reason.

Usually, in English, "a person who gets angry easily" is meant as in the second sentence, and the meaning of the first sentence would be considered a unusual interpretation.

To be used at the following conditions
"uzdu" is an operator that means "to be used at the following conditions". For example, "avub" means "vehicle", and "avubluzdulpi samirigeog" means "terrestrial vehicle" (e.g. a car, bus, truck, bike, train etc.).

"avub" = "vehicle"

"uzdu" = "to be used at the following conditions"

"p" = (open parenthesis)

"sam = "on"

"r" = (operator)

"geog" = "land"

Substitute "geog" (land) with "capen" (body of water), and you'll get "avubluzdulpi samiricapen", which can mean any vehicle that travels on water (boats, ships, etc.). Substitute "sam" (on) with "s" (in) and you'll get "avubluzdulpi siricapen", which means "submarine".

Case system
Coming soon

Locative-temporal system
Coming soon

Interrogative dummy word
Coming soon

Consensuality
Coming soon

Frequence
Coming soon

Wishes and reality
Coming soon

Genitive system
Coming soon

Adding, reinstating or contradicting knowledge
Coming soon

With and without
Coming soon

Interrogative subset
Coming soon

Vocabulary (work in progress) (828 words)
mazn: Tuesday

vefn: Wednesday

done: Thursday

apro: Friday

avep: Saturday

orab: compulsory

sodo: permitted

zvaz: discouraged

gnau: prohibited

bau: interrogative marker (the speaker hopes for an affirmative answer)

aba: to learn

abev: school bell

abka: pattern, motif

aboc: hug

abom: cool (in the sense of "good", not temperature)

abot: human

abre: depression (condition)

abuf: mouse (animal)

abuj: predator (animal)

abuv: vertebrate

abvu: school subject

abzu: truth

acko: flower

actag: hashtag

ad-n: old-new

adre: hell (afterlife)

adu: hybrid between A and B

aeke: euphoria (feeling)

afef: sailor

afof: to drive (a vehicle)

afub: birth

afuc: resurrection

agoc: salmon

ajam: to host (a guest)

ajok: port

akom: window

akro: chicken

amda: table

anam: cartoon

anamu: anime (Japanese-style cartoon)

ananas: ananas

antar: Antarctica

apra: carbonated (drink)

apun: wine

arka: home (i.e. the house, city or country where one lives; not in the sense of a building)

artuk: the Arctic

asb-: famine-condition with plenty of food

asen: influence

asma: hill, mountain

asmar: to whisper

asob: to play (a game), game

asus: laptop

asvu: season (of the year, not of a TV Series)

ateb: pizza

audo: audio (media)

auds: AIDS

ausk: ice-cream

autus: autism

avub: vehicle

avuba: energy (electrical current)

avuj: paralysis

avut: car

avutbez: bus

azeb: moon (natural satellite of any planet)

azupa: abortion

akrob: exit (of any physical place)

akrud: entry (of any physical place)

ba: interrogative marker

bab: (see "about questions again")

babso: newspaper

bac: (see "about questions again")

baca: to suddenly realize

bacfo: rose (flower)

banana: banana

baru: to bring

basa: sibling

barza: to stutter

baob: fairy

baoc: dragon

baoz: witch (both male and female)

bar-v: selfish-altruist

basebar: baseball

basketbar: basketball

basku: worldview

bekam: sandal (shoe)

bekza: earthquake shake

benuc: salad (food)

berbon: Berlin

baum: tree

baz: (habitual aspect marker)

bebo: beer

benk: to study

besku: to surf (the waves, not the web)

besne: friend

bete: to sit down

bevj: withdraw (e.g. money from a bank)

bevj-: discomfort-pleasure (emotional)

bevuk: to stand up motionless

bga: to go, come, to be (in a place), to stay

bman: company (friendly presence)

bobau: gelatine

bofo: round (shape)

bopak: Jew

bosko: forest

bovn: doctor

bovnu: hospital

br-k: slow-fast (in completing an action, not in motion)

brud: electronic device

bubo: circus

buck: wallet

buddusm: Buddhism

bunaz: period of around 28 days, lunar cycle

butru: root (of a plant)

bsoga: tv news

bt: but

buab: monkey

b-fa: harmful-healthy

budo: cloud

bufu: to have a different opinion, to disagree

bukb: invertebrate

buod: ice

buoz: Monday

b-va: dark-bright

buvo: clown

buzu: movie

bvea: oven (traditional or microwave)

bveb: traditional oven

bvek: microwave oven

b-nt: boring-interesting

b-ga: bad-good

b-ra: rude-friendly

c: I (first person singular pronoun)

ca: hello

cabk: to play (e.g. a video, audio)

cada: caress

cafau: cocoa

caft: fruit juice

caj: (reflexive)

cakre: coal

campo: shampoo

canad: t-shirt

c-ne: sweet-sour (taste)

canda: short-sleeved t-shirt

candek: polystyrene

cando: upper clothing (t-shirts, sweatshirts, jackets etc.)

candu: long-sleeved t-shirt

canedek: label (of a clothing)

canek: bush (vegetation)

canud: hat

canuda: baseball hat

canudu: cold weather hat

canza: good night (the speaker is going to sleep)

capa: star

capen: a natural body of water (e.g. river, lake, sea, ocean)

carm: near the listener

casu: wish

casv: dream (wish)

cavu: to find, consider (something to be...) (e.g. "I find this boring")

cazta: bee (animal)

cbak: shoe

cebe: the act of becoming

cekuka: adoptive family

cerus: orange (fruit)

ceuka: celiac

cfau: to sleep

cfuf: to run (motion, not in the sense of running a software)

ckark: root (origin of something)

ckeka: nucleus (of a planet)

ckau: red

cfum: mute person

ckap: law (human)

cokr-: to be distracted-to focus

conad: clothing

corar: to win (a prize)

cpono: lightning

crao: encouraged

cram: lipid

ctao: the Sun

ctan: competition (who does something in a better way)

ctem: to fall

ctema: myopia

ctua: laser

c-pab: light-heavy (weight)

ctuk: door lock

cubv: (music) track

cucd: animal (excluding humans)

cucf: animal (including humans)

cugez: shoegaze (music)

cumb: fish

cumd: mammal

cumk: insect

cund: day (bright part of the 24 hours)

curnu: constipation

cusk-: peace (lack of war)-war

cuvav: race (ethnicity)

cuzg-: peace(calm)-nervousness, agitation

cvad: soft (in a tactile way)

cvau: surgeon

cvea: relaxation

cvub: immortal

cvuk: to search, look for

cvuv: meat

cuta: cat

cukr-: to sleep-to be awake

cundo: lower clothing (trousers etc.)

cuneda: shorts (clothing)

cuzuz: whale

cvab: mortal (one who can die)

dabn: dawn, dusk

dafa: to teach

dajp: petal

daka: present, gift

dakt: tomorrow

danos: spice (food)

dapta: treeless land due to the cold summers, tundra

datuz: race (competition to see who reaches a certain place first)

davo: arm

decu: cherry

decuc: cartesian plane

demc: end of the world, doomsday

dena: to ignore

desko: disco

djapa: nectar

dkam: milk

dkama: turkey (animal)

dkem: yogurt

dkum: cheese

dnau: underwear

dobuf: dolphin

dobuk: doll

doka: positive (value above 0)

dokec: negative (value below 0)

doer: creativity

doku: heartbeat

dopo: dawn, sunrise

dorbo: thief

dotcu: dutch

dotga: mushroom

drent: volcano

duback: garlic

duga: to turn on (an electronic device)

dvan: bittersweet (taste)

dvaen: sour-sweet sauce

dvek: sauce (food)

dvuka: liquorice

d-sm: dumb-smart

fabeb: to imitate

faec: bald

faed: glasses (things you put on your eyes)

faem: hair (on your scalp)

faoc: natural disaster (fire, earthquake, tornado etc.)

fafu: life

fnau: fetish

faksu: ostrich

fakm: period of time after the death of the speaker

fapt: exotic

fasn: to miss (feel the lack of something you previously had)

faub: to feel like (in a tactile way) (e.g. this feels soft)

fauk: to have a smell

faud: to look (like)

fauf: to sound (like)

faug: to taste (like)

faz: always the same (see "a couple ambiguous sentences")

fbab: feeling (touch), to feel

fbac: smell (sense), to smell

fbaca: actively smelling something

fbacu: passively smelling something

fbad: to see, to watch

fbada: to watch

fbadu: to see

fbaf: to hear, listen

fbafa: to listen

fbafu: to hear

fbag: to taste

fbuka: meningitis

fcem: blind

fpuk: flu (disease)

feda: the future part of today

foba: gun

ford: chair, armchair, couch

gabka: pigeon

g-bz: never-rarely-often-costantly

gacme: rule (of grammar, math, etc.)

gog: same sex

fram: water

frama: hydrogen peroxide

frema: distilled water

frob: enemy

froma: water vapor

ftom: deaf

fua: affirmative or negative marker

fuba: ceiling

fubad: rifle

fubk-: low self-esteem(-)high self-esteem

fucb: firearm

fucd: cold weapon

fuck: fog

fuoca: flood

fuoce: earthquake

fuoco: fire (natural disaster)

furans: France

fufk: floor (the bottom of a room)

fuz: variable (see "a couple ambiguous sentences")

fuzka: to befriend

gack: to punch (someone)

gaja: ridiculizing laughter

gajbo: to reach a goal

gama: to fly (can both mean as an animal and in an airplane)

gamu: law (e.g. math, physics)

gana: to fly (as an animal)

gank: poison, venom

gansa: to fly (in an airplane)

garok: slavery

gava: foot

gave: to discover, discovery

gauv: electricity

gauva: electric shock

gavena: beefsteak

gbab-: (person) difficult-easy to tolerate

gdab: conifer

gdana: living being

geam: closet, wardrobe

geb-b: disgust-delight

geog: land, soil, landmass

gerab: matter (physical)

geska: pasta, rice

gema: pomegranate

gemab: iron (appliance for pressing clothes)

geudo: gravel

gjuj: glue

goar: goal (sport)

goba: couch (furniture)

goka: asteroid

goma: to enter into a planet's atmosphere

gomu: to exit from a planet's atmosphere

goran: rice (food)

goso: funny

gosok: meaningless (of a sentence or symbol: i.e. without meaning)

graj: overcast (weather)

groka: the condition of being forced to follow useless rules

gropo: to charge (an electronic device with electric energy)

gruk: to be able to, to manage to (do something)

guab-: near-far (in time)

guab-f: near-far (in the future)

guab-p: near-far (in the past)

guac-: near-far (in space)

guac: real life (outside of the Internet)

guag: ocean

guam: leaf (of a tree)

guca: Internet

gucb: browser (Internet)

guga: lake

gugae: sea

guog: butterflies in your stomach (emotion)

gura: tickle

guza: to wish (e.g. good luck)

guzab: fun, entertaining

gn: generalization marker

f-st: slow-fast

j: you

jaka: door

jagr-: hunger-satiety, fullness

jkaku: influence

jkuk-: anxiety-calm

rasu: food (both solid food and beverages)

rastu: beverages

jemr: to get lost (somewhere)

jnoa: word

jopa: butt, ass

jopko: neck

juap-: light-heavy (e.g. the content of a movie, videogame)

jusk: warmer snow

juzg: colder snow

kabak: government

kaca: to cause

kaba: to give (as a present)

kabac: period when people sleep (e.g. in artic towns, in summer, people sleep even when there's sunlight)

kabe: to give

kabez: to take, to receive

kabna: fruit

kabo: to lend

kabub: authoritarian

kabus: birthday

kabza: to take (with permission)

kabze: to take, to steal

kabzo: to steal

kacek: naked

kadk: stone

kadv: to slap (someone)

kaen: to spend an entire night awake

kaftak: fingernail

kama: fridge

kamb: peach (fruit)

kamc: wool

kampra: product (something to be bought)

kamva: freezer

kana: thanks

kanada: Canada

kapka: spoon

kapr: deep (physical)

kapr: thorn

kapt: granite (rock)

kask: to cancel

kasra: deep (invoking deep emotions)

kasp: taste (preference)

kasuak: soup

kauka: ladybug

katek: to softly pat someone's back in sign of comfort

kave: snow (warmer or colder)

kavm: goal (something to reach)

kakre: from a lower elevation to a higher elevation, upwards

karko: from a higher elevation to a lower elevation, downwards

kebab: kebab

koze: turns words like "human" into "humankind"

kbac: goat

kbao: glass (substance)

kbaz: criticism

kbaza: to follow (sequence of events)

kbem: bread

kbuz: armchair

kbuzka: dizziness

kcum: heart (organ)

keck: school

kej: here

keko: gas

keun: to follow (physically)

kem-k: anticonformism-conformism

ketuk: seal (animal)

kevk: house

kmub: onion

koba: to receive

kobog: knife

koda: tail (of an animal)

koek: heart (figuratively, e.g. "she will always be in my heart")

kofe: coffee

kofok: tea

komam: pear (fruit)

komb: climate

kompu: computer

komunu: communism

komzok: muriatic acid

kona: language

kondo: air conditioning

konu: to follow (on a social network)

konuk: exercise book

kopa: thirst

kope: idea (as a solution to a problem)

kopu: cutlery

koun: to follow (a lifestyle, philosophy)

koune: clay

krabu: teeth

krakb: gym

kratz: clock, watch (device that displays current time)

krec: Christmas

krev: grass

krob: idea, conception (e.g. "this is not my idea of fun")

krojo: apricot

kroko: crocodile (animal)

kropo: to play (a musical instrument)

ktau: yesterday

ktem: can (there is a possibility that...)

kuak: duck

kuap: tribe

kub: style (see "in a certain style")

kubz: horse

kuct: toothpaste

kuda: heating (stove, fireplace, radiator, etc.)

kudab: stove

kudac: fireplace

kudak: radiator

kuek: equation (math and physics)

kukam: lizard

kukok: river

kukop: torture

kurk: pickled

kuruk: wolf

kvor: blood

kvora: vein

krema: flat (adjective)

krak: mosquito

kr-m: person who knows very little-person who knows a lot

jece: dog

kr-t: quiet-loud

k-ta: cold-hot

kukra: bike

kukuc: cookies (Internet)

kurab: scratch (caress made with fingernails)

jano: alcohol

m: emotion or tone of voice

mabek: philosophy (subject)

mabko: cangaroo

makra: menstruations

mam: parent

mars: mars

masre: massage

maub: tropical

mauk: volume (space)

maug: cancer (disease)

meba: middle ages

mena: everywhere

mevu: friendly laughter

mope: drug (street drugs or psychiatric medications)

mora: world (as in "my world" when referring to things you like)

muaz: glacier

muka: face

mukb: microscope

musa: oil (food)

nag-: wrong-right (not in a moral sense)

nta: (metaphor)

na: female

nak: to eat, to drink

naka: to eat

nako: to drink

nan: grandparent

nana: grandparent (mother's parent)

nano: grandparent (father's parent)

nao: meow

ngeba: engelang

n-st: ugly-beautiful (aesthetically only)

u: negative marker

zev: male or female

nave: ant

nema: to cry

ndae: to interact

nt-n: strict-permissive

nukd: sand

obgu: to agree

ofsa: son, daughter

okae: bottle

ok-m: unstable-stable

ogob: to turn on (an electronic device)

onda: book

zrau: fork

opto: question

orur: to lose (the possession of something, e.g. someone stole something from the speaker, or someone died)

osen: autumn

osogo: meaningless (not important)

osur: to scream in pain

otup: to open (something)

ovab: helicopter

ovub: airplane

okram: volume (sound)

ozka: to guess

paba: plate

paga: prince, princess

paje: to understand

pak: pure

pakm: period of time before the birth of the speaker

panap: glass (drinking vessel)

panda: panda

pcuc: excrement

peda: the past part of today

pamp: pun

parb: building

pata: bed

pakp: pig

pebuc: peluche

pend: sheep

pengu: penguin

pent: pillow

pobak: polar

prasn: explosion

poda: weather

poru: to win (in a game)

poste: kiss

puano: piano (musical instrument)

puc-: fear-courage

puct-: fear-desire

puka: to slam (e.g. a door)

pura: plastic

purs: to build

puvde: lapidation

overkraft: hovercraft

ovov: eye

ovto: answer

pasta: pasta

p-f: past-future

raen: online

raba: to live (inhabit a place) (transitive)

rcab: continent

renok: eel

retu: heresy

renuk: earwax

foar: dusk, sunset

nanj: tired (e.g. after a hard work)

raop: time (occurrence of an event)

ras: one

raunu: lion

rako: lamp

rbao: island

rcao: philosophy (lifestyle)

rend: apple

reda: ambiguity

repa: kindness

retc: to suggest

retom: summer

rejd: rain

rkao: finger

rod: (turns a cardinal number into an ordinal number)

roda: sky

rojdu: to lock (e.g. a door)

rondon: London

ronme: track (not in a musical sense)

rotva: rottweiler (dog breed)

rupa: inside of a building

zoge: sexual orientation, to be sexually attracted (by)

runa: the Moon

rurb: to lose (not finding something anymore)

rung: to feel (emotion, feeling) (i.e. hunger, happiness, pain etc.)

rvuv: to endure, withstand

sact: cigarette

sasa: stair

sase: to run (e.g. a code, an app, a program, a game)

sakar: sugar

sbak: boot (clothing)

sbek: elevator

sboc: sock

scoka: soccer

kamera: camera

serc: massage

serus: lemon

seto: to knock

sf-na: melancholy-happiness

skaba: mould

skad: free (that which costs no money)

skap: to burn

skazu: story, movie, videogame

skuam: to swim on the beach

skud: not free (that which costs money)

smau: valley

smav: smartphone

stum: dance

sned: to succeed

snod: disappointment

sono: spider

soza: sci-fi

sozur: social network

srasa: page (of a book)

srase: page (of the Internet)

stat: status (social network)

subtu: candy

s-ka: dirty-clean

s-zu: difficult-easy (see "difficult and easy")

sutu: fishing

sera: to sell

saz: (see "it's cold, according to whom?")

sez: (see "it's cold, according to whom?")

soz: (see "it's cold, according to whom?")

smok: to smoke (cigarettes)

sord: sword

spu: metaphorical insult

spub: metaphorical angry insult

spuc: metaphorical playful insult

sra: (sarcasm)

suba: to be (weather)

sucu: sushi

skane: (idiom.) happy new year!

smur: to yell angrily

sn: singular marker

sna: compliment

sne: non-offending

snu: offending, insult

snub: angry insult

snuc: playful insult

soe: interrogative dummy word (see "interrogative dummy word")

stu: generic insult (true or false)

stub: generic angry insult

stuc: generic playful insult

surt: food (not beverages)

svana: nostalgia

tazb: day (period of 24 hours)

tbau: pants, trousers

teda: today

tcop: planet

tcot: stick, cane

tcuba: chihuahua (dog breed)

tcuda: objective (camera)

tcus: good night (the listener is going to sleep)

tebe: chair

tedab: dictionary

tkek: religion

tokru: to write

tsou: smartphone, tablet, computer

tsuk: urine

tukac: key (tool to open a door)

tupa: to kick

tupo: fire (not in the sense of natural disaster)

tustu: toast (food)

t-pa: lack of empathy-empathy

tuvu: television

terja: cotton

ubugo: telescope

ucuc: vinegar

uf-f: mean-sweet (personality)

uodo: synaesthesia

uof: to bark

uofa: calcium (mineral)

ur-d: imprecise-precise

usa: united states of america

utb-: unacceptable-acceptable

uvak: analyze, analysis

ukrum: mathematics

vaub: nostalgia

vebe: random

v-nd: unnecessary-necessary

vavu: energy (emotion)

vec: full (of)

veta: vocabulary (amount of words a person knows)

vkuk: sharp

vrac: restaurant

v-zp: morally wrong-right

top: (topic marker)

t-st: dirty-clean

krama: hallucination

krame: war

z-ca: sadness-happiness, sad-happy

vado: hand

vafo: dream (actual dream, not wish)

van: (unspecified value)

krao: (experienced event)

kreu: (hearsay evidentiality)

dop: (inference)

vok: every

zuf: (speculation)

cta: different sex

pn: plural marker

re: he/she/it

tapa: to talk, to speak

tavb: salt

tben: train (mean of transport)

tcoko: chocolate

bu: interrogative marker (the speaker hopes for a negative answer)

nuca: smile

ukor: partner, special one, significant other, other half, spouse

ukora: spouse (married)

ukore: non-married partner

un: noun suffix

uzdu: "to be used at the following conditions"

uz-k: doubt-certainty

vaba: boat

veka: to rotate, rotation

vema: don't worry (said to someone who feels guilty for what has done)

vesna: spring

vu: male

vubc: ship

vabe: night (dark part of the 24 hours)

v-fe: pain-pleasure

v-ve: annoyance-pleasure

v-ze: (can mean "v-fe" or "v-ve")

v-ma: rude-sweet (personality)

vcuk: weapon

vems: a place for activities (hotel, park, hospital, restaurant, school etc.)

vrum: to go out (usually with your friends to have fun)

voru: to lose (in a game)

vuba: nausea

vutok: accident (in a vehicle)

kramu: to hit with a car

krejo: egg

kreko: non-consensual

krokar: thunderstorm (weather)

kropo: loneliness (not necessarily invoking a negative feeling)

krok: to destroy

kt-k: weak-strong (physically)

ktet: cake

k-ke: non violence-violence

k-ta: cold-friendly (personality)

krau: heart (organ)

kumo: to cook

k-ka: calm-anger

kruko: death

gomo: to read

cate: day (period of time from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59)

zamp: to jump

zeje: wind

zezo: fly (insect)

zgab: head

zb-f: slim-fat

zm-b: small-big

zvon: to call (by phone)

pajb: walk

g-do: young-old

ab-n: relationship refusal/romantic love

abku: to ruin, make unpleasant

baru: to bring

cebe: to become

cm: comitative preposition

d: (connects an operand to an operator)

dac: that (see "the first time")

dan: (connects a subject do a passive verb)

fcao: to feed

k: (usually connects a noun to an adjective)

kak: "like" (A does something, B does that as well)

kek: "like" (A does something in the same manner as B)

kok: "like" (A does something in the same intensity as B)

kuk: "like" (A does something in the same manner and intensity as B)

m: (introduces an emotion or tone of voice)

narb: to stop (doing something)

ndae: to interact with

ns: instrumental preposition

r: (connects an operator to an operand)

rag: therefore

rer: can mean "rag" or "rok"

rok: if A, then B

de: possessive (similar to 's in English)

deb: non-creative possessive (see "my book")

dek: (creative possessive) (see "my book")

dez: (an unlikely possessive) (see "my hand")

v: vocative

v-r: hate-love (non-romantic)

graku: translate, translation

s: (introduces location)

z: (introduces time)

sam: on (touching the top of something)

zaba: anarchy (lack of hierarchy)

zada: sexual arousal

zake: risky (e.g. who gets caught risks being punished/arrested)

zava: Sunday

zbao: to know, knowledge

zbau: desert (biome)

zbuda: to leave (a webpage), to stop (reading a book, playing a game, doing an activity)

zduba: to surf (the web), to visit (a webpage)

zkuk: music

zmau: winter

zvuk: sound, noise

z-de: difficult-easy (see "difficult and easy")

z-ka: safe-dangerous

zuzu: time (measurement)

ge: (copula)