Xynder

 Undergoing Significant Revamp 

Yet another descendant language from Natraden. The grammar has remained fairly intact along with the genders (MAS, FEM and NEU) and the phonology has been simplified. This language is the main language of the Netherbelgs.

Revamp
This is my attempt at making the language more speakable for me, as a person who wants to learn it >A<

Old Xynder

Nothing too major will occur. The current changes as of late are:
 * Removed:


 * ​ Ŝ and TX.
 * Added:


 * ​ Capitalisation rules (now reverted)
 * Changed:


 * ​ Ê is now written as É.
 *  Ö' s long and short pronunciation are lowered.
 * Word order.
 * Noun declension.
 * Articles and determiners
 * To-Do List:


 * Reform adjectival rules.
 * Reform regular verb conjugation rules.
 * Change the interrogative system in some way.
 * Change negation system

Phonology
The basic phonology of the language. Every row below is it's own distinct letter excluding digraphs and é.

Rules

 * Vowels receive shortened pronunciation in unstressed syllables (or monosyllabic words), or if they precede a consonant cluster.
 * Vowels receive lengthened pronunciation though the vowel sound isn't lengthened if preceding another vowel sound.
 * I proceeding a consonant and preceding a vowel makes the sound /j/
 * ​this is the same for u and /u̯/
 * Non-harmonic consonant clusters imply there is schwa /ɵ/ between them
 * Niho gn : Japan /nihɔ:gɵn/
 * To avoid confusion, certain letters often change their pronunciation slightly:
 * X is pronounced more strongly than Z
 * ​Z is sometimes pronounced /z̥/
 * Digraphs formed as a result of case infections are not pronounced.
 * Dev Uczev /dɛu̯ ʔʉt͡ʃɛu̯/
 * Voiced consonants in word-final position become voiceless.
 * Stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word or on the syllable containing the first consonant cluster (in the same syllable) in the word.
 * If there are no consonant clusters that aren't broken by syllable boundaries, then the stress goes to the syllable containing the first vowel sound without a shortening pronunciation or is lengthened already (e.g. ii (/i/) that ends some words).
 * If none of these conditions are met, the stress goes to the penultimate syllable.
 * If a long vowel precedes a consonant cluster broken by a syllable boundary then the vowel is pronounced according to the shortened pronunciation.
 * Mansev - mother /ˈmänsɛu̯/
 * This rule doesn't apply if the consonant cluster is in an ultimate syllable that ends with a schwa.
 * Secondary stress may be applied on the second root word in a compound word where primary stress would be applied.
 * Single syllable words that end in e and begin with more than one consonant sound have the e automatically pronounced with an accent.
 * Zne /ˈznɛː/ snow
 * Ce /ˈt͡sɛː/ who
 * Ń is pronounced as /ɑ̃/ when in the syllable nucleus and /ŋ/ elsewhere.
 * The letter is pronounced as the former in when in the nucleus if it is the only vowel in the nucleus. If the letter is preceded by another vowel all the while remaining in the nucleus, then the vowel becomes nasalised.
 * The difference between ń and ng is the same as German's ß and ss in that the latter contributes to the vowel shortening rule whereas the former does not.

Case Marking
Case marking is defined with sets of declensions:

Word Order
The order has remained fairly the same:

Capital and Troderen Dialect

 * 1) (Reflexive Pronoun)
 * 2) Subject
 * 3) Indirect Pronoun
 * 4) (Direct Object Pronoun)
 * 5) (Auxiliary) Verb
 * 6) Indirect Object
 * 7) Adverb
 * 8) Object/Adjective
 * 9) Other Information
 * 10) Separable Part of a Separable Verb
 * 11) Participle
 * 12) Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)

Netheren Dialect

 * 1) (Reflexive Pronoun)
 * 2) Subject
 * 3) Indirect Object
 * 4) Object/Adjective
 * 5) (Auxiliary) Verb
 * 6) Adverb
 * 7) Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)
 * 8) Participle
 * 9) Other Information
 * 10) Separable Part of a Separable Verb
 * 11) Participle

Verb Conjugation
All verbs end in el and most are regular. There is one irregular verb and the continuous tense is combined with the simple. Dropping the pronoun is common in informal speech.

To Be
This is the only irregular verb that exists.

Other Irregular Verbs
helbel - to have

gatel - to go

Regular Verbs (to write)
Regular verbs will conjugated as follows:

Negation
In the Capital Dialect, you use the particle ent.

Jé höl ent!

I am not!

To negate a verb in the Netheren and Troderen dialect, you add the prefix Nez-:

'''Nezketer. / Nezkæten.'''

I didn't go.

'''Nezzen! / Nezsø.'''

I'm not!

Passive Verbs
To make a verb passive you use the past participle with the auxiliary verb to be

'''Hvöl svarblet. / Sjen svarbeld. / Kø svarbelet.'''

''I was killed. (I died.)''

Conditional Verbs
Conditional verbs are formed with the auxiliary verb blirel (to will) and the past participle. The difference between this the using the future tense (since the future tense oddly enough uses the past participle) is that the auxiliary verb is used in the past tense.

Blir ginglet.

I will go.

Blirer ginglet.

I would go.

Reflexive Verbs
Infinitive reflexive verbs are written as strik...el but conjugate exactly the same as normal verbs (the strik- is removed and is replaced with the use of the reflexive pronouns; the verb is conjugated normally.) However, pronouns get dropped (if they weren't already; also not necessary to drop) and are replaced with reflexive pronouns. Otherwise the subject gets moved.

Za öpta.

He hit himself.

Za  s'Ester öfta. <- note the subject

The restaurant opened (itself.)

S'Ester fjöt striksvarbelt. or Za s'Ester fjöt svarbelt. [+1]

The restaurant will open (itself.)

[+1] This is rarer than the preceding sentence as reflexive pronouns tend to refer to the main verb; the use isn't incorrect, however, and will be understood.

'Polite' You
There is no polite 'you' form. Though simply stating the pronoun is considered polite as subject dropping occurs very often. One can alternatively use the pronouns tröad, tröada, tröadja, tröads and tröadav according do their respective cases.

Skiss.

You are (informal)

To skiss.

You are (formal)

Tröad skiss.

You are (polite)

Personal Pronouns
The pronouns decline to the same cases as with their respective dialects.

[+1] This refers to the subject:

Entitii Striks

A thing belonging to the subject.

Contractions
Since most pronouns tend to be placed beside one another, colloquial contractions had evolved.

jét = jé + te

This means I ... you. Since it is a contraction the é (which only usually is placed in the word-final position) is preserved; like in compound words. For example: jét liv means  I love you' .

*jem, jar & jot = i hem, i har, i ot

The i (meaning to) became non-syllabic upon contraction; providing the dative forms of the 3rd person singular pronouns.

Pluralisation
Pluralisation differs between the dialects.

Capital Dialect
In the capital dialect, there are several pluralisation suffixes depending on the condition.

Ending 1: -(o)r
Nouns will usually be pluralised with -or or -r if the noun ends in a vowel.

Ligt (light) → Ligtor (lights)

Ending 2: -en
This ending is used when the noun ends in a nasal consonant, l, r and dd.

Dräng (boy) → Drängen (boys)

Ending 3: -s
Nouns will use this ending when they end in a diphthong.

Mae (man) → Maes (men)

Netheren Dialect
This dialect utilises the suffix -(i)s

Slep (Book) → Slepis (Books)

Telefon (Telephone) → Telefonis (Telephones)

Nouns ending in EE have the EE changed to E before pluralisation (or any case inflection).

Akademee (Academy) → Akademes (Academies)

Troderen Dialect
The suffix used in this dialect is -(e)r. -er is added regardless of a preceding vowel unless the preceding vowel is E. Nouns with short vowel sounds in the ultimate syllable must have the possible, proceeding, single consonant doubled.

Sjæp (Book) → Sjæpper (Books)

Telefon (Telephone) → Telefoner (Telephones)

Since ER is pronounced /ɐ/, singular words ending in ER still receive the pluralisation ending and ERER is pronounced /eːɐ/

Jezoller (acid; capital: Gjezoller) → Jezollerer (acid(s))

/jɛˈzɒlɐ/ → /jɛzɒˈleːɐ/

Articles and Determiners
Articles and determiners decline alike in that they both decline to gender and not to case.

Contractions
There are words such as ecet/eca which are contractions of et set/sa (in/on the). But when further contracted, one writes:

ec'Eerja

on the Earth

Adjectives
Adjectives effectively decline to the common and neuter gender (the masculine and feminine declensions are the same.) Take the words s'Eer (the Earth), and skej (blue):

Common Declension
Articles and determiners precede adjectives.

 Sa skej Eer.

The blue Earth.

Neuter Declension
The neuter declension consists of adding the suffix -t if the adjective didn't originally end in t.

Set lots t Muzik.

The good music/song.

Plural Declension
Unlike the articles and determiners, adjectives possess a plural declension -e. This is used regardless of its gender.

Set lotse Muzikor.

The good songs.

Contraction
The article contracts when the adjective begins with a vowel regardless of its gender:

S'erged Rojapl

The United Kingdom

Comparative Adjectives
This uses the particle mo placed before the adjective to make it comparative. Translates to "more" in English.

S'Eer ar mo skej.

The Earth is bluer.

Superlative Adjective
Here one would actually use the particle momo meaning "more-more" or "most".

S'Eer ar momo skej.

The Earth is the bluest.

Possession
Possession is often shown with declension. To show something possesses another, you put the possessor with the declension after the noun.

Eer Jes

My Earth

Alternatively, one can say of.

Eer w Mak

My Earth

(Earth of Me-DAT)

Or you can string the nouns, however this does not apply to pronouns. So here is daylight written in its three forms.

Dagligt / Ligt w Dagag / Ligt Dagas

Daylight

Derivations
Derivations are formed with affixes depending on the purpose:

Supines
Every clause must be separated with punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); the most common being a comma. The parts of a supine are separated likewise. (This rule also means that conjunctions always follow a comma).

(Jê) so Brumej ueter, Ertaj level.

I used the brush to draw a picture.

[(I) the brush-ACC used, a picture to draw]

The infinitive is used in the second portion of a supine as the first half specifies the condition.

Interrogation
Interrogative verbs gain the prefix Be- and the word order doesn't change as with English. Thus possible responses to open questions involve repeating the verb conjugated properly and using negation when necessary:

Begates?

Did you go?

Gater.

I went [Yes]

Nezgater

I didn't go [No]

A glottal stop (shown with a ') is used when adding the interrogative prefix (or any prefix) to a word beginning with a vowel:

e

is

be'e

isn't

(O) Esteraj bee.

(It) isn't a restuarant

Interrogative Adverbs
These words are placed where the answer would normally go.

What?
This word actually declines like a noun and is treated like one despite bbeing registered as an adjective:

 Co Ekiliberaj beecze?

''What is fun? [Not asking for definition]''

Ekiliber Coj e?

''What is fun? [Asking for definition]''

To Rondusaj beleves et Cog ?

What did you draw a circle on?

On what did you draw a circle?

Others
The other words don't decline, are treated as adverbs [excluding the word order] and replace the answer normally:


 * xzo: where


 * Ê bee xzo?: Where is he?


 * tń: when


 * Ê begate tń?: When is he going?


 * Ce: who


 * Same conditions as Co


 * Ce helbe svarbelt?: Who has died?


 * A Cej bee?: Who is she?


 * To Ceg Kolaj begefs?: To whom are you giving cola?


 * Possessive questions actually don't need a verb (to be):


 * Belotesz  Ces ?: Whose boots are these?


 * lit. Whose boots?


 * Response: Belotesz Jes: They are my boots.


 * ​lit. My boots.


 * There is no word for why but you can phrase it like this:


 * Oj beeczes, de?: Why did you do it?


 * lit. You did it, because?


 * Thus, one can simply answer:


 * Oj eczer, de...[reason]: I did it because...[reason].


 * qi: how


 * The most adverbial, so to speak.


 * Oj beeczes qi?: How did you do it?

Quotation
Quotation is treated as a clause and thus must be pre- and proceeded with some sort of punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); most commonly a colon in this case. There exist different particles to indicate types of quotation.

dar
Pronounced /da:ɹ/, this particle is used to indicate that the preceding words after the last colon are what was said.

A Mak zegne: "Szelieu" dar.

She said "Hello" to me

[She Me-DAT said-3rdSing, "Hello" dar]

nńt
Pronounced /nɑ̃nt/, this particle is used in the same situation as the preceding but is used for referencing names and doesn't use the colon.

Ê Slepaj lekte, "Sê Köl so Slepas" nńt e.

He is reading a book called "The book's name"

[He book-ACC read-3rdSing, "The-MAS name the-NEU book-GEN" nńt is-3rdSing]

This literally means  He is reading a book, ' (it) is "The book's name" .

des
Pronounced /dɛs/, this particle is used to indicate something is being spelled. This is used as the letters of the alphabet are often pronounced the same as some words that hold actual meaning. This particle separates the two.

O skribe: "S-Z-E-L-I-E-U" des.

It is written as H-E-L-L-O

It writes: H-E-L-L-O

[It write-3rdSing, "S-Z-E-L-I-E-U" des.]

The alphabet
To pronounce the alphabet, you take a consonant and add the suffix -e /ə/ and a vowel is pronounced as it appears unless it is E (pronounced Ê). However, one doesn't pronounce accents but specifies the letter as:

É - E niep Diakritikag (E with an accent; even though it was pronounced with an accent to begin with)

In some dialects, they use neziep with Ê for E (meaning without; thus Ê without an accent)

Ä - A niep Diakritikag (A with an accent)

Ö - O niep Diakritikag (O with an accent)

Ń - N niep Diakritikag (N with an accent)

(X is said /zi/ to differenciate it from Z; likewise with V and W respectively)

Numerical System
Numerics are in base 10.

Cardinal Numbers
Numbers are formed with the genetive declension:

One: Onc

Twenty: Döat

Twenty One: Onc Döatas

There are only every irregularities in the first few numbers.

Ordinal Numbers
This gets complicated. The first number in the sequence is converted into an ordinal number. This is done by removing the capitalisation and either adding an e suffix or replacing the last vowel with e.

12: Tölf

12th: tölfe

Numbers involving the genetive case lose their declension and become a prefix to the initial number:

31: Onc Wcotas

31st: Wcotonce

As a result of making extremely long words, they are often pronounced separately:

111: Onc Deutas Eunteras / Jul Eunteras

111th: Eunterdeutonce* / Eunterjule */ˈyntɛɾdy:tʔˈɒnt͡sə/

Frozen Songs
I tried my best to make them rhyme.