Translingua

Classification
Translingua is a language which is designed to be an international auxiliary language. The expressions and vocabulary of the language will be governed by the three major principles of vocabulary: translinguality, neutrality, and simplicity. The grammar of the language will also be governed by the three major principles of grammar: translinguality, simplicity, and unambiguity.

Definitions of the three major principles of vocabulary
1. Translinguality :A word is said to be translingual if the relevant ones are found in more than one language. 2. Neutrality :A word is said to be neutral if one would not signify the support of either side of the conflict only because of the usage of the word. 3. Simplicity :A word is said to be simple if the word is simple in its pronunciation and analogical derivation.

Its vocabulary should be selected considering the three major principles of vocabulary. The morpheme of vocabulary consists of two groups: content morphemes and function morphemes. Content morphemes are morphemes that have semantic meaning. On the other hand, function morphemes are morphemes to explain grammatical relationships.

Content morphemes
The content morphemes of Translingua would satisfy all of three major principles and consist of the following categories of morphemes. The list of categories may be changed, and it is not completed. The entry of one category can fall into others.

SI units
metre - SI unit of length Its derived words include metrer (to measure), metral (long), metrilo (ruler) etc. litre – Non-SI units of volume accepted for use with SI Its derived words include litrum (volume), litral (bulky), litrazo (liquid) etc.

Nomenclature
Taxonomical nomenclature e.g. homo (human) and sapiens (sapient) from Homo sapiens​​​​

Astronomical nomenclature e.g. vegen (to fall) from vega, denebum (tail) from deneb, virgo (virgin), vela (sails, clothes, veils), crater (cup)

Chemical nomenclature e.g. lithio (stone) from lithium, hidro (water) from hydrogen

Anthroponyms
e.g. nyutonal (natural), nyutonen (to move)

Theonyms
e.g. vesten (to stay) from Vesta, gabrielum (health) from Gabriel

Toponyms
e.g. dominikum  (lord) from Dominican Republic neder (under) from the Netherlands lando (land) from England, the Netherlands, New Zealand, etc.

Neologisms
e.g. quarko (particle) from quark, ciberer (to steer, to govern) from cybernetics

Words
e.g. eureker (to find) from Greek eureka, samurayer (to serve) from Japanese samurai

Phrases
e.g. deja (already) from French déjà vu, amorer (to love) from Latin amor fati

Compounds
e.g. tele (far) and fono (sound) from telephone

Definitions of the three major principles of grammar
1. Translinguality :The grammar is transligual if it covers the common features across the natural language. 2. Simplicity :The grammar is simple if there are few rules to memorize and few exceptions.

3. Unambiguity :The grammar is unambiguous if few sentences may open to more than one interpretation.

13 Basic rules of the grammar
The following rules are the basic rules of Translingua grammar. It is designed to suffice for the three major principles of grammar. 1. There is no article. 2. The adjectival particle la can be used to indicate proper nouns or with loanwords to preserve its foreign meaning. 3. The adjectival particle le can be used before a prefixed noun, a nominal phrase, or a compound noun of two different content stems. 4. Nouns have the nominal case ending –o. Nouns are not inflected by case, gender, or number. An adjectival particle poly can be used to emphasize that the number of a noun is more than one. 5. Adjectives have the adjectival case ending –a. An adverbial particle plus/minus can be used to form the comparative. The superlative is formed by the superlative derivational suffix -issim-, 6. The basic numerals are from the systematic element names. 7. The personal pronouns are same as nominal case of Latin, except for the 3rd personal pronoun, which is li (singular), ili (plural), on (indefinite), and se (reflexive) regardless of the gender. Possessive pronouns can be formed by adding the adjectival case ending –a. 8. Verbs are not changed by person or number. Verbal case endings are: -ex (causative infinitive), -ez (causative indicative), -er (transitive infinitive), -es (transitive indicative), -en (intransitive infinitive), -et (intransitive indicative) 9. Infinitive forms of verbs can be used to function as participles or in dependent clauses. 10. Auxiliary verbs have an ending –er in its infinitive mood. An indicative mood counterpart can be formed by dropping an ending. One can use an auxiliary verb to mark tense, aspect, and mood: aver (past tense), ioner (future tense), vener (recent past), facer (imperative mood), voler (volitional mood), pover (conditional mood), quer (interrogative mood), dever (obligatory mood), ester (continual aspect). 11. The verb esten is a copula verb. Its indicative mood is est, which can be omitted. 12. Adverbs can be formed by putting the adverbial case ending –e at the end of the stem. 13. The case ending is omitted when used with the identical derivational suffix, or vice versa.

Prefixes
ab-: meaning disjunction, separation and suspension ad-: meaning “to, towards” bon-: forming amelioration (denoting superiority or valuableness) de-: meaning “of, with”, composition, possession and utility dis-: meaning distribution and dissemination ex-: meaning “out of, from”, “without, deprived of” and “carrying out” in-: meaning “in” inter-: meaning “between” kon-: meaning “with, together” mal-: forming pejoration (denoting inferiority or lack of quality) mis-: meaning failure ob-: forming an antonym (a word that has an opposite meaning) peri-: meaning "around” por-: meaning “for, in the sake of” post-: meaning “after, behind” pre-: meaning “before” pro-: meaning “forward” re-: meaning “again” and “backwards” sub-: meaning “under, beneath” sur-: meaning “on, above, over” tra-: meaning “through” trans-: meaning “across”

Derivational
-ad-: continuous action made for some duration; an action or process -al-: adjectival derivational suffix, indicating adjectival inherent meaning related to the stem -an-: inhabitant or member of the group related to the stem -ant-: indicating a quantity of -and-: indicating a time of -ar-: forming a collective noun; a collection or a unit consisting of distinct items; a list or a catalogue -az-: concrete object possessing the quality related to the stem; food made from the material -ebl-: meaning “able”, showing possibility -eg-: augmentative suffix (making a word signifying a bigger object) -ej-: indicating a place -el-: diminutive suffix (making a word signifying a smaller object) -em-: indicating general inclination -end-: meaning “must, should”, signifying duty or requirement -eng-: signifying a holder for something -estr-: signifying someone who directs or operates the subject; chief or boss -ets-: denoting quality; having a character of the same aspect -ic-: adverbial derivational suffix, indicating adverbial inherent meaning related to the stem -ich-: belonging to the male sexuality -id-: meaning “offspring of”, signifying an immature animal -ig-: meaning “to cause to be”, causative verbal derivational suffix -il-: signifying an instrument or a tool for performing something -in-: belonging to the female sexuality -ind-: meaning “worthy of, deserving to be” -ing-: signifying something causing emotions related to the stem, active adjectival derivational suffix -ir-: transitive verbal derivational suffix, indicating verbal inherent meaning related to the stem -ish-: signifying a state of feeling an emotion caused by something related to the stem, passive adjectival derivational suffix -ism-: meaning a doctrine, a movement, or a custom -issim-: the superlative derivational suffix -ist-: meaning “one who does or makes” -iz-: meaning “to become, to change in state”; intransitive verbal derivational suffix -obl-: meaning “times, -fold”, used with numbers -on-: signifying a fraction, used with numbers -op-: signifying a collection or a group consists of certain amount of the number -or-: signifying an element organizing the total -uj-: signifying an object containing some quantity of substance -ul-: signifying an individual or a person -um-: nominal derivational suffix, indicating nominal inherent meaning related to the stem

Case endings
(a) Nominal case ending: -o (b) Adjectival case ending: -a (c) Verbal case ending (c) Adverbial case ending: -e

Prepositions
Some prefixes can also be used as a preposition. Notable prepositional words include: al (to, toward), apud (beside, near, next to), che (at), contra (against, opposed to), dal (from, out of), dum (during, while), ekde (since, starting at), exter (outside of), infer (below, under), krom (except, besides), lau (along, according to), po (at the rate of), pri (about, concerning), sen (without), super (above, over), jis (until) ===Conjunctions ===

Example text
Neniono av esten tieye quande ego advenen. (No one was there when I arrived.)

External Link
https://www.scribd.com/document/469749332/Trans-Lingua