씬국어

Classification and Dialects
씬국어 /ɕɪn'guge/ or Shin'guge is a Koreanic agglutinative language which features extensive borrowing from Japanese due to its proximity to Japan's west coast. Shin'guge is a minority language in South-East South Korea, in part of what is today the island of Geoje in the South Gyeongsang region.åå

Consonants
* Unvoiced consonants in Shin'guge are heavily aspirated, much more so than in English. It is disputed among linguists whether consonants contrast between voiced and unvoiced or the unusual voiced vs aspirated.

Writing System
{| class="fandom-table article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 650px; text-align:center" ! scope="row" |Letter ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription ! scope="row" |Letter ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription ! scope="row" |Letter
 * ㅂ
 * ㅍ
 * ㄷ
 * ㅌ
 * ㄱ
 * ㅋ
 * ㅈ
 * ㅊ
 * ㄴ
 * ㅁ
 * ㅇ
 * ㅎ
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/b/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/p/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/d/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/t/
 * /g/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/k/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/dʑ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/tɕ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/n/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/m/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ŋ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/h/
 * b
 * p
 * d
 * t
 * g
 * k
 * j
 * ch
 * n
 * m
 * ng
 * h
 * ㄹ*
 * ㅅ
 * ㅆ
 * ㄲ
 * ㅃ*
 * ㅓ
 * ㅏ
 * ㅣ
 * ㅡ
 * ㅜ
 * ㅗ
 * ㅔ
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ɾ~l/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/s/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ɕ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/χ/
 * /ɸ~β/
 * /a/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/e/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/i/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/y/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/u/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/o/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ø/
 * r~l
 * s/ss
 * sh
 * kh
 * f~v
 * e
 * a
 * i
 * ü
 * u
 * o
 * ö
 * ㅕ
 * ㅑ
 * ㅛ
 * ㅠ
 * colspan="8" rowspan="3" |

Digraphs
ㅝ, ㅘ, ㅞ, ㅢ

we, wa, wö, üi ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/je/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ja/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/jo/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ju/
 * ye
 * ya
 * yo
 * yu
 * }
 * }


 * Rieul ㄹ is pronounced /ɾ/ word-initially, /l/ word-finally, /l/ when geminated and /ɾ/ elsewhere.
 * Fieup ㅃ is pronounced /ɸ/ word-initially, /β/ word-finally, /β/ when geminated and /ɸ/ elsewhere.
 * Doubled consonant letters, such as Fieup, represent different phonemes, specifically fricatives (ㅃ, ㄲ, ㅆ).

Nouns
The case markers in Shin'guge are the following:

Verbs
Shin'guge verbs are conjugated. Every verb form in Shin'guge has two parts: a verb stem, plus a sequence of inflectional suffixes. Verbs can be quite long because of all the suffixes that mark grammatical contrasts. Since Shin'guge does not conjugate verbs according to person, pronouns and nouns are required to understand sentences.

A Shin'guge verb root is bound, meaning that it never occurs without at least one suffix. Grammatical categories of verb suffixes include voice (active or passive), tense (past, present, or future), aspect (of an action – complete, experienced, repeated, or continuous), and clause-final conjunctives or sentence enders chosen from various speech styles and types of sentences such as interrogative, declarative and imperative.

Infinitive form
The infinitive form is the lemma form of a Shin'guge verb which ends in da 다. For example, 테다, 만나다, 화다.

Finite verb endings
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Shin'guge. Their structure when used as the predicate of a clause is prefix + root + up to six suffixes, and can be illustrated with a template: * The negative prefix is an 안 "not".

Examples: 초 과가 목리엇음니다 cho gwaga mogriessümnida (I made him eat). 님, 과 그기 인덧도 nim, gwa gügi indessdo (Sir, he was here.)

I Voice may be causative or passive. If omitted then it is the active voice. Causative is ri 리, passive is hi 히.

II Present tense gets no suffix. Future tense is ore 오러, past tense is -ess/ass 엇/앗. If there is no intervening consonant at the end of the stem, the vowel reduces: i.e. the verb o-da 오다 "to come" is becomes wa-ss 왓 in the past. The verb ha-da 하다 "to do" is an irregular he-ss 헛 in the past. The progressive (a.k.a continuous "-ing") tense is formed by adding (e)gu (어)구 onto the stem, followed by the verb "to be" 인다 conjugated.

III The formal suffix is -m ㅁ after a vowel (it is normally written in the same block as that vowel), -üm 음 after a consonant.


 * This shows deference towards the audience of the conversation, for example when speaking to one's elders. If speaking to one's elders, one would use the formal suffix.

IV The syntactic moods, other than the default indicative 니, are: the imperfective -di 디, or d ㄷ; the volitive and imperative -shi or sh ㅆ. 니 is only used in the formal polite form.

V The pragmatic moods, are the declarative:

...the interrogative:
 * -(e)do (neutral) -da 다 (formal polite), and e/a 어/아 (informal polite, familiar)


 * -(i*)ro 로 (neutral), ka 카 (formal polite), ya 야 (informal polite), and 가 -(i)ga (familiar)

...the propositive:


 * -nya 냐 (neutral), -ba 바 (formal polite), -ja 자 (informal polite), and -go 고 (familiar)

...the imperative:


 * -wa 와 (neutral), -o 오 (formal polite), -ra/ara 라/아라 (informal polite), and -ge 거 (familiar)

VI The polite suffix yo 요 (-iyo 이요 after a consonant) appears in the informal polite style. It expresses one's relationship to the audience.

Near-future tense
* The future determiner ending in -l is used to construct the near-future tense. A rieul -ㄹ is added to the verb stem ending in a vowel, and -öl -엘 after a consonant. It’s also worth noting that you don’t need to add anything to verbs with stems ending in ㄹ. This is followed by the verb 가다 conjugated. 하다 — to do
 * Neutral formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 간도
 * Casual formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 가야
 * Polite low formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 가여요
 * Polite high formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 감니다
 * Neutral formality: 할 간도
 * Casual formality: 할 가야
 * Polite low formality: 할 가여요
 * Polite high formality: 할 감니다

Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect tense is formed relatively simply. Add -assoss 았옸 if the verb stem ends inㅏor ㅗ, or -essoss 었옸if the verb stem ends in any other letter. This has the meaning of 'had done/been...'.

Conditional tense
만 = meaning 'if' is attached as a suffix to the verb.

Adjectives
Most adjectives in Shin'guge end in ㄹ. However, adjectives derived from verbs end in -n ㄴ or -ön 엔 for active voice and -tön 텐 or -etön 어텐 for passive voice. Adjectives can be derived from verbs by adding these suffixes to the verb stem. For example, the verb to confuse 콘라다 konrada becomes 콘란 konran (confusing). The verb to eat 목다 mogda becomes 목엔 mogön. Unlike Korean adjectives, Shin'guge adjectives do not conjugate as do verbs.

Example sentences:


 * The coach is confusing the players 콫인 선리가 콘라구 인도 (kochin senriga konragu indo) VS the confusing coach began practice 콘란 콫인 런쑤가 하지멋도 (konran kochin renshuga hajimessdo).

Superlative and Comparative adjectives
Superlative and comparative adjectives are easy to form as basic adjectives are. Just add, de'o 더오 for comparative adjectives (-er) and gajan for superlative adjectives (-est) 가잔 before the adjective.

Adverbs

 * 빠릴 (faril) – quick → 빠리거 (farige) – quickly
 * 맜일 (mashil) – delicious → 맜이거 (mashige) – deliciously
 * 머질 (mejil) – awesome → 머지거 (mejige) awesomely

Lexicon

 * 그 = the
 * 토 = and
 * 묜 = if
 * 묜거 = when
 * 뫄러 = who
 * 뫄 = what
 * 모디 = where
 * 뭐 = why
 * 묘지 = which
 * 모토거 = how

Numbers

 * one = 한
 * two = 둘
 * three = 선
 * four = 넌
 * five = 다손
 * six = 요손
 * seven = 일곤
 * eight = 요둘
 * nine = 아혼
 * ten= 욜


 * eleven = 욜한
 * twelve = 욜돌
 * thirteen = 욜선
 * fourteen = 욜넌
 * fifteen = 욜다손
 * sixteen = 욜요손
 * seventeen = 욜일곤
 * eighteen = 욜요둘
 * nineteen = 욜아혼
 * twenty = 스물