Soerabayese

Soerabayese [suraˈbajiːz]  also known as Javan Malay is a spoken language of the  Javanese people in Surabaya, Indonesia. It is the native language of 5 million people

Soerabayese one of the Smallest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers. It has a few regional dialects and a number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Javanese, Madurese, and Balinese. Most speakers of Soerabayese also speak Indonesian for the official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Soerabayese-speaking Indonesians.

Dialects of Soerabayese

 * 1) Mataraman dialect/Standard dialect is spoken commonly in Surabaya, Madura, Klaten, Karanganyar, Wonogiri, Sukoharjo, Sragen, and Boyolali.
 * 2) Pekalongan dialect is spoken in Pekalongan and Pekalongan regency, and also in Pemalang.
 * 3) Kedu dialect is spoken in the former Kedu residency, including: Temanggung, Kebumen, Magelang, and Wonosobo.
 * 4) Bagelen dialect is spoken in Purworejo.
 * 5) Semarang dialect is spoken in Semarang, Semarang regency, and also Salatiga, Demak and Kendal.
 * 6) Eastern North-Coast dialect, or dhialèk Muria, is spoken in Jepara, Rembang, Kudus, Pati, and also in Tuban and Bojonegoro.
 * 7) Blora dialect is spoken in Blora, the eastern part of Grobogan, and the western part of Ngawi.
 * 8) Madiunan dialect is spoken mainly in western part of East Java province, including Madiun, Ngawi, Pacitan, Ponorogo, Magetan, Kediri, Nganjuk, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, and Blitar.

Nouns
Common derivational affixes for nouns are peng-/per-/juru- (actor, instrument, or someone characterized by the root), -an (collectivity, similarity, object, place, instrument), ke-...-an (abstractions and qualities, collectivities), per-/peng-...-an (abstraction, place, goal or result).

Verbs
Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as sudeh "already" and balum "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods. Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial speech.

Examples of these are the prefixes di- (patient focus, traditionally called "passive voice", with OVA word order in the third person, and OAV in the first or second persons), meng- (agent focus, traditionally called "active voice", with AVO word order), memper- and diper- (causative, agent and patient focus), ber- (stative or habitual; intransitive VS order), and ter- (agentless actions, such as those which are involuntary, sudden, stative or accidental, for VA = VO order); the suffixes -kan (causative or benefactive) and -i (locative, repetitive, or exhaustive); and the circumfixes ber-...-an (plural subject, diffuse action) and ke-...-an (unintentional or potential action or state).


 * duduk to sit down
 * mendudukkan to sit someone down, give someone a seat, to appoint
 * menduduki to sit on, to occupy
 * didudukkan to be given a seat, to be appointed
 * diduduki to be sat on, to be occupied
 * terduduk to sink down, to come to sit
 * kedudukan to be situated

Forms in ter- and ke-...-an are often equivalent to adjectives in English.

Adjectives
There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. Stative verbs are often used for this purpose as well. Adjectives are always placed after the noun that they modify. Hence, "rumah saya" means "my house", while "saya rumah" means "I am a house".

Words
Numbers

Example text
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Soerabayese and Malaysian, along with the original declaration in English.