Naiim

Overview

=Setting= The "Naiim" language is a conlang based (phonologically) in Old English. Its grammar is quite different from the Old English, because was more important the originality of the work, and put some emphasis on aesthetics, (some).

=Basic Grammar= Here is the basic grammar of Naím:

Alphabet

 * Capital:: A, Æ, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, Œ, P, Q,R, S, Sh, T, Þ, U, V, W, Y.
 * Lowercase: a, æ, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, œ, p, q, r, s, sh, t, þ, u, v, w, y.

Consonants
Pronunciation is summarized in this table, using symbols IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)for easy comprehension.

The sounds marked in parentheses in the chart above are allophones:


 * [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ occurring before /k/ and /g/.
 * [ç, x] are allophones of /h/ occurring in coda position after front and back vowels respectively.
 * [v] when W is before a consonant, it is pronounced like the fricative labiodental /v/

Vowels

 * Long vowels are graphical acute accent placed on the vowels, and umlauts on 'æ ".
 * The long-i (ii) is plotted with a double-i instead of using the acute accent.

Diphthongs

 * ai = [aj] like in "guy".
 * oi = [oj] like in "hoy(spanish)".
 * ui = [uj] like in "muy(spanish)".
 * au = [aw] like "au" in "auf"(germany).
 * eu = [ew] like "eu" in "reuma"(spanish).
 * ei = [ej] like "ei" in "day".


 * Any other vocal pronounced as two syllables different.

Double Consonants
There are five consonants that can have their long version, and the long vowel "i" is written as an exception "ii". These consonants are n, s, t, d, g, and they should be pronounced the same but longer.
 * nn /nː/
 * ss /sː/
 * t /tː/
 * d /dː/
 * g /gː/

Restrictions
Words can not end in B G D, unless within a consonantal group, and can not appear P K T before "u / ú," therefore, in the compound and in the order of words, when given these positions, P K T change: B G D
 * Præþ, "to play"
 * Þu brænde, "you play/are playing"

Nouns
Nouns have two genders: masculine, femenine; three numbers: singular, plural, dual, and nine cases: nominative, accusative/dative, genitive, ablative, allative, adessive, essive, locative and instrumental.

Naiin declension
During the change from singular to plural and dual a vocalic change occurs in the final syllable, and no-final syllable if it has. because these changes are similar in every word, the division between first and second declension is organized at -a ending (female), and consonant ending (men), divided into: regular declination (illustrated with -n), and four irregular declensions, corresponding to words ending in þ. l, k, s. division between first and second decline is more than anything in the end, which is organized division between first and second decline is more than anything in the end, which is organized.

Regular declension
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
 * Case / Number || Número singular|Singular ||Número plural|Plural || Número dual|Dual
 * Nominative || Stæn || Sten || Stén ||
 * Accusative/dative || Stæna || Stena || Sténa || -a ||
 * Genitive || Stæns || Stens || Sténs || -s ||
 * Ablative || Stænam || Stenam || Sténam ||-am||
 * Allative || Stænna || Stenna || Sténna ||-na||
 * Adessive || Stæné || Stené || Sténé ||-é||
 * Essive || Stænen || Stenen || Stenen ||-en||
 * Locative || Stæner || Stener || Sténer ||-er||
 * Instrumental || Stænmm || Stenem || Sténem ||-em||
 * Allative || Stænna || Stenna || Sténna ||-na||
 * Adessive || Stæné || Stené || Sténé ||-é||
 * Essive || Stænen || Stenen || Stenen ||-en||
 * Locative || Stæner || Stener || Sténer ||-er||
 * Instrumental || Stænmm || Stenem || Sténem ||-em||
 * Essive || Stænen || Stenen || Stenen ||-en||
 * Locative || Stæner || Stener || Sténer ||-er||
 * Instrumental || Stænmm || Stenem || Sténem ||-em||
 * Instrumental || Stænmm || Stenem || Sténem ||-em||
 * Instrumental || Stænmm || Stenem || Sténem ||-em||

Declension -a (Female)
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
 * Case / Number || Número singular|Singular ||Número plural|Plural || Número dual|Dual
 * Nominative || Eóþa || Ieþa || Eóþe ||
 * Accusative/dative || Eóþan/a || Ieþan/a || Eóþen/a || -n/na ||
 * Genitive || Eóþas/a || Ieþas/a || Eóþes/a || -s/sa ||
 * Ablative || Eóþam/a || Ieþam/a || Eóþem/a ||-m/ma||
 * Allative || Eóþan/a || Ieþan/a || Eóþen/a ||-n/na||
 * Adessive || Eóþé || Ieþé || Eóþi ||-é/i||
 * Essive || Eóþan/e || Ieþan/e || Eóþen/e ||-n/ne||
 * Locative || Eóþar/a || Ieþar/a || Eóþer/a ||-r/rá||
 * Instrumental || Eóþæm/ || Ieþæm/ || Eóþæm ||-m/mæ||
 * Allative || Eóþan/a || Ieþan/a || Eóþen/a ||-n/na||
 * Adessive || Eóþé || Ieþé || Eóþi ||-é/i||
 * Essive || Eóþan/e || Ieþan/e || Eóþen/e ||-n/ne||
 * Locative || Eóþar/a || Ieþar/a || Eóþer/a ||-r/rá||
 * Instrumental || Eóþæm/ || Ieþæm/ || Eóþæm ||-m/mæ||
 * Essive || Eóþan/e || Ieþan/e || Eóþen/e ||-n/ne||
 * Locative || Eóþar/a || Ieþar/a || Eóþer/a ||-r/rá||
 * Instrumental || Eóþæm/ || Ieþæm/ || Eóþæm ||-m/mæ||
 * Instrumental || Eóþæm/ || Ieþæm/ || Eóþæm ||-m/mæ||
 * Instrumental || Eóþæm/ || Ieþæm/ || Eóþæm ||-m/mæ||