Coxirat

Note: I have a tendency to "borrow" ideas. If you feel that a grammatical concept is too similar to something in your own language, please let me know and I will alter or remove the idea.

Coxirat is a language that draws some influence from a number of languages, including, but not limited to, Romance languages, German, English, and possibly some Dutch.

=Phonology=

=Nouns=

Cases
Coxirat has eight noun cases.

Nominative case
Nominative case is used for the subject of a verb of being or an intransitive verb.

Genitive case
Genitive case is used to identify the declension of the noun as well as to indicate possession, amount, or characteristics of a person or thing.

Dative case
Dative case is used for indirect objects.

Accusative case
Accusative case is used for the objects of verbs and prepositions that take the accusative case.

Ablative case
Ablative case is used for objects of prepositions that take the ablative case.

Vocative case
This case is used when addressing somebody or something directly.

For nouns ending in -os, the -os becomes -è. ''Example: lúpè! = wolf!''

For nouns ending in -ios, the -ios becomes -é.

Locative case
This case is used to denote that something is at or in a particular place.

Declensions
Coxirat has five noun declensions.

Masculine and feminine

 * This has nothing to do with the gender of the noun; it is actually because of an i-stem rule.

3rd Declension Rules
Certain third declension neuter nouns have i-stems, meaning that their nominative and accusative plural ending is -ia rather than -a. This rule applies if:
 * The genitive singular has two consonants before the -is ending.
 * The genitive singular has the same number of syllables as the nominative singular.
 * The nominative singular ends in -al or -ar.

These other rules cause the genitive plural to be "-ìgum" rather than "gum", regardless of gender:
 * The stem ends in "c".
 * The stem ends in "k".

Also, when the stem ends in "m", the genitive plural changes it to an "n".

EXAMPLES:

The town of towns fracs fracìgum From fracs, fracis f. - town

Of the (female) givers dathrikìgum From dathriks, dathrikis f. - female giver

The farm of farms parme parngum From parme, parmis m. - farm

Distinguishing Genders in 3rd Declension

 * Nouns ending in -or, -e, -o (NOT -io), -oi, -es (stem increasing and NOT "-eris"), or -er are usually masculine.
 * Nouns ending in -ks, -cs, -is, -io, -il, -es (stem not increasing), or -irl are usually feminine.
 * Nouns ending in -ur, -al, -ar, -us, -os, or -es (with "-eris" stem) are usually neuter.

Diminutives
Diminutives are used to give the impression that something is small or young.

Forming a Diminutive
To form a diminutive, simply add ul before the last vowel in the noun.

EXAMPLE: lúpos = wolf lúpulos= wolf cub, little wolf

The formation of a diminutive has no effect on the declension of the noun:

I showed you the little boy who is my brother. egó tejé quaglaxe abululum, quíc bradros meos est.

You cannot form diminutives with pronouns.

=Pronouns=

Plural
EXAMPLE: I see it in your very eyes. wìdèm id in ajèbus tuàbus agsàbus.

Reflexive
Reflexive pronouns in Coxirat are the same in singular and plural.

Demonstrative Pronouns: This and That
Demonstrative pronouns in Coxirat can also be used as demonstrative adjectives.

"The Same" Pronouns
=Interrogative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs=

Unlike relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns disregard gender.

The interrogative adjectives partos/partí (how big) and parlos/parlí (how much/many) changes according to gender.

=Articles=

The only articles in Coxirat are definite articles. They all translate "the". In a Coxirat language book, you may find an article next to a word to denote its gender (for example: los abulos would show that "boy" is a masculine noun).

Plural
=Adjectives=

Comparison of Adjectives
When forming comparative and superlative adjectives, do it like this:

EXAMPLES: She thinks that she is very smart. pútast se calsmissimam essə.

The girls think that they are smarter than the boys. lá abulá pútant se calsmiikés lòbus abulòbus essə.

The teacher is really the only smart person. los docthor werú est lonos pargis calsmos.

One girl says that everyone is not smart. úna abula décèst vévìndús nón calsmús essə.

They (mixed genders) think that girls are less smart than boys. eú putant abulás calsmerás abulòbus essə.

The least smart person at the school is the principal! los pargis calsmerrimos lúdùm est fèllultor!
 * For both genders plural, use the stem "calsmi" and add 4th declension plural endings.
 * Fun Fact: "Wièner" is a Coxirat negative comparative meaning "less funny". It comes from "wiène, -is, -ìm".

=Verbs=

First through Fourth Conjugation in Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative
First conjugation: a stem Second conjugation: i stem Third conjugation: o stem Fourth conjugation: u stem

Present Tense
For present tense, simply remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

The present tense translates "is verbing", "verbs", or "does verb".

Imperfect Tense
For imperfect tense, remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive), make the stem vowel short (add a grave ` on top of it), and add the same personal endings.

The imperfect tense translates "was verbing" or "used to verb".

Future Tense
For future tense, remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive), make the stem vowel long (add a fada ´ on top of it), and add the same personal endings.

The future tense translates "is going to verb", "will verb" or "is about to verb".

Fifth Conjugation in Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative
5th conjugation: ə stem

Present Tense
For present tense, remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

The present tense translates "is verbing", "verbs", or "does verb".

Imperfect Tense
For imperfect tense, remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add the endings below.

The imperfect tense translates "was verbing" or "used to verb".

Future Tense
For future tense, remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add the endings below.

The future tense translates "is going to verb", "will verb" or "is about to verb".

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses in Active Indicative
These three tenses remain practically the same for all verbs.

Perfect Tense
The perfect tense translates "has verbed", "did verb", or "verbed".

For perfect tense, take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Pluperfect Tense
The pluperfect tense translates "had verbed".

For pluperfect tense, take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense translates "will have verbed".

For future perfect tense, take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Exception to Future Perfect Tense
The exception is in érə (to go).

Present Tense
The present tense translates "is verbed" or "is being verbed".

For present tense in first through fourth conjugation, simply remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

For fifth conjugation, remove "əbrə" from the infinitive and add these endings.

Imperfect Tense
The imperfect tense translates "was being verbed" or "used to be verbed".

First Conjugation
Remove the "abrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Second Conjugation
Remove the "ibrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Third Conjugation
Remove the "obrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fourth Conjugation
Remove the "ubrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fifth Conjugation
Remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Future Tense
The future tense translates "will be verbed", "is going to be verbed", or "is about to be verbed".

First Conjugation
Remove the "abrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Second Conjugation
Remove the "ibrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Third Conjugation
Remove the "obrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fourth Conjugation
Remove the "ubrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fifth Conjugation
Remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Perfect Passive Indicative
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add a present indicative form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Imperfect Passive Indicative
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add an imperfect indicative form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Future Perfect Passive Indicative
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add a future indicative form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Mnemonic
1. THE

2. BIASED

3. OATMEAL

4. ACCENTUATION

5. PASSED

The boldfaced letters are the ones that replace the stem vowels of the second principal part when forming a present subjunctive verb.

Forming a Present Active Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, obtain the stem by removing the "brə", replace the stem vowel (for first conjugation, replace "a" with "e"; second, "i" with "ia"; third, "o" with "oa"; fourth, "u" with "ua"; fifth, "ə" with "a") and add personal endings -m, -s, -st, -mus, -stis, -nt.

Forming an Imperfect Active Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, remove the "ə", and add 5th conjugation present active indicative endings.

In 5th conjugation, change the stem vowel to "è", as well.

Forming a Perfect Active Subjunctive
Take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Forming a Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Mnemonic
1. THE

2. BIASED

3. OATMEAL

4. ACCENTUATION

5. PASSED

The boldfaced letters are the ones that replace the stem vowels of the second principal part when forming a present subjunctive verb.

Forming a Present Passive Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, obtain the stem by removing the "brə", replace the stem vowel (for first conjugation, replace "a" with "e"; second, "i" with "ia"; third, "o" with "oa"; fourth, "u" with "ua"; fifth, "ə" with "a") and add personal endings -r, -res, -stur, -mur, -stìné, -ntur.

Forming an Imperfect Passive Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, remove the "ə", and add 5th conjugation present passive indicative endings.

In 5th conjugation, change the stem vowel to "è", as well.

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add a present subjunctive form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add an imperfect subjunctive form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Imperative Verbs
Imperative verbs in Coxirat are verbs that give commands.

Present Active Imperatives
Present active imperatives are simply saying, for instance, "give!" or "say!"

Regular Imperatives
Simply remove the "brə" from the second principal part for singular imperatives. For plural, replace the "brə" with "tá".

For fifth conjugation, replace the schwa with "è" for singular and with an "ì" for plural.

Negative Imperatives
For singular, use nolblè plus an infinitive. For plural, use nolblìtá plus an infinitive.

Regular Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stó for singular. For plural, add stótá. Be sure to make it clear via the context that you are giving a direct command to somebody else.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è".

They translate "you are to verb".

Negative Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stó for singular. For plural, add stótá. Be sure to make it clear via the context that you are giving a direct command to somebody else.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è".

Then, put "non" in front of the imperative you have formed.

They translate "you are not to verb".

Regular Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stó for singular. For plural, add ntó.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è" for singular and to "u" for plural.

They translate "is/are to verb".

Negative Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stó for singular. For plural, add ntó.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è" for singular and to "u" for plural.

Then, add "non" before the imperative you have formed.

They translate "is/are not to verb".

Present Passive Imperatives
Present passive imperatives are simply saying, for instance, "be given!" or "be hanged!"

Regular Imperatives
For singular, imply take the second principal part of the verb, changing the "ə" to "ó". For plural, use the 2nd person plural present passive indicative form of the verb.

Negative Imperatives
For singular, use "nolblè" plus the present passive infinitive. For plural, use "nolblìtá" plus the present passive infinitive.

Regular Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stor for singular. For plural, add stortá. Be sure to make it clear via the context that you are giving a direct command to somebody else.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è".

They translate "you are to be verbed".

Negative Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stor for singular. For plural, add stortá. Be sure to make it clear via the context that you are giving a direct command to somebody else.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è".

Then, put "non" in front of the imperative you have formed.

They translate "you are not to be verbed".

Regular Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stor for singular. For plural, add ntor.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è" for singular and to "u" for plural.

They translate "is/are to verb".

Negative Imperatives
Find the stem of the infinitive and add stor for singular. For plural, add ntor.

For fifth conjugation, change the schwa in the stem to "è" for singular and to "u" for plural.

Then, add "non" before the imperative you have formed.

They translate "is/are not to verb".

DO IRREGULAR VERBS AND AGENTS AND GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES AND PASSIVE PERIPHRASTICS TOMORROW!
=Participles=

Participles are verbal adjectives.

Present Active
To form a present active participle:
 * Add "ns" to the 2nd principal part stem of the verb.
 * Change "ns" to "nt" and add 3rd declension endings when the participle is not nominative singular.
 * For fifth conjugation, change the schwa to "è" before forming a participle.

EXAMPLE: dans = giving

Present Passive
To form a present passive participle:
 * Add "f" to the 2nd principal part stem of the verb.
 * Change "f" to "v" and add 3rd declension endings when the participle is not nominative singular.
 * For fifth conjugation, change the schwa to "è" before forming a participle.

EXAMPLE: daf = being given

Perfect Active
To form a perfect active participle:
 * Obtain the 4th principal part stem
 * Add 5th declension endings to the stem.

EXAMPLE: dathé = having given

Perfect Passive
To form a perfect passive participle:
 * Obtain the 4th principal part stem
 * Add 1st or 2nd declension endings depending on gender.

MASCULINE: abulos dathos = the boy having been given FEMININE: ajé datha = the eye having been given NEUTER: hagwud dathum = the bath having been given

Future Active
To form a future active participle:
 * Take the 4th principal part stem
 * Add "ur" and 5th declension endings.

EXAMPLE: dathuré = about to give

Gerundives
To form a gerundive:
 * Take the 4th principal part stem
 * Add "ur" and 1st or 2nd declension endings depending on gender.

MASCULINE: abos dathuros = the man to be given FEMININE: abula dathura = the girl to be given NEUTER: glérum dathurum = the rum to be given

If a gerundive is coupled with a form of "to be", it translates "must verb".

=Agents=

Agents are people or things that perform verbs. They translate "verber". or "thing that verbs".

Masculine Agents
To form a masculine agent:
 * Go to the 4th principal part
 * Obtain the stem
 * Add -or for nominative singular.
 * Add -or and 3rd declension endings for other forms.

EXAMPLE: docthor = [male] teacher (from docəbrə, to teach)

Feminine Agents
To form a feminine agent:
 * Go to the 4th principal part
 * Obtain the stem
 * Add -riks for nominative singular.
 * Add -rik and 3rd declension endings for other forms.

EXAMPLE: docthriks = [female] teacher (from docəbrə, to teach)

Neuter Agents
To form a neuter agent:
 * Go to the 4th principal part
 * Obtain the stem
 * Add -ur for nominative singular.
 * Add -ur and 3rd declension endings for other forms.

EXAMPLE: docthur = thing that teaches (from docəbrə, to teach)

Mixed Gender Agents
If you are talking about agents of mixed genders:
 * Go to the 4th principal part
 * Add -r and 4th declension plural endings.

EXAMPLE: docthrú = teachers

=Interjections=

=Gerunds=

Gerunds are verbal nouns.

A Gerund Referring to an Action Currently Happening or Happening at the Time Narrated
These can be tricky to form.

Go to the fourth principal part, and add a "uo" after the second consonant following the first vowel. If there is no second consonant following the first vowel, then just replace the "os" with "uo".

EXAMPLE: haio, haiabrə, haiaxe, haiathos - to shout haiathuo - shouting (that is going on currently or at the time narrated)

Sixth Declension
These gerunds decline their own way, with their own declension, 6th declension.

A Gerund Referring to an Act
Take the fourth principal part and use 4th declension endings.

EXAMPLE: haio, haiabrə, haiaxe, haiathos - to shout haiathus, haiathús m. - shout

Forming a Gerund Referring to a Concept
To form a gerund that refers to something as a concept or a subject, take the 2nd principal part stem of the verb. If the verb belongs to the fifth conjugation, replace the schwa in the resulting stem to "è".

Then, add -ks for nominative singular. For the other forms, add -kt and 3rd declension endings.

All gerunds are neuter.

EXAMPLE: Megèks cinum est. = Reading is good. EXAMPLE: Currèks me worthum fexe. = Running made me tired. EXAMPLE: Lós abulós worèst sìpèktis. = The boys are tired of writing.

=Example text= Ilud est quud eja déxet! = That's what she said!

vene, vilulse, dakiwe = I came, I saw, I conquered

saga shirans ùklìm nìvrum = Pot calling the kettle black

=Coxirat Names=

Surnames
Amaf = loved, being loved.

Condros = friend.

Dans = giving.

Lupos = wolf.