User:03oV7kEvl/Kedagiji

This is an a-priori conlang of a small unambiguous grammar.

Phonotactics
The stress is on the first syllable. There is no reduction. Syllable format is CV - consonant-vowel.

Writing System
Matches the phoneme inventory.

a b d ʣ ʤ e f g i j k l m n o p r s ʃ t ʦ ʧ u v x z ʒ

Rules
Abbreviations: PW = previous word; NW = next word; QB = quote begin; QE = quote end.

Text consists of sentences split with pauses. Sentences consist of connected words in an almost free order. A word consists of a root and affixes. The connection is based on polypersonal agreement where different third persons are marked differently. In other words the same 3-rd person affix in different words points to the same thing. The affix order is defined in the dictionary for each root. The last vowel of a root determines how many affixes it has: 0 -e, 1 -i, 2 -u, 3 -o, 4 -a. It isn't variable.

1) affix1 + i-root

2) affix1 + affix2 + u-root

3) affix1 + affix2 + affix3 + o-root

4) affix1 + affix2 + affix3 + affix4 + a-root

1st person affix is ma, 2nd is ta, indefinite is na. Reference to the previous word is ʃa, to the next it's xa. The choice of a 3rd-person affix is up to speaker, but affixes should be same in different word of a sentence for the same object they point at. All affixes end with -a.

To refer to an affix of the previous sentence one uses word pu.

To refer to an affix of the sentence before the previous one, one uses word fu.

To refer to the next word one uses the word xi or the affix xo.

To refer to the previous word one uses the word ʃi or the affix ʃa.

Direct and indirect speech
One may group several sentences putting words se (quote begin) and te (quote end) around them. It makes one unit from grammatical point of view. One uses it for expressing the indirect speech, for example.

Tense
Tense is optionally expressed with words already, later, now and ago.

Gender
Gender is optionally expressed with words male and female.

Number
Singular and plural is expressed with numbers. If number is omitted, one should guess from context, the number is "at least one" by default (n ∈ N, n ≠ 0). A nominal number ends with jali. A cardinal number ends with zuni.

Ordinal numbers end with the word nuzu. The first parameter is a thing ordered, and the second is a set of everything in that order.

Negation
Negation is expressed with word ʧiki.

Comparative
Comparative word is baʃu - more. Superlative is expressed as "more than all".

Only and the only
In phrases with "only" it's always meant that one is something while others aren't. Therefore the reference to others is necessary. It is expressed with the word "joso" - "only for x1 but not for x2, x3 is true".

EBNF
Note. { } means 0 or more repetitions, [ ] means 0 or 1 repetition, groups together, comma concatenates strings, | means an alternative, - means an exception, (* comment *).

text = sentenceFirst, ".", [" ", sentenceSecond, ".", {" ", sentence, "."}];

sentenceFirst = sfWordSingle | (sfWordFirst, {" ", sfWord}, " ", sfWordLast);

sentenceSecond = ssWordSingle | (ssWordFirst, {" ", ssWord}, " ", ssWordLast);

sentence = wordSingle | (wordFirst, {" ", word}, " ", wordLast);

(* 1S *)

sfWordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRootFirst |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* 11 *)

sfWordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* 1N *)

sfWord = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRootFirst |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* 1L *)

sfWordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRootFirst |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* 2S *)

ssWordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRootSecond |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* 21 *)

ssWordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRootSecond |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* 2N *)

ssWord = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRootSecond |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* 2L *)

ssWordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRootSecond |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* NS *)

wordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* N1 *)

wordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* NN *)

word = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRoot |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* NL *)

wordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* end *)

affix = consonant, "a";

quote = "se( ", text, " )te";

affixSingle = affix - "ʃa" - "xa";

affixFirst = affix - "ʃa";

affixLast = affix - "xa";

iRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "i" ;

uRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "u";

oRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "o";

aRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "a";

iRootSingle = iRoot - "ʃi" - "xi";

iRootFirst = iRoot - "ʃi";

iRootLast = iRoot - "xi";

uRootFirst = uRoot - "pu" - "fu";

uRootSecond = uRoot - "fu";

iNumber = "ʤali" | "zuni";

uNumber = "nuzu";

numbers = numE | numDiv;

numE = integer, [" kaʒe ", natural, [" beʤe ", integer]];

numDiv = (integer, " tine ", natural) | (integer, " rume ", natural, " tine ", natural);

integer = ["xife "], natural;

natural = number, {" ", number};

number = "vaʧe" | "rape" | "mepe" | "dope" | "suxe" | "vime" | "ʒiʤe" | "buʃe" | "dize" | "pije";

vowel = "a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u";

consonant = "b" | "d" | "ʣ" | "ʤ" | "f" | "g" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "p" | "r" | "s" | "ʃ" | "t" | "ʦ" | "ʧ" | "v" | "x" | "z" | "ʒ".

Examples
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

varuti ʃaxaʤeʧu ʃakaguzu vatuʤi kaxi ʃapadaʃu valuʣi vavaʃageʤo ʃafadaʃu ʒavaʒunu faxi vanalenu. vavapu xaʃufi ʃapadaʃu <разумен> <совестлив> !!! TO DO

@

Hello! Hi!

mataʧusu.

1-2-greet.

@

Good day!

laxumi lavuki.

3l-good 3l-day.

@

Good morning!

laxumi labati.

3l-good 3l-morning.

@

Good evening!

laxumi laliri.

3l-good 3l-evening.

@

Good bye! / See you!

matazibu.

1-2-bye.

@

Thank you!

matanahalo.

1-2-4-thank.

@

You are welcome!

matanavano.

1-2-4-accept.

@

Never mind!

xaciki matanavano.

NW-not 1-2-4-accept.

@

Yes.

nahufi.

4-correct.

@

No.

naciki.

4-not.

@

Only one son of John sleeps.

vace kazuni kadahayoso dapamicu dapixi kapamicu kapixi payivani kacozi.

one 3k-NUM 3k-3t-PW-only 3t-3p-child 3t-male 3k-3p-child 3k-male 3p-John 3k-sleep.

@

The only son of John sleeps.

vaqaxayoso xafadahu vadamicu faxi vapixi dajoyani vacozi.

3v-3q-NW-only NW-3f-and 3v-3t-child 3f-that 3v-male 3t-John 3v-sleep.

@

Only the only son of John sleeps.

vaqaxayoso xafadahu vadamicu faxi vapixi dajoyani vaqaxayoso vacozi.

3v-3q-NW-only NW-3f-and 3v-3t-child 3f-that 3v-male 3t-John 3v-3q-NW-only 3v-sleep.

@

All cats are gray.

vadogi haxajecu vajopi.

3v-cat PW-NW-if 3v-gray.

@

Not all cats are gray.

xaciki xabajecu vadogi baxi vajopi.

NW-not NW-3b-if 3v-that 3b-cat 3v-gray.

@

All cats aren't gray.

ladogi haxajecu lajopi haciki.

3l-cat PW-NW-if 3l-gray PW-not.

@

All gray cats are nice.

vaqaji xahajecu xaladahu vajopi laxi vadogi.

3v-nice NW-PW-if NW-3l-and 3v-gray 3l-that 3v-cat.

@

Some black cats are nice.

vaqaji xohehafu xosodahu vagaki soxi vadogi.

3-nice 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-black 3-that 3-cat.

@

Some nice cats are black.

vagaki xohehafu xosodahu vaqaji soxi vadogi.

3-black 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-cat.

@

Some nice black creatures are cats.

vadogi xohehafu xosodahu vaqaji soxi vagaki.

3-cat 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-black.

@

Among nice cats there are gray and black.

maxi xorodahu vaqaji roxi vadogi mahehafu vajopi mahehafu vagaki.

3-that 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-cat 3-3-some 3-gray 3-3-some 3-black.

@

Nice cats are gray and black.

paxi xaradahu vaqaji raxi vadogi pahajecu xasadahu vajopi saxi vagaki.

3p-that NW-3r-and 3v-nice 3r-that 3v-cat 3p-PW-if NW-3s-and 3v-gray 3s-that 3v-black.

@

He said not all cats are gray.

se( xaciki xafajecu vadogi faxi vajopi. )te dahazelu.

QB NW-not NW-3f-if 3v-cat 3f-that 3v-gray QE 3d-PW-say.

@

Being a cat means to be gray and nice.

vadogi haxakapu haladahu vajopi laxi vaqaji.

3v-cat PW-NW-mean NW-3l-and 3v-gray 3v-nice.

@

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

lanaxayoso laqaji lajopi ladogi.

3l-4-NW-only 3l-nice 3l-gray 3l-cat.

@

Among cats only gray are nice.

radogi laraxayoso laqaji lajopi ladogi.

3r-cat 3l-3r-NW-only 3l-nice 3l-gray 3l-cat.

@

I eat the second time.

rape xananuzu mananisu.

two NW-4-ordinal.number 1-4-eat.

@

I eat twice.

rape xazuni mananisu.

two NW-4-quantity 1-4-eat.

@

All I do is sleeping.

manabobu haxajecu macozi.

1-4-do PW-NW-if 1-sleep.

@

He runs fast.

xafemi lavizi.

NW-fast 3l-run.

@

The rapidity of his run is admirable.

naxalagu xafemi lavizi.

4-NW-admire NW-fast 3l-run.

@

What is he doing?

larabobu radoki.

3l-3r-do 3r-what?

@

What is your name?

talajepu ladoki.

2-3l-call 3l-what?

@

He did a lot for me.

xaroni larabobu rajeli.

NW-already 3l-3r-do 3r-much.

@

There are at least 3 different cats so that they sleep in the moment.

mepe lazuni hakobi ladogi xalehi lacozi.

three 3l-quantity PW-at.least 3l-cat NW-now 3l-sleep.

@

There is at most 1 cat so that it sleeps in the moment.

vace lazuni hajuti ladogi xalehi lacozi.

one 3l-quantity PW-at.most 3l-cat NW-now 3l-sleep.

@

There are from 4 to 42 cats so that they sleep in the moment.

zadazeru zasabahu mepe sajali kazabahu dope mepe kajali xalehi dacozi.

3z-3d-quantity 3z-3s-more three 3s-nominal.number 3k-3z-more four three 3k-nominal.number NW-now 3d-sleep.

@

There are the same amount of sleeping cats as dogs eating meat.

zadazeru dadogi salazeru lalezi zasaceju xalehi dacozi lakanisu katuzi.

3z-3d-quantity 3d-cat 3s-3l-quantity 3l-dog 3s-3z-equal NW-now 3d-sleep 3l-3k-eat 3k-meat.

@

This is a white wolf.

laquci laxoxi ladoji.

3l-this 3l-white 3l-wolf.

@

This wolf is whiter than that wolf.

laquci ladoji laxoxi haxabahu raxoxi radoji.

3l-this 3l-wolf 3l-white PW-NW-more 3r-white 3r-wolf.

@

The wolf is white.

laquci ladoji laxoxi.

3l-this 3l-wolf 3l-white.

@

A white wolf bites a man.

laxoxi ladoji laradolu raruti.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-3r-bite 3r-human.

@

The wolf that bites a man is white.

ladoji laradolu raruti laxoxi.

3l-wolf 3l-3r-bite 3r-human 3l-white.

@

A white wolf is a beast.

laxoxi ladoji laqaxi.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-beast.

@

White wolf's name is John Johnson.

laxoxi ladoji larajepu rajoyani rajoyanisoni.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson.

@

John Johnson the wolf is a beast.

ladoji lajoyani lajoyanisoni laqaxi.

3l-wolf 3l-John 3l-Johnson 3l-beast.

@

The wolf which is white, its name is John Johnson.

ladoji laxoxi larajepu rajoyani rajoyanisoni.

3l-wolf 3l-white 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson.

@

The wolf called John Johnson is white.

ladoji larajepu rajoyani rajoyanisoni laxoxi.

3l-wolf 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson 3l-white.

@

The beast which is a wolf is mine.

laqaxi ladoji malasaru.

3l-beast 3l-wolf 1-3l-own.

@

This is a friend of my son.

laquci laraqugu ramamicu rapixi.

3l-this 3l-3r-friend 3r-1-child 3r-male.

@

John's wolf is a friend of my son.

ladoji jajoyani jalasaru laraqugu ramamicu rapixi.

3l-wolf 3j-John 3j-3l-own 3l-3r-friend 3r-1-child 3r-male.

@

My white wolf bites a man.

madasaru daxoxi dadoji daradolu raruti.

1-3d-own 3d-white 3d-wolf 3d-3r-bite 3r-human.

@

My white wolf biting a man is a beast.

madasaru daxoxi dadoji daradolu raruti daqaxi. cyfu va fa saru va qa xoxi qa doji qa dolu qa sa ryti sa qaxi qa

1-3d-own 3d-white 3d-wolf 3d-3r-bite 3r-human 3d-beast.

@

My wolf bites me.

madasaru dadoji damadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-1-bite.

@

My wolf bites him.

madasaru dadoji dasadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-3s-bite.

@

My wolf bites itself.

madasaru dadoji dadadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-3d-bite.

@

A white wolf of John's son hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand.

daxoxi dadoji cadasaru cayamicu capixi yajoyani xajudi daladolu zahakucu zadazuku lavavabu vapaqugu pamamicu papixi

3d-white 3d-wolf 3c-3d-own 3c-3y-child 3c-male 3y-John NW-very 3d-3l-bite 3z-PW-via 3z-3d-tooth 3l-3v-hand 3v-3p-friend 3p-1-child 3p-male.

@

The wolf John's son, which hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand, is white and its name is John Johnson.

doji va saru sa va micu sa ta pixi sa hivani ta su ja dolu va la judi ja kycu ja da zuku da va vabu la ra qugu ra ma micu ma ha pixi ma cyfu ha za xoxi va hivani wa hivanovici wa jepu va wa

wolf 1, own 2 1, child 2 3, male 2, ivan 3, be 4 (bite 1 6), very 4, via 5 4, tooth 5 1, hand 6 7, friend 7 8, child 8 9, male 8, i-you 9 19, white 1, ivan 10, ivanovich 10, name 1 10.

21

The wolf biting a friend of my son belongs to John's son.

doji va dolu va sa qugu sa ta micu ta ra pixi ta cyfu ra za saru ba va micu ba da hivani da

wolf 1, bite 1 2, friend 2 3, child 3 4, male 3, i-you 4 7, own 5 1, child 5 6, male 5, ivan 6.

22

A wolf sleeps.

doji va cozi va

wolf 1, sleep 1.

23

A sleeping wolf is mine.

cozi va doji va saru va ma cyfu ma za

sleep 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, i-you 2 3.

24

A sleeping wolf doesn't bite me.

cozi va doji va ciki dolu va ma cyfu ma za

sleep 1, wolf 1, not (bite 1 2), i-you 2 3.

25

My wolf biting me doesn't sleep.

dolu va ma cyfu ma za saru ma va doji va ciki cozi va

bite 1 2, i-you 2 3, own 2 1, wolf, not (sleep 1).

26

I put a piece of meat in the John's bowl with my hand, gave it to the wolf and fell asleep.

cyfu ma za kycu ra tuho ma qa la vabu ra ma lasi la tuzi qa vaci zuni qa doji da futu lyqo ma la da cozi ma

i-you 1 9, via 2 (put 1 3 4), hand 2 1, bowl 4, meat 3, one (quantity 3), wolf 5, after (give 1 4 5) (sleep 1).

Hellerick
1

She's my sister.

biju va qa jiji va cyfu qa za

brother/sister 1 2, female 1, i-you 2 3.

2

It's hard to have a sister.

punu biju va qa zemi qa jiji va

cause (brother/sister 1 2) (hard 2), female 1.

3

Being a sister is hard.

punu biju va qa zemi va jiji va

cause (brother/sister 1 2) (hard 1), female 1.

4

I'm jealous of my sister for my cat.

cyfu va za jyko va qa ra biju qa va jiji qa saru va ra dogi ra

i-you 1 9, jealous 1 2 3, brother/sister 2 1, female 2, own 1 3, cat 3.

5

Jealousy causes pain.

punu jyko va qa ra zemi sa

cause (jealous 1 2 3) (hard 4).

6

I see my sister.

cyfu ma za fidu ma sa biju ma sa jiji ma

i-you 1 9, see 1 2, brother/sister 1 2, female 1.

7

I'm glad to see my sister.

cyfu ma za tasu ma fidu ma sa biju ma sa jiji ma

i-you 1 9, glad 1 (see 1 2), brother/sister 1 2, female 1.

EnMerkar
1

A cat climbs a fence.

dogi va zydu va qa kihi qa

cat 1, climb 1 2, fence 2.

2

A cat climbs over the fence.

dogi va fiqu ka tynu va qa kihi ka

cat 1, over 2 (go 1 3), fence 2.

Xapia
The original numeration is weird. Also three sentences repeat there.

1

Everyone except the king does not admire the king.

jecu jaso ka va ra ciki lagu va ka

if (reign 1 2 3) (not (admire 2 1)).

2

The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.

ryti va jecu ryti la bawu vani va vani la ryti sa jecu ryti la bawu vani la vani sa roni lazu va ga roni lazu sa ga segi ga

human 1, if (human 2) (more (tall 1) (tall 2)), human 3, if (human 2) (more (tall 2) (tall 3)), already (join 1 4), already (join 3 4), circus 4.

3

Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.

jecu vizadi sa dawu pisi rapi zuni va dawu fexi va fibu va sa

if (wizard 2) (and (exactly (two (quantity 1))) (and (goblin 1) (hate 1 2))).

4

The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.

jaso va pa ma jiji va hiniliwi ma zuru va za jaso za ta la pixi za sivenisiki la

reign 1 2 3, female 1, english 3, blood-related 1 4, reign 4 5 6, male 4, swedish 6.

5

Not every country belongs to the United Nations.

ciki jecu hozi va keru va qa sidu qa ra fugi ra ka hozi ka

not (if (country 1) (member 1 2)), organization 2 3, unite 3 4, country 4.

6

The president of every country knows the president of every other country.

jecu dawu hesu va qa hesu fa wa faju va fa

if (and (president 1 2) (president 3 4)) (know 1 3).

7

The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.

ceju ba ca tino ba da fa xybu da ga camu fa ga piki ca

equal 1 2, divide 1 3 4, circumference 3 5, diameter 4 5, pi 2.

8

No house has only one roach in it.

pihi zuni va vosi va lowu va qa goqi qa pisi vaci zuni qa

zero (quantity 1), house 1, contain 1 2, roach 2, exactly (one (quantity 2)).

9

The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.

jaso va ta sa jiji va kiti ta hoso qa ba dawu micu qa va jiji qa pizu fa qa pisi mepi zuni fa gazu fa qa

reign 1 2 3, female 1, hearts 2, only 4 6 (and (child 4 1) (female 4)), love 5 4, exactly (three (quantity 5)), suitor 5 4.

10

At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.

kobi rapi zuni va catu qa va nuqi va fibu va qa

at-least (two (quantity 1)), know 2 1, terrorist 1, hate 2 1.

11

The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.

jaso va ta sa mahi sa hosu vibi feqo za pa fa fiqu qa vibi tynu va ka jaso pa ba ca moridori ca tyvi qa

reign 1 2 3, elf 3, only-if (future (win 4 5 6)) (over 7 (will (go 1 8))), reign 5 9 10, mordor 10, see 7.

12

Anyone who respects someone who respects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.

jecu beru va qa ciki beru sa qa beru qa ka lewi hesu ka ra hyhesi ra kobi vaci zuni sa

if (respect 1 2) (not (respect 5 2)), respect 2 3, now (president 3 4), USA 4, at-least (one (quantity 5)).

13

The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.

teti va roni poxo ka va ta hamipiti ka damipiti ka ciki su va wa teti wa xeri wa joniveni wa

wall 1, already (fall 2 1 3), humpty 2, dumpty 2, not (be 1 4), wall 4, great 4, chinese 4.

14

The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.

jiji va harigeli qa dyhu qa hugu qa va dyhu ma hugu ma va pixi ma dyhu va hugu va ma

female 1, argyle 2, hope 2 (marry 2 1), hope 3 (marry 3 1), male 3, hope 1 (marry 1 3).

15

Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.

nypi va dypi jazu qa va

happen 1, bad (understand 2 1).

16

This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.

qyci ba cuki ba pixi ba jotu ba ca josi ca zowu ca da maqi da kehu da fa lezi fa recu fa ga dogi ga nisu ga ha povi ha demu ha ja maji ja lowu ka myji ja vosi ka jekobi la dybu la ka

this 1, kid 1, male 1, play 1 2, toy 2, scare 2 3, frog 3, splash 3 4, dog 4, chase 4 5, cat 5, eat 5 6, rat 6, kill 6 7, mouse 7, contain 8 (live 7), house 8, Jack 9, build 9 8.

17

That was Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.

qyti xalu va rigu qa xalu qa ra musilimi qa

past (religious-war 1 (call 2 (religious-war 2 3))), muslim 2.

18

Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.

jecu ryti va viqu va qa ryti qa jecu vulikani ta lagu ta qa

if (human 1) (envy 1 2), human 2, if (Vulcan 3) (admire 3 2).

19

Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.

ciki xumi vibi giwi hesu va qa jiji va hyhesi qa

not (good (future (someday (president 2 3))), female 2, USA 3.

20

Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

ciki xedi va jecu dawu peti va muki va bawu va qa

not (exist 1), if (and (integer-number 1) (positive-number 1)) (more 1 2).

21

Checkmate.

liju va qa

checkmate 1 2.

22

Now that's a pretty little girls' school.

qyci va zavi qyxi va cuki qa jiji qa cyxu va qa fiwi va

this 1, enough (little 1), kid 2, female 2, for 2 1, school 1.

23

They were attacking people, not peaceful people.

roni wedu da qa ciki rovi qa

past (attack 1 2), not (peaceful 2).

24

"Bad hair day".

dypi va quku va qa hofu va ka poji ka

bad 1, hair 1 2, in-honour 1 3, day-of-year 3.

25

If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

xeri va jecu kobi rapi zuni va ciki xedi qa, jecu xeri xa bowu xeri qa xeri xa

great 1, if (at-least (two (quantity 1))) (not (exist 2)), if (great 3) (more (great 2) (great 3)).

26

The dog next door is dangerous.

lezi va fizu ka qa saru ka va vozi va

dog 1, neighbour 2 3, own 2 1, dangerous 1.

27

The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.

teri va jecu roni ciki sahu ka ra ciki runi va difu ka qa tihi ra puxi ra

fridge 1, if (already (not (take 2 3))) (not (empty 1)), repairman 2 4, last 3, beer 3.

28

Al is married to Betty's only daughter.

halani va helizabeti qa roni hugu va sa hoso sa ka dawu micu sa qa jiji sa

Al 1, Betty 2, already (marry 1 3), only 2 3 (and (child 3 2) (female 3)).

29

The red house is the house that Jack built.

nuji va vosi va jekobi sa roni dybu sa va

red 1, house 1, Jack 2, already (build 2 1).

30

Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.

raseli va ciki hoso va ka dilu va qa funu ta ka poki ka jepu qa ta

Russell 1, not (only 1 5 (author 1 2)), principle 3 4, math 4, name 2 3.

31

The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.

roni leku da qa johani qa fijeralidi qa kenedi qa wuku da sa jyxi sa rafi ka copu sa ka

already (shoot 1 2), John 2, Fitzjerald 2, Kennedy 2, work 1 3, central 3, spy 4, agency 3 4.

32

Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.

jeremi va korihi qa jecu dawu micu va qa dawu pixi va dawu micu ka qa pixi ka bawu fa ga jiru fa va jiru ga ka

Jeremy 1, Cory 2, if (and (child 1 2) (and (male 1) (and (child 3 2) (male 3)))) (more 1 3), age 4 1, age 5 3.

33

All hail the king.

jecu jaso qa va da cusu va qa

if (reign 2 1 3) (greet 1 2).

34

The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.

bawu vydu qa ma vydu ta ma zuco la ma qa zuco la ma ta jecu kaxo la ma qa dawu ciki podu ma qa podu ma ta

more (hard 3 2) (hard 4 2), examince 1 2 3, examince 1 2 4, if (study 2 1 3) (and (not (successful 2 3)) (successful 2 4)).

35

If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.

jecu ciki quzu ka vufu ka ra kami pizu ka qa cyfu ca ka pizu ka ra vufu ka qa

if (not (able 1 (be-close 2 3))) (do (love 2 4)), i-you 9 2, love 2 3, be-close 2 4.

36

The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.

humo va ta ra xuti ra cefu va ka kaxo ka ja qa, jecu kaxo sa ja qa bawu vani ka vani sa

coach 1 2 3, basketball 3, search 1 4, study 4 7 5, if (study 6 7 5) (more (tall 4) (tall 6)).

37

The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.

jaso va fa ma sivenisiki ma hoso ja ta dawu micu ta va pixi ta roni hugu ta ka vaci zuni ka heriberiti ga micu ka ga jiji ka

reign 1 2 3, swedish 3, only 4 7 (and (child 4 1) (male 4)), already (marry 4 5), one (quantity 5), Herbert 6, child 5 6, female 5.

38

Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.

karilahi va viwi va pyli ka jecu sivu va ka podu va ka

Carla 1, freshman 1, course 2, if (choose 1 2) (successful 1 2).

39

The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.

karu va qa hebihemi qa hugu va sa geru sa za baki za

CEO 1 2, IBM 2, marry 1 3, present 3 4, here 4.

40

The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.

qyti hesu ta ka vaci zuni ta hyhesi ta hyhesi ja jecu hesu ra qa hoso ta ja faju ta ra

past (president 1 2), one (quantity 1), US-american 1, US-american 5, if (president 3 4) (only 1 5 (met 1 3)).

41

This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.

qyci va lezi va recu va qa dogi qa nivu qa ra maji ra lowu la myji ra vosi la jekobi ja dybu ja la

this 1, dog 1, chase 1 2, cat 2, stalk 2 3, mouse 3, contain 4 (live 3), house 4, Jack 5, build 5 4.

42

The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.

hucu ba ca zynu ca da dysu da fa ziqi fa ceju ba ga rymo ga ha ja hucu ha ka zynu ka la cewu la fa hucu ja ma zynu ma qa cewu qa fa

square 1 2, length 2 3, hypotenuse 3 4, right-triangle 4, equal 1 5, sum 5 6 7, square 6 8, length 8 9, cathetus 9 4, square 7 10, length 10 11, cathetus 11 4.

43

Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.

vilihami va joriji ja patiriki pa hosu fibu pa va fibu va ja

Bill 1, George 2, Pat 3, only-if (hate 3 1) (hare 1 2).

44

Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.

su ta dawu syvi va pyqi va disu ta ra ciki polu ta ra su ra fehu va qa

be 1 (and (careful 2) (diligent 2)), necessary 1 3, not (enough 1 3), be 3 (fehu 2 4).

45

Some professors don't understand this problem.

vugi jecu kaxo va la qa ciki jazu va ta bacu ta ka

sometimes (if (study 1 5 2) (not (understand 1 3)), problem 3 4.

46

Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.

deniheli va devitohi va jadi ra vevo ra qa ma lehohi qa tigirisi ma vevo sa va ra bawu xumi fyhu ta sa ba

Danny 1, DeVito 1, wild 2, union 2 3 4, lion 3, tiger 4, union 5 1 2, more (good (avoid 6 5)) 7.

47

Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.

begi va poqi qa vevo ta va qa pumu moki ta sylu ta ra

lawyer 1, real-estate-agent 2, union 3 1 2, or (rich 3) (annoy 3 4).

48

If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.

jecu jecu kaxo da va qa punu va dezi da jecu kaxo da va qa pyru va ka quxu ka va

if [if (study 2 1 3) (cause 1 (bore 2))] [if (study 2 1 3) (waste 1 4)], time 4 1.

49

Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.

vaci zuni va lehohi va birysi ta vilisi ta lewi recu ta va zowu va ka ciki jadi va

one (quantity 1), lion 1, Bruce 2, Willis 2, now (catch 2 1), scare 1 3, not (wild 1).

50

The only students who pass are the ones who work.

hoso la ma fehu la qa kaxo la ra ja kaxo ma ra ja pyqi la

only 1 2 (pass-exam 1 3), study 1 4 5, study 2 4 5, diligent 1.

51

Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.

su ma hoso va za ciki podu va qa hosu ma ba su ba hoso fa sa fahi fa wogi fa vevo ra va za kaxo ra ca ja vevo ca fa sa

be 1 (only 2 3 (not (successful 2 4))), only-if 1 5, be 5 (only 6 7 on-sabbatical 7), unfair 7, union 8 2 3, study 8 9 10, union 9 6 7.

52

Someone is not respected by anyone.

vaci zuni va jecu ryti qa ciki beru qa va

one (quantity 1), if (human 2) (not (respect 2 1)).

53

Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.

jecu jecu qeni ta punu ta dezi ka jecu kaxo qa ka ma punu ka dezi qa

if [if (something 4) (cause 4 (bore 1))] [if (study 2 1 3) (cause 1 (bore 2))].

54

Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.

vugi jecu dawu cyti va kaxo qa va xa ryki va vugi jecu dawu wadi da husi da kaxo qa da xa ciki jecu wadi ra ryki ra

sometimes (if (and (underpaid 1) (study 2 1 3)) (secretary 1)), sometimes (if (and (administrator 4) (overworked 4)) (study 2 4 3)), not (if (administrator 5) (secretary 5).

55

If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.

kaxo da va qa jecu dawu punu da dezi va punu va dezi da pyru xa ka quxu ka xa vevo xa da va

study 2 1 3, if (and (cause 1 (bore 2)) (cause 2 (bore 1))) (waste 5 4), time 4 5, union 5 2 1.

56

The end is nigh.

hani poti va

almost (end 1).

57

Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.

jecu beru va va jecu beru fa ma beru fa va

if (respect 1 1) (if (respect 2 3) (respect 2 1)).

58

Cicero is Tully.

cicerohi va tulihi va

Cicero 1, Tully 1.

59

Daniel is the only child of Jacob.

deniheli da hoso da ga micu da ja jekobi ja

Daniel 1, only 1 3 (child 1 2), Jacob 2.

60

Rebecca has at least two daughters.

rebekahi va micu qa va jiji qa kobi rapi zuni qa

Rebecca 1, child 2 1, female 2, at-least (two (quantity 2)).

61

Cain was not his brother's keeper.

kahini ka biju ka qa pixi qa qyti ciki doxu ka qa

Cain 1, brother-or-sister 1 2, male 2, past (not (care 1 2)).

62

Carl is the tallest man alive.

karili va jecu dawu ryti ma lewi myji ma bawu vani va vani ma

Carl 1, if (and (human 2) (now (live 2))) (more (tall 1) (tall 2).

63

The only pear left on the tree is rotten.

hoso ka ra kemu qa ka tihi qa vaci zuni qa jydi ka xypi ka

only 1 2 (tree 3 1), last 3, one (quantity 3), pear 1, rot 1.

64

There are exactly two primes between 10 and 14.

pisi rapi zuni va cybi va byto va la ka vaci pihi la vaci dopi ka

exactly (two (quantity 1)), prime-number 1, between 1 2 3, one (zero 2), one (four 3).

65

Every affluent person owns at least two cars.

jecu moki va saru va qa ryti va hyzi qa kobi rapi zuni qa

if (rich 1) (own 1 2), human 1, car 2, at-least (two (quantity 2)).

66

At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.

juti vaci zuni va ricimonideri va vibi feqo va qa ra vafi ra

at-most (one (quantity 1)), Richmonder 1, future (win 1 2 3), lottery 3.

67

Every positive integer has exactly one successor.

jecu dawu muki va peti va duju va qa pisi vaci zuni qa

if (and (positive-number 1) (integer-number 1)) (successor 1 2), exactly (one (quantity 2)).

68

There are no more than two villains in Gotham.

juti rapi zuni va wemi va lowu ga va gotemi ga

at-most (two (quantity 1)), villain 1, contain 2 1, Gotham 2.

69

Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.

betimeni ba robini ra vevo qa ra ba hoso qa la zaci qa lowu ga la gotemi ga

Batman 1, Robin 2, unioun 3 2 1, only 3 4 (hero 3), contain 5 4, Gotham 5.

70

Kay respects everyone but herself.

kehisi va jecu ryti qa hoso qa va beru va qa

Kay 1, if (human 2)_(only 2 1 (respect 1 2)).

71

Everything is identical to something.

jecu qeni va wywu va qa

if (all 1) (identical 1 2).

72

Exactly one student respects every professor.

pisi vaci zuni va jecu kaxo va ta sa beru va ta

exactly (one (quantity 1)), if (study 1 2 3) (respect 1 2).

73

No more than one professor is respected by every student.

juti vaci zuni va jecu kaxo ka va ha beru ka va

at-most (one (quantity 1)), if (study 2 1 3) (respect 1 2).

74

Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.

harisitoteli ha dekariti da vevo va ha da wyci va jecu kaxo qa va ba hoso va ra bawu xezi va xezi qa

Aristotle 1, Descartes 2, unioun 3 1 2, philosopher 3, if (study 5 3 6) (only 3 4 (more (smart 3) (smart 5))).

75

2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.

rapi va hoso va pa duju va ka cybi pa cybi ka

two 1, only 1 2 (successor 1 3), prime-number 2, prime-number 3.

76

No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.

jecu ryti va ciki beru va ra hoso va ra beru ra va

if (human 1) (not (respect 1 2)), only 1 2 (respect 2 1).

77

Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.

jecu beru va ra beru ka va pisi vaci zuni ra biru va ra pisi rapi zuni ka biru ka va

if (respect 1 2) (respect 3 1), exactly (one (quantity 2)), classmate 1 2, exactly (two (quantity 3)), classmate 3 1.