Proto-Kagan

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Stage 1 Proto-Kagan==

General information
It is with out a doubt the Kagan is inherantly related to Japanese. This proto language examplifies the first round of changes that help turn Kagan into what it is. There is clearly a Sanskrit influence, too. The language must have been spoken before the early Kagans had settled in Bali.

Phonology
Like Japanese imitating Sanskrit, the language contains a large abundance of phonemes quite alien to Japanese, but retains many important features. The destinction between asperated & unasperated, just as it is in Sanskrit, is important.

Consonants The consonant ' can be voiced or unvoiced.

Vowels
Long vowels are prounced twice as long as short vowels are.

Phonotactics
Stage 1 Proto-Kagan must have had the following diphthons: ay, aay, aw, aaw, ey, ow. The latter two being less common.

Do to extensive borrowings from Sanskrit, Stage 1 Proto-Kagan is largely filled with consonant clusters when compared to Japanese.

Grammar
(The chart below I'l get to later)

Nouns
Nouns have eight cases (nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, vocative, & locative), two genders (masculine & feminine), & two numbers (singular & plural). Most of the nouns are borrowed from Sanskrit.

Pronouns
The pronouns of Stage One Proto-Kagan where very complex. There where 7 cases(nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genetive, & locative), two genders (masculine & feminine), three numbers (Singular, dual, & plural), & three persons. Adding the prefix "*Ka-" turns it into an Interrogative Pronoun. This does not happen with First Person Pronouns.

Verbs
Verbs are especially complex. Verbs have 2 aspects (imperfective & perfective), thee voices (passive, causative, & causative passive), seven tense (past, past conditional, present, provisional conditional, imperative, future, & future conditional), a mood (benedictive), a negative, a potential form, & a polite form.

there are also intensives & frequentatives. The benedictive form uses the prefix "*Se-".

The polite form uses the prefix "*Suma-".

A polite benedictive form also exists, "*Sema-".

Adjectives
Stage one Proto-Kagan, much like Japanese, does not have adjective. Instead, special vervs & nouns are used. These nonadjectives have three tenses (past, present, & future), adverbal forms, negative forms, & polite forms. Adjectival verbs end with the vowel *i.

Adverbs
There are 3 main tipes of adverbs, nominal, verbal & adjectival. The adjectival form is mentioned above.

Nominal - *-nu

Verbal - *-ni

Numerals
Stage 1 Proto Kagan had two seperate sets of numerals, one inherited from Japanese, the other borrowed from Sanskrit.