Nomidian

General Informaiton
This is a romlang with Spanish and Romanian influences in terms of making the phonology. The grammar is aimed to reflect the French method. It is set in rural Switzerland where is takes many German influences (with loans coming in from Old High German).

'''Constantly in development. It may change significantly. '''

Consonants
Any consonant may be geminate except {ŋ z j}

Vowel
All vowels are long in closed syllables

Stress

 * Bisyllabic - ultimate
 * Bisyllabic, initial closed - penultimate
 * Multisyllabic, open - penultimate
 * Multisyllabic, near-penult closed - on the closed syllable
 * Ending in [CVn], [j_] - ultimate

Alphabet
{B D G S Z V W} are devoiced finally 1 - Before a vowel 2 - After a vowel 3 - Intervocalically 4 - Open, unstressed 5 - Before I, J, E 6 - unstressed, open, initial/final syllable; not before a vowel 7 - Before another consonant 8 - Before {k g}

Digraphs and Diacritics Stress
 * Gni gni, Gn gn - [ɲːj], [jɲ]
 * Lli lli, Jl jl - [ʎːj], [jʎ]
 * Ng ng - [ŋ]
 * Ss ss - [sː] final SS is not geminate. Final SS is sometimes written as ß.
 * Sc sc, Sch sch - [ʃː]; sc before A, O, U, or Y and sch before I, E, J, or nothing
 * double written = geminate
 * À à - [ɪ], [ə] finally/initially
 * Ì ì, Ù ù - [ɪ], [ʊ] (Ù ù is [ə] finally)
 * Ii ii - [ɪi] (it is also often written as Ï ï)
 * Ai ai, Ei ei - [ɛ]
 * Au au - [ɔ]
 * Uo uo, Aû aû - [ɒ]
 * Ou ou - [u]
 * On on/Om om, En en/Em em, An an/Am am - {ɔ̃ ɛ̃ ã}. This doesn't apply finally.
 * Ch ch, Gh gh - [k], [g] before I, J, E
 * Ç ç - [t͡s] before anything other than I, J, E and finally
 * Ģ ģ - [d͡ʒ] finally (written as a cedilla)
 * Di_, Gi_, Zi_, Si_, Ti_, Ci_, Ssi_ - {d͡ʒ, d͡ʒ, d͡ʒ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, t͡ʃ, ʃ} before another vowel except I i
 * Gu_ gu_ - [g] before another vowel
 * Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û, Ŷ - homophones

In bisyllabic words, it is final (initial when there is an initial closed syllable). In multisyllabic words, it is penultimate. Alternate stress is marked with an acute, or the unstressed letter is marked with a grave.

Introduction
Verbs are conjugated to tense (present, imperfect, future, conditional, imperitive), mood (indicative, subjunctive), person (first, second, third), number (singular, plural), and voice (active, passive). Aspect is expressed paraphrastically where is combined with tense (perfect, pluperfect, conditional perfect). Lexically, verbs are represented with two parts: the infinitive and the past participle (ie. "to love" is avaj, avat).

Note: person and number are conjugated, but personal pronouns are still required given the familiarity of forms.


 * Explination of Forms

The present tense describes an event currently going on: it has a continual aspect to it. It can also be described as non-past as it is also used for events someone is about to or is going to do promptly/shortly. The imperfect is for events in the past that carry a habitual and progressive aspect. It is also used to describe a person's feelings, physical features, and background. The perfect is an event that has been completed and done by the moment of reference. The pluperfect is an event that had been completed in past by the moment of reference of an event already in the past. The future is an event in the future, but not the direct or close future (where the present is used). The conditional is an advanced form of the future where a possible future is dipicted from the past. The conditional perfect is a possible future in the past in relation to an event already in the past. The composed imperfect is the same as the imperfect but the event is assumed to be habitual and finished by the present; it often relates to actions.

The present participle acts as the gerund/supine. The past participle is mainly grammatical in use, but it can also act as a "past gerund" (as in, " having heard something, he fled the site of the crime"). The perfect passive participle is used for adjectives and as a gerund only in transitive verbs. The perfect passive participle is also used for "passive gerunds" (as in, " being loved, he lead a happy life").

Passive

The verb is reduced to intransitive, a reflexive pronoun is added, and the accusative is put into a prepositional phrase with potií.

History

The future was developed from the old paraphrastic phrase of infinitive + habēre where they coalesced to become the future tense (only in the indicative). The perfects were replaced by the paraphrastic of habēre + past participle (habēre being in the preset or imperfect for the perfect and pluperfect respectivally). The subjunctive follows this same principle in the perfect. The conditional has the same origin as the future, but habēre is in the subjunctive imperfect tense (the conditional perfect is formed with aí, at in the conditional and the past pariticiple). The present participle is directly from the latin present participle, but the past is from the Latin accusative supine and the perfect passive is from perfect passive infinitive. The composed imperfect ultimately came from the loss of distinction between the present and imperfect. It is formed with fizí, faççu and the past pariticiple. The composed future came the same way as the composed imperfect but with the future and present.

Paraphrastic Phrases
 * Perfect: aí, at present + past pariticple
 * Pluperfect: aí, at imperfect + past pariticple
 * Subjunctive Perfect: aí, at subjunctive present + past participle
 * Subjunctive Pluperfect: aí, at subjunctive imperfect + past participle
 * Conditional Perfect: aí, at conditional + past participle
 * Composed Imperfect: faghíj, fioß present + past participle
 * Composed Future: staj, stoséssi subjunctive present + infinitive

Irregulars: to have, to do, to be, to be/feel
To Have Aí [aˈi] - to have To Do Faghíj [fɪˈgɪi] - to do, to make, to create, to construct, to produce

To Be Sej [sɛj] - to be, to exist as

To Be/Feel Staj [staj] - to be, to feel

A-Stem
Avaj [əˈvaj] - to love, to like

II-Stem
Scií [ʃɪi] - to be educated, to have learned something, to teach (passive)

E-Stem
Chiéj [kjɛj] - to believe in (with indirect object), to trust someone/thing

Introduction
Nouns are declined to case alone (nominative/subjective, genitive, oblique; accusative) with gender being intrinsic (masculine, feminine).


 * Case

There are three cases: nominative/subjective, genitive, and oblique (with an occasional, separate accusative). The nominative or subjective represents the nominative/accusative which is the subject and agent of a transitive verb. The genitive describes relationships between two nouns which is most often a possessive relationship followed by compound nouns. The oblique represents the dative, ablative, and accusative (it is only the latter when there is no separate accusative: however, when there is a separate accusative, the dative is still used in a prepositional clause). The accusative infrequently appears in __ declension[s] where is represents the patient of a transitive verb.

Paradigms
1st Declension

The first declension is always feminine and is characterized by the ending -io/-a. Unlike others, it has a regular accusative separate from the oblique. guio    ruzio Nom    guio     ruzio Gen    guï      ruzï Obl    guï      ruzï Acc    guio     ruzio guio  [gjɔ] - water |  ruzio  [ruˈd͡ʒɔ] - rose flower, sweetheart (in the genitive)

2nd Declension

The second declension is charactized by the ending in  -u. Although mostly masculine, there are occasional feminine nouns. muru   giar     temblù     dï Sub      muru    giar     tembl      dï Gen     murï    ghï      temblï     dï Obl     muru    ghu      tembl      dï muru [mʊˈru] - wall, boundry | giar [d͡ʒar] - house and estate, territory, owned land | temblù [tɛ̃blə] - temple, place worship, (litterary) place of calm | dï [dɪi] - day

3rd Declension, S-Class

The S-Class of the third delcension is characterized by the ending in -ß/-ss, -∅, or random. These don't follow a gender, but they are largely masculine. uomn     numn     nuoß      cuorn Sub     uomn      numn     nuoß      cuorn Gen     uomnï     numnï    nuocï     cuorn Obl     uomn      numn     nuocï     cuorn uomn [ɒːm] - male | numn [num] - name, title | nuoß [nɒːs] - night | cuorn [kɒːrn] - horn

3rd Declension, I-Class

The I-Class is characterized by the ending in -i, -ï, or -l. These are more feminine, but there are occasional masculine. turri    nímal Sub     turri     nímal Gen     turri     nimalï Obl     turri     nimalï turri [ˈturːi] - tower | nímal [ˈnimal] - animal

Adjectives
Adjectives decline to gender (masculine, feminine) and case (subjective, genitive, oblique). puscc-           lung-                ruzi- mas    fem        mas     fem          mas   fem Sub     pusccï  puscchio   luong   lunghio      ruzï  ruzio Gen     puscchï puscchï    lunghï  lunghï       ruzï  ruzï Obl     pusçç   puscchio   luong   lunghio      ruzï  ruzio puscci- [pʊsˈk-] : beautiful | l lung- [luŋg-] : long | ruzi- [ruˈd͡ʒ-] : innocent, virgin

Personal Pronouns
Most forms come directly from their Latin equivalents. The third person pronoun comes from Latin, ille.

The fifth person pronoun came from a simplified, unstressed form of Latin homō. It then further split into individual (as in, each) and universal (as in, any): the universal is unmarked whereas the individual is a combination of quis + homō. The fifth person conjugates to the third person in verbs.

The genitive, or possessive, declines to the gender of the owned.

Articles
In order of definite, indefinite, partitive, and universal forms' origin: ille, ūnus, de + ille, quis + ūnus.

Table of Correlatives
Determiners are adjectives that describe another. Human pronouns are those which describe a person. Nonhuman are those which descibe things. Masculine genders are for men and mixed gender groups whereas the female gender only applies to all female groups.

Proximal and distal pronouns/suffixes come from hic and iste respectivally. Although, the suffixes are not required and are often only used for clarification.

Interrogatives come from quī. Demonstratives come from ille, hic, and iste. Quantifiers come in order of existential, elective, and alternative from qualis + quī, quī + voluisse, al- qualis + quī.

Sound Changes
Legend:  V = vowel | C = consonant | I = {i j}, palatalized consonant | N = {m n ŋ} | acute/grave = stressed / unstressed | O = open syllable | Ɵ = closed syllable | $ = syllable | Ọ̇ = before or after | A = alveolar | V = velar | Ob = obstruent | F = fricative | P = plosive | L - liquid {l r w j}

/e o eʲ oʲ/ will equal [ɛ ɔ e o] respectivally --Grammar: Loss of passive. Replaced by intransitive verb and prepositional phrase. Futher explained in Verbs. Regularization of most nouns except common ones. Form simplification and moderate regularization of verbs. Deponent verbs from latin become active, but required to be reflexive. --Sound Changes: h > ∅ V: > V y > u w > v / V_V, #_ {pʰ tʰ kʰ} > {f t: k:} V̀ > ∅ / intertonic ∅ > n / _F if the following syllable ends in [n] {ɪ eʲ}, {ʊ oʲ} > i , u ; V̀ > ∅ / #_CC aɪ > i {s t m} > ∅ / _# V{n m} > Ṽ ! _#, _N , _V {k g} > {ts dʒ} / _{i e} s > z / V_V IC, CI > ICʲ CʲI ps > s pt > t: sts > s: ŋn > ɲ: / V_V ! _i > nʲ: sk, ks > ʃ: kt > tʲ: s > z / _#, V_V -new stress- t > ts / _I r > ∅ / _#, V_V̀ V{i e} > Vj {e o} > {i u} / _# ! V_ Ve > Vj ; Vé > Ví Cʲ > Cj ! _i, _# {p t k t͡s} > {b d g d͡z} / V_(L)V̀ a > e / Ọ̇I ! $́ Old High German Loans tʲ > ts / _# j > ʝ / #_V lj > ʎ: ; l > ʎ / I_# nʲ > ɲ ! _#, _V# > n ts > s / _# , _$̀ {b d g d͡z} > {v ð d͡ʒ z} / V_V ! _w {l r} > ∅ / V_V̀ V > Ṽ / _{m n ŋ}P {i a e} > ɪ / #Ò ; {o u} > ʊ / #Ò ; {a e} > ə / ( ( Ò_#, Ò#_ ) ! _C ) ʝ > ʒ {in ĩn} > {eɲ ẽɲ} ; ũn > ɔ̃n N > ∅ / Ṽ_P ɲ > ( n / _A ), ( ŋ / _V ) ! _j {nr lr rl} > r: {e o a} > {je ɒ: jɔ} / #_, $́ V̀ > ∅ / _# ! bisyllabic, post-stress èr > ɪi ; ér > jar r > ∅ / _# o > u / $̀ Cw > C z > dz / $́_, #_ i > ɪi / _#, ̩O ! C:_ ù > ∅ / _# Cʲ > C ts > s / _#, _C {t d j} > ∅ / _# {v ð} > ∅ / V_V l > z / _Ob ; ʎ > ʒ / _Ob (devoices to [s/ʃ] before devoiced consonants) {ɔu ɪV èV ʏ Və à{ɪ j e}V au Vé} > {u jV jV ʊ V jV ɔ Ví} m > v / V_V {s z d͡z t͡s t d n l} > {ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɲ ʎ} / _jV r > ∅ / #P_ l > j / {i ɪ j ɛ}_# Nj > N French Loans ð > d aì > ɪi C: > C / #_, _# , _C C [+voice] > C [-voice] / Ob {ʊ ɪ} > ∅ / #_ English Loans --New Stress Stress is moved from the penultimate or antepenultimate to another in various situations: •Bisyllabic - ultimate •Bisyllabic, initial closed or nasal - penultimate •Multisyllabic, open - penultimate •Multisyllabic, near-penult closed - on the closed syllable •Ending in [CVn], [j_] - ultimate prepositions and articles are intrinsically unstressed

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