Tesipa

=Information=

=Phonology=

Alphabet
Tesipa has twenty-one letters, composed of fifteen consonants and six vowels. The Tesipa alphabet looks like this:

AEIOUYMNBFDSZXPTKRJLW aeiouymnbfdszxptkrjlw

Consonants
This is a chart of all the consonants found in Tesipa and what letter represents them, in parentheses.

Vowels
This is a chart of all the vowels found in Tesipa and what letter represents them, in parentheses.

Phonotactics
The main rule in Tesipa is that every verb and noun MUST start with a vowel and end with a consonant. Other word forms and prefixes and suffixes are free to end and start with consonants and vowels, however, most follow the rule anyway. In addition, no diphthongs are allowed, so each vowel is pronounced separately. Consonants of the same method of articulation may not be placed next to each other, unless in different syllables. Nasals may not be placed next to other consonants, unless in different syllables.

Stress
Stress is perfectly regular, with the accented syllable always being the penultimate syllable (except in the case of one syllable words). Stress is light, not heavy.

Spelling
Tesipa is perfectly phonetic. The voicing and aspiration of consonants does not have an effect on spelling.

=Grammar=

Sentence Structure
Tesipa's sentence structure is very regular, consisting of a SUBJECT VERB OBJECT order in all types of sentences and subclauses. Tesipa also has prepositions (as opposed to postpositions) and adjectives come before nouns. Indirect objects follow direct objects in a sentence. Morphosyntactic Alignment is Nominative-Accusative.

Affix Heirarchy
The order of affixes usually does not apply, as for most parts of speech there is only one type of suffix and one type of prefix. However, in verbs, which are largely agglutinative and inflectional instead of isolating, there is a hierarchy, stated below.

NEGATIVE PREFIX - DEPENDENT MORPHEMES - ROOT WORD(S) - TENSE/ASPECT SUFFIXES - MOOD/NON-FINITE SUFFIXES

For other parts of speeches, the system works as well. The order of dependent and root morphemes does not matter.

Verbs
Morphemes may be combined. Dependent morphemes come before any root words.

Mood
Moods are the main conjugations for verbs, and exist as suffixes. There are seven moods, which are the Indicative (for facts), Optative (for hopes, wishes, and desires), Subjunctive (for opinions and conditions), Potential (for possibilities and hypothetical events), Imperative (for commands), Interrogative (for questions), and Precative (for requests). They are all conjugated by suffixes. The Optative case is also used for making the verbs related to emotion and for exclamative sentences.

Each mood can be changed into negative form by the use of the negative prefix (n-).

Voice
There is only one voice in Tesipa, Active Voice, which consists of normal sentence structure. Adjectives may be used as an object if the verb is the verb to be.

Tense
There are three tenses in Tesipa, past, present, and future. Combined with aspects, there are six suffixes that may be attached to verbs.

Aspect
There are two aspects in Tesipa, perfective and imperfective. Combined with tenses, there are six suffixes that may be attached to verbs.

Person
There are no conjugations for person in Tesipa and verbs do not agree to any type of person. Instead, it is solely determined by the position of nouns around the verb.

Non-finite Verbs
There are four forms of non-finite verb in Tesipa, which are the Infinitive, Participle, Gerund, and Supine. All types of these verbs are conjugating by added a suffix (except infinitives), similar to the mood suffixes. There are no gerundives.

Infinitives
Infinitives are the base form of a verb, essentially meaning the verb. In Tesipa, they are conjugated by leaving the verb root alone, with no conjugations. Infinitives function as nouns.

Participles
Participles are divided into three forms, and may be either Adverbial or Adjectival in Tesipa, however, this does not make a difference in pronunciation or spelling. Instead, the three forms of participles are based off of tense in Tesipa. The participles are past (describing a verb that happened to a noun in the past), present (describing a verb that is happening to a noun presently), and future (describing a verb that will/may happen to a noun in the future). Each participle is conjugated by a suffix.

There is no difference between future participles for things that may happen and things that will happen. However, someone may switch moods in the main verb to signify such a thing, usually either to Indicative or Potential. The same also applies to the past and present participles, albeit rarer.

Gerunds
Gerunds are a noun form of verbs, as the noun that is the action of doing the verb. Adding the suffix -er creates a gerund that can be used in sentences.

Supines
Supines are a noun form of a verb that are the purpose of an action (verb). Adding the suffix -or creates a supine that can be used in sentences.

Negative
The Negative form of a verb is created by adding the prefix n- to the beginning of the verb. There is no adverb, unlike in English. The negative prefix works with any mood of finite verbs.

Nouns
Morphemes are often combined, for example, a dog kennel might be directly translated as "dog place". The order does not matter

Case
Case is not formed by declensions. Instead it is created by a mixture of word order and particles. Three cases, Nominative, Accusative, and Dative, are determined from the word order solely. For example, a sentence might run "I traded you apples", which is in the order Nominative, Verb, Accusative, Dative. Every sentence and subclause runs this way. The other three cases, Genitive, Ablative, and Instrumental are for special objects that may appear in Tesipa, such as a possessed object, a cause, or something used for doing an action.

Genitive
Genitive, the equivalent of Possessive in English, and in Tesipa is created by adding the particle "uf" between the possessor and the possessed. For example, in English, possessive can be created by the particle "of", which could create the noun House of John. In Tesipa, it would be translated literally into John of House, while having the same meaning as the English.

Diminutive & Augmentative
A Diminutive (small version) of a noun can be created by adding the suffix -ili to the noun, while an Augmentative (large version) of a noun can be created by adding the suffix -aku.

Definiteness
Definiteness is determined by the demonstrative in front of a noun, if any. If there is no demonstrative, indefiniteness exists.

Comparative
A comparative form is created by adding the word "mari" in front of the adjective.

Superlative
A superlative form is created by adding the word "moli" in front of the adjective.

Negative
A negative form is created by adding the prefix n-.

Adverbs
Adverbs are not usually descended from adjectives.

Intensity
An adverb's intensity can be increased by adding the word "mari" in front of the adverb.

Negative
A negative form is created by adding the prefix n-. This works on intense adverbs as well.

Pronouns
Pronouns are very simple in Tesipa, and are as basic as possible. The main conjugation for them is for person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

Personal
No intensive pronouns. There is no difference between number, gender, or case. A dummy pronoun does not exist, instead, the impersonal verb just stands on its own.

Possessive
A possessive pronoun is created by adding the particle "uf" in front of a personal pronoun. A sentence would look like "Cat is of me."

Indefinite
There are seven indefinite pronouns, unol (one), ekol (someone/some), elol (anyone/any), inol (everyone/every), enol (no one/none), opol (few), and omol (many).

Correlatives
Tesipa has relatively few correlatives, which are regular.

Relative pronouns use the same set as the Interrogative pronouns.

Prepositions
Prepositions are found before the noun/noun phrase in Tesipa and function similarly to how to function in English. They serve the purpose of grammatical case.

Copulas
Copulas are very simple in Tesipa. The verb "to be" (es) serves as the copula for all types. It can be conjugated for tense/aspect and mood as well. Some sentences in English which would have a copula are completely served by moods as well, with no copula. Usually the only sentences where the copula appears are in sentences such as "I am a human." In Tesipa, a copula is required in those situations to connect the nouns.

Modality
There are seven modalities that can be used in Tesipa. This a chart that lists what mood to use for each modality.

Reflexive
Reflexive is achieved by using the pronoun Yl as the object and the noun that is acting upon itself as the subject.

Obviate
As a replacement to voices in Tesipa, the less important noun in a sentence can be marked as obviate with the prefix b-. This sets the obviated object as the less important item, so pronouns will usually refer to the non-obviated item and such.

Conditional Sentences
Conditional Sentences are formed similarly to English, with two separate sentences, with both sentences being in the Subjunctive mood. A word for word translation might be "You(OB) heat(SUB) water, it boil(SUB)." The structure remains the same for various types of conditions and effects.

Dependent Clauses
Noun clauses are formed by adding the demonstrative eko or a relative pronoun in front of an independent clause. They serve as a noun in a sentence

Adjective clauses are formed by changing the repeated noun in an independent clause to the demonstrative eko or a relative pronoun, and inserting the clause in front the noun (unlike some English).

Adverb clauses are formed by putting a subordinating conjunction in front of the dependent clause and putting it before the independent clause.

=Dictionary=

=Example text=