Nureki

General Information
Nureki, (Nureki: nırıkçı ; Tajik: Норакӣ, Norakī), is a turkic language taking root in Sogdia along side the local Sogdian and Tajik languages. It comes primarily from Old Turkish and Farsi loans. Reletively recently, Russia loans began appearing mainly for recent advancements such as the computer or the nuclear bomb. Sogdanian is a highly agglutinative language using many suffixes to express grammatical relationships. Another feature of Sogdianian is the creation of new verbs by attaching the root to the verb (such as attaching prepositions to verb roots in French).

Consonants
Allophones

[l~ɫ] works like Russian: [ɫ] is usually everywhere except before palatal vowels where it becomes [l].

Vowels
Diphthongs: {aɪ̯ eɪ̯ eʏ̯}

Vowel Harmony and Ğ
Sogdianian features a slightly irregular and mandatory vowel harmony which matches front/back vowels. The system works head-initially where the vowel in the syllable following the one of the static vowel will change front/backness to agree (for example, -lar/-ler: sööt, tree, has a front vowel. So, when the plural marker is attached, it takes a front vowel: söötler, trees. To compare, dokat, nine, has a back vowel. So, the opposite happens and the collective marker takes a back vowel: dokatlar, nines).

These are the relationships: ''(*) This is a rounding changing which applies rarely in certain suffixes in the same fashion as the front/back change. The vowel that will change will agree to the roundness of the preceding syllable's vowel's roundness  and  front/backness. For exmaple, the collective suffix,'' -ağ. This suffix can be the following: -ağ, -eğ, -oğ, -öğ. Note the following: oğr, fortune/luck, becomes oğroğ; daş, spider, becomes daşağ; çerig, army, becomes çeriğeğ.

Writing System
There are two alphabets: the old, Soviet-era Cyrillic one and the newer, pan-turkic Latin one. Gradually, but surely, the Latin variant is overtaking the Cyrillic one therefore the article will be written with the Latin one.

Cyrillic А, Б , Г , Д , Е , Ё , З , И , Й , К , Л , М , Н , О , П , Р , С , Т , У , Х , Ч , Ђ , Ш , Ы , Ю { a, b , g , d , e , ø , z , i , j , k , l~ɫ , m , n , o , p , r , s , t , u , h , tʃ , dʒ , ʃ , ɯ , y }

Long vowels recieve a macron.

Latin A, B , C , Ç , D , E , G , Ğ , H , İ , I , K , L , M , N , O , Ö , P , R , S , Ş , T , U , Ü , Y , Z { a , b , dʒ , tʃ , d , e , g , ~ , h , i , ɯ , k , l~ɫ , m , n , o , ø , p , r , s , ʃ , t , u , y , j , z }

Ğ ğ is a special letter with no clear value. Instead, it is a sort of auxiliary letter to mark diphthongs on certain letters. They include: Any other appearent however is silent such as between vowels or after a vowel not listed hereabove.
 * Ağ ağ - [aɪ̯]
 * Eğ eğ - [eɪ̯]
 * Oğ oğ - [oʊ̯]
 * Öğ öğ - [eʏ̯]

Long vowels a written doubly.

Nouns
Nouns do not decline to anything. Instead, they are a root with various suffixes put thereon and compound verbs.

Order of Morphemes
fill in later

But, as a sketch, it'll be: plurality, case, possession

Case
There are 8 cases. All cases come directly from Old Turkic. Cases sometimes fuse with suffixes of possession (although, most are simply suffixes on suffixes).

In the table, each case will be shown with its potentially fused suffix of possession.

Plurality
There are two numbers: singular and plural. Singular is unmarked, and the plural takes the suffix __ (agrees with the vowel harmony). The plural form also happens to be a formality marker when speaking to people of high authority where it would be attached to the appropriate word (for example, the word bodşa, king, would take the pseudo-plural formal marker, becoming bodşa, when used as a vocative or addressing a monarch in anyway).

Some nouns can be "collective" which is equivalent to Germanic "mass" nouns. This is indicated by the suffix -ağ. This suffix is better explained under Vowel Harmony.

Possession
These suffixes indicate possession or relationship of the word attached thereto. There is a cetain sandhi with singular number suffixes. After vowels or ğ, the suffixes does not take a vowel. For example, tenırı > tenırı-m but gır > gır-ım. This is similar to the 3rd person suffix: tenırı > tenırı-sı but gır > gır-ı. The 3rd person plural suffix follows the same patter as the collective suffix -ağ (information under Vowel Harmony).

Adjectives
Adjectives are much looser than in English or romance languages where often times, an adjective can equally be a noun. When a possessive suffix is put thereon, the adjective represents the quality of the owner. Adjectives themselves can also be suffixed after a fully suffixed verb as an adverb.

However, a given noun can be clarified as an adjective with the suffix -lıg.

Adverbs
A noun or postposition is put into the insturmental case.

Derivatives
''Those with an asterisk are applicable to adjectives as well. Those with two asterisks are only for adjectives.'' The first diminuative is used solely with the first person possessive suffixes to show a sense of the endearment of the object by the speaker. (anaçım = my [dearest] mom; güdegüçim = my [dearest] son-in-law).
 * Diminuative 1 : -(i)ç

The second one is used to give a sense of smallness or belittlement to the object by the speaker. (tag mountain > tağkine hill ; or city > orkine small, trade/farm town)
 * Diminuative* 2 : -kine

Only used with adjectives, it means "similar to" such as the English suffixes -esque, -like, and -ish. (ağtunlı golden > ağtunlısığ gilded ; yaşlı old/aged > yaşlısığ aged-esuqe / elden-like)
 * Derivational semblative** : -siğ

This is applied to white-collar-esque people and soldier (such as a merchant, a soldier, a business) as a form of respect, signigaling that they have honor. (serböz soldier > serbözeyüt honorable veteran)
 * Honorific - Honor : -ayut

The two arbitrary (although -sil is used more often) suffixes are sometimes used to name a color. It can be used on nouns to express "look like". (ut a win > utsil the color of a win / looks like a win)
 * Color names : -ğil, -sil

This is sometimes used to denote an object as a piece of clothing to wear. (ut a win > uduruk a win that is being worn / shown off – that is metaphorical indicating that the win that had been won is to be worn like a medal)
 * Clothing : -duruk



155 on the book



Sound Changes
Key: V - vowel | C - consonant | $ - syllable | f - front vowels | b - back vowel | B - labial consonant | % - around (ie. before or after) | A - alveolar | Y - palatal | Ä - {e/æ ɑ} | Ö - {ø o} | Ü - {y u} | Ï - {i ɯ} | V↓ - falling diphthong V[+round] > V[-round] / _{k ɲ tʃ} V[-round] > V[+round] / B_ V[-round] > V[+round] / $[+round]_ V[+round] > V[-round] / $[-round]_ ∅ > ɯ / #_{r tʃ p} ∅ > ɯ / C_r {m v n} > {b b d} / #_ {e ø o æ} > {i y u i} / $́_, Ɵ́ {a ɯ o u} > {æ i ø y} / _Y {k g ŋ} > {tʃ dʒ n} / A_ {ɲ ŋ} > n ; ɲ > jn / b́_ b > v / V_V VCV̀CV > VCCV Cr > rC {k g}ʃ > ʃ{k g} l > ɣ / _C ; g > ɣ æ > e {p t k tʃ} > {b d g dʒ} / #_ {ɣ v} > ∅ / V_V s > h / #_ ÖÜ > Ü: Vɣ > V↓ Notes :


 * 1) /ä~a/ becomes /œ~o/ when rounded
 * 2) /o/ becomes /ɑ/ when unrounded
 * 3) Falling diphthong
 * 4) {i e} > eɪ
 * 5) {y ø} > eʏ
 * 6) {ɯ u} > {ɯ u} (do not change)
 * 7) o > oʊ
 * 8) a > aɪ

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Best reasource: http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/turks/Erdal_OTG.pdf (149)

My understanding of his notation:

/ä ï ü ö a/ > {æ ɯ y ø ɑ}

/č ŋ y ñ š/ > {tʃ ŋ j ɲ ʃ}

Example words
 * alkış - applause
 * al - red
 * alın - forehead
 * agrı - pain
 * az - not much/many
 * tag - mountain
 * taş - stone
 * yag - oil, fat, grease
 * kız - girl
 * boş - empty, free
 * ur - to hit, pound, beat
 * örümçek - spider
 * yüz - hundred
 * sıŋar - deaf
 * tut - hold
 * töri - to be born, arise, spring up
 * töz - root, origin, foundation
 * teŋri - God of the blue sky
 * taban - sole, foot
 * topur - to dry out
 * yaş - age
 * ogur - luck, fortune
 * unıt - forget
 * çerig - army
 * öl - to die, kill
 * çiçek - flower
 * üstin - up, top
 * üze - above, over
 * şiş - skewer
 * çıpık - branch
 * or - city
 * kut - holy, fortune
 * süt - milk
 * uz - to make, to be able to
 * sıgır - cattle
 * yat - to bend, incline, lie
 * yaŋı - new
 * siŋür - digest
 * tat - taste
 * ut - win
 * elig - hand
 * alaŋ - area
 * udu - following, after
 * büt - to come to an end, be perfected
 * buzagu - calf
 * bulıt - cloud
 * tık - to stuff
 * tik - to erect
 * sık - to squeeze
 * kır - mountain
 * kir - filth
 * ırk - omen
 * irk - ram
 * -lig - adjective
 * -kiña - endearment to children and object
 * -iç - endearment for family
 * -iš - cooperation/vying
 * -ka - dative
 * -lar - plural
 * ber - to give
 * -ma - negative
 * -sig - diminuative
 * -siz - privative
 * -kiña - locative
 * -ça - insturmental
 * karı - old, to get old
 * tariŋ - deep
 * agri - bent
 * -siz - without
 * -sig / -dam - "similar to" or "trying to be like" the noun
 * -agut - profession
 * kolo - moment
 * köŋül - spirit
 * kövdöŋ - body
 * ordo - army camp
 * oron - place
 * orto - middle
 * osog - manner
 * öŋöç - larynx
 * sögöt - tree
 * toko - belt buckle
 * tokoz - nine
 * töpö - hill, top
 * törö - teaching
 * yogon - thick
 * yogto - mane
 * odog - awake
 * ogol - son
 * bodo- - to paint, copy
 * olor- - to sit
 * odon- - to wake up, be awake
 * topol- - to pierce
 * altun - gold
 * küdägü - son-in-law
 * -mati - gerund