Kedagiji

Kedagiʤi ['kedagiʤi] is an a-priori conlang of a small unambiguous grammar.

Phonotactics
The stress is on the first syllable. There is no reduction. Syllable format is CV - consonant-vowel.

Writing System
Matches the phoneme inventory.

a b d ʣ ʤ e f g i j k l m n o p r s ʃ t ʦ ʧ u v x z ʒ

Rules
Abbreviations: PW = previous word; NW = next word; QB = quote begin; QE = quote end.

Text consists of sentences split with pauses. Sentences consist of connected words in an almost free order. A word consists of a root and affixes. The connection is based on polypersonal agreement where different third persons are marked differently. In other words the same 3-rd person affix in different words points to the same thing. The affix order is defined in the dictionary for each root. The last vowel of a root determines how many affixes it has: 0 -e, 1 -i, 2 -u, 3 -o, 4 -a. It isn't variable.

1) affix1 + i-root

2) affix1 + affix2 + u-root

3) affix1 + affix2 + affix3 + o-root

4) affix1 + affix2 + affix3 + affix4 + a-root

1st person affix is ma, 2nd is ta, indefinite is na. Reference to the previous word is ʃa, to the next it's xa. The choice of a 3rd-person affix is up to speaker, but affixes should be same in different word of a sentence for the same object they point at. All affixes end with -a.

To refer to an affix of the previous sentence one uses word pu.

To refer to an affix of the sentence before the previous one, one uses word fu.

To refer to the next word one uses the word xi or the affix xo.

To refer to the previous word one uses the word ʃi or the affix ʃa.

Direct and indirect speech
One may group several sentences putting words se (quote begin) and te (quote end) around them. It makes one unit from grammatical point of view. One uses it for expressing the indirect speech, for example.

Tense
Tense is optionally expressed with words already, later, now and ago.

Gender
Gender is optionally expressed with words male and female.

Number
Singular and plural is expressed with numbers. If number is omitted, one should guess from context, the number is "at least one" by default (n ∈ N, n ≠ 0). A nominal number ends with jali. A cardinal number ends with zuni.

Ordinal numbers end with the word nuzu. The first parameter is a thing ordered, and the second is a set of everything in that order.

Negation
Negation is expressed with word ʧiki.

Comparative
Comparative word is baʃu - more. Superlative is expressed as "more than all".

Only and the only
In phrases with "only" it's always meant that one is something while others aren't. Therefore the reference to others is necessary. It is expressed with the word "joso" - "only for x1 but not for x2, x3 is true".

EBNF
Note. { } means 0 or more repetitions, [ ] means 0 or 1 repetition, groups together, comma concatenates strings, | means an alternative, - means an exception, (* comment *).

text = sentenceFirst, ".", [" ", sentenceSecond, ".", {" ", sentence, "."}];

sentenceFirst = sfWordSingle | (sfWordFirst, {" ", sfWord}, " ", sfWordLast);

sentenceSecond = ssWordSingle | (ssWordFirst, {" ", ssWord}, " ", ssWordLast);

sentence = wordSingle | (wordFirst, {" ", word}, " ", wordLast);

(* 1S *)

sfWordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRootFirst |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* 11 *)

sfWordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* 1N *)

sfWord = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRootFirst |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* 1L *)

sfWordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRootFirst |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* 2S *)

ssWordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRootSecond |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* 21 *)

ssWordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRootSecond |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* 2N *)

ssWord = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRootSecond |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* 2L *)

ssWordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRootSecond |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* NS *)

wordSingle = quote |

numbers, " ", affixSingle, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixSingle, affixSingle, uNumber |

affixSingle, iRootSingle |

affixSingle, affixSingle, uRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, oRoot |

affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, affixSingle, aRoot;

(* N1 *)

wordFirst = quote |

numbers, " ", affixFirst, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixFirst, affixFirst, uNumber |

affixFirst, iRootFirst |

affixFirst, affixFirst, uRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, oRoot |

affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, affixFirst, aRoot;

(* NN *)

word = quote |

numbers, " ", affix, iNumber |

natural, " ", affix, affix, uNumber |

affix, iRoot |

affix, affix, uRoot |

affix, affix, affix, oRoot |

affix, affix, affix, affix, affix, aRoot;

(* NL *)

wordLast = quote |

numbers, " ", affixLast, iNumber |

natural, " ", affixLast, affixLast, uNumber |

affixLast, iRootLast |

affixLast, affixLast, uRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, oRoot |

affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, affixLast, aRoot;

(* end *)

affix = consonant, "a";

quote = "se( ", text, " )te";

affixSingle = affix - "ʃa" - "xa";

affixFirst = affix - "ʃa";

affixLast = affix - "xa";

iRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "i" ;

uRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "u";

oRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "o";

aRoot = consonant, {vowel, consonant}, "a";

iRootSingle = iRoot - "ʃi" - "xi";

iRootFirst = iRoot - "ʃi";

iRootLast = iRoot - "xi";

uRootFirst = uRoot - "pu" - "fu";

uRootSecond = uRoot - "fu";

iNumber = "ʤali" | "zuni";

uNumber = "nuzu";

numbers = numE | numDiv;

numE = integer, [" kaʒe ", natural, [" beʤe ", integer]];

numDiv = (integer, " tine ", natural) | (integer, " rume ", natural, " tine ", natural);

integer = ["xife "], natural;

natural = number, {" ", number};

number = "vaʧe" | "rape" | "mepe" | "dope" | "suxe" | "vime" | "ʒiʤe" | "buʃe" | "dize" | "pije";

vowel = "a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u";

consonant = "b" | "d" | "ʣ" | "ʤ" | "f" | "g" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "p" | "r" | "s" | "ʃ" | "t" | "ʦ" | "ʧ" | "v" | "x" | "z" | "ʒ".

Examples
Hello! Hi!

mataʧusu.

1-2-greet.

@

Good day!

laxumi lavuki.

3l-good 3l-day.

@

Good morning!

laxumi labati.

3l-good 3l-morning.

@

Good evening!

laxumi laliri.

3l-good 3l-evening.

@

Good bye! / See you!

matazibu.

1-2-bye.

@

Thank you!

matanaʃalo.

1-2-4-thank.

@

You are welcome!

matanavano.

1-2-4-accept.

@

Never mind!

xaʧiki matanavano.

NW-not 1-2-4-accept.

@

Yes.

naʃufi.

4-correct.

@

No.

naʧiki.

4-not.

@

Only one son of John sleeps.

vaʧe kazuni kadaʃajoso dapamiʧu dapixi kapamiʧu kapixi paʤojani kaʧozi.

one 3k-NUM 3k-3t-PW-only 3t-3p-child 3t-male 3k-3p-child 3k-male 3p-John 3k-sleep.

@

The only son of John sleeps.

vaʒaxajoso xafadaʃu vadamiʧu faxi vapixi daʤojani vaʧozi.

3v-3q-NW-only NW-3f-and 3v-3t-child 3f-that 3v-male 3t-John 3v-sleep.

@

Only the only son of John sleeps.

vaʒaxajoso xafadaʃu vadamiʧu faxi vapixi daʤojani vaʒaxajoso vaʧozi.

3v-3q-NW-only NW-3f-and 3v-3t-child 3f-that 3v-male 3t-John 3v-3q-NW-only 3v-sleep.

@

All cats are gray.

vadogi ʃaxaʤeʧu vaʤopi.

3v-cat PW-NW-if 3v-gray.

@

Not all cats are gray.

xaʧiki xabaʤeʧu vadogi baxi vaʤopi.

NW-not NW-3b-if 3v-that 3b-cat 3v-gray.

@

All cats aren't gray.

ladogi ʃaxaʤecu laʤopi ʃaʧiki.

3l-cat PW-NW-if 3l-gray PW-not.

@

All gray cats are nice.

vaʒaʤi xaʃaʤeʧu xaladaʃu vaʤopi laxi vadogi.

3v-nice NW-PW-if NW-3l-and 3v-gray 3l-that 3v-cat.

@

Some black cats are nice.

vaʒaʤi xoʃeʃafu xosodaʃu vagaki soxi vadogi.

3-nice 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-black 3-that 3-cat.

@

Some nice cats are black.

vagaki xoʃeʃafu xosodaʃu vaʒaʤi soxi vadogi.

3-black 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-cat.

@

Some nice black creatures are cats.

vadogi xoʃeʃafu xosodaʃu vaʒaʤi soxi vagaki.

3-cat 3-3-some 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-black.

@

Among nice cats there are gray and black.

maxi xorodaʃu vaʒaʤi roxi vadogi maʃeʃafu vaʤopi maʃeʃafu vagaki.

3-that 3-3-and 3-nice 3-that 3-cat 3-3-some 3-gray 3-3-some 3-black.

@

Nice cats are gray and black.

paxi xaradaʃu vaʒaʤi raxi vadogi paʃaʤeʧu xasadaʃu vaʤopi saxi vagaki.

3p-that NW-3r-and 3v-nice 3r-that 3v-cat 3p-PW-if NW-3s-and 3v-gray 3s-that 3v-black.

@

He said not all cats are gray.

se( xaʧiki xafaʤeʧu vadogi faxi vaʤopi. )te daʃazelu.

QB NW-not NW-3f-if 3v-cat 3f-that 3v-gray QE 3d-PW-say.

@

Being a cat means to be gray and nice.

vadogi ʃaxakapu ʃaladaʃu vaʤopi laxi vaʒaji.

3v-cat PW-NW-mean NW-3l-and 3v-gray 3v-nice.

@

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

lanaxayoso laʒaʤi laʤopi ladogi.

3l-4-NW-only 3l-nice 3l-gray 3l-cat.

@

Among cats only gray are nice.

radogi laraxayoso laʒaʤi laʤopi ladogi.

3r-cat 3l-3r-NW-only 3l-nice 3l-gray 3l-cat.

@

I eat the second time.

rape xananuzu mananisu.

two NW-4-ordinal.number 1-4-eat.

@

I eat twice.

rape xazuni mananisu.

two NW-4-quantity 1-4-eat.

@

All I do is sleeping.

manabobu ʃaxaʤeʧu maʧozi.

1-4-do PW-NW-if 1-sleep.

@

He runs fast.

xafemi lavizi.

NW-fast 3l-run.

@

The rapidity of his run is admirable.

naxalagu xafemi lavizi.

4-NW-admire NW-fast 3l-run.

@

What is he doing?

larabobu radoki.

3l-3r-do 3r-what?

@

What is your name?

talaʤepu ladoki.

2-3l-call 3l-what?

@

He did a lot for me.

xaroni larabobu raʤeli.

NW-already 3l-3r-do 3r-much.

@

There are at least 3 different cats so that they sleep in the moment.

mepe lazuni ʃakobi ladogi xaleʃi laʧozi.

three 3l-quantity PW-at.least 3l-cat NW-now 3l-sleep.

@

There is at most 1 cat so that it sleeps in the moment.

vaʧe lazuni ʃaʤuti ladogi xaleʃi laʧozi.

one 3l-quantity PW-at.most 3l-cat NW-now 3l-sleep.

@

There are from 4 to 42 cats so that they sleep in the moment.

zadazeru zasabaʃu mepe saʤali kazabaʃu dope mepe kaʤali xaleʃi daʧozi.

3z-3d-quantity 3z-3s-more three 3s-nominal.number 3k-3z-more four three 3k-nominal.number NW-now 3d-sleep.

@

There are the same amount of sleeping cats as dogs eating meat.

zadazeru dadogi salazeru lalezi zasaʧeʤu xaleʃi daʧozi lakanisu katuzi.

3z-3d-quantity 3d-cat 3s-3l-quantity 3l-dog 3s-3z-equal NW-now 3d-sleep 3l-3k-eat 3k-meat.

@

This is a white wolf.

laʒuʧi laxoxi ladoʤi.

3l-this 3l-white 3l-wolf.

@

This wolf is whiter than that wolf.

laʒuʧi ladoʤi laxoxi ʃaxabaʃu raxoxi radoʤi.

3l-this 3l-wolf 3l-white PW-NW-more 3r-white 3r-wolf.

@

The wolf is white.

laʒuʧi ladoʤi laxoxi.

3l-this 3l-wolf 3l-white.

@

A white wolf bites a man.

laxoxi ladoʤi laradolu raruti.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-3r-bite 3r-human.

@

The wolf that bites a man is white.

ladoʤi laradolu raruti laxoxi.

3l-wolf 3l-3r-bite 3r-human 3l-white.

@

A white wolf is a beast.

laxoxi ladoʤi laʒaxi.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-beast.

@

White wolf's name is John Johnson.

laxoxi ladoʤi laraʤepu raʤojani raʤojanisoni.

3l-white 3l-wolf 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson.

@

John Johnson the wolf is a beast.

ladoʤi laʤojani laʤojanisoni laʒaxi.

3l-wolf 3l-John 3l-Johnson 3l-beast.

@

The wolf which is white, its name is John Johnson.

ladoʤi laxoxi laraʤepu raʤojani raʤojanisoni.

3l-wolf 3l-white 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson.

@

The wolf called John Johnson is white.

ladoʤi laraʤepu raʤojani raʤojanisoni laxoxi.

3l-wolf 3l-3r-name 3r-John 3r-Johnson 3l-white.

@

The beast which is a wolf is mine.

laʒaxi ladoʤi malasaru.

3l-beast 3l-wolf 1-3l-own.

@

This is a friend of my son.

laʒuʧi laraʒugu ramamiʧu rapixi.

3l-this 3l-3r-friend 3r-1-child 3r-male.

@

John's wolf is a friend of my son.

ladoʤi ʤaʤojani ʤalasaru laraʒugu ramamiʧu rapixi.

3l-wolf 3j-John 3j-3l-own 3l-3r-friend 3r-1-child 3r-male.

@

My white wolf bites a man.

madasaru daxoxi dadoʤi daradolu raruti.

1-3d-own 3d-white 3d-wolf 3d-3r-bite 3r-human.

@

My white wolf biting a man is a beast.

madasaru daxoxi dadoʤi daradolu raruti daʒaxi.

1-3d-own 3d-white 3d-wolf 3d-3r-bite 3r-human 3d-beast.

@

My wolf bites me.

madasaru dadoʤi damadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-1-bite.

@

My wolf bites him.

madasaru dadoʤi dasadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-3s-bite.

@

My wolf bites itself.

madasaru dadoʤi dadadolu.

1-3d-own 3d-wolf 3d-3d-bite.

@

A white wolf of John's son hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand.

daxoxi dadoʤi ʧadasaru ʧajamiʧu ʧapixi jaʤojani xaʤudi daladolu zaʃakuʧu zadazuku lavavabu vapaʒugu pamamiʧu papixi

3d-white 3d-wolf 3c-3d-own 3c-3y-child 3c-male 3y-John NW-very 3d-3l-bite 3z-PW-via 3z-3d-tooth 3l-3v-hand 3v-3p-friend 3p-1-child 3p-male.