Elene

Elene (Elene, [eleɲe]) is a language isolate. It is written in Latin script, of which it uses 24 characters, with Ń, Õ, and Ÿ regarded as seperate letters. The additional acute (´), double acute (˝), grave (`), double grave (  ̏ ), circumflex (ˆ), and cedilla (¸) diacritics used for gramattical purposes. Elene is unique in that it features geminated consonants and allophony corresponding to vowels. Verbs are conjugated according to person, tense, and number. Nouns are declined according to number.

General information
In a real world setting, Elene would be spoken in northwestern Russia and around the southeastern Baltic coast. Liguistically, some of the lexicon could be tied to other languages but the proposal is too weak to relate it to any existing language family.

Its phoneme inventory is reminiscent to those of Romance languages, following similar allophonic structure as well. Syntax is also similar, along with conjugation, but the usage of grammatical particles to express some tenses and emotions differ from many Indo-European languages.

Allophones

 * Before e, i, or j some consonants change:


 * t→[t͡ʃ]
 * d→[d͡ʒ]
 * n→[ɲ]
 * s→[ʃ]
 * h→[ç]


 * Before a velar consonant, n becomes ŋ:
 * ng→[ŋ]
 * ngg→[ŋgː]
 * nq→[ŋk]
 * nh→[ŋk͡x]

Phonotactics

 * Consonants can be doubled to become geminated [ː], except for:


 * f, h, ń, r, v, y, ÿ

Digraphs and Trigraphs

 * 〈au〉[aw]
 * 〈ai〉[aj]
 * 〈eu〉[ew]
 * 〈ei〉[ej]
 * 〈iu〉[jy]
 * 〈ou〉[oː]
 * 〈oi〉[oj]
 * 〈õu〉[ʊw]
 * 〈õi〉[ʊj]
 * 〈ui〉[ɥ i]
 * 〈ÿi〉[iː]
 * 〈vm〉[m̩]
 * 〈vn〉[n̩]
 * 〈vng〉[ŋ̍]
 * 〈vl〉[l̩] or [ɫ]
 * 〈nhj〉[ɲc͡ç] (applies to nhi and nhe as well)

Unit 1

 * 1.1
 * 1.2
 * 1.3
 * 1.4

Alphabet
A consonant is considered wide if it is followed by a, o, õ, u or ÿ. Consonants followed by e, i, or j are considered long. If a letter only fills one box, it maintains that pronunciation for both instances.
 * Letters C, K, W, X, and Z are not used in native words, but are used in loan words, names, etc.

History
Traditionally, the alphabet was ordered and written much differently. It was written in both Latin and an original Archaic alphabet:


 * Aa Ii Uu Ee Oo Ww Pp Bb Mm Ff Vv Tt Dd Nn Ll Rr Ss Zz Yy Qq Gg Hh Xx
 * Ʌʌ Иu Yɥ Ѫѫ Oo Ɵɵ Пn Бб Mм Φφ Wɯ Tτ Δɒ Vv Ԡԡ Ꝛꝛ Cc Ӡӡ Ьь Qq Гг Хх Ѣѣ

While the Archaic script is used in modern literature for religious, decorative, and traditional works, the Latin alphabet is standard.
 * Õ was written as W / Ɵ.
 * Ń as XN / ѢV.
 * Y as Z / Ӡ.
 * J and Ÿ were both written as Y / Ь.
 * Consonant gemination, except for nasals, was expressed by writing a X / Ѣ before the consonant.
 * No diacritics were used.

Conjugation
Verbs are only conjugated according to person and basic tense (past, present, future). The other tenses are formed by use of auxiliary verbs. All infinitives, the unconjugated verbs, get grave diacritics and end in à, è, ì, ò, ȍ, or ù. Conjugated verbs get a circumflex diacritic.

- à
Present Past Future

- è
Present Past Future

- ì
Present Past Future

- ò
Present Past Future

- ȍ
Present Past Future

- ù
Present Past Future

È: to be
Present Past Future

Hjuè: to have
Present Past Future

Anù: to be able
Present Past Future

Yè: to go
Present Past Future

Syntax
The usual syntax of Elene is SVs(O). Conjugated verbs, however, show person so that the subject is implied. Both SVs(O) and Vs(O) is allowed.

Number
Plurals in Elene are expressed depending on noun endings.

Ending in a Vowel

 * a, o, õ, or u.
 * -v
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * style="text-align:center;"|vuttja
 * style="text-align:center;"|vuttjav
 * style="text-align:center;"|bird
 * style="text-align:center;"|birds
 * }
 * Some proper nouns such as names or demonyms can end in i or e.
 * -'v
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * i armeni
 * iv armeni'v
 * an armenian
 * some armenians
 * }
 * }

Ending in a Consonant
Singlular nouns can also end in all consonants, except for f, h, j, n, ń, or v. What makes the words plural depends on endings:
 * b, d, g, y, ÿ
 * -ev is added
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * style="text-align:center;"|e ÿ
 * style="text-align:center;"|e ÿev
 * style="text-align:center;"|egg
 * style="text-align:center;"|eggs
 * }
 * l, r
 * -ov
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * style="text-align:center;"|toral
 * style="text-align:center;"|toralov
 * style="text-align:center;"|back
 * style="text-align:center;"|backs
 * }
 * m
 * ń is placed in front of the m
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * style="text-align:center;"|asastam
 * style="text-align:center;"|asasta ńm
 * style="text-align:center;"|stick
 * style="text-align:center;"|sticks
 * }
 * ng
 * ń replaces the n
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * style="text-align:center;"|lõng
 * style="text-align:center;"|lõńg
 * style="text-align:center;"|ash
 * style="text-align:center;"|ashes
 * }
 * p, q, s, t
 * -jav
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"


 * style="text-align:center;"|omboit
 * style="text-align:center;"|omboitjav
 * style="text-align:center;"|belly
 * style="text-align:center;"|bellies
 * }
 * If a noun, in loan words or proper nouns such as names, ends in f, h, j, n, ń, or v
 * -'ov
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"


 * e iv
 * e iv'ov
 * the eve
 * the eves
 * }
 * }

Questions
Syntax does not change if a sentence becomes interrogative. The distiguishing features are:
 * Rising pitch on the main verb.
 * The diacritic on the first conjugated verb is changed to an acute (or double acute in the case of ỗ).

Particles
In Elene, seperate words, or particles, are added to a sentence to express additional grammatical information.

Tense
Tense particles follow a verb to add a tense that can't be conjugated. These get the same diacritics as verbs, however they remain unconjugated and can end in consonants. They follow the verb/verb phrase that they modify.

Emotion
To emphasize the emotion the subject is feeling, particles are sometimes used in informal and archaic speech and writings. These are usually used at the end of a sentence or phrase. These get the cedilla (¸) diacritic. In modern usage, the cedilla can be used to express emotion in informal writing and speech.

Vocabulary
Some words can double as verbs.

Example text
Elene (Elene, [eleɲe]) is a language isolate. It is written in Latin script, of which it uses 24 characters, with Ń, Õ, and Ÿ regarded as seperate letters. The additional acute (´), double acute (˝), grave (`), double grave (  ̏ ), circumflex (ˆ), and cedilla (¸) diacritics used for gramattical purposes. Elene is unique in that it features geminated consonants and allophony corresponding to vowels. Verbs are conjugated according to person, tense, and number. Nouns are declined according to number.

Elene (Elene, [eleɲe]) ês i sprottu o selle. Ês alfale on Lattina o sanalo, o assa somâus toti-sal sańm, ne Ń, Õ, ol Ÿ samõvâis o selle sańm. E metti aqut (´), tonale aqut (˝), grava (`), tonale grava (  ̏ ), sirqumfleqsa (ˆ), ol sedilla (¸) sjasesańm êse somà salu haltuname somattav. Elene ês sellanon leto somâus tonalette qoqquv ol alofonia te samõvâis alav. Dalavav êse vamanattaì o vamana, olosa, ol totra. Ossov êse totrattaì o totra. In a real world setting, Elene would be spoken in northwestern Russia and around the southeastern Baltic coast. Liguistically, some of the lexicon could be tied to other languages but the proposal is too weak to relate it to any existing language family.

On i fasse sqotjo lata, Elene õssỗus è falè dà on njovese Rossja ol gaula e sjoese Balte soqta. Sprotsa o, iv o e hortu anûase è toltimivnà on metten sprottuv vet e haltava ês mette vose ula toltausao on uam elemen yia o sprottu.

Its phoneme inventory is reminiscent to those of Romance languages, following similar allophonic structure as well. Syntax is also similar, along with conjugation, but the usage of grammatical particles to express some tenses and emotions differ from many Indo-European languages.

Sai baga o fonema ês toltue o nav o sprottuv o Romantja, sonmỗus lȍn toltu futiq o alofona mette. Sai sintaqsa ês mette toltai, mette ne vamanattasao, vet e soma o usubbav ula fottusao iv olosav ol mautalov sellanêus ula mette sprottuv o Indi-Oropi.