Coxirat

Coxirat is a language that draws some influence from a number of languages, including Romance languages, German, English, and possibly some Dutch.

=Phonology=

All sounds are like English EXCEPT:

=Nouns=

Cases
Coxirat has eight noun cases.

Nominative case
Nominative case is used for the subject of a verb of being or an intransitive verb.

Genitive case
Genitive case is used to identify the declension of the noun as well as to indicate possession, amount, or characteristics of a person or thing.

Dative case
Dative case is used for indirect objects.

Ergative case
Ergative case is used for the subjects of transitive verbs.

Accusative case
Accusative case is used for the objects of verbs and prepositions that take the accusative case.

Ablative case
Ablative case is used for objects of prepositions that take the ablative case.

Vocative case
This case is used when addressing somebody or something directly.

For nouns ending in -os, the -os becomes -è. ''Example: lupè! = wolf!''

For nouns ending in -ios, the -ios becomes -é.

Locative case
This case is used to denote that something is at or in a particular place.

Declensions
Coxirat has five noun declensions.

Fifth declension
=Pronouns=

I and we

 * Meos and nóstros change according to what they're describing.
 * Meò and nobòbus are used for boys, men, and neuter nouns only; mejà and nobàbus are used for girls and women only; nobúbus is used for a group with mixed genders.

You

 * Túos and wóstros change according to what they're describing.
 * Teò and wobòbus are used in regards to boys, men, and neuter nouns only; tejà and wobàbus are used in regards to girls and women only; wobúbus is used in regards to a group with mixed genders.

Reflexive
Reflexive pronouns in Coxirat are the same in singular and plural.

Demonstrative Pronouns: This and That
Demonstrative pronouns in Coxirat can also be used as demonstrative adjectives.

"The Same" Pronouns
=Interrogative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs=

Unlike relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns disregard gender.

The interrogative adjectives partos/partí (how big) and parlos/parlí (how much/many) changes according to gender.

=Articles=

The only articles in Coxirat are definite articles. They all translate "the". In a Coxirat language book, you may find an article next to a word to denote its gender (for example: los abulos would show that "boy" is a masculine noun).

Plural
=Verbs=

First through Fourth Conjugation in Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative
First conjugation: a stem Second conjugation: i stem Third conjugation: o stem Fourth conjugation: u stem

Present Tense
For present tense, simply remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

The present tense translates "is verbing", "verbs", or "does verb".

Imperfect Tense
For imperfect tense, remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive), make the stem vowel short (add a grave ` on top of it), and add the same personal endings.

The imperfect tense translates "was verbing" or "used to verb".

Future Tense
For future tense, remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive), make the stem vowel long (add a fada ´ on top of it), and add the same personal endings.

The future tense translates "is going to verb", "will verb" or "is about to verb".

Fifth Conjugation in Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative
5th conjugation: ə stem

Present Tense
For present tense, remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

The present tense translates "is verbing", "verbs", or "does verb".

Imperfect Tense
For imperfect tense, remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add the endings below.

The imperfect tense translates "was verbing" or "used to verb".

Future Tense
For future tense, remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add the endings below.

The future tense translates "is going to verb", "will verb" or "is about to verb".

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses in Active Indicative
These three tenses remain practically the same for all verbs.

Perfect Tense
The perfect tense translates "has verbed", "did verb", or "verbed".

For perfect tense, take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Pluperfect Tense
The pluperfect tense translates "had verbed".

For pluperfect tense, take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense translates "will have verbed".

For future perfect tense, take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Exception to Future Perfect Tense
The exception is in érə (to go).

Present Tense
The present tense translates "is verbed" or "is being verbed".

For present tense in first through fourth conjugation, simply remove the "brə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

For fifth conjugation, remove "əbrə" from the infinitive and add these endings.

Imperfect Tense
The imperfect tense translates "was being verbed" or "used to be verbed".

First Conjugation
Remove the "abrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Second Conjugation
Remove the "ibrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Third Conjugation
Remove the "obrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fourth Conjugation
Remove the "ubrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fifth Conjugation
Remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Future Tense
The future tense translates "will be verbed", "is going to be verbed", or "is about to be verbed".

First Conjugation
Remove the "abrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Second Conjugation
Remove the "ibrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Third Conjugation
Remove the "obrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fourth Conjugation
Remove the "ubrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Fifth Conjugation
Remove the "əbrə" from the second principal part (the present active infinitive) and add these endings:

Perfect Passive Indicative
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add a present indicative form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Imperfect Passive Indicative
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add an imperfect indicative form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Future Perfect Passive Indicative
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add a present indicative form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Mnemonic
1. THE

2. BIASED

3. OATMEAL

4. ACCENTUATION

5. PASSED

The boldfaced letters are the ones that replace the stem vowels of the second principal part when forming a present subjunctive verb.

Forming a Present Active Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, obtain the stem by removing the "brə", replace the stem vowel (for first conjugation, replace "a" with "e"; second, "i" with "ia"; third, "o" with "oa"; fourth, "u" with "ua"; fifth, "ə" with "a") and add personal endings -m, -s, -st, -mus, -stis, -nt.

Forming an Imperfect Active Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, remove the "ə", and add 5th conjugation present active indicative endings.

In 5th conjugation, change the stem vowel to "è", as well.

Forming a Perfect Active Subjunctive
Take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Forming a Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Take the third principal part of the verb, remove the "e", and add these endings:

Mnemonic
1. THE

2. BIASED

3. OATMEAL

4. ACCENTUATION

5. PASSED

The boldfaced letters are the ones that replace the stem vowels of the second principal part when forming a present subjunctive verb.

Forming a Present Passive Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, obtain the stem by removing the "brə", replace the stem vowel (for first conjugation, replace "a" with "e"; second, "i" with "ia"; third, "o" with "oa"; fourth, "u" with "ua"; fifth, "ə" with "a") and add personal endings -r, -res, -stur, -mur, -stìné, -ntur.

Forming an Imperfect Passive Subjunctive
Take the second principal part of the verb, remove the "ə", and add 5th conjugation present passive indicative endings.

In 5th conjugation, change the stem vowel to "è", as well.

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add a present subjunctive form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
Take the fourth principal part of the verb and add an imperfect subjunctive form of "to be". The principal part will change according to gender and number.

=Example text= Ilud est quud eja déxet! = That's what she said!