Translingua

Classification
Translingua is a language which is designed to be an international auxiliary language. The expressions and vocabulary of the language will be governed by the three major principles of vocabulary: translinguality, neutrality, and simplicity. The grammar of the language will also be governed by the three major principles of grammar: translinguality, simplicity, and unambiguity.

Definitions of the three major principles of vocabulary
1. Translinguality :A word is said to be translingual if the relevant ones are found in more than one language. 2. Neutrality :A word is said to be neutral if one would not signify the support of either side of the conflict only because of the usage of the word. 3. Simplicity :A word is said to be simple if the word is simple in its pronunciation and analogical derivation.

Its vocabulary should be selected considering the three major principles of vocabulary. The morpheme of vocabulary consists of two groups: content morphemes and function morphemes. Content morphemes are morphemes that have semantic meaning. On the other hand, function morphemes are morphemes to explain grammatical relationships.

Content morphemes
The content morphemes of Translingua would satisfy all of three major principles and consist of the following categories of morphemes. The list of categories may be changed, and it is not completed. The entry of one category can fall into others.

SI units
metre - SI unit of length Its derived words include metres (to measure), metral(long), metrilo (ruler) etc. litre – Non-SI units of volume accepted for use with SI Its derived words include litreco (volume), litra (bulky), litrajo (liquid) etc.

Nomenclature
Taxonomical nomenclature e.g. homo (human) and sapiensa (sapient) from Homo sapiens​​​​

Astronomical nomenclature

e.g. vegen (to fall) from vega, denebo (tail) from deneb, virgo (virgin), velo (sails, clothes, veils), cratero (cup)

Chemical nomenclature

e.g. litho (stone) from lithium, hidro (water) from hydrogen

Anthroponyms
e.g. nyutona (natural), nyutonen (to move)

Theonyms
e.g. vesten (to stay) from Vesta, gabrielo (health) from Gabriel

Toponyms
e.g. dominiko (lord) from Dominican Republic neder (under) from the Netherlands lando (land) from England, the Netherlands, New Zealand, etc.

Neologisms
e.g. kwarko (particle) from quark, kiberes (to steer, to govern) from cybernetics

Words
e.g. eurekes (to find) from Greek eureka, samurayes (to serve) from Japanese samurai

Phrases
e.g. deje (already) from French déjà vu, amorer (to love) from Latin amor fati

Compounds
e.g. tele (far) and fono (sound) from telephone

Definitions of the three major principles of grammar
1. Translinguality :The grammar is transligual if it covers the common features across the natural language. 2. Simplicity :The grammar is simple if there are few rules to memorize and few exceptions.

3. Unambiguity :The grammar is unambiguous if few sentences may open to more than one interpretation.

13 Basic rules of the grammar
The following rules are the basic rules of Translingua grammar. It is designed to suffice for the three major principles of grammar. 1. There is no article. 2. The adjectival particle la can be used to indicate proper nouns or with loanwords to preserve its foreign meaning. 3. Nouns have the nominal case ending –o. Nouns are not inflected by case, gender. A plural suffix -es- is used for the plural form of the noun. 4. Adjectives have the adjectival case ending –a. Adverbs pli/obpli can be used to form the comparative. Adverbs pley/obpley can be used to form the superlative. 5. The basic numerals are from the systematic element names. 6. The beginnings of the personal pronouns are mi- (1st), vi- (2nd), li- (3rd), oni- (indefinite), and si- (reflexive). Nominal case can be formed by adding an ending –o. The plural suffix –es- can be added to make it plural. Possessive pronouns can be formed by adding the adjectival case ending –a. 7. Verbs are not changed by person or number. Verbal case endings of a verb is determined by the voice (intransitive: -t, transitive: -s, and causative: -n) and the tense(or mood) (past: -i- present: -a- future: -o- conditional/imperative: -u-, infinitive: -e-) of the verb. 8. Infinitive forms of verbs can be used to function as participles or in dependent clauses. 9. Adverbs can be formed by putting the adverbial case ending –e at the end of the stem. 10. The dervational suffix is omitted when used with the identical case ending.

Prefixes
al-: to, towards almen-: at least amb-: both ank-: also ankor-: still, yet anstat-: instead of ant-: before, in front of apen-: barely bald-: soon bo-:relationship by marriage bon-: goodness, superiority che-: at, by chirk-: around da-: quantity of dis-: separation, dispersion dum-: during ek-: suddenness ekde-: since eks-: former ekster-: outside of ​​​​​el-: from en-: in far-: carry out for-: away hier-: yesterday hodi-: today inter-: between jam-: already jis-: until jus-: just now kontre-: against kun-: with, together kvaze-: as if lau-: according to ​​​​​mal-: badness, inferiority mis-: incorrectly ob-: forming an antonym (a word that has an opposite meaning) ol-: than per-: by means of pley-: most pli-: more plu-: beyond, further po-: at the rate of por-: on behalf of post-: after, behind pra-: premordiality ​​​​presk-: almost preter-: past, beyond pri-: about pro-: because of sen-: without sub-: below, beneath super-: above, over sur-: upon, on top of tra-: through trans-: across, beyond tre-: very tro-: overly, too much tuy-: at once, immediately

Derivational
-ad-: continuous action made for some duration; an action or process -al-: adjectival derivational suffix, indicating adjectival inherent meaning related to the stem -am-: indicating a time of -an-: inhabitant or member of the group related to the stem -and-: indicating a condition of -ant-: indicating a quantity of -and-: indicating a time of -ar-: forming a collective noun; a collection or a unit consisting of distinct items; a list or a catalogue -aj-: concrete object possessing the quality related to the stem; food made from the material -ebl-: meaning “able”, showing possibility ​​​​​​-ec-: denoting quality; having a character of the same aspect ​​​​​-eg-: augmentative suffix (making a word signifying a bigger object) -ey-: indicating a place -el-: indicating a method -em-: indicating general inclination -end-: meaning “must, should”, signifying duty or requirement -eng-: signifying a holder for something -er-: signifying an element organizing the total -es-: plural suffix -estr-: signifying someone who directs or operates the subject; chief or boss -et-: diminutive suffix (making a word signifying a smaller object) -ich-: belonging to the male sexuality -id-: meaning “offspring of”, signifying an immature animal -ig-: meaning “to cause to be”, causative verbal derivational suffix -ik-: adverbial derivational suffix, indicating adverbial inherent meaning related to the stem -il-: signifying an instrument or a tool for performing something -in-: belonging to the female sexuality -ind-: meaning “worthy of, deserving to be” -ing-: signifying something causing emotions related to the stem, active adjectival derivational suffix -ir-: transitive verbal derivational suffix, indicating verbal inherent meaning related to the stem -ish-: signifying a state of feeling an emotion caused by something related to the stem, passive adjectival derivational suffix -ism-: meaning a doctrine, a movement, or a custom -ist-: meaning “one who does or makes” -ij-: meaning “to become, to change in state”; intransitive verbal derivational suffix -obl-: meaning “times, -fold”, used with numbers -ol-: indicating a reason or cause -on-: signifying a fraction, used with numbers -op-: signifying a collection or a group consists of certain amount of the number -ul-: signifying an individual or a person -um-: nominal derivational suffix, indicating nominal inherent meaning related to the stem -uy-: signifying an object containing some quantity of substance

Case endings
(a) Nominal case ending: -o (b) Adjectival case ending: -a (c) Verbal case ending (c) Adverbial case ending: -e

Prepositions
There are two kind of prepositional stem words in Translingua: de and je. The word de is used to form adjectival phrases. e.g. una faksimilajo de piktorajo (a copy of the painting) The word je is used to form adverbial phrases. e.g. Je 6 p.m. mio devas alvenes.(I have to arrive by 6 p.m.) Prefixes can be added to a preposition for a clear meaning. e.g. una faksimilajo surde menso (a copy on the desk) e.g. Postje 6 p.m. mio povas alvenos. (I can arrive after 6 p.m.)

Example text
Kiam mio alvenes tieye neniulo estit. (No one was there when I arrived.)