Logiano

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Setting
Logiano is designed to be a simple language using a logical method of modulation. It is meant to be used as an auxiliary language and has not devloped "naturally."

Alphabet
Initially, the alphabet had very unique designs. But as I started to develop the vocabulary, I decided to use existing characters to make it easier to learn.

Every letter has one sound (Though some sounds, like the letter R, will differ based on the native language of the speaker).

English IPA:

Phonotactics
No more than two consonants in succession per root word. If roots are combined and there are more than two consonants in succession, the letter A is added to the end of the first root. BRATϢϿO, "Goodbye" is made from the roots "BR"- to go, and "TϢϿ"- good. An A must be placed between the roots. If roots are combined and there is a double letter, the second may be omitted. Letters at the beginning of words are hardened.

Stress
Stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable. Affixes separated by a dash are not considered part of the word and therefore do not follow this rule.

Articles
The definite articles are ƵѦ and ƵѦN. The former is used for singular nouns, the latter for plural nouns. The only indefinite article is KѦ, used for singluar nouns (see Table of Correlatives).

Nouns
Nouns always end in O, which is attached to the root. Plural nouns are formed by attaching Ͽ to the root.

Pronouns
The plurals are not derivatives of the singulars due to plural adjective conflicts.

Proper Nouns
Proper nouns such as titles or names are left alone but are still translated as accurately as possible: ƸO TUϪЭNAÇ MARϿA- I (am aquianted with) Maria.

Objects
Indirect objects (Dative case) are formed by adding V to the end of a noun (not the root): ƸO ΔAÇ ƵOV ƵѦ UTO- I give you the car.

Noun Derivations
These suffixes are attached to the root via combination rules.

Inhabitant- OVO

Language- ANO

So LOƸϿANO is, literally, the language of logic.

Verbs
Verbs are formed by attching AÇ to the root.

Negatives
Negative verbs are formed simply by adding the prefix BѦ-: ƸO BѦ-LAÇ- I am not.

Tenses and Aspects
Tenses and aspects have different meanings in Logiano. What some languages consider a separate tense may be considered an aspect in Logiano, and vice versa. Aspects may be combined with a tense (VAÇ-ПϿΘA- had seen). The tense ending always precedes the aspect ending. If more than one aspect is needed, the aspect endings are arranged alphabetically (VAÇ-ϷAϨA – to see oneself). There are no transition verbs.

Tenses
Each tense (except Present) is denoted by a suffix ending in Ͽ

Aspects
Each aspect is denoted by a suffix ending in A

Examples and Explanations
I am going to see the dog- ƸO BRAÇ-ʕA VAÇ-ϷA ƵѦ KѦNO

Literally, this statement means "I going to see the dog." The helping verb "am/LAÇ" is not used.

I will be seeing the dog- ƸO VAÇ-NϿʕA ƵѦ KѦNO

Again, the helping verb is omitted.

I had been seen by the dog- ƸO VAÇ-ПϿΘAMA TON ƵѦ KѦNO

The ending ПϿ denotes past tense, ΘA denotes perfective (have seen), and MA denotes passive (am/is/are seen).

Adjectives
Adjectives are put before the object that they are describing and are created by adding U to the root: BEJ U UTO - beautiful car. Adjectives that describe plural nouns end in UM: BEJ UM UTϿ - beautiful cars.

Comparatives
Comparatives are formed by adding the suffix ѦΘ (more) or ѦΘKA (most) to the end of an adjective. The word “than” when used to compare is “ϢЭN” (VϿƸU-ѦΘ ϢЭN NEÇO- whiter than snow).

Adjective Derivations
These endings can be combined like verb aspects.

Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by attaching K to the end of an adjective (not the root): ENΓORΘUK- angrily. Adverbs immediately precede the verb.

Table of Correlatives
Loosely based on Zamenhof's table for Esperanto. Relative pronouns can be formed by adding the conjuntion ending T: ƸO ƸϿAÇ MOƵѦT BRANΔAÇ- I know who drives. The conjunction "that" is expressed simply as ʕѦT: RO ƸϿAÇ ʕѦT ƸO BRANΔAÇ-ʕA- He knows that  I am driving.

Prepositions
All prepositions end in N, and each one has one fixed meaning. If it’s necessary to use a preposition and it’s not clear which one to use, the word VЭN is used, which has no fixed meaning.

Conjunctions
All conjunctions end in an unreleased plosive T.

Sentence Structure
Basic sentences are SVO. Interogatives undergo SV inversion.

ƸO VAÇ ƵѦ KѦNO- I see the dog

VAÇ ƸO ƵѦ KѦNO?- Do I see the dog?

Phrases
Hello- ϷELO

Hi- ϷAJO

Goodbye- BRATϢϿO

How Are You?- ϷOƵѦ LAÇ ƵO?

Good- TϢϿU

Bad- XANU

So-so- RANU

Excellent- TϢϿU-ÇOLЭ

Welcome- TϢϿVEΓO

Yes- JA

No- BѦ

Please/You’re Welcome- ƸO ALAÇ

Thank You- ƸO ϿVAÇ

Fractions and Decimals
To make a fraction, the root VѦ is added after the numerator. For decimals, the root ПѦ takes the place of the decimal point. If there are no digits before the point, saying "AΓ" is not required. Numbers after the decimal are said (i.e.) "three three three" instead of "three-hundred and thirty-three thousanths."

Subjunctive Mood
In Logiano, the subjunctive mood is expressed in terms of the influential ending TϿ:

If he worked, he could earn high wages

XAT RO ϢORBALAÇ-TϿ, RO JѦΓAÇ-ΦϿ NUMLUM ΔONVϿ

"If he should work, he would earn high wages"

Realis/Irrealis Mood
Both of these moods are expressed in the present tense.

Modality
Deontic modality in the form of a command is expressed with KϿ. Otherwise, the ending TϿ is used.

Epistemic modality is expressed with the adverb ϷЭBUK "possibly". Evidentiality is based on context.

Apple
KѦ ROΔO LAÇ ΦJOKѦ ΓARUƵO. ƵѦ ΓARUƵO KOϢAÇ-MA VѦN ƵѦ EПЭΓO ΔEN KѦ ROΔU ƸOMO. KѦ BRϿXU ROΔO~ KѦ ROΔO ʕѦT LAÇ ϷABU ΘAÇ-ϷA~ ΓURAÇ VORUK LAÇ-ϷA ϨAKU, BRAΔU, JOT ΘϿNU. ƵѦ ЭVO ΔEN KѦ ROΔO LAÇ LOTU. KѦ ROΔO LAÇ ΔϿTAVUK UΔKϿ-JABU (18) ÇENTϿMϿTϿRϿ ΔEN ÇϿRKO.

Translation (Direct)

A apple is (indefinite)kind of fruit. The fruit find(passive) on the branch of a apple-like tree. A ripe-like apple- A apple that(relative) is ready-like eat(infinitive)- is able also be(infinitive) green-like, brown-like, or yellow-like. The shape of a apple is ball-like. A apple is approximately 18 centimeters of circle.

Translation (Approxmiate)

An apple is a kind of fruit. The fruit is found on the branch of an apple tree. A ripe apple- an apple that is ready to eat- can also be green, brown, or yellow. The shape of an apple is like a ball. An apple is approximately 18 centimeters around.

Sun
ƵѦ ÇOLO LAÇ KѦ ÇEΘO ϿT ƵѦ ƵOϷAVU-ѦΘKA MЭJARO ПEN ѦΓU ÇOLU ΦϿBO. BO TAƸAKRONAÇ 99.86% ΔEN ƵѦ OПAΓO ПEN ƵѦ ÇOLU ΦϿBO. AϪUK ƵѦ ƵOϷAVU ПLANEʕTO ƸUПЭTERO LAÇ ϢϿVU KROƵѦT KOMПRϿʕAÇ-MA ƵѦ ÇOLO. ƵѦN ПLANEʕTϿ ПEN ѦΓU ÇOLU ΦϿBO BRAÇ VOVAN ƵѦ ÇOLO VЭN ORBATϿ. ѦΓU ÇOLO ΓURAÇ VAÇ-ϷAMA ПEN ƵѦ ÇELƵO ΔURAN ƵѦ KRO ΔEN MUTARO. BO LAÇ VAÇ-MA ϷOʕѦ KѦ ƵOϷAVU ΘϿNU LOTO.

Translation (Direct)

The sun is a star and the large-like(superlative) object in we-like sun-like system. It constitutes 99.86% of the matter in the sun-like system. Wholly the large-like planet Jupiter is tiny-like when(relative) compare to(passive) the sun. The(plural) planets in we-like sun-like system go around the sun (of/in/on) orbits. We-like sun is able see(infinitive)(passive) in the sky during the time of day. It is see(passive) as a large-like yellow-like ball.

Translation (Approximate)

The Sun is a star and the largeest object in our solar system. It makes up 99.86% of the matter in the solar system. Even the giant planet Jupiter is tiny when compared to the sun. The planets in our solar system move around the sun in orbits. Our sun can be seen in the sky in the day time. It is seen as a large yellow ball.

Animals
KϿΓϿ LAÇ METAƵOANUM ΔAXNUM MЭJARϿ. ϨϿ BѦ-LOVAÇ-ϨA ϨU ϢѦLENO. KϿΓϿ MEVORUK ΘAÇ OTARUM ΔAXNUM MЭJARϿ (KϿΓϿ, RЭVANϿ, ΦONΓϿ, ПRϿ) LѦʕAÇ-ϷA ETEJALO MENAÇ-ϷA. MJOKѦ LAÇ ПARAÇϿTϿ, ϿT MJOKѦ ϨѦAÇ ΦOTOÇϿNΘETϿKUM ПROTϿÇTϿ ϷOʕѦT ÇϿMBϿONTϿ. ΓAVUM ΔEN KϿΓUM ÇПϿϨϿ BѦϪAÇ. MJOKѦ LAÇ ƵOϷAVUM ϿT MJOKѦ LAÇ ϢϿVUM; MJOKѦ LAÇ ΘEKUM ϿT MJOKѦ LAÇ ΓRUϨUM. MJOKѦ MENAÇ ПEN AΓULO, OTARϿ MENAÇ VѦN ƵѦ KLOMO ϿT MOKѦ KϿΓϿ ΓURAÇ AΦRAÇ-ϷA. ΓURAÇ-LA BRAÇ-ϷA ΔON UΔU ϨATO AN KѦ OTARO LAÇ KѦ ϷUПAΓU ϢOÇORO ΔEN KѦ KϿΓO.

Translation (Direct)

Animals is metazoa-like(plural) life-like(plural) objects. They produce(negative)(reflexive) their food. Animals usually eat other-like(plural) life-like(plural) objects [animals, plants, fungi, the rest] get(infinitive) energy live(infinitive). Some is parasites, and some have photosynnthesis-like(plural) protists as(relative) symbionts. Million-like(plural) of species exist. Some is large-like(plural) and some is tiny-like(plural); some is fat-like(plural) and some is tall-like(plural). Some live in water, others live on the ground and some animals is able fly(infinitive). Is able(gerund) move(infinitive) from one place to a other is a distinct-like trait of a animal.

Translation (Approximate)

Animals are metazoan living things. They do not make their own food by themselves. Animals usually eat other living things (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) to get energy to live. Some are parasites, and some have photosynthetic protists as symbionts. There are millions of animal species. Some are big and some are small; some are fat and some are tall. Some live in water, others live on the ground and some animals can fly. Being able to move from one place to another is a distinctive trait of an animal.

Basic Lessons
Basic Sentence Dissection and Modulation

ƸO LAÇ ΓRUϨU

Ƹ- I/me- Since the root is in it's noun form, the substantival termination O is added, becoming ƸO.

L- am/is/are/be- This root is in a verb form, with the verbial termination AÇ, becoming LAÇ.

ΓRUϨ- tall - This root in its adjective form takes the adjectival termination U, becoming ΓRUϨU.

The usual word order is SVO.

The best thing about Logiano is that you can simply change the ending of a word to change its part of speech.

The root ϷЭB means 'possible'

ϷЭBO- possibility

ϷЭBϿ- possibilities

ϷЭBU- possible

ϷЭBUM- possible (when describing plural nouns)

ϷЭBUK- possibly

ϷЭBAÇ- to make possible

Noun-Adjective Agreement
In Logiano, adjectives always agree in number with the noun they describe.

ƵѦ OVO LAÇ VEVU. The person is happy.

ƵѦN OVϿ LAÇ VEVUM. The people are happy.

ƵѦ KѦNO LAÇ ƵOϷAVU. The dog is big.

ƵѦN KѦNϿ  LAÇ ƵOϷAVUM. The dogs are big.

ƵѦ ROVO  ϿT ƵѦ MOVO  LAÇ ΓRUϨUM. The man and the woman are tall.

Ϩ Ͽ    LAÇ ΓRUϨUM. They are tall.

(Advanced example)

ƸO KϿAÇ ƵѦN ΦϿLϿV  LAÇ-ϷA VEVUM. I want the cats to be happy. ('cats' is what the adjective is describing, so the M is used for 'happy')

Dative Case
The dative case denotes the indirect object. It does not receive the action.

ƸO ΔAÇ ƵOV ƵѦ ΓALO. I give you the gift.

ƵO ΔϿLAÇ ROV BRAÇ-ϷA. You tell him to go.

RO MOϢATAÇ ѦΓ Ͽ  V KѦ MOBENO. He shows us a house.

ϨϿ ΔAÇ MOV ϿT VOÇ Ͽ  V ƵѦN JAϨϿ. They give her and you all the keys. (An awkward example, but all indirect objects are declined).

Verb Tenses
Tenses are designed to be very simple to use. They are separated by dashes, so stress is still placed on the penultimate syllable of the root. One can not combine tenses. BRAÇ-ПϿNϿ

Present

ƸO ПϿRAÇ  ƵѦ LOTO. I stop  the ball.

ƵO LONAÇ  OVϿ KRON KѦ TELEΦONO. You call  people with a telephone.

Past

RO BRAÇ-ПϿ  AN ƵѦ TEXO. He went  to the store.

MO KOÇAÇ-ПϿ  ƵѦ ϢѦLENO. She cooked  the food.

Future

BO LϿПϿKϿAÇ-NϿ  ΘOAJKO. It will bake cake.

ѦΓϿ BRAÇ-NϿ  AN ƵѦ MOBENO. We will go to the house.

Past Imperfect

VOÇϿ LAÇ-ϢϿ VEVU. You all were happy.

ϨϿ ϨѦAÇ-ϢϿ ƵѦ LOTO. They had the ball.

Conditional

ƸO MOʕAÇ-ΦϿ ϢѦLENO. I would like food.

ƵO ΘAÇ-ΦϿ, MUT… I would eat , but...

Influential

RO VAÇ-TϿ KѦ ϷAʕARO. He should see a doctor.

MO ΓURAÇ-TϿ BRAÇ-ϷϿ. She should be able to go.

Imperative

ΔЭLANAÇ-KϿ ƵѦN OVϿ. Look at the people.

BѦ-BRAÇ-KϿ KRON ƵѦ UTO. Don't go with the car.

Verb Aspects
Active/Progressive

ƸO ΔЭLANAÇ-ʕA ƵO- I am watching you

ƸO ΔЭLANAÇ-NϿʕA ƵO- I will be watching you

Perfective

ƵO BRAÇ-ΘA AN ƵѦ ПLAƸO- You have gone to the beach

ƵO BRAÇ-ПϿΘA AN ƵѦ ПLAƸO- You had gone to the beach

ƵO BRAÇ-ПϿΘAʕA AN ƵѦ ПLAƸO- You had been going to the beach

Infinitive

RO KϿAÇ VAÇ-ϷA KѦ ΓAXVO- He wants  to see the map

RO KϿAÇ-ПϿ VAÇ-ϷA KѦ ΓAXVO- He wanted to see the map (ПϿ is not added to VAÇ-ϷA)

RO KϿAÇ-ПϿΘA VAÇ-ϷA KѦ ΓAXVO- He had wanted to see the map

Gerund

BRANΔAÇ-LA LAÇ ΦEϪU- Driving is useful (Here, 'BRANΔAÇ' is a verb that acts as a noun, making it a Gerund. Even though the English ending 'ing' is used, it does not use the active aspect)

Passive

ϨϿ LONAÇ-MA KOMПJUTϿ- They are called computers

ϨϿ LONAÇ-NϿMA KOMПJUTϿ- They will be called computers

LONAÇ-LAMA BѦ-LAÇ ΦEϪU- Being called is not important

(Note: it is not acceptable to use LAÇ and the adjective form LONU)

Reflexive

VOÇϿ ΓURAÇ  TAÇ-  ϷA  ϨA  BO- You all are able to make it yourselves

VOÇϿ ΓURAÇ-TϿ TAÇ- ϷA  ϨA BO- You all should be able to make it yourselves

VOÇϿ TAÇ-ПϿΘAϨA BO- You all had made it yourselves