Umbrean

=Setting= Umbrean is spoken in the nation The Union of Confederated Umbrean Republican States, aka UCURS or Umbrean Confederacy, but is one of the major languages on Verus. It is set in a steampunk fantasy world

General Information
Umbrean is a verb based language, i.e. there is no adjectives and almost all other words are derived from their closest relative verb though some are stand alone nouns but they are rare. The sentence structure of umbrean is SOV, it is a agglutinating and isolating language in which both shifts depending on what category of things one deals with but it is consistent in that area.

Single Letters
Umbrean alphabets sounds like this.

Phonotactics
B,P,T,Q are always followed by a vowel

R and K always comes alone from consonants, as there is vowels around them

two consonants always comes between two vowels

The syllable structure of umbrean is (C)V(C) for all bigger words though smaller may not follow it.

=Basic Grammar=

Verbs
Umbrean is very regular in its language except for very few verbs but mostly the verb "to be"

Verbal structure:
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 * Voice-Mood || Verb-Evidentiality-Negation|| Tense-Aspect
 * }

Tense and Aspect
Tense and aspect is combined into one word which is placed after the verb


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! colspan="2" rowspan="3" | ! colspan="12" | Aspect ! rowspan="2" |Infinitive ! colspan="4" | Perfective ! colspan="4" | Imperfective ! colspan="4" | Perfect ! rowspan="3" | Tense ! Present ! Past ! Future
 * Regular || Inceptive || Continuative || Terminative
 * Regular || Inceptive || Continuative || Terminative
 * Regular || Inceptive || Continuative || Terminative
 * rowspan="4" | Yny
 * rowspan="4" | Yny
 * Arade || Naqej || Iwag || Daj
 * Wab || Binom || Xajiz || Gi
 * Gi || Gojaj || Lez || Jy
 * Kob || Bib || Nef || Hoq
 * Iwag || Pab || Fad || Ej
 * Aman || Odot || Dodo || Degim
 * Nod || Jew || Afjer || Xen
 * Qed || Daxner || Rojob || Jinnid
 * Bika || Bygam || Hur || Qa
 * }
 * }

Voices-Mood
in Umbrean voice and mood is combiend into one word that is placed infront of the verb, the "Dig", Active voice imperative mood word, only occures whenever the voice-mood shall have a suffix onto it


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! colspan="1" | Mood ! colspan="1" | Description ! colspan="1" | Example ! Imperative ! Indicative ! Hypothetical ! Potensial ! Dubitative ! Interrogative
 * Statement || "Lets go!"
 * It is factually. || "I walked to my job"
 * It is hypothetical || "You could have walked to your job"
 * It is likely || "I will probably go there"
 * It is uncertain/doubtful || "I doubt you walked to your job"
 * Its a question || "Did you walk to your job?"
 * }


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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Voice ! Active ! Passive ! Middle ! rowspan="6" | Mood ! Imperative ! Indicative ! Hypothetical ! Potensial ! Dubitative ! Interrogative
 * (Dig) || Kig || Wob
 * Bej || Waf || Ab
 * Nan || Mud || Nim
 * Hen || Xaj || Faw
 * Mim || Zyj || Hur
 * Bej || Tyq || Nab
 * }

Evidentiality
To show the evidentiality of a verb one adds these suffixes to the verb root, if left out its assumed or one think it happened
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! colspan="2" Rowspan="1"| Evidence ! colspan="1" | Suffix ! colspan="1" | Example ! Rowspan="2" | None-witness ! Second Hand ! Third Hand ! Rowspan="5" | Witness ! Auditory ! Visual ! Auditory and Visual ! None Visual or Auditory ! Inferential
 * -(u)wlo || He did it, i heard it from the witness
 * -(i)wgo || He did it, i heard it from the person who heard it from the witness
 * -(d)ilqy || He did it, i heard him do it
 * -(u)gy || He did it, i saw it myself
 * -(d)ulgy || He did it, i heard and saw him do it
 * -(d)afe || He did it, i sensed it
 * -go || He did it, all evidence points to it
 * }

Negation
Negation of verbs are done by adding the suffix -(f)ig

Genders
Umbrean genders include None-moving, Living, Mechanical and Magical
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!Gender !Description !Example ! None-Moving ! Living ! Mechanical ! Magical
 * Things that cant by own force in anyway move || Stone, Wall, House
 * Objects that are alive || Animal, Fish, Human
 * Machines, electronics etc || Steam engine, Train
 * Things that moves seemignly without a cause || Moon, Fire, Wind, Air, Sun
 * }

Cases
Umbrean have 3 cases, Ergative, Intransitive, Accusative
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!Case !Desription: ! Ergative ! Accusative ! Intransitive
 * The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages
 * The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb
 * }

Noun Declension
Umbrean nouns are declinsioned according to if they are defined or undefined, which case they are, which gender and if its singular, puacal and plural according to this table if they are regular
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Singular ! colspan="3" | Puacal ! colspan="3" | Plural ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! rowspan="2" | None-Moving ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Living ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Mechanical ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Magical ! Undefined ! Defined
 * -o || -o || -ol
 * -(o)fo || -(o)fo || - or
 * -oke || -ow || -(o)lo
 * -(o)qo|| -(o)qo || -olo
 * -ofo || -ofi || -or
 * -ok || -(o)go || -(o)go
 * -u || -(u)gu || -(u)fu
 * -ute || -up || -uwi
 * -ul || -ufo || -ur
 * -(u)wu || -(u)gu || -(u)lu
 * -ulu || -upo || -uly
 * -ulo || -uro || -ure
 * -y || -(y)vy || -(y)vy
 * -yr || -qy || -(y)ry
 * -(y)re || -(y)ra || -(y)ry
 * -(y)gy || -yvi || -yr
 * -yry || -ylqa || -yp
 * -(y)xy || -(y)py || -yxy
 * -a || -a || -(a)la
 * -(a)do || -(a)do || -(a)ma
 * -(a)do || -(a)da || -oma
 * -(a)na || -na || -aj
 * -(a)da || -(a)do || -(a)ja
 * -(a)wa || -(a)wa || -(a)jo
 * }

Numbers
A thing to keep in mind is this language is base-12 based

Noun Derivations
See Noun clause

Personal Pronouns
Umbrean have many persinal pronouns for various situations and the choice is critical in conversation as wrong choice can be considered an insult.
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Case ! colspan="3" | Accusative ! colspan="3" | Intransitive ! colspan="3" | Ergative ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. !! colspan="2" | 1st ! rowspan="3" | 2nd ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Other ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Verusian ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Wise ! rowspan="5" | 3rd ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Impersinal ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Other ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Verusian ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Wise ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Noble
 * Ej || Jix || Fiq
 * Ej || Xo || Dob
 * Ej || Dar || Qad
 * Qob || Qob || Qob
 * Bin || Bin || Bin
 * Jij || Jij || Jij
 * Bax || Ju || Fin
 * Jad || Hiq || Gad
 * Jil || Fi || An
 * Daq || An || Qaw
 * Nal || Wi || Er
 * Gyg || Aw || Baf
 * Nez || Fij || Gyg
 * Waf || Pad || Nen
 * Beg || Jud || Qaw
 * Ah || Or || Nan
 * Ab || Ja || Las
 * If || Tyq || Di
 * Nom || Jad || Fef
 * Nim || Ryj || Ku
 * Qa || Dok || Tat
 * Faq || Jan || Bar
 * Ji || Ra || Dun
 * Qih || Wy || Ag
 * Wod || Daw || Aj
 * Da || Nab || Nar
 * Yq || Heh || Nuj
 * }

Correlatives

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! colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Case ! colspan="2" | Query (El-) ! colspan="2" | Indication (Iw-) ! colspan="2" | Indefined (Fa-) ! colspan="2" | Universal (Ly-) ! colspan="2" | Negative (Y-) ! colspan="2" | Why ! colspan="2" | This/That ! colspan="2" | Some ! colspan="2" | Every ! colspan="2" | No ! Word || Meaning ! Word || Meaning ! Word || Meaning ! Word || Meaning ! Word || Meaning ! Quality (-je) ! Reason (-nu) ! Time (-ge) ! Place (-ba) ! Manner (-(u)r) ! Thing (-do) ! Amount (-qe) ! Individual (-wa)
 * Elje || What a
 * Iwje || Such a
 * Faje || Some kind/sort/type of
 * Lyje || Every kind/sort/type of
 * Yje || No kind/sort/type of
 * Elnu || Why
 * Iwnu || Therefor
 * Fanu || For some reason
 * Lynu || For all reasons
 * Ynu || For no reason
 * Elge || When
 * Iwge || Then
 * Fage || Sometime
 * Lygu || Always
 * Ygu || Never
 * Elba || Where
 * Iwba || There
 * Faba || Somewhere
 * Lyba || Everywhere
 * Yba || Nowhere
 * Elur || How
 * Iwur || Thus
 * Far || Somehow
 * Lyr || In everyway
 * Yr || No how, In no way
 * Eldo || What
 * Iwdo || This/That
 * Fado || Something
 * Lydo || Everything
 * Ydo || Nothing
 * Elqe || How much
 * Iwqe || That much
 * Faqe || Some, a bit
 * Lyqe || All of it
 * Yqe || None
 * Elwa || Who, Which
 * Iwwa || That one, That
 * Fawa || Someone
 * Lywa || Everyone, all
 * Ywa || No one
 * }

Adjective
Adjectives are none-existent in umbrean as they are treated as verbs, one doesnt say "The red cat" but "The cat is red" and is done like with any normal verb so it doesnt need to fit along with the noun declenisaion. The big differens ebtween adjectives and normal verbs is that unlike verbs where you put multiple tense/aspect words into the sentence only one tense/aspect word is placed after adjectives even if there is multiple adjectives. "the big red cat" wouldnt be said as "the cat is big is red" nor "the cat is big and red" but "The cat is big red" or more presicely "the cat big red is"

Derivation
To change from "to throw" to "To be throwable", simular to the -able suffix in english, one adds the suffix -(w)ogly where the w only comes in if the verb ends with a vowel.

Comparative
to comperative an adjective or adverb add the appropiate suffix to it
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! colspan="1" | Comparative ! colspan="1" | Word ! Base ! Comparative 1 ! Comparative 2 ! Comparative 3 ! Superlative
 * -(p)ej
 * -(h)ef
 * -(w)akon
 * -(j)oq
 * }

Postposition
Umbrean uses post position after the clause or word in question, "table on" "going out her with"


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!Postposition !Meaning:
 * By || Of, ownership
 * Yx || Around, nearby
 * Ejnaf || Because, for the reason that
 * }
 * Ejnaf || Because, for the reason that
 * }
 * }

Conjuctions
Connecting to parts is done like in english, X and Y, X or Y
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!Conjunction !Meaning:
 * O || X and Y
 * La || X or Y
 * }
 * La || X or Y
 * }

Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by replacing the tempus-aspect word with "Ja"and leave out the voice-mood word unless it is per definition already an adverb. They are placed infront of the verb and comperatived the same way as adjectives.

Standard
The Umbrean language is a Subject-Object-Verb language that arranges its sentences as "adam apple ate" rather than the english SVO "Adam ate apple"

Noun Clause
The noun clause is differenlty constructed from english, for example "we never thought that billy would jump " would have to be rewritten as "we never thought the person called billy would jump ", the underlined is the noun clause while the bold comes from derivation of a verb into a noun by placing a suffix onto the voice-mood word infront of the verb which is choosen accordingly the regular noun declension chart


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! colspan="3" | Examples ! rowspan="1" | Noun clause ! colspan="1" | Common said ! colspan="1" | Translation ! Subject of verb ! Objects of verbs ! Agent of verb ! rowspan=2 |Subject complements ! Adjective complements ! Objects of postposition
 * Who did this sleeps || The bieng that/who did this sleeps
 * We didn’t know that Billy would jump || We didn´t know that the man called billy would jump  We didn´t know that he who jumped would be George
 * That George learned how to swim is a miracle || That the man called George learned to swim is a miracle 
 * The truth is that Billy was not very smart || The truth is that the one called billy was not very smart  The truth is that the one who wasnt very smart is billy
 * The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. || The question is if other boys will try the same thing.
 * The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. || The question is if other boys will try the same thing.
 * He is happy that he is learning English || He is happy That he is the one who is learning english
 * Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said. || Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.
 * }

Copulas
Complements are used with either these copulas or just using a tempus-aspect word behind as it would "to be" one
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! rowspan="1" | Copula ! colspan="1" | Umbrean
 * To Look || *
 * to Feel || *
 * to Taste || *
 * To Smell || *
 * To Sound || *
 * To Seem || *
 * To Appear || *
 * To Become || *
 * To Grow || *
 * To Stay || *
 * To Keep || *
 * To Turn || *
 * To Prove || *
 * To Go || *
 * To Remain || *
 * To Resemble || *
 * To Run || *
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * To Stay || *
 * To Keep || *
 * To Turn || *
 * To Prove || *
 * To Go || *
 * To Remain || *
 * To Resemble || *
 * To Run || *
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * To Remain || *
 * To Resemble || *
 * To Run || *
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * }

Adjective Clause
An Adjective Clause is formed

Relative Pronouns are gotten by using the start work here then standard noun declension on it

For relative adverbs one uses the one that fits the current case and restrictiveness

Oterwise it has the same structure as in english

Adverbial Clause

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! colspan="1" | Clause Kind ! colspan="1" | Usual Conjuction ! colspan="1" | Function ! colspan="1" | Example ! Time Clause ! Conditional Clause ! Purpose Clause ! Reason Clause ! Result Clause ! Concessive Clause ! Place Clauses ! Clauses of Manner ! Clauses of Exclamations
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

English:
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! colspan="1" | Clause Kind ! colspan="1" | Usual Conjuction ! colspan="1" | Function ! colspan="1" | Example ! Time Clause ! Conditional Clause ! Purpose Clause ! Reason Clause ! Result Clause ! Concessive Clause ! Place Clauses ! Clauses of Manner ! Clauses of Exclamations
 * when, before, after, since, while, as, until
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Her father died when she was young.
 * if, unless
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
 * in order to, so that, in order that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
 * because, since, as, given
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
 * so that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed''.
 * although, though, while
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
 * where, wherever
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * He said he was happy where he was.
 * as, like, the way
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
 * what a(an), how, such, so
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!
 * }
 * }

Ratio
Ratio such as Three to one would be said as Izi wzi miz where the word wzi is used in ratio context alone

=Dictionary=

=Writting system=

Umbrean writting system is written from up to down, then left to right



=Example text=

One

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! colspan="1" | English ! colspan="1" | Umbrean ! I know the person that have died ! Ybo uryny anu ero axy iwa ata
 * I
 * Ybo
 * The person that have died
 * Uryny anu ero
 * know
 * Axy iwa ata
 * know
 * Axy iwa ata
 * Axy iwa ata
 * }

Common phrases

 * = Go/walk/run to tartarus or go to hell
 * = Directly How is rygnar? but means What time is it? or How much is the clock
 * = The Union of Confederate Umbrean Republican States