Zi Zâra

=General Information=

Zâra is a language that employs a trigger system.

=Alphabet and Pronunciation=

Vowels
A vowel gets stretched by marking it with a ^-sign.

Silent Vowels
Many words in Zâra include silent vowels, that are not spoken under certain conditions.

Usually, i is silent if it is the last sound of a word.

Silent vowels are only pronounced when a group 2 consonant follows

or when it avoids two identical consonants to follow one another.

Silent vowels are indicated by brackets like so k(i), the i being silent.

Consonants
If a consonant is doubled, it is pronounced like in Italian or Japanese.

Phonological constraints
Zâra basically allows syllables formed by a consonant, (atleast) a vowel (or multiple vowels), and [n] or [m] which means a syllable has the form (C)V(V)(n)/(m).

The group 1 consonant z can be inserted (almost) everywhere.

So a syllable can actually look like this: (z)(C)(z)V(z)/(n)/(m)(z).

This is not too common, though.

Also note that 3 consonants may never follow one another.

(all letters in brackets are optional)

Stress
Stress in Zâra is (with few exceptions) completely regular.

Every root word and unmodified conjugated verb (See Verb Conjugation) has penultimate stress.

Every sentence has stress on the stressed syllable of the conjugated verb and on the stressed syllable of the word in the trigger position.

Example:

In the sentence "Cinko tak agajro n si." the stress is located as follows (bold):


 * Cinko tak agajro n si.

=Grammar=

Cases
Zâra does not have any cases, atleast it is not usual to classify certain parts of a sentence as cases.

However, for the sake of simplicity and to make it easier to understand from a european language point of view I will stick to the case classification in this guide.

Then, Zâra has 20 cases???

Sentence Order
The general sentence order is VSO.

The verb is usually the most important part.

Number
Nouns do not change in either form singular or plural.

Number is expressed with the help of articles.

A noun in its normal form can stand for both singular and plural.

Articles
Articles precede the noun.

For examples see the Examples Section.

Universal Object
The word da is used whenever there is no other object (or subject) in the sentence.

It can also be used in relative sentences.

For examples see the Examples.

Symbol is: UO

Adjectives
Adjectives succeed the word they are modifying.

The respective adjective gets the ADJ-Suffix ja (see Affixes and Adpositions).

Example:


 * A red house

zira iruja house red ADJ

Adjectives can be modified by tense prefixes.

See Tenses.

Conjugation
Conjugation is extemely simple because every grammatical person is treated the same.

A verb is either conjugated or in its infinitive form.

To conjugate a verb add j to the root, then add the subject pronoun.

The resulting cluster is called the unmodified conjugated verb(UCV).

Example:


 * I eat. (eat = mo; I = ro)


 * 1) add j
 * 2) add ro

Result: mojro

If the subject is not a personal pronoun, further changes have to be made.

The above process still applies, but the subject has to be added as well.

Example:


 * Mother eats. (eat = mo; mother = mia; 3.PS = da)


 * 1) add j
 * 2) add da
 * 3) add mia

Result: mojda mia

For more examples see the Examples Section.

Copula
Zâra uses a copula which is the word (u)n(i) (note the silent vowels).

Like every other verb it never changes no matter which position it is in.

Symbol is: COP

Tense
There are 3 tenses:
 * Past
 * Non-past
 * Explicit Future

Each tense uses a different particle.

Past
Symbol is: PAST

The past tense particle is tak(i).

It is treated like a preposition in that it precedes whatever it shall change to past tense.

In Zâra every word class can be affected by tense particles.

Note that the copula must remain unchanged though.

For examples see the Examples Section.

Non-Past
For the non-past tense no changes have to be made.

Non-past is the default tense.

Unless there is no other tense particle in the sentence, tense is non-past.

The non-past is used for both the present tense and the future tense.

Which of them is meant must be clear from the context.

Explicit Future
Symbol is: FUT

The explicit future tense particle is càzak(i).

The explicit future tense is only used when the use of the non-past would be ambiguous.

Obviously, it changes anything it precedes to future tense.

For examples see the Examples Section.

Negation
In Zâra negation is done by using a special verb that meants "to not".

This negative verb can be conjugated like any other verb and it can even be the only verb in the sentence.

The negative verb is ta.

For examples see the Examples Section.

Ta can also mean "no".

Affixes and Adpositions
For examples for each of these see the Examples Section.

Personal Pronouns
Note: Zâra is a pro-drop language.

Relative Pronouns
There are two relative pronouns.

One is for inanimate things, the other for animate/living things.

For examples see the Examples Section.

Relative Clauses
Relative clauses work like adjectives.

The only difference is that they consist of multiple words instead of just one.

To ensure comprehension an additional particle is used in addition to the adjective marker ja.

That additional particle is either t(i) or m(i) respectively as explained in the above table.

The formula looks as follows:

NOUN - relative particle - relative clause - adjective marker

i.e.:

NOUN t(i)/m(i) CLAUSE ja

For examples see the Examples Section.

Counting
(The arabic numbers are also used for written text in Zâra script.)

=Examples=

Sentences without object
I eat. O-mojro n da. o-mojro    n   da PT eat 1.PS COP UO

Sentences with both subject and object
I eat a bread. O-mojro n kida. o-mojro    n   kida PT eat 1.PS COP bread

Indirect Object
I gave you an apple. Cinko tak o-dagajro n si. cinko tak o-dagajro    n   si. apple PAST PT give 1.PS COP 2.PS

A = B
Trees are important. Târa n poitu. târa     n   poitu important COP tree

I love the child. Mza n karu. mza     n   karu loveable COP child

Past Tense
The house was red. Tak iru n zi zira. tak iru n   zi  zira PAST red COP ART house

Explicit Future Tense
I will go. Cazaki zojro. cazaki zojro FUT   go 1.PS

Location
You are in a house. Ziraco n si. ziraco   n   si house LOC COP 2.PS

I will see you at the tree. Cazak o-kitajro poituco n si. Cazak o-kitajro  poituco   n   si   FUT   PT see 1.PS tree LOC  COP 2.PS

Posession
I am in my house. Te ziraco ni ro. te ziraco    ni  ro POS house LOC COP 1.PS

Relative Clause
I eat the bread that fell down. O-mojro n z kida ti cirenaz paira ja. o-mojro    n   z   kida  ti  cirenaz  paira ja PT eat 1.PS COP ART bread REL down DIR fall  ADJ

The mother who lives in the house will destroy the tree. Cazak o-kuratajda mia mi zi zira piu ja n zi poitu. cazak o-kuratajda  mia    mi  zi  zira  piu  ja  n   zi  poitu FUT  PT destroy UO mother REL ART house live ART COP ART tree

Pronoun-dropping
I eat a bread. O-moj kida. o-moj kida PT eat bread

Verb Negation
I will not give you the apple. Zi cinko aga cazak o-tajro un si. zi cinko aga  cazak o-tajro     un  si ART apple give FUT   PT not 1.PS COP 2.PS

Adjective Negation
The apple is not red. Iru ta n zi cinko. iru ta n   zi  cinko red not COP ART apple

Benefactive
I bought bread in a shop for you. Kida tak za-nucajro mikaco n si. kida tak  za-nucajro   mikaco   n   si bread PAST BEN buy 1.PS shop LOC COP 2.PS

Useful Sentences and Formulations
=Vocabulary=

Numbers
Hi,

Excuse me because I asking you for my demand (numbers from your conlang(s)) in this page. I think to send my message on your e-mail. But nowhere I didn't see information about your e-mail. First introduce: My name is Janko. I'm collecting numbers from various systems in different languages. You can found information about my self and my work on:

http://janko.gorenc.googlepages.com/home

http://janko.gorenc.googlepages.com/collectionnumbers

Please you tell me if you'll have numbers in Zi Zâra, or from your others conlang(s) in future.

Could you please send me numbers from 1 to 10 (as in English: 1 –one, 2 – two, 3 – three,…) in Zi Zâra, or from your others conlang(s) on this page or my e-mail address: "j_gorenc@yahoo.com"?

Please you delete my text with your page when you'll have numbers.

Thank you for your help!

I wish you a lot of success at your work!

Janko Gorenc

=Example Text=

--Seladwa 13:20, 24 July 2009 (UTC) Siah Seladwa

This is a work in progress.