씬국어

Classification and Dialects
씬국어 /ɕɪn'guge/ or Shin'guge is a Koreanic aggluttinative language...

Consonants
* Unvoiced consonants in Shin'guge are heavily aspirated, much more so than in English. It is disputed among linguists whether consonants contrast between voiced and unvoiced or the unusual voiced vs aspirated.

Writing System
{| class="fandom-table article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 650px; text-align:center" ! scope="row" |Letter ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription ! scope="row" |Letter ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription ! scope="row" |Letter
 * ㅂ
 * ㅍ
 * ㄷ
 * ㅌ
 * ㄱ
 * ㅋ
 * ㅈ
 * ㅊ
 * ㄴ
 * ㅁ
 * ㅇ
 * ㅎ
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/b/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/p/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/d/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/t/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/g/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/k/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/dʑ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/tɕ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/n/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/m/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ŋ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/h/
 * b
 * p
 * d
 * t
 * g
 * k
 * j
 * ch
 * n
 * m
 * ng
 * h
 * ㄹ
 * ㅅ
 * ㅆ
 * ㄲ
 * ㅓ
 * ㅏ
 * ㅣ
 * ㅡ
 * ㅜ
 * ㅗ
 * colspan="2" |ㅔ
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ɾ~l/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/s/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ɕ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/χ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/e/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/a/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/i/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/y/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/u/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/o/
 * colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ø/
 * r~l
 * s
 * sh
 * kh
 * e
 * a
 * i
 * ü
 * u
 * o
 * colspan="2" |ö
 * ㅕ
 * ㅑ
 * ㅛ
 * ㅠ
 * colspan="8" rowspan="3" |

Digraphs
ㅝ, ㅘ, ㅞ, ㅢ

we, wa, wö, üi ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/je/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ja/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/jo/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ju/
 * ye
 * ya
 * yo
 * yu
 * }
 * }

Nouns
The case markers in Shin'guge are the following:

Verbs
Shin'guge verbs are conjugated. Every verb form in Shin'guge has two parts: a verb stem, plus a sequence of inflectional suffixes. Verbs can be quite long because of all the suffixes that mark grammatical contrasts.

A Shin'guge verb root is bound, meaning that it never occurs without at least one suffix. Grammatical categories of verb suffixes include voice (active or passive), tense (past, present, or future), aspect (of an action – complete, experienced, repeated, or continuous), and clause-final conjunctives or sentence enders chosen from various speech styles and types of sentences such as interrogative, declarative and imperative.

Infinitive form
The infinitive form is the lemma form of a Shin'guge verb which ends in da 다. For example, 테다, 만아다, 화다.

Finite verb endings
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Shin'guge. Their structure when used as the predicate of a clause is prefix + root + up to six suffixes, and can be illustrated with a template: * The negative prefix is an 안 "not".

I Voice may be causative or passive. If omitted then it is the active voice.

II May not be omitted. Neutral present tense is -(o)re (오)러. Future tense is gyo-s 굣, past tense is -es/as 엇/앗. If there is no intervening consonant at the end of the stem, the vowel reduces: i.e. the verb o-da 오다 "to come" is becomes wa-s 왓 in the past. The verb ha-da 하다 "to do" is an irregular he-s 헛 in the past.

III The formal suffix is -m ㅁ after a vowel (it is normally written in the same block as that vowel), -süm 슴 after a consonant or in an interrogative verb, -üm 음 after a consonant in a proposition.


 * This shows deference towards the audience of the conversation, for example when speaking to one's elders. If speaking to one's elders, one would use the formal suffix.

IV The syntactic moods, are the indicative -nun 는 -neun, -ni 니, or n ㄴ; the imperfective -den 던, di 디, or d ㄷ; and the subjunctive si 시 -si or s ㅅ. None of these are used in the casual or intimate styles, and the formal plain indicative declarative can only occur in the gnomic tense.


 * -nön 넨 is used in the formal plain and familiar interrogative styles. After a vowel, -nön 넨 reduces to n ㄴ.
 * -ni 니, -di 디 and -si 시 are used in the formal polite style.
 * -n ㄴ, d ㄷ, and s ㅅ are used in the familiar subjunctive style