Old North Etexan

Setting
Old North Etexan (read as "Old North Etekhan"), current native name: Elešata gaʕarayacim (The Scientists' Language), old native name: Elešata šәyašayacim (Language of the Men) or just Etexki (Desert) was an ancient, now extinct, language of the northern part of Etexum Kingdom of the planet Argā. It is currently used only in the northern part of Etexum Kingdom by scientists and for religious purposes.

Basic grammar
The nouns have a number of cases.

Absolutive case
The basic case.

Ablative case
This case indicates movement from sb.

Ergative case
This case indicates a subject of a verb.

Accusative case
This case indicates a direct object of a verb.

Prepositional case
This case indicates position on, in, and is always used with prepositions.

Genitive case
This case indicates mainly possession.

Lative case
This case indicates movement to a sb.

This/that ...
The words "this" or "that" are indicated by another case.

Construct state
Nouns take -a or -'a in the construct state. For example, beyit-um is "house", but "house of the monk" would be beyita qcancat, with the word "monk" (qcan) in possessive/genitive case.

Definite article
The definite article is e-. Look at the examples:
 * e-lešat(um) (the language)
 * e-beyit(um) (the house)
 * e-qcan(um) (the monk)
 * e-xavak (e-xavka) (the star)

Verbs and verb constructions
Unlike Semitic languages (that have similar constructions), the dictionary form is either present simple in common/masculine form of 3rd person or the gerund (which is mostly irregular). The primary construction is aśāt. It denotes the base action, utim aśāt - it does. A distinct common form of pronoun exists, but it is obsolete and is mostly replaced by the masculine form of corresponding pronoun.

The secondary construction is eśit - it/he makes.

The third construction is h'iśat yat (causative) - it/he causes, causes someone to do.

The fourth construction is n'iśat (si) - it/he is doing (with itself)

The fifth construction is əśat li-, and it is passive form of aśāt construction.

The sixth construction is iśāt li-, and it is passive form of eśit.

The seventh construction is hi'śat li-, and it is passive form of h'iśat yat, respectively.

The past forms are made by adding yə- to a present construction for past simple and yələ- for past continuous (the present continuous marker is lə-, respectively).

The future forms are formed by adding na-.

The participle is formed by adding certain time adverbs, such as sakum "now".

The imperative is formed by adding š- prefix to common 3rd person form.