New Byzantine

General information
New Byzantine, also known as New Byzantine Greek, New Medieval Byzantine or simply the Byzantine language, is the language spoken in the restored Byzantine from around AD 800 until the Fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1712. It developed from Medieval Greek, with influences from Vulgar Latin and Late Latin - especially during the era of restoration and resurgence between AD 800 and 1100, when peace was made with Kievan Rus' and the Bulgarian Empire and borders were secured. Scholars have noted that influences from Vulgar Latin increased after the establishment of the Byzantine protectorate over the Papal States (Patrimony) and the incorporation of Ravenna, in the 11th and 13th centuries, respectively.

Vowels
И η = /eː/

I ι = /i/ (note: I i = /j/)

İ í = /i/ (note: I i = /j/)

E ε = / ɛ/

Ē έ = /eː/

V υ = /u/

V̄ ύ = /uː/

O o = / ɔ /

Ō ó = / ɔ ː/

Ω ω = /o/

Ω̄ ώ (note the typographical error; the macron should be above the omega or, alternatively, through it, somewhat like this: Ө)

A  α =  /ɑ/

Ā ά = /a ː /

Y y = /iː/

Diphthongs and vowel digraphs
Aυ αυ = /oː/

Eι ει = / ɛ ɪ̯/

A ε/Æ αε = / ɑ ɪ̯/

Oε/Œ oε = / ɛ/

Oι oι = / ɔ ɪ̯/

Note that to distinguish separate vowels from diphthongs, for example / ɔ i/ vs. / ɔ ɪ̯/ (oι), a diaeresis is used: oϊ.

Other than the tonos, that indicates vowel length (e.g. Ā ά = /a ː /), and the diaeresis, the rough breathing is used (also known as dasia or spiritus asper). /h ɑ / becomes ἁ, for example. Some dialects, especially in Greece, use the separate letter heta, Ⱶ ⱶ, instead. See below:

Ἁἁ = /h ɑː /

Ἑἑ = /hεː/

H ἡ = /heː/ (exception: ῾И -> H)

Ἱ ἱ = /hiː/

Ὁ ὁ = /h ɔː/

῾V ὑ = /huː/

Ὡὡ = /hoː/

Note that the vowel sounds are all long.

Consonants
B β = /b/ (/v/ between two consonants)

V v = /w/

G  c  = / ɡ /

D δ = /d/

Z z = /z/ (often written ʒ instead of z)

Θ θ = /tʰ/

I i = /j/

Κ κ = /k/

Λ λ = /l/

Μ μ =/m/

N ɴ = /n/

Ξ ξ = /ks/ (between two vowels: /sː/)

Π π = /p/

R ϱ = /r/

Σ s = /s/

Τ τ = /t/

Ϛ ϛ = /st/

Φ φ = /f/

Χ χ = /x/

Ψ ψ = /ps/ (between two vowels: /sː/

Cases
Nominative

Oblique

Genitive

Dative

Dative equals ... + oblique