Elite Vamapaskian

Elite Vamapaskian is a language spoken by the Vamapaskians as lingua franca.

General information
In context, Elite Vamapaskian is spoken around 5000 BC in the Fertile Crescent by a group of tribes called the Vamapaskians as a lingua franca, because it was the language spoken by the most powerful tribe of them all.

Phonotactics

 * The onset can have a maximum of 3 consonants and is obligatory.
 * The coda can only contain 2 consonants.
 * The nucleus can only contain a vowel sound.
 * (C)(C)CV(C)(C)
 * If a nasal or [t], [d], [θ], or [ð], or by a combination of those sounds, is succeded by an [s], the former consonant (cluster) will be dropped and the preceding vowel will be lengthened.

Contractions
When two vowels meet, they will contract into a different vowel sound. The following table shows these contractions:

Nouns
For the nouns, there are 2 kinds of declensions: thematic and athematic, each having 3 declensions. There are 8 cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumentalis, and locative. There are also 4 grammatical genders: masculin, feminine, unspecified, neuter. And latsly, there are 3 grammatical numbers: singular, dual, and plural.

Cases
Nominative (NOM): can be used to express the subject or predicative complement following a copular verb.

Vocative (VOC): used to adress someone or something.

Accusative (ACC): used to mark the direct object or subject of an accusative cum infinitivo or expresses an adverbial clause of time.

Genitive (GEN): expresses the source or possessor of something or someone.

Dative (DAT): marks the indirect object.

Allative (ALL): marks the motion towards something or someone.

Instrumentalis (INS): marks the instrument or tool.

Locative (LOC): marks the location (in; near; on; by...)

Thematic
Note: if for the feminin declension the stem ends in an alveolar consonant, the declension will change to the feminin e-declension.

Stem purification
Sometimes a stem must undergo changes in order to sound good when used on its own. These guidelines describe the changes:
 * Voiced fricatives and plosives become unvoiced: v ~> f; b ~> p; etc.
 * If the ultima ends in -nt, -t, -st, -pt, or -ft, the t will be dropped: samat- ~> samâ

Diminutive
To convey the smallness of a noun, the affix -it- is placed right after the stem, before a possible thematic vowel, and before the case ending.

létel (rock) -> létitel (small rock, pebble)

orno (bird) -> ornito (little bird)

But some words have a stem which ends in -it- and thus are not diminutive.

tyrsitar (mountain) -> tyrsititar (small mountain, hill)

Adjectives
Unlike with the nouns, there is only 1 declension for the adjectives, a mixed thematic declension.

Stems
There are 3 types of stems (simple, continual, and perfect), all of whom are formed by the verbal root of the verb. There are 3 types of ways to form these stems:
 * Non-mutative: add a suffix to the verbal root to signify its aspect.
 * Reduplicative stem: reduplicate the simple-, continual-, and perfect-stem:
 * Ablautive stem: the last vowel sound in the verbal root undergoes an ablaut and the same aspect markers as with the non-mutative stems are used:

A verb can only use 1 one of these ways to form their stems.

Note: verbal roots can be used for different verbs; if their stem formation changes, so does their meaning.

Infinitives
There are 3 main types of infinitives, all of which are formed using the simple-stem and can be active or passive:

Present infinitive:

Past infinitive

Future infinitive

Indicative
There are 3 aspects in the indicative: simple, continual, and perfect. Each aspect uses a different stem, but the same personal endings and tense-signifying augment.

Simple
Here the simple stem is used (obviously).

Continual
Here the continual-stem is used (of course).

Perfect
Naturally, you use the perfect-stem.

Legenda: Normal personal endings are active, cursive personal endings are middle voice, and bold personal endings are passive.

Note: The (n) only added when the stem starts with a vowel sound.

Articles
There are only definite articles in Elite Vamapaskian; if a noun is indefinite, there will be the noun itself.

Lexicon
Please visit Elite Vamapaskian's page on Contionary for more information about the words.

B
Bande, bandu, banda, bandi: smart; teaching

Bandelionuti: to teach, to educate

Banduti: to know; to understand

P
Plowuti: to pour; to mold, to cast

Plûwuti: to rain

F
Fure, furu, fura, furi: pure; clean; beautiful

Dh
Dhen: into (a new state of being)

Dhumui, dhumuith: house, building

D
Didoti: to take, receive

Doti: to give

Dûti: to trade, barter

Z
Zerar, zerarith: element, matter; stuff, object

L
Lès, lèth: part, section; division

Leti: to divide, to part, to cut up

Linuti: to lead; to overmaster, to demand, to control; to own, to have

Liones, lioneth: master, lord; owner; senator; leader

Lionuti: to lead; to overmaster, to demand, to control; to own, to have (poetic)

K
Kemople, kemoplè, kemopla, kemopli: every; PLURAL: all, entire

Kykhles, kykhleth: ring, circle; cycle; disc, wheel

Kh/Ch
Kheruti: to walk

Khikheruti: to run

Khiruti: to stroll

H
Habaruti: to have, to hold

Habôruti: to posses, to inhabit

Hals, halis: salt

Hamanar, hamanarith: deity

Hamanes, hamaneth: god

Hamanè, hamanèth: godess

Honodhumui, honodhumuith: palace

Honos, honoth: honor, value, importance