Taurahe

Taurahe refers to the native languages spoken by the Tauren from the Warcraft universe. There are numerous dialects of Taurahe, as most tribes retain their own version of the language. The most common dialect by far is Bloodhoof Taurahe, the native tongue of High Chieftain Baine. Bloodhoof Taurahe has supplanted ceremonial Taurahe in areas of trade and tribal politics. There are a number of culturally Tauren words that have been adopted into other languages from Taurahe, such as shaman, leather, mana, feral, lava, and totem.

Consonants
There are 17 consonants.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-palatal !! Velar !Nasal !Plosive !Voiceless Fricative !Voiced Obstruent !Approximant
 * m ||colspan=4|ŋ
 * p || t || || tʃ || k
 * f || θ || s || ʃ || x
 * v || ð || || dʒ || ɣ
 * || l || ɹ || ||
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Phoneme !English Approximation !Example !Meaning
 * m || meat || mago || fruit
 * ŋ || thing || nosθoki || head
 * p || spot || papa || droplet
 * t || stop || talne || stick
 * tʃ || chop || chagi || snack
 * k || skip || kakam || strider
 * f || after || tefθa || not
 * θ || thin || θavi || rose
 * s || sore || sθachi || basket
 * ʃ || shore || shojimi || mine
 * x || loch || homashi || hide
 * v || vase || vashshi || spirit
 * ð || there || digo || yesterday
 * dʒ || jump || hakaji || arrow
 * ɣ || go || goma || fat
 * l || bull || lapo || stone
 * ɹ || rope || roha || powder
 * }
 * ʃ || shore || shojimi || mine
 * x || loch || homashi || hide
 * v || vase || vashshi || spirit
 * ð || there || digo || yesterday
 * dʒ || jump || hakaji || arrow
 * ɣ || go || goma || fat
 * l || bull || lapo || stone
 * ɹ || rope || roha || powder
 * }
 * dʒ || jump || hakaji || arrow
 * ɣ || go || goma || fat
 * l || bull || lapo || stone
 * ɹ || rope || roha || powder
 * }
 * ɹ || rope || roha || powder
 * }
 * }
 * }

Vowels
There are four vowels and two diphthongs.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! Front !! Central !! Back
 * High || i || ||
 * Mid || e || || o
 * Low || || a ||
 * }
 * Low || || a ||
 * }
 * }

The two diphthongs are /ya/ and /wa/. They function no differently than the pure vowels.

Syllable Structure
While most syllables are simply of the form CV, the maximum syllable structure is sCLVC.

There are five types of onset.
 * 1) No onset.
 * 2) Single consonant. Any of the 17 consonants can appear as the onset.
 * 3) Non-coronal consonant + liquid. There are 14 such onsets: any of /m p f v k x g/ + /l/ or /r/.
 * 4) /s/ + nasal or voiceless continuant. There are 6 possible onsets: /s/ + /m n f θ ʃ x/
 * 5) /s/ + non-coronal nasal or voiceless continuant + liquid. There are 6 possible onsets: /sml/, /smr/, /sfl/, /sfr/, /sxl/, and /sxr/.

The coda can be any consonant except /p t tʃ k/.

Stress
Stress is trochaic and generally regular. Most words have primary stress on the penultimate syllable, with secondary stress on the first syllable for words longer than 4 syllables. Some words have irregular stress which may or may not be orthographically indicated.

Orthography
Taurahe does not have a standard orthography. There is no native script, and the spoken language has variously been transcribed by speakers of Darnassian, Orcish, and Common, so there are several different ways to write out the language. There are a few common patterns in spelling that you will see on this page and in other texts.

The sound /o/ can be written either as ⟨o⟩ or ⟨u⟩. On this page it's always written as ⟨o⟩, except when it follows ⟨a⟩, as in 'taurajo' and 'taurahe'.

The sound /θ/ can be written as the symbol ⟨θ⟩ or the digraph ⟨th⟩. On this page it's always written as ⟨θ⟩.

The sound /ʃ/ can be written as ⟨S⟩ or the digraph ⟨sh⟩.

The sound /tʃ/ can be written several different ways, but this page uses ⟨ch⟩.

While /x/ is almost always written as ⟨h⟩, on this page it is written as ⟨x⟩ if it follows /s/, to distinguish /sx/ from /ʃ/.

Words with irregular stress are marked with an acute accent over the stressed vowel.

Nouns and Adjectives
Nouns and adjectives are typically 2 to 4 syllables


 * θalo woman
 * peje child
 * rochi animal
 * lavo wolf
 * maro short
 * korvi cougar
 * ormi bird
 * kelke flower
 * θavi briarthorn
 * aldo feather
 * talne stick
 * kala small egg
 * mago fruit
 * tagli clear rock or gem
 * rofa red
 * goma fat
 * niko one
 * sheni bone
 * hakaji arrow
 * kolovi earthenware object
 * akalake man
 * taurajo campsite
 * nosθoki head
 * shatohaji many

Plural
Both adjectives and nouns are marked for plural. There are 3 basic patterns for pluralization.

The most common way to form plurals is with the infix /-ah-/ before the final vowel. Every regular noun or adjective that ends in /i/ takes this form. The infix causes it to become [e].


 * peje > pejahe child > children
 * iche > ichahe white
 * koide > koidahe shield > shields
 * lapo > lapaho stone > stones
 * tauri > taurahe story > stories
 * korvi > korvahe cougar > cougars
 * sheni > shenahe bone > bones

Some words take the infix /-in-/. This groups only includes nouns that end in /o/ or /a/.
 * kala > kalina egg > eggs
 * aldo > aldino feather > feathers
 * maro > marino short
 * θalo > θalino woman > women

Some words instead take the suffix /-i/. All words that end in a consonant are pluralized this way.


 * tokan > tokai object > objects
 * rofa > rofai red
 * soham > sohami two
 * kakam > kakami strider > striders
 * totem > totemi totem > totems

Attributive adjectives, those that directly modify a noun, agree in number.
 * ograma rofa korvi. The red bird drinks.
 * ograma n rofai korvahe. The red birds drink''.
 * maro talne n kaθθa n θalo. ''The woman gathers a short stick.
 * marino talnahe n kaθθa n θalo. ''The woman gathers short sticks.

Strictly speaking, predicative adjectives, those that indirectly modify a noun, should also agree in number, but in casual speech they usually remain singular.
 * sheni n iche s. The bone is white.
 * shenahe n ichahe s. or shenahe n iche s. The bones are white.

Some words take on a different meaning when pluralized.
 * kahi > kahahe rain > weather

Numerals
Tauren take an interesting approach to counting. For everyday counting, Tauren count based on groups rather than individuals. The important numbers in this system are 3, 12, and 36. So for example, to count 20 arrows, a hunter will mentally split them into groups of three and count 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 20 minus 1. When asked how many arrows he has, he would say he had one group of 12 and 3 groups of 3, minus one. Large numbers are counted more roughly, so a tailor who needed to count 100 feathers for a headdress. Would likely count 12, 24, 36, note the size of the pile, and then note 72 and 108, being satisfied that 108 is close enough to 100. For very precise counting, such as in mathematics, economics, and engineering, Tauren will count the discrete members within each group, so to count precisely to 15, for example, they would say 1, 2, 3, (4, 2, 3), (7, 2, 3), (10, 2, 3), 12+1, 12+2, 12+3.
 * niko one
 * soham two
 * kompa three
 * done 4, 5, 6
 * koide 7, 8, 9
 * shatohaji 10, 11, 12

Verbs
The citation form of a verb is in the past tense. All past tense verbs end with /o/.
 * tékio walked
 * tifo saw
 * kaθθo gathered
 * diloko went
 * ogro ate, drank
 * sirno thought

Plural
There is a plural marker /n/ that can follow the verb.

If the object in the sentence is plural, then the verb will be plural.
 * magino n ograma. n sfiti. The hunter eats fruits.
 * soham lapaho n kaθθo. n go. I collected two stones.

If the sentence doesn't have an object, and the subject is plural, then the verb will be plural.
 * tekyama pisxa. The girl walks.
 * tekyama n pisxai. The girls walk.

Tense
Taurahe has 3 absolute tenses, present, past, and future.

The past tense is indicated by the suffix /-o/ on the verb.
 * peji n ogro a galo. The boy drank juice.
 * tékio pisxa. The girl walked
 * ormi n tifo ana. We saw the bird.

The present tense is indicated by the suffix /-ama/.
 * peji n ógrama a galo. The boy drinks juice.
 * tekiama pisxa. The girl walks
 * ormi n tífama ana. We see the bird.

The future tense is indicated by the suffix /-amol/.
 * peji n ógramol a galo. The boy drinks juice.
 * tekiamol pisxa. The girl walks
 * ormi n tífamol ana. We see the bird.

Aspect
In addition to tenses, verbs can occupy one of several aspects which refer to how the action is viewed.

The perfective is the form of the verb that has been used so far. It just refers to an event that started, happened, and finished without regard to how time moved during the event.

There is also another form of the verb that is used to indicate the three imperfective aspects that focus on the temporal structure of the event itself.

The continuous aspect

The inchoative aspect

The cessative aspect

There are two other aspects that are dialectal but may be encountered. The habitual aspect refers to events that occur over and over.

The intensive aspect is subjectively used to highlight the intensity of an event.

Kinship
To make sense of kinship terms in Taurahe, it is useful to understand how Tauren families are organized. Tauren society is strongly patrilineal and patrilocal, meaning that people trace their bloodline through their father and live in their father's household. After marriage, a woman leaves her family and joins her husband with his father. As a result, there is a lot of focus on the paternal bloodline and very little on the maternal bloodline.

Tribe: smahi
 * paternal grandfather: gorata
 * paternal grandmother: agam
 * father: sahakanagi
 * brother: chiro
 * sister: kosidi
 * self: go
 * son/nephew: galo
 * daughter/niece: pisxa
 * grandson: pirogalo
 * granddaughter:piropisxa
 * uncle: kanagi
 * male cousin: chiro
 * female cousin: kosidi
 * aunt/uncle's wife: sxraja


 * mother: agam

These family members are not part of someone's household but they are blood-relatives through the mother. There in incest taboo against these people, and therefore unpaired men and women are strongly discouraged from interacting with these people.


 * maternal grandfather: jagiro
 * maternal grandmother: mathi
 * any male descendant: jagiro
 * any female descendant:mathi

Colors
There are only three color terms: 'iche' white, 'orkwa' black, and 'rofa' red.