Kop`ll

Notice* ''This is still currently very much a work in progress. Thus I apologize for mistakes and inconsistencies and ask that any who wish to contribute ideas to this language contact me first.''

Kop`ll is a language spoken by people who inhabit a fairly cold country perhaps surrounded by various seas or an ocean.

Classification and Dialects
A highly polysynthetic,   almost exclusively suffixal  language, with some aggulative qualities, consisting of two main dialects: inland and coastal, with minor phonetic differences only.

Phonology
Kop'll has six basic vowels: a i u o ə e, phonemically /a i u o ə e/, phonetically [ɐ i u o ə e].The vowels can also appear long: aa ii uu... ect. When placed before or after uvular consonants q r ŋ  /q-ɢ ʁ ɴ /, short vowels are lowered allophonically to [ɔ e o.. ect] respectively. It is also notable that the close-mid front e is represented exclusively in the dipthong ye.

Consonants
Ejective consonants occur in many words including the present tense form of almost all verbs. The three possible ejectives are p`, t`, k`, and ll` respectively, though the most common are p` ll` and t` do to their relatively more forward positioning.

The m is shifted to the labio-dental position in the inland dialect, along with the j being shifted somewhat from the approximant to the fricative. The uvular approximant exists also only in the central dialect and is represented either with a normal r, or a double rr for clarification, though it usually only occurs adjacent to back vowels and it's original phonetic origin is uncertain; whether it is inherent of the language or a result of outside influence.

Consonant clusters of two sounds include, qlh, qll, ŋk, ŋb, ŋd, and lhŋ. Three sound clusters are limited to qlhŋ only.

A doubled consonant represents either a geminated voiced obstruent before said consonant (usually unvoiced) or a germinate consonant itself, most often the latter.

Diphthongs
The possible dipthongs in Kop'll are ai̯, au, eo, and u̯i, as well as any number of other V+u combinations resulting from the use of the interrogative tense marker uu. Diphthongs are usually germinated with the second sound occasionally being stressed if it is in the front position.

Phonotactics
Basic syllables can be CV, VC, CVC, or an ejective consonant alone, (the p` in Kop`ll for example).

Nouns
Nouns have no declension patters in Kop`ll. Number is indicated through the use of adjectives, or adjectival verb phrases. Definiteness can be expressed in some senses with the emphatic suffixial adjective -llott.

Nouns are however, able to inflect possession, as well as show there position as the topic, subject, and direct object within a sentence by the use of particle-like affixes.

Verbs
Kop`ll is very much a language of Verbs, having an extensive system of affixes. Verbs in Kop`ll conjugate for two tenses: present and past; seven aspects: perfective, perfect, habitual, continuous/progressive, gnomic, terminative, and continuative, all in both the past and present tense; and ten moods:  indicative, interrogative, imperative, volitional, causative, conditional, subjunctive, contemporative, participial, and potential; five voices: active, passive, middle, reciprocal, and valencial (indicates an animate or inanimate subject and/or topic). Verbs also agree with the person, in the form of suffixed inflectional pronouns and also regular suffixes. The infinitive form of all verbs ends in the labial-dental fricative, v, followed by an a. Most verbs are regular, though state-of-being verbs as well as a few other verbs maintain completely separate words for animate and inanimate subjects/topics.

Tenses
Present tense for regular verbs is simply the infinitive plus ll indicating the present tense. Past tense is indicated by adding ŋŋk to the infinitive. These conjugations will be demonstrated using the verb bova, to go, conjugated for the indicative third-person animate non-human, (it), past and present.

Negation
Negation is accomplished by using the negation infix, -'''ŋya. '''In the present negative though the tense marker is omitted.

Aspects
Aspects are somewhat simple to conjugate. They are placed before the tense marker in the verb. The following are all the different present tense indicative third-person animate forms of again the word bova in all seven different aspects.

Moods
Kop`ll has nine moods, all of which are marked morphologically. The indicative mood is unmarked, being the common mood. Conjugation of the moods will be demonstrated using bova once again in the present tense third person animate form. Notice that the imperative, volitional, and contemporative moods all require various aspects and/or persons in order to be inflected. The imperative is inflected directly after the present aspect without person. The contemparitive requires that both clauses be in an imperfect aspect. The volitional requires the person to be the first person plural, or rarely it can show self-reflection when used with the first person singular, (ie Why don't I go?!).

Pronouns
Pronouns in Kop`ll can only exist when attached to either a verb or the helping word baye as a suffix. Pronouns have both formal and causal forms.

Voice
Voice in Kop'll is inflected through the various pronouns, which are likewise used to mark person in verbs.

Subject
The subject markers in Kop`ll are ~aŋ + yeŋ, representing the animate, and inanimate forms respectively. They are seldom used in everyday speech and are only seen in formal writing.

Objects, Locatives, Instrumentals
~ō, ~ŋiue, ~uye/ +yoye

The direct object(s) of a transitive verb is indicated by the object particle ō. The general instrumental particle is ~ŋiue, which can be translated as "using" "by" or sometimes "with": This particle also has other uses including "at" or "in" for not moving verbs (such as eating). The general locative particles are ~uye/ +yoye, representing the animate and inanimate forms respectively. It represents a destination, as well as a location of existence, such as with on, or in as referring to some point in time.
 * Tokyoyoye bova quhlh ya.
 * Tokyo(LOC) go(PRES)(1P.PL)(VOL).
 * Let's go to Tokyo

Syntax
The default word order for transitive clauses is SOV. Likewise for intransitive clauses the default is SV. Adjectives precede nouns and take a possessive affix in order to effect the noun. Adverbs are almost entirely suffixial and occur directly before the person marker in the verb, which comes last. Prepositions come last in the sentence as the final affix of a given verb.

Example text
Article 1 of the Declaration of Human Rights.

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

From the Kop`ll version, "Taŋai t`ullaŋ yayeŋilli lailleōlluŋyololhyoquhlhŋiyeyo. Maŋakilli oŋiŋoŋok`ayeyōŋa, bayequhlhai t`ulluye ŋaivabaŋyoŋokiko."

More literal translation: "Habitually human beings are being born we. Reason and conscience is being had, so, towards each other, should act brotherly we."

Yengaai angkkyo ll’uyuilli, p`angilli yakong pobayeō ovallungu?

Aŋyu ll’uyu, p`aŋilli yakoŋ pobayeō ovalluŋu?

Translation: "Will your sister bring seal, bird, and cold drinks?" Or more casually, "Your sister's bringing seal, bird, and cold drinks, right?" Both top and bottom sentences are the same but the top is said using all the formal forms and the bottom is purely conversational omitting various inflections and such.