Akinaido

Akinaido is a language drawing heavy influence from both European and Asian languages. Because of the large number of declensions (nine and a half) and conjugations (eleven), the irregularities in verb conjugation, and the difficult pronunciation, it is considered by some to be a very hard language to learn.

Diphthongs
In Akinaido, the main vowel of a diphthong always agrees with its offglide in labial roundedness.

Phonotactics

Cases
Nominative is used for subjects of sentences and for the predicate nominative.

Genitive is used for for possession, instrumentality, and to indicate motion from something. It is the object of some prepositions.

Dative is used for the indirect object of verbs and also to indicate location. It is the object of some prepositions.

Accusative is used for the direct object of verbs and also to indicate motion towards something. It is the object of some prepositions.

First Declension
Nouns in first declension are usually feminine.

Second Declension
Nouns in second declension are usually masculine.

Third Declension
'''These nouns can be masculine or feminine. Notice that the nominative has no ending.'''

Perfect
Can mean "has VERBed", "VERBed", or "did VERB".

Past Historic
Considered a formal tense. Can be used to mean "VERBed" or "did VERB". Colloquially, however, perfect tense is normally used in its place.

In addition, this tense and perfect tense are the same in passive form.

Basic Verb Endings for Present, Imperfect, and Future
1st person singular: -ri 1st person plural: -ro 2nd person singular: -s 2nd person plural: -tsi* 3rd person singular: -t 3rd person plural: -las


 * This is sometimes written as "-zzi".

Basic Verb Endings for Perfect, Past Historic, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
1st person singular: -omi 1st person plural: -omu 2nd person singular: -os 2nd person plural: -utsi* 3rd person singular: -ut 3rd person plural: -olas


 * This is sometimes written as "-uzzi".

First Conjugation
Conjugation of tolar (First Conjugation)

Second Conjugation
Conjugation of kaver (Second Conjugation)

Third Conjugation
*Rule: Before h or an alveolar consonant, the letter e appears after the i.

Acronym:

Did

Hamilton

Like

Riding

Shiny

Turtles?

Conjugation of altier (Third Conjugation)

Fourth Conjugation
*Note: Third person singular present indicative and third person singular perfect indicative are the same in this conjugation.

Conjugation of canur (Fourth Conjugation)

Fifth Conjugation
Conjugation of solir (Fifth Conjugation)

Sixth Conjugation
Conjugation of igoir (Sixth Conjugation)

Seventh Conjugation
Conjugation of trahair (Seventh Conjugation)

Eighth Conjugation
Conjugation of pekuir (Eighth Conjugation)

Ninth Conjugation
Conjugation of caneir (Ninth Conjugation)

Tenth Conjugation
Conjugation of sasyr (Tenth Conjugation)

Eleventh Conjugation
Conjugation of fleur (Eleventh Conjugation)

sir (to be)
Conjugation of sir (Irregular)

er (to go)
*Note: "Er" has passive forms that act as impersonal verbs.

Conjugation of er (Irregular)

kerir (to carry)
While this verb is standard fifth conjugation in present, imperfect, and future, it is irregular in the other tenses as the stem changes from "ker" to "teik".

Conjugation of kerir (Irregular)

star (to be) (DEFECTIVE)
Note: Star is defective in that it only conjugates in the present, imperfect, and future. It is only seen with passive verbs in these three tenses, such as in:

 stari ghestu = I am being carried  stabari  ghestu = I was being carried  stabeiri ghestu = I will be carried

Conjugation of star (First Conjugation Defective)

por (to be able, to be strong, to have power)
Conjugation of por (Irregular)

vell (to wish)
Conjugation of vell (Irregular)

mall (to prefer)
Conjugation of mall (Irregular)

noll (to refuse)
Conjugation of noll (Irregular)

fier (to be made, to become)
Conjugation of fier (Irregular)

empyr (to buy)
Conjugation of empyr (Irregular)

ess (to be there, to have got)
Conjugation of ess (Irregular)

Articles
Articles are considered formal and are usually left out of everyday conversation. However, they are found in textbooks to teach students the genders of nouns.

There are only definite articles in Akinaido:

=Adverbs=

Take the stem of an adjective and add iter.

sastu --> sast + iter ---> sastiter

Verbs
tatyr - to stand

sir - to be

er - to go

altier - to eat

kerir - to carry

kaver - to open

canur - to drink

solir - to wash

igoir - to play

trahair - to pull, to drag

pekuir - to climb

caneir - to sing

sasyr - to cook

fleur - to swim, to flow

nuer - to nod

quier - to hide

diikyr - to say, to speak

laber - to taste

volur - to fly

kazir - to swear, curse

savoir - to know

cosair - to run

loguir - to study

sekeir - to follow

sedyr - to sit

feur - to make

air - to do, to act

questier - to be necessary for (ex. me questiet cosair = it is necessary for me to run)

creier - to believe

leier - to read

ar - to paint (shortest verb)

sokashnihomonkadir - to lie down on a bed with a dog (longest verb)

Numbers
uno - one (DECLINES)

duoi - two (DECLINES)

trani - three (DECLINES)

All the rest of the numbers do not decline

coitro - four

sinco - five

seis - six

sietes - seven

achi - eight

nona - nine

dec - ten

decun - eleven

decdu - twelve

dectra - thirteen

deccoi - fourteen

decsinco - fifteen

decseis - sixteen

decsietes - seventeen

decachi - eighteen

decnona - nineteen

bisdec - twenty

bisdecun - twenty-one

bisdecdu - twenty-two

terdec - thirty

coiterdec - forty

sincodec - fifty

seisdec - sixty

sietesdec - seventy

achidec - eighty

nonadec - ninety

squar - one hundred

bissquar - two hundred

tersquar - three hundred

kuib - one thousand

coirt - ten thousand

Colloquial Phrases
salonui! - hello (to one person)

salud! - hello (to more than one person)

ponoi! - good-bye (to one person)

pod! - good-bye (to more than one person)

coit annuis ess? - how old are you?

essi unum annum - I am one year old

essi traniis annuis - I am three years old

essi deccoi annuis - I am fourteen years old

essi sincodectra annuis - I am fifty-three years old

essi squar annuis - I am one hundred years old

frijiet - it's cold

calet - it's hot

quid ais? or quid sis aizon? - what are you doing?

quid aos? - what did you do?

quid sit hon? - what is this?

altigaro - let's eat

essi meganim - I'm hungry

tss! - shh!, hush!