Nureki

General Information
Sogdanian, or Turkish Sogdian (Sogdianian: __ ; Turkish: Türk Soğdçe), is a turkic language taking root in Sogdia along side the local Sogdian language. It comes primarily from Old Turkish and Farsi loans. Reletively recently, Russia loans began appearing mainly for recent advancements such as the computer or the nuclear bomb. Sogdanian is a highly agglutinative language using many suffixes to express grammatical relationships. Another feature of Sogdianian is the creation of new verbs by attaching the root to the verb (such as attaching prepositions to verb roots in French).

Consonants
Allophones [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] before velar plosives. [l~ɫ] works like Russian: [ɫ] is usually everywhere except before palatal vowels where it becomes [l].

Vowels
Diphthongs: {aɪ̯ eɪ̯ eʏ̯}

Vowel Harmony
Sogdianian features a slightly irregular vowel harmony which matches front/back vowels. The system works head-initially where the vowel in the syllable following the one of the static vowel will change front/backness to agree (for example with the plural marker, -lAr: oğçüş, applause, has a round, front vowel. So, when the marker is attached, it takes a front vowel: oğçüşler, applauses. To compare, duxuz, nine, has a round, back vowel. So, the opposite happens and the marker takes a back vowel: duxuzlar, nines).

Writing System
There are two alphabets: the old, Soviet-era Cyrillic one and the newer, pan-turkic Latin one. Gradually, but surely, the Latin variant is overtaking the Cyrillic one therefore the article will be written with the Latin one.

Cyrillic А, Б , Г , Д , Е , Ё , З , И , Й , К , Л , М , Н , О , П , Р , С , Т , У , Ф , Х , Ц , Ч , Ђ , Ш , Ы , Ю { a, b , g , d , e , ø , z , i , j , k , l~ɫ , m , n~ŋ , o , p , r , s , t , u , f , x , θ , tʃ , dʒ , ʃ , ɯ , y }

Latin A, B , C , Ç , D , E , F , G , Ğ , İ , I , K , L , M , N , O , Ö , P , R , S , Ş , T , Ţ , U , Ü , X , Y , Z { a , b , dʒ , tʃ , d , e, f , g , i , ɯ , k , l~ɫ , m , n~ŋ , o , ø , p , r , s , ʃ , t , θ , u , y , x , j , z }

Ğ ğ is a special letter with no clear value. Instead, it is a sort of auxiliary letter to mark diphthongs. They include:
 * Ağ ağ - [aɪ̯]
 * Eğ eğ - [eɪ̯]
 * Oğ oğ - [oʊ̯]
 * Öğ öğ - [eʏ̯]

Nouns
Nouns do not decline to anything. Instead, they are a root with various suffixes put thereon and compound verbs.

Plurality
There are two numbers: singular and plural. Singular is unmarked, and the plural takes the suffix __ (agrees with the vowel harmony). The plural form also happens to be a formality marker when speaking to people of high authority where it would be attached to the appropriate word (for example, the word ıfadşa, king, would take the pseudo-plural formal marker, becoming ıfadşa, when used as a vocative or addressing a monarch in anyway).

Possession
These suffixes indicate possession of the word attached thereto.

Adjectives
Adjectives are much looser than in English or romance languages where often times, an adjective can equally be a noun. When a possessive suffix is put thereon, the adjective starts to represent the quality of the owner. Adjectives themselves can also be suffixed after a fully suffixed verb as an adverb.

Sound Changes
Key: V - vowel | C - consonant | $ - syllable | f - front vowels | b - back vowel | B - labial consonant | % - around (ie. before or after) | A - alveolar | Y - palatal | Ä - {e/æ ɑ} | Ö - {ø o} | Ü - {y u} | Ï - {i ɯ} | V↓ - falling diphthong V[-round] > V[+round] / {B l}_ V[-round] > V[+round] / $[+round]_ V[+round] > V[-round] / $[-round]_ ∅ > ɯ / #_{r tʃ p} ∅ > ɯ / C_r {m v n} > {b b d} / #_ {e ø o æ} > {i y u i} / $́_, Ɵ́ {a ɯ o u} > {æ i ø y} / _Y {k g ŋ} > {tʃ dʒ n} / A_ {ɲ ŋ} > n ; ɲ > jn / b́_ b > v / V_V VCV̀CV > VCCV Cr > rC {k g}ʃ > ʃ{k g} l > ɣ / _C ; g > ɣ æ > e {p t k tʃ} > {b d g dʒ} / #_ {ɣ v} > ∅ / V_V {p t k} > {pf tθ kx} / V_V̀ s > h / #_ ÖÜ > Ü: VɣC > V↓C {pf tθ kx} > {f θ x} Notes :


 * 1) /ä~a/ becomes /œ~o/ when rounded
 * 2) Falling diphthong
 * 3) {i e} > eɪ
 * 4) {y ø} > eʏ
 * 5) {ɯ u} > {ɯ u} (do not change)
 * 6) o > oʊ
 * 7) a > aɪ

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Best reasource: http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/turks/Erdal_OTG.pdf (149)

My understanding of his notation:

/ä ï ü ö a/ > {æ ɯ y ø ɑ}

/č ŋ y ñ š/ > {tʃ ŋ j ɲ ʃ}

Example words
 * alkış - applause
 * al - red
 * alın - forehead
 * agrı - pain
 * az - not much/many
 * tag - mountain
 * taş - stone
 * yag - oil, fat, grease
 * kız - girl
 * boş - empty, free
 * ur - to hit, pound, beat
 * örümçek - spider
 * yüz - hundred
 * sıŋar - deaf
 * tut - hold
 * töri - to be born, arise, spring up
 * töz - root, origin, foundation
 * teŋri - God of the blue sky
 * taban - sole, foot
 * topur - to dry out
 * yaş - age
 * ogur - luck, fortune
 * unıt - forget
 * çerig - army
 * öl - to die, kill
 * çiçek - flower
 * üstin - up, top
 * üze - above, over
 * şiş - skewer
 * çıpık - branch
 * or - city
 * kut - holy, fortune
 * süt - milk
 * uz - to make, to be able to
 * sıgır - cattle
 * yat - to bend, incline, lie
 * yaŋı - new
 * siŋür - digest
 * tat - taste
 * ut - win
 * elig - hand
 * alaŋ - area
 * udu - following, after
 * büt - to come to an end, be perfected
 * buzagu - calf
 * bulıt - cloud
 * tık - to stuff
 * tik - to erect
 * sık - to squeeze
 * kır - mountain
 * kir - filth
 * ırk - omen
 * irk - ram
 * -lig - adjective
 * -kiña - endearment to children and object
 * -iç - endearment for family
 * -iš - cooperation/vying
 * -ka - dative
 * -lar - plural
 * ber - to give
 * -ma - negative
 * -sig - diminuative
 * -siz - privative
 * -kiña - locative
 * -ça - insturmental
 * karı - old, to get old
 * tariŋ - deep
 * agri - bent
 * -siz - without
 * -sig / -dam - "similar to" or "trying to be like" the noun
 * -agut - profession
 * kolo - moment
 * köŋül - spirit
 * kövdöŋ - body
 * ordo - army camp
 * oron - place
 * orto - middle
 * osog - manner
 * öŋöç - larynx
 * sögöt - tree
 * toko - belt buckle
 * tokoz - nine
 * töpö - hill, top
 * törö - teaching
 * yogon - thick
 * yogto - mane
 * odog - awake
 * ogol - son
 * bodo- - to paint, copy
 * olor- - to sit
 * odon- - to wake up, be awake
 * topol- - to pierce
 * altun - gold
 * küdägü - son-in-law