Mestian/Lexicon

Fish

 * pírka, pirkássa - aqu. I
 * (generic) fish, piscine animal


 * dásu, dasúšša - aqu. V
 * blackfish


 * gẽlą, ghelímmą - aqu. IV
 * salmon

Rocks

 * rhýka, rhykássa - ina. I
 * pebble, small stone


 * béč, béčella - ina. VIII [*bet-š]
 * boulder, large stone


 * betéšis, betemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [be(t)-tešis]
 * rocky, stone, of stone

Metallurgy

 * ûra, ūrássa - neu. I
 * iron, crude iron

Birds

 * itáran, itarássa - ani. I
 * swan


 * dârab, dârabašša - ani. IX
 * fowl


 * íšt, ištášša - ina. IX
 * bird nest

Reptiles

 * ĩkur, ikkússa - ign. II
 * snake

Dragons

 * trakún, trakúnnu (trąkún, trąkúnnu) - ign. VI
 * small dragon (<10kg)


 * pîlī, pīlíššą - ign. V
 * medium female dragon (20kg ~ 50kg)

Amphibians

 * ýšpę, yšpímmę - aqu. IV
 * tadpole

Silvan Fauna

 * lĩją, lijjímmą ani. IV
 * deer

Physiology

 * apákas, apakássa - ign. I
 * breath, air in lungs

Anatomy

 * âghur, aghússa - neu. II
 * egg, ovum


 * awãraŋ, awarhúnnu - ani. VI
 * muscle fibre


 * sîliš, sīlišélla - aqu. VIII
 * eye, eyeball


 * káran, karássa - neu. I
 * foot


 * kúraš, kurašélla - neu. VIII
 * bone


 * zôdan, zōdássa - neu. I
 * blood

Grip, Manuum

 * âkan, ākánnu - neu. VI
 * arm, hand


 * ássam, assánnu - neu. VI
 * hand


 * dúffū, duffúššą - ina. V
 * grip, hold (on sth. 2)


 * ·dúffu· - 2bs/6cp/8s
 * ·z-dúffu-(ž)-agha· / ·dúffu-gha· / ·dúffu-(ži)-s·
 * trn. hold
 * trn. hold a part of


 * assundúffū - ina. V
 * hand's grip, armful, handful

Face

 * vánur, vanússa - ign. II
 * nose, nostril

Physiology

 * tâlhel, tallêlle - ani. VII
 * blink/eyeblink


 * nugárī, nugaríššą - ani. V
 * tiredness, exhaustion


 * nugárpras, nugarprássa - adj. cA
 * tired, exhausted

Quantity

 * lílas, lilássa - adj. cA
 * lílas/lilássa
 * liléja/lilájša
 * lílu/lilúšša
 * lilésa²/lilíšša²
 * pos. much, many, plenty of, a lot of
 * comp. more, more of
 * sup. most, all of


 * úlan - adv. incomp.
 * úlan / úlā / úlla
 * so, so very, very
 * Remark: the adverb has three generally interchangeable forms; the only placement rule is that, when used twice, either úlan or úlā may be used, and only in such a way that úlā comes right next to the head that it modifies.


 * lilîldžā, lilīldžâšša - neu. III [lil-īl-džā]
 * majority, the most, most
 * most of +


 * líndžā, lindžâšša - neu. III [lin-džā < *lil-džā]
 * a lot, plenty


 * úktur, uktússa - ina. II
 * a small chunk, a bit, bit, piece of debris/rubble

Flora

 * *·piẖšiẖ· - unattested (†)
 * ·pa:ppãš· - 1bs/7a/8a
 * ·pa:ppãš-ešte· / ·pa:ppãš· / ·pi:ppĩš-(uni)-s·
 * itr. grow
 * itr. inch. sprout, sprout from + )


 * pĩšī, piššíššą - ina. V
 * fruit


 * tûrī, tūríššą - ani. V
 * tree, lignic mass; wood, timber


 * î, ijášša - ani. IX
 * leaf

Crops

 * ãdan, ādássa - neu. I
 * rice

Acoustics

 * qásā, qasášša - neu. III
 * sound, acoustic perception


 * téril, terlêlle - neu. VII
 * sound of a heartbeat, heart tick; low frequency (singular) tick

Death

 * segárī, segaríššą - ani. V
 * mass exctinction, mass death

Decay

 * ·ĩlma· - 1cp&1gp/6a/8a
 * ·ĩlma-ŋ-w· / ·ĩlma-axu· / ·ĩlma-(ži)-s·
 * itr. decay, fall apart
 * itr. decay into


 * ·ajãlma· - 1cp&1gp/6a/8a [*-aj-ælẖma-]
 * ·ajãlmaŋ-w· / ·ajãlma-axu· / ·ajãlma-(ži)-s·
 * itr. fall down, crumble down
 * itr. fall down onto + aj +

Static Activities

 * ·kíla· - 1cp/6cp/8a(8b) 1a/6a/8b irr. tel/atel.
 * ·kíla-ŋ· / ·kíla-gha· / ·kíla-(ži)-s· (·kíl-ppa-žd·)
 * ·ki:kíl[n]a· / ·ki:kíla-axi· / ·ki:kílda-žd·
 * itr. sit
 * itr. inch. sit somewhere
 * trn. sit on


 * kikíldžā, kikildžâšša - [ki:kíl-džā] neu. III
 * seat, place to sit at


 * ·ghyr·+ - 1a/6cp/8a
 * ·gh[n]yr· / ·ghyr-ghá· / ·ghyr-(únu)-s·
 * itr. wait for nothing in specific
 * trn. wait for


 * ghyrásī, ghyrasíššą - neu. III
 * waiting
 * waiting for

Active/Dynamic Activities

 * ·dér· - 3d/6cp/8a
 * ·dér-gh-(unu)-ŋ· / ·dér-gha· / ·dér-(ži)-s·
 * trn. do, perform, execute
 * trn. do/perform/execute some of


 * ·prón· - 5/7/8a
 * ·pérg· / ·pa:párg· / ·prón-(nu)-s·
 * itr. go, move, do a lative action or motion


 * deršpéšis, deršpemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [der-špešis]
 * doable, performable, executable
 * possible


 * fĩ, fijášša - neu. IX [*fijiẖ, *fijarša]
 * ascent, climb


 * ·ą́lh· - 1cp/6cp/8a [*-V́(gh/w)-əlhə-]
 * ·ą́l-ŋ· / ·ą́l-gha· / ·ą́lh-(unu)-s· [*-V́G-əlh(ə̱)-ŋ- / *-V́G-əlh(ə̱)-gha- / *-V́G-əlh-]
 * itr. twist, bend out of shape
 * itr. curl, coil
 * Remarks: the verb is a partial reanalogisation from its derivatives; the actual root was most likely always prefixed in pre-Mestian


 * ·nûlh· - 1cp/6cp/8a [*(a)núw-əlhə-]
 * ·nûl-ŋ· / ·nûl-gha· / ·nûlh-(unu)-s·
 * itr. twist, bend sth. out of shape


 * ą́lhsī, ąlhsíššą - neu. V [ąlh-sī]
 * twisting, curling, coiling, bending

Location

 * ·iráva· - 1a/6cp/8a
 * ·irá[m]va· / ·iráva-gha· / ·iráva-(ži)-s·
 * itr. be (somewhere) + AdP
 * itr. be located at + AdP


 * tǽnkē - adv. [tænt-kē]
 * here, near me
 * Remark: this adverb is not interchangeable with a hypothetical tǽŋkē

Heroism, Glory

 * ûrul, ūrmélle - ign. VII
 * hero, vir


 * ·ūré· - 1cp/6a/8a
 * ·ūré-ŋ· / ·ūré-xi· / ·ūré-(ži)-s·
 * itr. shine, radiate, be glorious

Architecture

 * lũghun, luhúnnu - ina. VI
 * wall (usually stone or rock, artificial)


 * ĩkh, īkhášša - ina. IX [ẖīkẖ]
 * foundation, basis of walls/floors, wireframe of pillars/walls, reinforcement, 'bones' of a building


 * ·nũkh· - 1a/6cp/8a [*(a)nu-ẖīkẖ-]
 * ·nũ[ŋ]kh· / ·nũg-gha· / ·nũkh-(unu)-s·
 * trn. put, place at


 * párpa, parpássa - ina. I [from a Herder language]
 * ceiling, top of a room


 * avárpa, avarpássa - ina. I [presumably from *aj-bárpa]
 * floor, 'below the ceiling', bottom of a room


 * ŋérel, ŋellêlle/ŋerrêlle - ina. VII
 * floor

Dynasty, Lineage, Names

 * žûl, žūlášša - ina. IX
 * given/birth name


 * sõmon, sommónnu - ina. VI
 * taken name, acquired name


 * áš, ášella - ina. VIII
 * surname, family name, last name

Sensations

 * ·vę́p· - 1a/6cp/8a
 * ·vę́[m]p· / ·vę́b-gha· / ·vę́p-unu-s·
 * trn. tickle


 * vę́psī, vępsíššą - neu. V [vęp-sī]
 * tickling, ticklishness

Philosophy

 * akãkī, akakkíšša - ina. V
 * revelation, epiphany


 * ĩn, ĩnnu - aqu. VI
 * mind


 * sarĩn, sarĩnnu - aqu. VI
 * reason, logic (of a person), sanity


 * sírū, sirúššą - ani. V
 * life, existence


 * píttrū, pittrúššą - ani. V [pit-trū < *pit-tirū < *pit-sirū]
 * boredom


 * píttpras, pittprássa - adj. cA [pitt(r)-pras]
 * boring

Art, Aesthetics

 * ·laká· - 1cp/6a/8a
 * ·laká-ŋ· / ·laká-axu· / ·laká-(ži)-s·
 * trn. decorate
 * trn. spray with


 * sákka, sakkássa - ina. I
 * dot, fleck


 * 'kka, kkássa - ina. I
 * tiny dot, tiny fleck, dotlet/flecklet

Pleasantries

 * ōráka, ōrakássa - ina. I
 * preasantness, nicety/niceness


 * ōrápras, ōraprássa - adj. cA [ōra(k)-pras]
 * pleasant, nice, hospitable (of people)

Sociology

 * ũndī, ūndíššą - neu. V
 * people, nation, folk


 * lûr, lûssa - ani. II
 * (collective) people, mass of people, men, women etc.

Age

 * êŋqajn, ēŋqúnnu - neu. VI
 * life, freshness, ripeness


 * ēntéja, entájša - adj. cB
 * young, fresh, full of life, new

Politics

 * tándža, tandžâšša [tán(es)-dža] - neu. III
 * tension, conflict

Eating Utensils

 * eléta, elétašša - neu. III
 * table knife

Relationships

 * májis, majsášša - ani. IX
 * friend

Kinship

 * ēsánta, ēsantássa - ani. I
 * ancestor, predecesor


 * gárū, garúššą - ani. V
 * brother, male cousin


 * jãllū, jāllúššą - ani. V
 * sister, female cousin

Commerce, Economy

 * ·pâgh· - 1a/7/8a
 * ·pâ[ŋ]gh· / ·pâg· / ·pâgh-(unu)-s·
 * itr. be worth, have value
 * trn. have the worth of

Populational Ailments

 * sípa, sipássa - ina. I
 * hunger, famine

Astronomy

 * óllą, ollímmą - ani. IV
 * sky, firmament


 * ólkur, olkússa - ani. II [ol(l)-kur]
 * sky (intensive)

Hydrology

 * dãva, daffássa - aqu. I
 * sea

Pedology

 * sírtur, sirtússa - ani. II
 * soil, earth


 * sirttéšis, sirttemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [sirt-tešis+]
 * terrestrial, pertaining to soil


 * entá, entássa - ani. I
 * soil, dirt; mud


 * rânta, rântassa - ina. I
 * powder, powdered earth


 * rânkur, rānkússa - ina. II [rān(t)-kur]
 * dirt, dust

Gemology

 * píllī, pillíššą - ina. V
 * gem, precious stone, gemstone


 * tšális, tšalsášša - ina. IX
 * jade, white jade


 * tšaltéšis, tšaltemmášša - adj. ign/aqu/ani/ina/neu. [tšal-tešis]
 * jaden, of jade, of white jade


 * kílis, kilsášša - ina. IX
 * lapis lazuli

Optics

 * ·fíra· - 1cs/6a/8b
 * ·fúra-ŋ· / ·fíra-(a)xu· / ·fížd·
 * itr. shine, spark, glow intensely


 * ·léra· - 1cp/6a/8a [-ler-a-]
 * ·léra-ŋ· / ·léra-axu· / ·léra-(ži)-s·
 * trn. reveal
 * trn. reveal part of


 * lérqan - adv/postp. [ler-qan]
 * + showing/revealing
 * + showing/revealing a part of


 * firxúždžā, firxuždžâšša - neu. III [fir-(a)xu-ž-džā]
 * glimmer, sparkle, shine


 * ·héjp· - 1a/6a/8a
 * ·héj[m]p· / ·héjp-axu· / ·héjp-(unu)-s·
 * itr. see, be able to see, be sighted
 * trn. see, see part of
 * trn. look at, look at a part of


 * hejpásī, hejpasíššą - neu. V [hejp-asī]
 * seeing, sight
 * + seeing, looking at
 * + seeing part of, looking at a part of

Fire

 * ·firúra· - 1cp/6a/8a [*fi-fura-]
 * ·firúra-ŋ· / ·firúra-(a)xu· / ·firúra-(ži)-s·
 * itr. burn, be aflame


 * ·firúra-gh· - 3d/6a/8a [*fi-fura-gh-]
 * ·firúra-gh-(ži)-ŋ· / ·firúra-gh-(a)xu· / ·firúra-gh-(ži)-s·
 * trn. burn, light, set aflame


 * firurásī, firurasíššą - neu. V [firura-sī]
 * burning, 's burning


 * firurghásī, firurghasíššą - neu. V [firur(a)gha-si]
 * burning, 's burning of, of a part of


 * êpa, ēpássa - ign. I
 * small fire, burning (camp)fire


 * pémmer, pemmérašša - ign. IX
 * smoke

Interrogatives

 * prákaj - pron. int.
 * who? what?


 * prakêtta - pron. int.
 * why?


 * prápi - pron. int.
 * when?


 * prákē - pron. int. [pra-kē]
 * near what? in which area? close to what?

Derivation

 * -tešis+, -temmašša+ - adj. cEŠIS
 * derives material adjectives from nouns
 * derives partitive adjectives from nouns


 * -pras, -prassa+ - adj. cA
 * derives adjectives indicating presence of noun


 * -džā, -džâšša - neu. III
 * derives abstract nouns from adjectives


 * -(a)sī, -(a)siššą+ - neu. V
 * derives abstract verbal nouns from verbs


 * -kur, -kussa+ -  II
 * derives augmentative or intensive nouns from other nouns; preserves gender


 * -špešis+, -špemmašša+ - adj. cEŠIS
 * derives abilitative adjectives from verb roots


 * -qan - adv.
 * derives active imperfect adverbial participles from nouns


 * -qele - adv.
 * derives active negated imperfect adverbial participles from nouns

Phrases

 * 'dda târa - phrs. postp. [(na)dda târa]
 * aside from, besides, notwithstanding


 * lã (lā) - part. [*laẖ]
 * negative response, no
 * Remark: the particle lã has an alternative, lā, that is unstressed.

Discourse Particles

 * tar - part.
 * introduces a contrary statement, commonly also a question, that carries a tone of inagency or powerlessness
 * but, though

Conjunctions and Copulas

 * tā - conj.
 * and, as well as; links two NPs as one argument or constituent.
 * and, plus; links digits in a number


 * jȳ - conj.
 * stylistic variant of  used to avoid repetition; often used to link larger NPs as one argument or constituent


 * ūmi - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; copular particle that links its subject and predicate  in simple copular constructions of the shape <ūmi  >


 * ūmil -part. cop.
 * negative complement of ūmi


 * eza - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; copular particle involved in copular topicalisation


 * eril - part. cop.
 * negative complement of eza


 * qan - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; existential copula that asserts the presence of, a part of , or the property of 1 & 2
 * qan XYZ


 * qanil - part. cop.
 * negative complement of qan

Prepositions

 * us - prep.
 * between
 * remark: this preposition takes either an object in either the dual or plural, or objects of any number linked by 


 * anu - prep.
 * into


 * ase - prep.
 * across, across the surface of


 * aj - prep. 
 * down onto


 * ki - prep.
 * about, concerning

Postpositions

 * pit - postp.
 * during, while


 * sar - postp.
 * through, via


 * =ton+ - postp.
 * below, underneath


 * kē - postp.
 * near, in the area of


 * ā (ghā) - postp.
 * like, such as
 * Remark: the alternative, ghā, occurs after vowels