Shalledian

This conlang is for the August Challenge. (note: it's classification as a Natrodian language does not break any rules ;u; (I shove all my languages there :x))

The language is reliant on suffixes for grammatical functions and consists of mono- and rarely disyllabic rootwords which end in certain consonants depending on the part of speech. All suffixes are monosyllabic and noun declensions consist of a vowel proceeded by a consonant.

Key
Shalledian Text.

English Translation.

(gloss)

[ɑɪ pʰiː eɪ t͡ʃɹan.skɹɪp.ʃən]

Rules

 * Double letters are a geminated version of the sound.
 * This can only appear once in a rootword.
 * Words aren't stressed though lengthened vowels tend to simulate stress.
 * Words beginning with a vowel are preceded with a glottal stop to prevent them from being recognised as a suffix to the preceding word.
 * G and J become nasalised when sharing a syllable with a nasal vowel that precedes or proceeds it.
 * The most closed vowels in a consonant cluster become non-syllabic but can become syllabic for rhythmic purposes.
 * R isn't pronounced if it precedes SR or ZR.
 * The vowel before the R is geminated in this case if it wasn't already.

Phonotactics
Syllables are restricted to the following:

((C₂)C₁(L))V₁(V₂)(C₁(C₃))

C₁ is effectively any consonant.

C₂ can be a consonant that when combined with the proceeding C₁ creates a digraph. All consonant digraphs can be placed in this position with the exception of NG. C₂ can also be the same consonant as C₁ to provide a geminated consonant. It can also be F, S or SG if C₁ is an unvoiced plosive or L.

C₃ can be a consonant that when combined with the preceding C₁ creates a digraph. All consonant digraphs can be placed in this position with the exception of BG. C₃ can also be the same consonant as C₁ in infinite forms of words to provide a geminated consonant for when the word inflects. C₃ can also be a plosive or sibilant fricative consonant if C₁ is a liquid consonant. C₃ may become the proceeding syllable's C₁ if the proceeding syllable lacks C₁, C₂ and L.

L is a lateral when the proceeding C₁ is a coronal sibilant fricative or F. Otherwise, it is a tapped rhotic if the latter is a plosive consonant.

V₁ is effectively any vowel.

V₂ can be a (non-syllabic) vowel that is more close than V₁. It can also be any vowel if V₁ is a close vowel, in which the latter becomes non-syllabic instead.

Noun Declension
Infinite (pro)nouns can only be mono- or disyllabic and mustn't end in K or N. Nouns can receive several declensions and decline in the following order: Some cases are expressed entirely on their own. Most cases change meaning depending on the postposition and preceding case delcension.
 * Number
 * Definiteness
 * "Main Cases"
 * Other Cases (requires dative/locative/lative declension to precede; may use aiding postpositions)
 * Vocative (usually used on its own)

Word Order
The main word order is VSO and is affected by the cases; which must be place in a certain order. Some cases share a position and thus does not matter which order they are placed it, however.
 * 1) Adverb(s)
 * 2) Verb
 * 3) Subject
 * 4) Object
 * 5) Dative Object
 * 6) Inessive/Illative Objects
 * 7) Adessive/Allative
 * 8) Ablative Object
 * 9) Elative Object
 * 10) Apudessive Object
 * 11) Perlative/Postelative/Proximative/Subessive Objects

Verb Conjugation
Verbs are all regular and conjugate to mood, tense and aspect. Grammatical voice is often expressed by particles proceeding the verb such as je for the passive voice and ze for the reflexive voice. Ze can be omitted in colloquial speech. All infinite verbs end in k as do imperative verbs. They also cannot begin with en. {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="height: 100px; width: 500px;" ! colspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|

To Be
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive and Imperative (imp) ! colspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative (ind) ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ! style="text-align:center;"|Simple ! style="text-align:center;"|Progressive ! style="text-align:center;"|Perfect ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Non-Past ! colspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Subjunctive (sub) ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Non-Past ! colspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Conditional (cond) ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Non-Past ! colspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Others ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Optative Suffix (opt) ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Potential Infix (pot) ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Negating Prefix (neg)
 * colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|stakk
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkí
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkin
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkit
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakke
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakken
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakket
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkír
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkis
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkrit
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkre
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakksre
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkrot
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakksge
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkesg
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkasg
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkron
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkris
 * style="text-align:center;"|stakkrat
 * colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| -(é)s
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| -ǒr-
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|en-
 * }

Auxiliary Verbs and Participles
The language lacks these two components as the functions of the latter are mostly covered by the verb.

Can / May
The auxiliary verbs can and may are replaced with the potential infix. It is derived from the context whether one is saying can/may or probably. Could and might are formed in the past tense.

Shall
Shall is replaced with the optative and potential affixes used together. Should is formed in the past tense.

Passive Voice
The passive voice is formed with the particle je which is used to proceed the verb. This can be replaced with the subject being used in accusative case without a nominative subject.

Ikkí je volezétén. or Ikkí volezétěr.

The two tools were used.

(use-ind.simple.past particle.passive tool-dual-def-NOM / use-ind.simple.past tool-dual-def-ACC )

[ɪ.kːi jə vɔ.lə.zɛ.tɛn / ɪ.kːi vɔ.lə.zɛ.teɾ]

Reflexive Voice
This voice uses the particle ze and is often colloquially omitted. The particle can translate to oneself and can also be replace with the subject receiving both nominative and accusative/dative declensions.

Ểviken ze lymétén srisôroměr. or Ểviken lyméténểg srisôroměr.

The woman is buying herself some flowers.

(buy-ind.progressive.nonpast particle.reflexive woman.sing-def-NOM flower-pl-part-ACC / buy-ind.progressive.nonpast woman.sing-def-NOM-DAT flower-pl-part-ACC)

[ẽ.vɪ.kən zə ly.mɛ.tɛn ʂɪ.sɔ̃.ɾɔ.meɾ / ẽ.vɪ.kən ly.mɛ.tɛ.nẽɣ̃ ʂɪ.sɔ̃.ɾɔ.meɾ]

Each Other
The reflexive voice is also used to translate phrases using the term 'each other' even though it isn't specifically talking about the subject in particular, but another entity, all the while still the subject. Thus it is reliant on the context whether "each other" or "themselves" is implied.

Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns decline exactly like nouns and honorifics are applied with the definite declension. The zeroth person contains indefinite pronouns and corresponds to the English "one", "a person" or the generic you. It call also decline to number to mean "a pair of/some people". The first person refers to the person speaking; "I". The second person refers to the person the speaker is adresses assuming that they aren't older, royalty or a deity. Third person is reserved for people older than speaker and royalty (royals are adressed with the dual pronoun; "you and your majesty"). The fourth person is reserved for deities alone. The final, fifth person is used for people other than the speaker or the person being adressed and there is no distinction between gender. Therefore "he", "she" and "it" use the same word.

Adjectives
Adjectives don't inflect and simply precede the noun they describe with a hyphen between them. It is because nouns are heavily inflected that adjectives don't require (as many) inflections (though they can negate like nouns). All adjectives must end in N. Comparative adjectives receive the prefix zys- and superlative -zyt. (they also cannot begin with ZY)

Adverbs
The conditions for an adverb are exactly the same as adjectives with the exception that it precedes the verb.

Posession
Both pronouns and nouns show possession with the suffix -esg. The possessee must proceed the (pro)noun with the inflection with the possible adjective preceding the possessee.

Ékvetesg óden stakkelển

Every human being

(humanity-GEN every being.sing-def)

[ɛk.və.təʃ ʔo.ðən stɑ.kːə.lẽɣ̃]

Supines
Since verbs always begin a clause with the exception of adverbs, supines can be read directly after the preceding clause, except when an adverb is used, where a comma precedes.

Tuolk róhén eurzezétěr stryk jểgěr.

''Sell two of your kidneys to have it. (idiom; "It's to die for")''

(sell.imp you-NOM kidney-dual-def-ACC have it-ACC)

[tu̯ɔlk ɾo.xɛn əu̯ɾ.zə.zɛ.teɾ stɾyk j̃ẽ.ɣeɾ]

Interrogation
The language is reliant on interrogative words and rising intonation to distinguish between an statement and a question.

Lexicon and Translated Texts
Lexicon Conjugator

Article 1 of the UDHS
''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (to be replaced with literal translation)''



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''They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. '(to be replaced with literal translation)''



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Article 2 of the UDHS
''Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. '(to be replaced with literal translation)''



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''Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. '(to be replaced with literal translation)''



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