Mendian

Phonology
/p b t d k ɡ q/ /f v s z ʃ ʒ x (ħ)/  /m n ŋ/  /(pf) ts dz tʃ dʒ kx/ <(pf) ts/c dz tš/č dž kh> /w r l j/

/i i: u u: e e: ø ø: æ æ: ɜ ɜ: o o: a a: ɒ ɒ:/ 

Mendian also features a stress contrast: each stressed word has one syllable that bears stress. In short vowels, this is indicated with an acute accent, for example <á>, while in long vowels it is marked with a circumflex, for example <â>. Stress is phonemic but not fixed: it is mobile in some words.

Mendian stress becomes a pitch feature in some dialects, where the stressed syllable acquires high pitch and all other syllables a low pitch. The pitch difference becomes nullified when the stressed vowel comes before a voiced consonant, where it acquires a low pitch and the word's pitch accent reverts to a stress contrast.

There operate two types of vowel harmony in Mendian; one that applies to <ę ę̄> and one that applies to . The first sound change, otherwise termed harmonisation, is that of <ę ę̄> shifting to  when either the syllable before or after it contains a long front vowel. The second change, u-umlaut, is of  shifting to <ǫ ǭ> when the next syllable contains . The circumstances of umlaut get more complicated when <ā> rarely shifts when the next syllable contains a. The umlaut becomes optional if between the two vowels there is more than a single consonant.

Phonotactics
Consonant clusters in Mendian can maximally be of four consonants and initial; the only such clusters allowed are of the shape "SPAj(V)", "vRP1P2(V)", where P represents any plosive of either voicing (where subscripts show different plosives of the same set), R = { r l }, S = { s z ʃ ʒ } that are of the same voicing as the following plosive and A = {r l v w}. Triconsonantal clusters include, among others, "SPA(V)", "rK1K2(V)", "(V)SPR", "(V)ksR", "(V)RKt", where K represents any voiceless plosive (where subscripts show different plosives of the same set). Diconsonantal clusters almost always follow the sonority sequence principle, with approximants being the most sonorous, followed by nasals, then fricatives, then affricates and finally plosives (being the least sonorous).

Plosive sequences in Mendian generally avoid the clusters /pk bg tk db/; the cluster /kp/ sometimes changes to [xp]. These aren't absolute rules.

Nouns
Nouns in Mendian can be either singular or plural and can have one of five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and vocative. Some nouns preserve an archaic dual. All Mendian nouns have one of four innate genders: masculine, feminine, ignic and neuter. Nouns can either be hard or soft based on the malleability of the stem. They can also be strong or weak based on whether they form the plural with ablaut or by suffix. Most nouns are hard and weak, with the exception of ignic nouns which are most commonly soft.

Mendian nouns are cited in the nominative and genitive singular; additional irregularities are indicated when present. Gender is always cited alongside the translation.

Hard Nouns
Hard Mendian nouns are those with an immutable consonant component of the stem. It has a large amount of weak nouns and a smaller amount of strong nouns. There are a few common patterns for all genders and a handful of exceptional patterns for feminine and ignic nouns.

Weak A-Stems
The most common category of hard nouns are the weak a-stem nouns. They come in three varieties: long-stem (when the stem is monosyllabic with a long vowel), short-stem (when the stem is monosyllabic but with a short vowel) and polysyllabic.

An example of a short-stem noun is <ǿva, ǿvas> (finger, nt.) - it is stem-stressed, with stress relocation in the vocative.

Another example of a short-stem noun is <ęká, ękás> (colour, f.) - it is ending-stressed, with fixed stress on the suffixes.

There also exists a small amount of mobile-stress nouns where they are stem-stressed in the nominative and accusative, but ending-stressed in other cases. An example of a mobile-stress short-stem noun is <ánta, antás> (hair follicle, f.):

Long-stem nouns are usually also stem-stressed; an example stem-stressed long-stem noun is <ûska, ûskas> (grain of rice, nt.):

Three long-stem nouns are also ending-stressed; they have a moderately different declension from the generalised long-stem pattern. They are <ǭrká, ǭrkás> (swordfish, masc.), <ījjá, ījjás> (funnel, fem.) and <āwá, āwás> (trout, masc.) and they otherwise do not fit into the declension pattern. An example declension is given with <ījjá>:

Polysyllabic a-stem nouns are never ending-stressed; they can either have a fixed or a mobile stress. Fixed-stress a-stems can have stress on any of the syllables of the stem (usually the penultimate or antepenultimate) while mobile-stress nouns are always stressed on the antepenultimate in the nominative and accusative and otherwise on the penultimate. An example of a fixed-stress polysyllabic noun is <īráka, īrákas> (eyebrow, fem.):

An example of a mobile-stress polysyllabic noun is <étija, etíjas> (canine tooth, masc.):

Weak I-Stems
Another common category of hard Mendian nouns are the weak i-stem nouns. They come in four varieties: short-stem, long-stem, augmented (when the stem gets extended) and polysyllabic. Unlike weak a-stems, weak i-stems can end in both a long or a short vowel.

Short i-stems always end in a short vowel. They can either be stem-stressed, ending-stressed or mobile. An example stem-stressed short-stem noun is  (fingernail/toenail, nt.); unlike in a-stems, the stress doesn't shift at all (i.e. not even in the vocative):

An example ending-stressed short-stem noun is  (tongue blade, mas.):

Mobile-stress short-stems are stressed on the stem in the nominative and accusative in both numbers, and genitive in the singular, and otherwise on the ending. An example mobile-stress short-stem would be <žbáti, žbatánę̄> (tongue (body)/speech, mas.) - note it has the genitive plural as its second citation form:

Long i-stems can end in either a long or a short vowel. They are - save for one exception,  (pebble, nt.) - stem-stressed. An example long-stem would be  (north, mas.):

Polysyllabic i-stems can end in either a long or a short vowel. They can be either stem-stressed, suffix-stressed or mobile-stressed. When stem-stressed, they're usually either stressed on the antepenultimate or the penultimate of the stem. When mobile-stressed, they're always stressed on the antepenultimate (if trisyllabic or more) or penultimate (if disyllabic).

An example stem-stressed polysyllabic noun is  (sword, nt.):

An example of a suffix-stressed noun is  (brick, ign/nt.):

An example of a mobile-stressed noun is  (cloud, nt.):

Augmented i-stems always end in a long vowel. They're universally mobile-stressed, with stress on the penultimate in the nominative that shifts to the augmented syllable. Two kinds of augmented i-stems can be differentiated: regular i-stems and ignic i-stems that do not follow the standard pattern exactly.

An example augmented i-stem feminine is  (pigeon, fem.):

An example augmented i-stem ignic is  (amber, ign.):