씬국어

Classification and Dialects
씬국어 /ɕɪn'guge/ or Shin'guge is a Koreanic agglutinative language which features extensive borrowing from Japanese due to its proximity to Japan's west coast. Shin'guge is a minority language in South-East South Korea, in part of what is today the island of Geoje in the South Gyeongsang region.

Consonants
* Unvoiced consonants in Shin'guge are heavily aspirated, much more so than in English. It is disputed among linguists whether consonants contrast between voiced and unvoiced or the unusual voiced vs aspirated.

Writing System
{| class="fandom-table" !Letter !ㅂ !ㅍ !ㄷ !ㅌ !ㄱ !ㅋ !ㅈ !ㅊ !ㄴ !ㅁ !ㅇ !ㅎ !Sound !Transcription !Letter !ㄹ* !ㅅ !ㅆ !ㄲ !ㅃ* !ㅓ !ㅏ !ㅣ !ㅡ !ㅜ !ㅗ !ㅔ !Sound !Transcription !Letter !ㅕ !ㅑ !ㅛ !ㅠ
 * /b/
 * /p/
 * /d/
 * /t/
 * /g/
 * /k/
 * /dʑ/
 * /tɕ/
 * /n/
 * /m/
 * /ŋ/
 * /h/
 * b
 * p
 * d
 * t
 * g
 * k
 * j
 * ch
 * n
 * m
 * ng
 * h
 * /ɾ~l/
 * /s/
 * /ɕ/
 * /χ/
 * /ɸ~β/
 * /e/
 * /a/
 * /i/
 * /y/
 * /u/
 * /o/
 * /ø/
 * r~l
 * s/ss
 * sh
 * kh
 * f~v
 * e
 * a
 * i
 * ü
 * u
 * o
 * ö
 * colspan="8" rowspan="3" |

Digraphs
ㅝ, ㅘ, ㅞ, ㅢ

we, wa, wö, üi !Sound !Transcription
 * /je/
 * /ja/
 * /jo/
 * /ju/
 * ye
 * ya
 * yo
 * yu
 * }
 * Rieul ㄹ is pronounced /ɾ/ word-initially, /l/ word-finally, /l/ when geminated and /ɾ/ elsewhere.
 * Fieup ㅃ is pronounced /ɸ/ word-initially, /β/ word-finally, /β/ when geminated and /ɸ/ elsewhere.
 * Doubled consonant letters, such as Fieup, represent different phonemes, specifically fricatives (ㅃ, ㄲ, ㅆ).

Nouns
The case markers in Shin'guge are the following:

Personal pronouns
* NB: It must be noted that personal pronouns in Shin'guge do not employ case markers in the Nominative case, as do nouns.

Verbs
Shin'guge verbs are conjugated. Every verb form in Shin'guge has two parts: a verb stem, plus a sequence of inflectional suffixes. Verbs can be quite long because of all the suffixes that mark grammatical contrasts. Since Shin'guge does not conjugate verbs according to person, pronouns and nouns are required to understand sentences.

A Shin'guge verb root is bound, meaning that it never occurs without at least one suffix. Grammatical categories of verb suffixes include voice (active or passive), tense (past, present, or future), aspect (of an action – complete, experienced, repeated, or continuous), and clause-final conjunctives or sentence enders chosen from various speech styles and types of sentences such as interrogative, declarative and imperative.

Infinitive form
The infinitive form is the lemma form of a Shin'guge verb which always ends in da 다. For example, 테다, 만나다, 화다.

Finite verb endings
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Shin'guge. Their structure when used as the predicate of a clause is prefix + root + up to six suffixes, and can be illustrated with a template: * The negative prefix is an 안 "not".

Examples: 초 과가 목리엇음니다 cho gwaga mogriessümnida (I made him eat). 오님, 과 소기 인덧도 onim, gwa sogi indessdo (Sir, he was here.)

I Voice may be causative or passive. If omitted then it is the active voice. Causative is ri 리, passive is hi 히.

II Present tense gets no suffix. Future tense is (o)re (오)러, past tense is -ess/ass 엇/앗. If there is no intervening consonant at the end of the stem, the vowel reduces: i.e. the verb o-da 오다 "to come" is becomes wa-ss 왓 in the past. The verb ha-da 하다 "to do" is an irregular he-ss 헛 in the past. The progressive (a.k.a continuous "-ing") tense is formed by adding (e)gu (어)구 onto the stem, followed by the verb "to be" 인다 conjugated.

III The formal suffix is -m ㅁ after a vowel (it is normally written in the same block as that vowel), -üm 음 after a consonant.


 * This shows deference towards the audience of the conversation, for example when speaking to one's elders. If speaking to one's elders, one would use the formal suffix.

IV The syntactic moods, other than the default indicative 니, are: the imperfective -di 디, or d ㄷ; the subjunctive -shi 씨, or sh ㅆ; the prospective -chi 치, or ch ㅊ. 니 is only used in the formal polite form.

V The pragmatic moods, are the declarative:

...the interrogative:
 * -(e)do (neutral) -da 다 (formal), and e/a 어/아 (polite, familiar)


 * -(i)ro 로 (neutral), ka 카 (formal), ya 야 (polite), and 가 -(i)ga (familiar)

...the propositive:


 * -nya 냐 (neutral), -ba 바 (formal), -ja 자 (polite), and -go 고 (familiar)

...the imperative:


 * -wa 와 (neutral), -o 오 (formal), -ra/ara 라/아라 (polite), and -ge 거 (familiar)

VI The polite suffix yo 요 (-iyo 이요 after a consonant) appears in the polite style. It expresses one's relationship to the audience.

Near-future tense
* The future determiner ending in -l is used to construct the near-future tense. A rieul -ㄹ is added to the verb stem ending in a vowel, and -öl -엘 after a consonant. It’s also worth noting that you don’t need to add anything to verbs with stems ending in ㄹ. This is followed by the verb 가다 conjugated. 하다 — to do
 * Neutral formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 간도
 * Familiar formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 가야
 * Polite formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 가여요
 * Formal formality:
 * Verb + ㄹ or 엘 감니다
 * Neutral formality: 할 간도
 * Familiar formality: 할 가야
 * Polite formality: 할 가여요
 * Formal formality: 할 감니다

Progressive tense
The progressive or continuous present tense is formed as follows:

Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect tense is formed relatively simply. Add -assoss 앗옷 if the verb stem ends inㅏor ㅗ, or -essoss 엇옷i f the verb stem ends in any other letter. This has the meaning of 'had done/been...'.

Conditional mood
The conditional mood (-씨것어요) is used in Shin'guge when politely suggesting something to the listener or when asking about the listener's preference or intention. It corresponds to  'would (mind/like to)' in English. As with other tenses, this can be made interrogative too by adding the corresponding suffixes [in brackets].

The conditional tense is also used in hypothetical sentences and in if clauses in the second clause, where the first verb in the first clause receives the suffix 만, meaning 'if'. The four types of conditional sentences are:

For example:
 * ZERO: simple present + simple present = 아머닌 뿌라도만, 잔디닌 초자도.  If it rains, the grass gets wet.
 * 1st: simple present + simple future = 오눌 아머닌 뿌라도만, 마 초자러도. If it rains, I will get wet.
 * 2nd: simple past + present conditional = 아머닌 뿌랏도만, 화리닌 라씨것도. If it rained, the flowers would grow.
 * 3rd: pluperfect + past conditional = 아머닌 안 뿌랏엇도만, 니 안 초잣씨것도. If it hadn't rained, you wouldn't have gotten wet.
 * 그기어 니 인덧엇오만, 씰엇씨것어. (Gügie ni indessessoman, shiress'shigesse) If you were (had been) there, you would have known. [3rd]

Neutral formality: Familiar formality: Polite formality: Formal formality:
 * Verb stem + -씨것도 (-씨것이로?)
 * Verb stem + -씨것어 (-씨것이가?)
 * Verb stem + -씨것어요 (-씨것야?)
 * Verb stem + -씨것임니다 (-씨것임니카?)

Adjectives
Most adjectives in Shin'guge end in ㄹ. However, adjectives derived from verbs end in -n ㄴ or -ön 엔, no matter the speech level. Adjectives can be derived from verbs by adding these suffixes to the verb stem. For example, the verb to confuse 콘라다 konrada becomes 콘란 konran (confusing). The verb to eat 목다 mogda becomes 목엔 mogön. Unlike Korean adjectives, Shin'guge adjectives do not conjugate as do verbs.

Example sentences:


 * The coach is confusing the players 콫인 선리가 콘라구 인도 (kochin senriga konragu indo) VS the confusing coach began practice 콘란 콫인 런쑤가 하지멋도 (konran kochin renshuga hajimessdo).

Superlative and Comparative adjectives
Superlative and comparative adjectives are easy to form as basic adjectives are. Just add, de'o 더오 for comparative adjectives (-er) and gajan for superlative adjectives (-est) 가잔 before the adjective.

Adverbs

 * 빠릴 (faril) – quick → 빠리거 (farige) – quickly
 * 맜일 (mashil) – delicious → 맜이거 (mashige) – deliciously
 * 머질 (mejil) – awesome → 머지거 (mejige) awesomely

Lexicon

 * 더/여 = yes humble/casual
 * 아니 = ani
 * 그 = the
 * 토 = and
 * 묜 = if
 * 묜저 = when
 * 뫄러 = who
 * 뫄 = what
 * 모디 = where
 * 뭐 = why
 * 묘지 = which
 * 모토거 = how
 * Noun-어 (안)이다 = there is(n't)/are(n't)
 * can; to be able to = 수 이루다
 * cannot; not to be able to = 수 옶다
 * to be = 이다
 * to have = 이루다
 * not to have = 옶다
 * to eat = 목다
 * to live = 살다
 * to learn = 마나부다
 * to teach = 카루다
 * to speak/say/tell = 말다
 * to write = 슥다
 * to read = 일가다
 * to watch = 미다

Days of the week

 * Monday = 달의날
 * Tuesday = 콰서의날
 * Wednesday = 수의날
 * Thursday = 목서의날
 * Friday = 금의날
 * Saturday = 안씩의날
 * Sunday = 양의날

Numbers

 * one = 한
 * two = 둘
 * three = 선
 * four = 넌
 * five = 다손
 * six = 요손
 * seven = 일곤
 * eight = 요둘
 * nine = 아혼
 * ten= 욜


 * eleven = 욜한
 * twelve = 욜돌
 * thirteen = 욜선
 * fourteen = 욜넌
 * fifteen = 욜다손
 * sixteen = 욜요손
 * seventeen = 욜일곤
 * eighteen = 욜요둘
 * nineteen = 욜아혼
 * twenty = 스물