Yarilian

Yarilian is an East Slavic language spoken in Yarilia (Slavic country in the Caucasus region), but its grammar differs in some aspects a lot of Russian, Ukrainian and Belorusian.

Writing System
There're some ortography and pronounciation rules you should know :
 * 1) ь just occures if the palatalized consonant is followed by another consonant or if the palatalized consonant is the last letter of the word, e.g. ярiльскi (=Yarilian), ношчь (=night)
 * 2) й just occures after a vowel, e.g. Кiтай (=China)
 * 3) If a voiced sound comes at the end of a word, it becomes voiceless, e.g. град -- грат (=city), рад -- рат (=joy)
 * 4) ʃt is written by the digraph чт, e.g. что (=what), очтрафоваць (=to fine)
 * 5) If н is palatalized followed by a е at the end of the word, it has to be written by ннье (and not нѣ), e.g. очтрафованнье (=a/the fining), шуканнье (=a/the search)
 * 6) If ы is preceded by a palatalized vowel, it becomes i, e.g. день (=day) + ы = денi (=days)

Nouns
In Yarilian nouns are inflected coresponding to the cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, prepositional) and number (singular or plural). Yarilian nouns can be masculine, feminine or neuter. The ground form of a noun will always be the nominative singular.

First Declension 

Masculine : consonant mostly  Neuter : ending in -о  Neuter : ending in -e  Second declension
 * 1) Animate nouns (=persons or animals) get the genitive ending in the accusative case, e.g. муж (=man) -- мужа (accusative singular) -- мужов (accusative plural)
 * 2) Words ending in ў change into ль at the end if a case ending is added, e.g. пiсатеў (=writer) -- пiсателя (accusative/genitive singular) -- пiсателi (nominative/vocative/accusative plural)
 * 3) Words ending in й change into their palatalized vowel if a case ending is added, e.g. ґерой (=hero) -- ґероя (accusative/genitive singular) -- ґероi (nominative/vocative/accusative plural)

Feminine : ending in -a  Third declension 
 * 1) Nouns ending in я keep their palatalisation, e.g. баня (=bath) -- баню (accusative singular) -- банi (genitive singular - nominative/vocative/accusative plural)
 * 2) Nouns ending in iя keep their palatalisation too, e.g. лiнiя (=line) -- лiнiю (accusative singular) -- лiнii (genitive singular - nominative/vocative/accusative plural)

Feminine : ending in -шчь  Masculine : ending in -ь 

Use of the cases

 * 1) Nominative : is used for expressing the subject and the attribute of the verbs бiць (=to be) and станець (=to become), e.g. Марiя ѣст красiва. (=Mary is beautiful.), Юпiтер ѣст планета. (=Jupiter is a planet.), Я хочу станець даскеў. (=I want to become a teacher.)
 * 2) Vocative : is used for exclamations and may be translated by "oh ..." in English, e.g. Жено, ты ѣсi красiва. (=Oh woman, you are beautiful.)
 * 3) Accusative : is used for expressing the direct object, the motion towards a location and follows after some prepoistions, e.g. Я давѫ дарь жене. (=I give the woman a gift.), Я лѣтю Амерiку. (=I will fly to America.), Чрез Францiю лѣтю. (=I will fly over France.)
 * 4) Dative : is used for expressing the indirect object, the motion away from a location and follows after some prepositions, e.g. Я давѫ дарь жене. (=I give the woman a gift.), Я лѣтю Францiѣ. (=I will fly from France.), По понѣдельнику лѣтiм Амерiку. (= On Monday we will fly to America.)
 * 5) Genitive : is used for expressing the possessive object, the location, the direct object in negative sentences and follows after the most prepositions, e.g. Она ѣст сестра Iвана. (=She is Ivan's sister.), Я ѣсѫ школы. (=I am at school.), Я нѣ давѫ дарi жене. (=I don't give the woman a gift.), З жены iмаю дарь. (=I have a gift for the woman.)
 * 6) Instrumental : is used for expressing that the object is used as an instrument to the action (=with something) and follows after some prepositions, e.g. Чтiфтом пiшаю пiсмо Марiѣ. (=I will write a letter to Mary with a pen.), Цѣрква ѣст между двѣ улiцамi. (=The church is between two roads.)
 * 7) Prepositional : is used for expressing some grammatical constructions (like the comparison) and follows after a few prepositions, e.g. Говорвахмѣ о Марiѣ. (=We were talking about Mary.)

Adjectives
Adjectives in Yarilian are more regular than the nouns. Comparative 
 * 1) Adjectives ending in -ырый are changed into -чь if they're declined, e.g. добырый (=good) - добчя - добчё - добчї
 * 2) Adjectives ending in -еный are changed into -нь if they're declined, e.g. голоденый (=cold) - голодня - голоднё - голоднї

The comparative is formed by interposing the suffix -iж- after the stam of the adjective and before the case ending, e.g. новiжый (=newer) - добчїжый (=better) - голоднїжый (=colder). The comparision is done by the comparing adjective in the comparative and by putting the compared noun in the prepositional case, e.g. Iван ѣст большiжый Пѣтре. (=Ivan is bigger than Peter.)

Superlative

The superlative is formed by adding the prefix най- to the adjective, e.g. найновый (=newest), найдобырый (=best), найголоденый (=coldest).

Pronouns
Personal pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns
 * 1) The reflexive pronoun is used when the object reflects to the subject (like the English pronouns ending in -self), e.g. Я видвѫ се в зѣркале. (=I see myself in the miror.)
 * 2) The genitive pronoun has completely replaced the posessive pronouns in Yarilian, e.g. мат мiня (=my mother, literaly "the mother of mine")

Verbs
Aspects

In Yarilian there are two verb aspects (like in all Slavic languages) : imperfective (=not completed) and perfective (=completed). To know how to form the imperfective aspect from the perfective verb, you have to understand the three different perfective verb conjugations in Yarilian (the ground form there is the infinitive in the perfective aspect) : -аць -- шукаць (=to seek), -ець -- пiшець (=to write), -iць -- говорiць (=to speek). Now to make these verbs imperfective, you have to add the suffix -в at the end of the verb stam and changing the verb conjugation of the perfective verb into -аць, e.g. шукваць (=to be seeking), пiшваць(=to be writing), говорваць (=to be speeking). But these imperfective verbs can be again changed into perfective verb by adding the prefix iз- denoting the finishing of the action, е.g. iзшукваць (=to finish seeking), iзпiшваць (=to finish writing), iзговорваць (=to finish speeking). But this system doesn't apply to the verbs бiць (=to be), iмець (=to have) and хочь (=to want), those three verbs haven't got any aspect at all.

Tenses and moods

 Indicative 

Present

The Present Tense always takes the imperfective form of a verb.