Wasmaxna

General information
Wasmaxna is a bit of a homage to three languages I have learned by mixing them in a creative way, Japanese, Hebrew, and Chickasaw. The core grammar is Chickasaw (VSO). Verbs are on a root system like Hebrew. And things like relative clauses and case-tags work like Japanese. I have got a basic structure, but it's still a work-in-progress.

Consonants
S, N, H, C (ch), X (sh), P, R (lh), W, M, F, L, Y, B, T, K

Vowels
A (Ah), O (Oh), E (Eh), I (Ii), U (Oo)

Grammar
Verbs are formed by 4-letter-roots, conjugated by time & form into templates, like Hebrew. (That is, you fill in different vowels to conjugate the root.) The verbs also have prefixes to add Subject & Object operators, like Chickasaw. The rest of the sentence adds phrases to fill the operator slots as well as other roles not in the verb, with tags at the end of the phrase for their role (a subject market, an object marker, direct object, and participles that work sort of like markers for objects of the prepositions, a bit like Japanese's use of "ha", "ga", "wo", etc.)

Basic example: John gave the book to Mary.

Wasmaxna form: He-it-gave John subj book obj Mary to.

Verb Prefixes:



I male single subject: Ya                      Me male single object: Fa

I female single subject Na                   Me female single object Sa

I neuter single subject Ka                    Me neuter single object Ta

You male single subject: Yo                You male single object: Fo

You female single subject: No             You female single object: So

You neuter single subject: Ko              You neuter single object: To

He single subject: I [Yi]                       Him single object: Fi

She single subject: Ni                         Her single object: Si

It single subject: Ki                             It single object: Ti



<p class="MsoNormal">We male plural subject: Yax                Us male plural object: Fax

<p class="MsoNormal">We female plural subject: Nax             Us female plural object: Sax

<p class="MsoNormal">We neuter plural subject: Kax             Us neuter plural object: Tax

<p class="MsoNormal">Y’all male plural subject: Yox             Y’all male plural object: Fox

<p class="MsoNormal">Y’all female plural subject: Nox          Y’all female plural object: Sox

<p class="MsoNormal">Y’all neuter plural subject: Kox           Y’all neuter plural object: Tox

<p class="MsoNormal">They male plural: Ix [Yix]                    Them male plural object: Fix

<p class="MsoNormal">They female plural: Nix                       Them female plural object: Six

<p class="MsoNormal">They neuter plural: Kix                        Them neuter plural object: Tix

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Honorific plural subject: Bax

<p class="MsoNormal">Honorific plural object: Bix

<p class="MsoNormal">Verb Forms:

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Example Root: X-L-M-P (to deceive)

<p class="MsoNormal">Present simple: o:i                    Infinitive (to) form: a:a-fis                  Future simple:   i:a

<p class="MsoNormal">Xolmip                                      Xalmap-fis                                       Xilmap

<p class="MsoNormal">(indicative)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Past simple: u:e                        Present progressive:     o:i-bit                Past progressive: u:e-bit

<p class="MsoNormal">Xulmep                                    Xolmip-bit                                            Xulmep-bit

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Future progressive: i:a-bit

<p class="MsoNormal">Xolmap-bit

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Present perfect: o:i-pax            Past perfect: u:e-pax                            Future Perfect: i:a-pax

<p class="MsoNormal">Xolmip-pax                              xulmep-pax                                         xilmap-pax

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Subjunctive (if): a:a-lu             Negative: -lai                            Imperative: a:a-halos

<p class="MsoNormal">Xalmap-lu                                -lal                                        xalmap-halos

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Interrogative[?]:                        reflexive:

<p class="MsoNormal"> -kal                            -yalos

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Subjunctive (may) a:a-nofo

<p class="MsoNormal">Xalmap-nofo

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Subjunctive (must) a:a-pawo

<p class="MsoNormal">Xalmap-pawo

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Gerend (reify the action): o.u.o.

<p class="MsoNormal">Xolumop (i.e., deceiving)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">If a word ends in a vowel, a selected final (silent) consonant should follow it:

<p class="MsoNormal">H for ah

<p class="MsoNormal">W for oh

<p class="MsoNormal">Y for ii

<p class="MsoNormal">oo and eh cannot be final vowels

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Ideas -

<p class="MsoNormal">“Let’s __” form?

<p class="MsoNormal">Xilmap-yaxha

<p class="MsoNormal">Xalmap-yaxha

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Subjects, Direct Objects, Indirect Objects, etc, get tagged with marker post-words (like the “et” in Hebrew for objects, or the “ga” in Japanese for subjects), as well as certain tags to set-off phrases; again, post-phrase tags (like “ni” in Japanese for to, “to” for quotes, etc). The sentence can also end with marker-words tagging the type of sentence (like “ka” in Japanese for questions).

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Case (suffix) markers for nouns:

<p class="MsoNormal">Subject/nominative: -ma

<p class="MsoNormal">Copula complement tag: -sa

<p class="MsoNormal">Direct object/accusitive: -ca 

<p class="MsoNormal">Indirect object/dative (objects of prepositions): -ko [kot]

<p class="MsoNormal">Passive/Ablative: -wa (done by X)

<p class="MsoNormal">Ideational/vocative: -bo [bot] (behold the …)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

Plural: End with: P [or “ep”]

<p class="MsoNormal">Definite: Add “e” to make it definite (“the”): mae, cae, koe, te’e, wae, boe

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             Plural:   mape, cape, kope, tepe, wape, bope

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Possessive [operates like ‘s]: -te

<p class="MsoNormal">Personal possessive suffix (m/f):

<p class="MsoNormal">             My: teya / tena

<p class="MsoNormal">             Your: teyo / teno

<p class="MsoNormal">             His / her / its:   teyi / teni / teki Their: teyix, tenix, tekix

<p class="MsoNormal">             Our: teyax, tenax

<p class="MsoNormal">             Whose: krote

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">To: Fi 

<p class="MsoNormal">For: Nu

<p class="MsoNormal">That phrase: xu

<p class="MsoNormal">In: Pohu

<p class="MsoNormal">On:

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Many sentences don’t need extra words because the sense is captured in the verb itself (e.g., he-her-saw). You don’t need extra words for “he” and “she” tagged with subject & object marker-words because they are captured in the verb. So just saying the verb completes the sentence. (However you can put the tagged words “he” and “she” in if you like, possibly for emphasis.)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">   But if you want to say “John saw Jane”, then you would say “he-her-saw John subj. Jane obj.”   Because the roles are tagged, like Japanese you can switch them around and put the object first and subject second, e.g., for emphasis, as in “he-her-saw Jane obj John subj” to answer the question “he-it-saw what obj John subj question.”

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">He sees her:   Yafisoplil.

<p class="MsoNormal">John sees Jane: “Yafisoplil Can ma Cen ca.”

<p class="MsoNormal">John gave Jane the book. “Yafihuxcey Can ma Cen ca hicane koe.”

<p class="MsoNormal">John gave the book to Jane. “Yafihuxcey Can ma Cen fi hicane koe.”

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Other pronouns (correlatives)

<p class="MsoNormal">             Query             This                  That                 Some               No                    Every

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Adj       (which)             (this)                 (that)                (some)              (no)                   (every)

<p class="MsoNormal">             kul                    hiul                   xul [Paxepe]     tayo [sowa]      Fecle                 nono[xowe]

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             (that there)        any: xayi

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             aul

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Person (who)                          (this one)          (that one)          (someone)         (no one)            (everyone)

<p class="MsoNormal">             Kro[fe]                         hrofe                 xrofe                 tayorofe            Feclerofe          nonorofe

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             (that there)

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             aulrofe

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Thing   (what)              (this)                 (that)                (something)      (nothing)          (everything)

<p class="MsoNormal">             kul                    hiul                   xul                    tayokul                         feclekul            nonokul

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             (that there)

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             aul

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Place    (where)             (here)                (there)               (someplace)      (nowhere)         (everywhere)

<p class="MsoNormal">             kixi                   Hixi                  xuxi [<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"">Cene]     tayokixi          feclekixi         nonokixi

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             (over there)

<p class="MsoNormal">                                                             aulxi

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Time    (when)              (now)                (then)                (sometime)       (never)              (always)

<p class="MsoNormal">             kok                   hiok                  xuok                 tayokok            feclekok           nonokok

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Way     (how)                (thus)                                        (somehow)

<p class="MsoNormal">             Xecuha             hixecuha                                   tayoxecuha

<p class="MsoNormal"> 

<p class="MsoNormal">Reason(why)               (because this)   (because that)

<p class="MsoNormal">             Kulfi                 hinufi                xulnufi

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Counting

<p class="MsoNormal">1 to 10

<p class="MsoNormal">Ten-five

<p class="MsoNormal">Two-ten-five

<p class="MsoNormal">Three-hundred two-ten five

<p class="MsoNormal">…

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Adjectives

<p class="MsoNormal">Modifiers go before the noun. It is absolute head-final like Japanese & Turkish.

<p class="MsoNormal">This goes for modifying relative clauses also, as described below.

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">-er (more): X [Adj-ce] more [than] Y. X ADJ-ce[haya] Y-ra.

<p class="MsoNormal">-est (most): X most. X ADJ-maxufi

<p class="MsoNormal">As … As: (hixe)           X ADJ nemuselo hixe Y-li.

<p class="MsoNormal">X [adj] compares as to Y,

<p class="MsoNormal">(Nemuselo)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Opposite (un-)   Xax-

<p class="MsoNormal">Lack (-less) (hocuno)     Hocu-

<p class="MsoNormal">surfeit (-ful)

<p class="MsoNormal">possibility (-able)

<p class="MsoNormal">liking (-phile)

<p class="MsoNormal">disliking (-phobe)

<p class="MsoNormal">inhabitant (-er, -ian, -an, -ese)

<p class="MsoNormal">weakening meaning (-ish)

<p class="MsoNormal">strengthening meaning (uber-)

<p class="MsoNormal">adverb (-ly)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Convert adjective to noun (-ness)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Head-final (place all modifiers before, head-noun is last)

<p class="MsoNormal"> The ten very happy bar-exam passed robots

<p class="MsoNormal">10[xina] – very – Mayeha(happy) Bar-exam Kix-LuSHeS robot-bope.

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Relative prepositional phrase (whom, which, that…):

<p class="MsoNormal">Try similar to Japanese. Again, like the head-final adjectives, relative phrases will be placed in front of the head-noun or phrase to describe it, as if adjectives (as the happy robots example shows).

<p class="MsoNormal">When the relative clause uses a new verb, the slot of the noun getting modified is replaced with an interrogative word to designate its grammatical role for that verb. So for example, for the sentence "The train, which I saw, was running.", we want to say something like "the seen-by-me train was running".

<p class="MsoNormal">The head verb is "was running" with TRAIN is in the subject slot. But the train is also in the object-slot of the modifying relative clause ("I saw it"). To communicate it being in this object slot, we do a similar trick as English. We substitute the prefix slot of the train with "WHAT". So instead of saying "I-it-SAW" like a normal verb, we say "I-what-SAW".

<p class="MsoNormal">For Wasmaxna, we start with the head verb, with the prefix slots for the roles [It-it-RUN-past-progressive]. The next word will be the verb for the relative clause, with WHAT in the slot for the modified noun, here the TRAIN. [I-what-SAW]. Then finally we have the modified noun, [TRAIN]. Then after that we put the tag for a subject (since TRAIN is a subject of the head noun RUN). If we had another adjective, like BIG, we'd put that just before the TRAIN after the relative clause. So "The big train, which I saw" would be "[I-what-SAW] [BIG] [TRAIN] [Subject-definite tag]". "Yakul-suplel hiceka liya mae". "To see" is SPLL. We add u-e vowels to make it past. It gets two prefixes, a male-subject-first-person "Ya" for I, and "kul" in the object slot for "what" (the noun we are modifying). The TRAIN is "liya", and it takes the subject tag "ma", which applies to the head verb (RUN, not in this phrase), NOT the object tag "ca" for "to see". The TRAIN is both a subject & object of two verbs. The way we know the TRAIN is the object of the 2nd verb, to see, is because of the "What" (kul) put in its object slot, and then the train (liya) fills that spot. Hiceka means "big", to show that adjectives go after modifying relative clauses.

<p class="MsoNormal">If we wanted to make a full sentence out of it, "The big train which I saw was running", we'd add the head verb "It was running" verb at the front. "To go" is the root YCHW. We add u-e vowels for past tense (yuchew), then "bit" to make it progressive. It takes the "ki" prefix for the subject (neuter, the TRAIN).

<p class="MsoNormal">Ki-yuchew-bit kikul-suplel hiceka liya mae.

<p class="MsoNormal">Other Examples:

<p class="MsoNormal">The man John hit yesterday prefers beer to wine.

<p class="MsoNormal">[He-it-PREFERS] [he-who-HIT] [JOHN] [Subject marker] [yesterday] [MAN] [Subject marker] [BEER] [object-definite marker] [WINE] [OVER] [(object-of-"over" marker)].

<p class="MsoNormal">Yi-ti-conwip yi-kro-nepyum Can ma pohepewo yubyu mae molewe cae uina nenos'''. '

The girl you think I love is absent.

[she-it-IS] [you-THINK] [THAT] [I-who-LOVE] [GIRL] [Subject marker] [ABSENT] [Copula marker].

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">The neighbor whose son I teased wants to see you.

[he-it-WANTS] [I-him-TEASED] [WHOSE] [SON] [object marker] [NEIGHBOR] [Subject-definite marker] [him-you-SEE-infinitive].

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">The cat I said Alison brought home is stuck now in the tree.

[it-it-IS] [I-it-SAID] [THAT] [she-who-BROUGHT] [ALISON] [Subject marker] [Home] [To] [CAT] [Subject marker] [NOW] [TREE] [Object-definite] [STUCK] [copula].

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">The man that plowed my field is coming over here.

[He-COMING] [who-it-PLOWED] [FIELD] [object-my] [MAN] [subject] [HERE] [TO].

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">"The big train, which I saw, was going fast."

<p class="MsoNormal">[It-WAS GOING] [I-what-SAW] [BIG] [TRAIN] [subject-definite] [fast]

<p class="MsoNormal">Ki-kuybexbit kikul-suplel hiceka liya mae babate.

<p class="MsoNormal">……………………………………

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Adjectives / Adverbs

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Adjectives and adverbs directly follow their target words.

<p class="MsoNormal">[No need to follow gender or number]

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Question Words

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">What – kul

<p class="MsoNormal">That - xul

<p class="MsoNormal">This -

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">When – kok

<p class="MsoNormal">Then -   xuok

<p class="MsoNormal">Now -

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Where – kixi

<p class="MsoNormal">There - xixi

<p class="MsoNormal">Here -

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Why – To-what – kulfi

<p class="MsoNormal">Because [To-that] - xulfi

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Prepositional Phrases (which, who/m)

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">“That” phrases

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">Quoting phrases

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">“When” phrases

<p class="MsoNormal">“If” Phrases 

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal">

Vocabulary
I have a 70 page dictionary so far. I'm trying to get it online a bit at a time. (Google Docs/Drive is fiddly.)

Here is the link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d9kp5TcbN2yq4AjMP_j_2hF4Oz_UN9DU5QyjcJfdkVo/edit

Example text
I'm in the process of translating Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance" in the language to develop it. I will try to upload it here periodically:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kHjZWkfKPD4lGn1_op0j7h9preCsCn3uDlGNk7I-leY/edit