Logiano

Ok so here's the deal- I'm going to change the alphabet to Latin characters with accents. I'm also reorganizing the information as of April 21st.

Please feel free to comment or make a suggestion on the discussion page!

The list of characters, if you're unable to type:

a ä e î ï o u j p b m v f s ś ć g ĥ h ẍ x z ź k l t n d w r

Setting
Logiano is designed to be a simple language using a logical method of modulation. It is meant to be used as an auxiliary language and has not devloped "naturally."

Alphabet
The Symbol and English IPA

Phonotactics
No more than two consonants in succession per root word. If roots are combined and there are more than two consonants in succession, the letter A is added to the end of the first root.


 * "Goodbye" is made from the roots br- go, and twïj- good. An a must be placed between the roots, forming bratwïjo

If roots are combined and there is a double letter, the second is omitted. Letters at the beginning of words are hardened. Stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable. Affixes separated by a dash are not considered part of the word and therefore do not follow this rule.

Basic Grammar
These articles are the only irregular words in Logiano. In the Table of Correlatives, zämeans, approximately, "what", though not in an interrogative sense. The plural form, zän, is actually a shortened version of the word zätanï, meaning [what-factor(plural)].

Endings Chart
* = these endings are only attached to roots that end in a vowel

The adjective derivation of ćäd has no translation because it can't be used

Pronouns/Possessives
The plurals are not derivatives of the singulars due to plural adjective conflicts.

Objects
Indirect objects (Dative case) are formed by adding v to the end of a noun, not the root.


 * źo das zov zä uto ~ I give you the car.

Noun Derivations
These words are attached to the root via combination rules.

Inhabitant- ovo
 * ïndusovo ~ an Indian (an inhabitant of India)

Language- ano
 * ïndusano ~ Indian (an Indian language)

Doer- tïlo
 * ragentïlo ~ a writer (a doer of writing)

So loźïano is, literally, the language of logic.

-ness- voro (literally, fullness)
 * engorĥavoro ~ angry-ness

-ability- hîbo (literally, possibility)
 * engorĥahîbo ~ angry-ability

Proper Nouns
The ending lo is added to proper nouns that usually end in a vowel. Otherwise, an o is placed after the last letter.


 * źo tuxanîs marïalo ~ I (am aquianted with) Maria.
 * źo tuxanîs waśïntono ~ I (am aquianted with) Washington.

Verbs
Verbs are formed by attaching as to the root.
 * vas ~ look
 * las ~ be
 * ragenas ~ write
 * brandas ~ drive
 * ĥïras ~ throw

Negatives
Negative verbs are formed simply by adding the prefix bä
 * źo bä-las ~ I am not

The Verb Groups
There are two groups of verb endings, the ï group and the a group. These endings determine (among other things) tense and voice.
 * vas-pïĥa ~ had seen [see(past)(perfective)]

The ï group ending always precedes the a group ending. If more than one a group ending is needed, the endings are arranged alphabetically.
 * vas-haśa ~ to see oneself [see(infinitive)(reflexive)]

There are no transition verbs.

The ï Group
Each of these is denoted by a suffix ending in ï

The a Group
Each ending is denoted by a suffix ending in a

Examples and Explanations

 * źo bras-ća vas-ha zä käno ~ I am going to see the dog

Literally, this statement means "I going to see the dog." A helping verb is not used.


 * źo vas-nïća zä käno ~ I wll be seeing the dog

Again, the helping verb is omitted.


 * źo vas-pïĥama ton zä käno ~ I had been seen by the dog

The ending pï denotes past tense, ĥa denotes perfective (have seen), and ma denotes passive (am/is/are seen).

Adjectives
Adjectives are put before the object that they are describing and are created by adding u to the root.


 * beju uto~ beautiful car

Adjectives that describe plural nouns end in um.


 * bejum utï ~ beautiful cars

Comparatives
Comparatives are formed by adding the suffix äĥ (more) or äĥka (most) to the end of an adjective. The word “than” when used to compare is wîn.


 * vïźu-äĥ wîn neso ~ whiter than snow

Adjective Derivations
These endings can be combined like the a group if necessary.

Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by attaching k to the end of an adjective (not the root).


 * engorĥuk ~ angrily

Adverbs immediately precede the verb.


 * źo engorĥuk bras-pï ~ I went angrily.

Table of Correlatives
Loosely based on Zamenhof's table for Esperanto. There is no distinction for relative pronouns.


 * źo źïas mozä brandas ~ I know who drives.

The conjunction "that" is expressed simply as ćät.


 * ro źïas ćät źo brandas-ća ~ He knows that I am driving.

Prepositions
All prepositions end in N, and each one has one fixed meaning. If it’s necessary to use a preposition and it’s not clear which one to use, the word VЭN (vihn) is used, which has no fixed meaning.

Conjunctions
All conjunctions end in an semi-unreleased plosive t.

Sentence Structure
Basic sentences are SVO. Interogatives undergo SV inversion.

źo vas zä käno ~ I see the dog

vas źo zä käno? ~ Do I see the dog?

Simple Phrases
Hello- ϷELO- helo

Hi- ϷAJO- hayo

Goodbye- BRATϢϿO- bratwio

How Are You?- ϷOƵѦ LAÇ ƵO?- hozae las zo?

Good- TϢϿU- twiu

Bad- XANU- khanu

So-so- RANU- ranu

Excellent- TϢϿU-ÇOLЭ- twiu-solih

Welcome- TϢϿVEΓO- twivego

Yes- JA - ya

No- BѦ- bae

Please/You’re Welcome- ƸO ALAÇ- zho alas

Thank You- ƸO ϿVAÇ- zho ivas

Fractions and Decimals
To make a fraction, the root VѦ is added after the numerator. For decimals, the root ПѦ takes the place of the decimal point. If there are no digits before the point, saying "AΓ" is not required. Numbers after the decimal are said (i.e.) "three three three" instead of "three-hundred and thirty-three thousanths."

Subjunctive Mood
In Logiano, the subjunctive mood is expressed in terms of the influential ending tï:


 * If he worked, he could earn high wages
 * ẍat ro worbalas-tï, ro jägas-fï numlum donvï
 * "If he should work, he would earn high wages"

Realis/Irrealis Mood
Both of these moods are expressed in the present tense.

Modality
Deontic modality in the form of a command is expressed with kï. Otherwise, the ending tï is used.

Epistemic modality is expressed with the adverb hîbuk "possibly". Evidentiality is based on context.

Apple
Text

kä rodo las fjokä garuzo. zä garuzo kowas-ma vän zä epîgo den kä rodu źomo. kä brïẍu rodo ~ kä rodo ćä las habu ĥas-ha ~ guras voruk las-ha śaku, bradu, jot, ĥïnu. zä îvo den kä rodo las lotu. kä rodo las dïtavuk udkï-jabum sentïmïtïrï den sïrko.

Transliteration

kae rodo las fyokae garuzo. zae garuzo kowas-ma vaen zae epihgo den kae rodu zhomo. kae brikhu rodo~ kae rodo chaet las habu thas-ha~ guras voruk las-ha shaku, bradu, yot thinu. zae ihvo den kae rodo las lotu. kae rodo las ditavuk udki-yabu (18) sentimitiri den sirko.

Translation (Direct)

A apple is (indefinite)kind of fruit. The fruit find(passive) on the branch of a apple-like tree. A ripe-like apple- A apple that is ready-like eat(infinitive)- is able also be(infinitive) green-like, brown-like, or yellow-like. The shape of a apple is ball-like. A apple is approximately 18 centimeters of circle.

Translation (Approxmiate)

An apple is a kind of fruit. The fruit is found on the branch of an apple tree. A ripe apple- an apple that is ready to eat- can also be green, brown, or yellow. The shape of an apple is like a ball. An apple is approximately 18 centimeters around.

Sun
Text

zä solo las kä seĥo ït zä zohavu-äĥka mîjaro pen ägu solu fïbo. bo taźakronas 99.86% den zä opago pen zä solu fïbo. axuk zä zohavu planećto źupîtero las wivu krozä komprïćas-ma an zä solo. zän planećtï pen ägu solu fïbo bras vovan zä solo vîn orbatï. ägu solo guras vas-hama pen zä selzo duran zä mutarakro. bo las vas-ma hoćä kä zohavu ĥïnu loto.

Transliteration

zae solo las kae setho it zae zohavu-aethka mihyaro pen aegu solu fibo. bo tazhakronas 99.86% den zae opago pen zae solu fibo. aksuk zae zohavu planechto zhupihtero las wivu krozaet komprichas-ma zae solo. zaen planechti pen aegu solu fibo bras vovan zae solo vihn orbati. aegu solo guras vas-hama pen zae selzo duran zae kro den mutaro. bo las vas-ma hochae kae zohavu thinu loto.

Translation (Direct)

The sun is a star and the large-like(superlative) object in we-like sun-like system. It constitutes 99.86% of the matter in the sun-like system. Wholly the large-like planet Jupiter is tiny-like when(relative) compare to(passive) the sun. The(plural) planets in we-like sun-like system go around the sun (of/in/on) orbits. We-like sun is able see(infinitive)(passive) in the sky during the time of day. It is see(passive) as a large-like yellow-like ball.

Translation (Approximate)

The Sun is a star and the largeest object in our solar system. It makes up 99.86% of the matter in the solar system. Even the giant planet Jupiter is tiny when compared to the sun. The planets in our solar system move around the sun in orbits. Our sun can be seen in the sky in the day time. It is seen as a large yellow ball.

Animals
Text

kïgï las metazoanum daẍnum mîjarï. śï bä-lovas-śa śu wäleno. kïgï mevoruk ĥas otarum daẍnum mîjarï (kïgï, rîvanï, fongï, prï) läćas-ha etejalo menas-ha. mjokä las parasïtï, ït mjokä śäjas fotosïnĥetïkum protïstï hoćä sïmbïontï. gavum den kïgum spïśï baxas. mjokä las zohavum ït mjokä las wïvum; mjokä las ĥekum ït mjokä las gruśum. mjokä menas pen agulo, otarï menas vän zä klomo ït mokä kïgï guras afras-ha. guras-la bras-ha don udu śato an kä otaro las kä hupagu wosoro den kä kïgo.

Transliteration

kigi las metazoanum dakhnum mihyari. shi bae-lovas-sha shu waeleno. kigi mevoruk thas otarum dakhnum mihyari (kigi, rihvani, fongi, pri) laechas-ha eteyalo menas-ha. myokae las parasiti, it myokae shaeas fotosinthetikum protisti hochaet simbionti. gavum den kigum spishi baeksas. myokae las zohavum it myokae las wivum; myokae las thekum it myokae las grushum. myokae menas pen agulo, otari menas vaen zae klomo it mokae kigi guras afras-ha. guras-la bras-ha don udu shato an kae otaro las kae hupagu wosoro den kae kigo.

Translation (Direct)

Animals is metazoa-like(plural) life-like(plural) objects. They produce(negative)(reflexive) their food. Animals usually eat other-like(plural) life-like(plural) objects [animals, plants, fungi, the rest] get(infinitive) energy live(infinitive). Some is parasites, and some have photosynnthesis-like(plural) protists as(relative) symbionts. Million-like(plural) of species exist. Some is large-like(plural) and some is tiny-like(plural); some is fat-like(plural) and some is tall-like(plural). Some live in water, others live on the ground and some animals is able fly(infinitive). Is able(gerund) move(infinitive) from one place to a other is a distinct-like trait of a animal.

Translation (Approximate)

Animals are metazoan living things. They do not make their own food by themselves. Animals usually eat other living things (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) to get energy to live. Some are parasites, and some have photosynthetic protists as symbionts. There are millions of animal species. Some are big and some are small; some are fat and some are tall. Some live in water, others live on the ground and some animals can fly. Being able to move from one place to another is a distinctive trait of an animal.

Noun-Adjective Agreement
zä ovo las vevu

zän ovï las vevum

zä rovo ït zä movo las gruśum

śï las grushum

źo źïas zän fïlïv las-ha vevum

Dative Case
The dative case denotes the indirect object. It does not receive the action. źo das zov zä galo

zo dïlas rov bras-ha

ro mowatas ägïv zä mobeno

The ï Group
The endings are separated by dashes, so stress is still placed on the penultimate syllable of the root. One can not combine multiple ï group endings.

źo pïras zä loto – I stop the ball

zo lonas ovï kron zä telefono – You call people with a telephone

ro bras-pï an zä teẍo – He went to the store

mo kosas-pï zä wäleno – She cooked the food

bo lïpïkïas-nï ĥojako – It will bake cake

ägï bras-nï an zä mobeno – We will go to the house

vosï las-wï vevu – You all were happy

śï śäjas-wï zä loto – They had the ball

źo moćas-fï wäleno – I would like food

zo ĥas-fï, mut… - You would eat, but…

ro vas-tï kä haćtïlo – He should see a doctor

mo guras-tï bras-ha – She should be able to go

dîlanas-kï zän ovï – Look at the people

bä-bras-kï kron zä uto – Don’t go with the car

Verb Aspects
Active/Progressive

ƸO ΔЭLANAÇ-ʕA ƵO- I am watching you

ƸO ΔЭLANAÇ-NϿʕA ƵO- I will be watching you

Perfective

ƵO BRAÇ-ΘA AN ƵѦ ПLAƸO- You have gone to the beach

ƵO BRAÇ-ПϿΘA AN ƵѦ ПLAƸO- You had gone to the beach

ƵO BRAÇ-ПϿΘAʕA AN ƵѦ ПLAƸO- You had been going to the beach

Infinitive

RO KϿAÇ VAÇ-ϷA KѦ ΓAXVO- He wants  to see the map

RO KϿAÇ-ПϿ VAÇ-ϷA KѦ ΓAXVO- He wanted to see the map (ПϿ is not added to VAÇ-ϷA)

RO KϿAÇ-ПϿΘA VAÇ-ϷA KѦ ΓAXVO- He had wanted to see the map

Gerund

BRANΔAÇ-LA LAÇ ΦEϪU- Driving is useful (Here, 'BRANΔAÇ' is a verb that acts as a noun, making it a Gerund. Even though the English ending 'ing' is used, it does not use the active aspect)

Passive

ϨϿ LONAÇ-MA KOMПJUTϿ- They are called computers

ϨϿ LONAÇ-NϿMA KOMПJUTϿ- They will be called computers

LONAÇ-LAMA BѦ-LAÇ ΦEϪU- Being called is not important

(Note: it is not acceptable to use LAÇ and the adjective form LONU)

Reflexive

VOÇϿ ΓURAÇ  TAÇ-  ϷA  ϨA  BO- You all are able to make it yourselves

VOÇϿ ΓURAÇ-TϿ TAÇ- ϷA  ϨA BO- You all should be able to make it yourselves

VOÇϿ TAÇ-ПϿΘAϨA BO- You all had made it yourselves