Hükzhiohish

Classification and Dialects
Hükzhiohish is a sinitic language, spoken in the fictional island of Hükzhioh. It is a mixed language, with origins from Siyi yue, Canton yue, Teo-Swa minnan, Tsuan-Tsiang minnan, Houguan mindong, Oujiang wu, Taihu wu, Hongchao huai. Another reason for making Hükzhiohish is to try to preserve most features of Southern dialects/languages of Chinese as they a bit threatened.

Inventory and Phonotactics
The structure is (C)(G)V(G)(N/P).
 * (sounds in this brackets are not phonemic)
 * Words starting with /m, /n/, /ȵ/, /ŋ/, /l/ would change to /ˀm/, /ˀn/, /ˀȵ/, /ˀŋ/, /ˀl/ in Dark tones (Rising tones considered dark tone).


 * In coda, /i/ comes with unrounded vowels and /y/ comes with rounded vowels.


 * Long and short variety for /y/,/ʊ~u/ do exist, but are they in complementary distribution and are considered the same phoneme.
 * Some vowels come in open and close pairs, the vowels at the left of / is close vowels (natural vowel), at the right is open vowel. Dark flat, Dark departing, Light departing, Dark checked are close vowel. Light flat, Rising and Light checked tone are open vowel. However, it does not work for vowels with glides.


 * /ɫ/ is only used in /əɫ~ɤɫ/.
 * Apical Er-hua patterns as follow,
 * For coda,


 * 1) /ɪ~i~ɨ/ and /n/ are deleted.
 * 2) /ŋ/,/m/ is deleted and the syllable becomes nasalized.
 * 3) /ʊ~u/ would become /ʊ˞~u˞/.
 * 4) /ʔ/,/p̚/,/t̚/,/k̚/ would be unchanged.
 * For Nucleus,


 * 1) /eː/ would become /ɤ˞~ɚ/. /æː~ɛː/ would become /ɐ˞/.
 * 2) /ʊ~u/ would become /ʊ˞~u˞/.
 * 3) /ɪ~i~ɨ/,/y/ becomes median with /ɤ˞~ɚ/ added after.
 * 4) /ʅ~ɿ/ would be changed to /ɤ˞~ɚ/.
 * For median,


 * 1) /ɪ~i~ɨ/ is deleted.
 * Nasal Er-hua patterns as follow 
 * 1) All other codas are replaced by /ŋ/.
 * 2)   All nucleus without coda will add a coda /ŋ/


 * Vowel Er-hua patterns as follow
 * 1) Add /e/ after the word.


 * Er-hua takes up half to one timing unit after the syallable.


 * The tone for neutral tones depends on the previous word's tone.
 * Tone sandhi: 213 ˨˩˧ + 213 ˨˩˧ → 13 ˩˧ + 213 ˨˩˧
 * Light tones are stuck to voice consonants. Dark tones stuck to devoice consonants.
 * Upper checked tones come with short vowels. Lower checked tones come with long vowels.
 * Upper dark flat is used in nouns. Lower dark flat is used in verbs, complements and measure words.

Tense, Mood, Aspect
The language almost entirely lacks inflection and so words typically have only one grammatical form. Tense, mood and aspect are indicated by verbs, adverbs or phrase that indicate them.

Readings
Quite a number of words in Hükzhiohish have different pronunciation meaning the same. They might even have be distinguished for colloquial, literary, kunyomi and onyomi readings.

Word order
Hükzhiohish is a Topic-Prominent Language, so words order tends to be determined by the topic. The topic is always placed before the subject. Sentences are in mainly in Subject-Verb-Object order. Sometimes sentence could be changed to Subject-Object-Verb order. But the language allows the object to be promoted to the topic of the sentence, resulting in an apparently passively Object(Topic)-Subject-Verb word order. There is also sentences with so-called "double subjects", but actually a topic plus a subjects. In these structure, only when the subject and object can't be analysed, we have to add function words after Object or Subject, otherwise it is omitted. The object of a verb could also be placed after the function word, and the verb placed after the object, forming in an apparenty Subject–Object–Verb sentence.
 * S-V-O mostly, S-O-V sometimes
 * OT-S-V
 * ST-S-V-O
 * OT/ST-HV-S-V-(O)
 * S-HV-O-V

Subject is determined by the topic, and there is no dummy pronoun. '''A sentence does not necessarily have subject or object. It may be Implied or omitted.'''

When there is two objects, normally indirect object goes first. However, if the sentence has indirect object marker verbs(give), the more emphasized one goes first, and the direct object could be placed before the marker verbs in this situation. Measure words is found in Hükzhiohish after quantity and in most situation before nucleus. Measure words could also be used without quantity. Only when the nucleus is the direct object placed before the marker verbs with measure words with quantity, it would be placed after the nucleus.
 * S-V-Oi-Od/S-Oi-Od-V, S-Give-Oi-Od/S-Give-Od-Oi, S-Od-Give-Oi
 * (Qty)-Meas-S/O, Od-Qty-Meas-V-Oi

The boundaries of Modal verbs and verbs are really blurry in Hükzhiohish and modal verbs/adverbs are placed before verbs. Both prepositions and postpositions are found in Hükzhiohish. Both modifiers before and after nucleus are founded.
 * M-V

You can connect verbs (or verb phrases) by simply placing them one after another. No connecting word is needed whatsoever.

Negative
In most situation negative Word cones before verbs. However, if there is a complement after the verb, then there is 3 ways to from a negative sentence.
 * Neg-V
 * 1) V-Neg-C, put negative word between verb and complement
 * 2) Neg-V-得(C), put negative word before verb and 得, which is a complement.
 * 3) V-O-Neg-C, put the complement after object and negative word between complement and object.

Question
There are 9 different ways to construct a question in Hükzhiohish,
 * 1) (S)-V-(O)-Prt, put Question Auxiliary Word at the end of the sentence
 * 2) (S)-V-(O)-Neg, put Negation Word at the end of the sentence
 * 3) (S)-V-(O)-Neg-V, duplicate the Verb and put it at the end of sentence, while putting the Negation Word before the second verb
 * 4) (S)-V-Neg-V-(O), duplicate the Verb and put it after the the Verb, while putting the Negation Word before the second verb. The second verb could also be omitted.
 * 5) (S)-Adv-V-(O), put Question Adverb before the Verb
 * 6) (S)-M-Neg-V-(O), put Modal Verb/Adverb before Negation Word and Negation Word before the Verb
 * 7) Qrn-(S)-M/Neg-Drn-V-(O), put Modal Verb/Adverb after Demonstrative Pronoun, and the phrase after the Verb, and put the Question pronoun at the beginning of sentence
 * 8) (S)-Qrn-M/Neg-Drn-V-(O), put Modal Verb/Adverb after Demonstrative Pronoun, and the phrase after the Verb, and put the Question pronoun after the Subject
 * 9) Hybrid of 4 and other ways

Complex sentence

 * 1) Coordinate Sentences, clauses are combined with equal importance, and tell different things or different aspects of one thing
 * 2) Inherited Sentences, clauses are added by the time order of certain activities
 * 3) Selective Sentences, two or more clauses indicate alternatives or selections
 * 4) Progressive Sentences, the later clause has a deeper meaning than the previous one
 * 5) Transitional Sentences, the later clause has an opposite meaning to the previous one
 * 6) Assumption Sentences, the previous clause makes an assumption and the later makes a conclusion
 * 7) Conditional Sentence, the previous clause sets a condition and the later makes a conclusion
 * 8) Reason-result Sentences, the previous clause tells a reason and the later comes to a result
 * 9) Aim Sentences, one clause states a fact or an action and the other one tells the aim
 * 10) Lead-subsequent sentences, the previous clause states a overall and the later states the details