User:K1234567890y/IZENFACTORY

Below are some languages of the 59th world, the 59th world has nothing to do with the Basanawa speakers; but the 59th world probably has something to do with the 8th world, which is my primary conworld.

It is proven that the 59th world is actually the same world of the 53th world, the same world is counted twice.

=Koulesch= Koulesch language(Koulesch: Die kolesche Sproche) is a west germanic (constructed) language, it is a high german dialect developed from Old High German and Middle High German, it is originally spoken in the region of Arnoldsland(most Koulesch people live in Arnoldsland, but most people living in Arnoldsland are not of Koulesch origin; also, anyone who is born or lives in Arnoldsland, regardless of his/her origin, is called "Arnoldslander"), but after the establishment of Republic of Koulesch, the Koulesch language has since spreaded.

Koulesch does not differ significally from High German dialects spoken in the Arnoldsland region, most characteristics of Koulesch can be found in other High German dialects of Arnoldsland.

Koulesch uses Latin script, diacritics are not used, but ligatures are sometimes used, especially <æ> and <œ>, which are seen as variants of  and  respectively.

It seems that Koulesch has a strong tendency to use native words(most of them are words inherited from Old and Middle High German), it is estimated that more than 90% of the Koulesch non-compound words are inherited from Old and Middle High German.

It is possible that Koulesch is a Central German dialect, or an Upper German dialect, or a High German dialect with both influences from Central German dialects and Upper German dialects.

The speakers of the Koulesch language is the Koulesch people, and literally, the word "Koulesch" means "coal-ish" in Koulesch, since the Koulesch people are Negrito-like people with dark skin, they are called "Koulesch" by their neighbours, and they also accepted and adopted the word "Koulesch" as their ethnonym. the Koulesch language is also spoken by the "Grour"s(Grour literally means "Gray-er" in Koulesch, it is a term used for offsprings of interracial marriages between the Koulesch people and Germanic peoples and this term is also used for anyone of mixed ancestry in the Koulesch language).

the Koulesch people originally spoke a language called Seto Ka'palo, Seto Ka'palo is unrelated to germanic languages or any Indo-european languages, traces of Seto Ka'palo can still be seen in some Koulesch vocabularies, The Koulesch people adopted and shifted to High German dialects when Germanic peoples came to the land they live, as the Germanic peoples were more numerous and had the knowledge of iron-working(at the time when the germanic peoples came, the technology level the Koulesch people was at the neolithic stage, so the Koulesch people had at most several copper tools and weapons made of native copper, the Koulesch people only learned iron-working after having contacts with germanic peoples), the Koulesch people eventually became assimilated and shifted to speak a germanic language, however, it is known that the Koulesch people had abandoned Seto Ka'palo before they adopted High German dialects.

It is thought that Koulesch has retained the instrumental case for Neuter singular nouns, despite the usage of the instrumental case is diminishing(most speakers, especially younger speakers, don't use the instrumental case at all) and the instrumental case can always be replaced with the dative case, except in certain fossilized expressions(e.g. fon dei wort - an expression for "literally", contrast with fon der sinne "figuratively/metaphorically").

Koulesch has lost the distinction of roundedness in front vowels, unrounded front vowels and rounded front vowels have merged, although traces of front rounded vowels can still be seen in writing.

Sound Change from MHG
The Grammatical Structure of Koulesch and most Koulesch words are inherited from Middle High German, below are some known sound changes between Middle High German and Koulesch:

MHG(Middle High German) > Koulesch
 * iə, yə > i:
 * uə > u:
 * ɛi, œy > e:
 * ɔu > o:
 * eː, øː > i:
 * oː > u:
 * iː > aɪ
 * yː > ɛɪ
 * uː > aʊ
 * ø > ɛ
 * y > ɪ
 * aː > o:(this sound change is sporadic, not every word with /aː/ in MHG is affected)
 * ə > &Oslash; / _#(this sound change is sporadic, not every word with final /ə/ in MHG are affected, and it is possible that this change is not phonological but morphological in nature, as the final /ə/ is frequently preserved in weak nouns and strong feminine nouns)
 * ə > &Oslash; before stressed syllables(in formal speech, /ə/ is preserved before stressed syllables, that means, gemacht("made") is pronunced as /gəmaxt/ in formal speech, and is pronunced as /gmaxt/ in colloquial speech)
 * V > V: in open stressed syllables and certain monosyllabic words ending with a single consonant.
 * V: > V in unstressed syllables(this change probably ceased to be productive before the monophthongization of MHG diphthohgs)
 * k > x / L_(L is /r/ or /l/)(it is possible that the /k/ in Koulesch variant of Middle High German was /kx/ initially and after liquids)
 * w > ʋ / #_V or V_V(this sound change does not take place in all dialects)
 * w > b / L_(L is /r/ or /l/)(then the /b/ from MHG /w/ becomes a subject of final devoicing)
 * pf > f

As suggested by the difference of sound change between MHG /iː/ and /yː/, the merger between front unrounded vowels and front rounded vowels probably occured after the diphthongization of MHG long closed vowels.

Grammar
The grammar of Koulesch, especially the syntactic structure, is very similar to that of Standard German.

Word order

 * Adpositions are prepositions
 * Definite articles, Demonstratives, Adjectives and Numerals precedes the noun they modifies; Relative clauses follow the noun they modify.

The basic word order is a more complex issue, Koulesch is a V2 language like Standard German and Dutch, the finite verb comes second in main clauses, infinite verbs always come last:


 * Das schouf trinkt wasser - the sheep is drinking water
 * Das schouf trinkt wasser baime sie - the sheep is drinking water by the lake
 * Baime sie trinkt das schouf wasser - the sheep is drinking water by the lake(notice the place of "beime sie" and "das shouf")
 * Das schouf will wasser trinken - the sheep wants to drink water

In subordinate clauses, the word order is Subject-Object-Verb:


 * dass das shouf wasser trinkt... - that the sheep is drinking water...
 * dass das shouf wasser trinken will... - that the sheep wants to drink water...

Examples

 * Gestern habe ich ein neyes erdewerch gekouft. - /'gɛʃtərn hɑ:bə ɪx e:n 'nɛɪjəs 'ɛrdəʋɛrx 'gko:ft/ - I bought a new earthwork yesterday.


 * Heyt will ich zume geldstand gaan, um geld ze nemen. - /'hɛɪt 'ʋɪl ɪx 'tsu:mə 'gɛltʃtant 'gɑ:n ʊm 'gɛlt tsə 'ne:mən/ - today I will/want to go to the bank, to get some money.(zume = zuu+deme)


 * Main hand is in warmem wasser. - /maɪn 'hant ɪs ɪn 'ʋarməm 'ʋas:ər/ - my hand is in warm water.("is" can be pronunced as /ɪs/, /ɪʃ/, /ɪst/ or /ɪʃt/)


 * Das mædle haat schyyne lange haar. - /das 'mɛdəl 'hɑ:t e:n 'ʃi:nəs 'laŋgəs 'hɑ:r/ - the girl has a beautiful long hair.


 * Ich habe noch keine arbeit, kein arbeit schickt mich in dirre burg. - /ɪx 'hɑ:bə nɔx ke:nə 'arbe:t, ke:n 'arbe:t 'ʃɪkt mɪx ɪn dɪr:ə 'bʊrk/ - I still have no job, there are no suitable jobs for me in this town.


 * Dain muuter is zornig, was haast du getaan? - /daɪn 'mu:tər ɪs 'tsɔrnɪk, ʋas 'hɑ:st du: 'gtɑ:n/ - your mother is angry, what have you done?


 * Mit dey feyrwofen haat er einen ber geschossen. - /mɪt dɛɪ 'fɛɪrʋo:fən hɑ:t ɛr e:nən 'be:r 'gʃɔs:ən/ - he shot a bear with the firearm


 * Das feyrwofen, das du gestern gekouft haast, wercht nicht. - /das 'fɛɪrʋo:fən das du: 'gɛʃtərn 'gko:ft 'ʋɛrxt nɪxt/ - the firearm which you bought yesterday doesn't work.


 * Das is ein sieg - /das ɪs e:n si:k/ - that is a failure.


 * Tuud zume heiden! - /'tu:t 'tsu:mə 'he:dən/ - death to the heathens!(originally a phrase used by some local (christian) churches there, but it has come to be used for mocking a close-minded person, a militaristic person, or an extremist or a fundamentalist of any religious or non-religious ideology)
 * Heiden, ungelouber und ketzer myyssen sterben! - /'he:dən uŋ'glo:bər unt 'kettsər 'mi:sən 'ʃterbən/ - heathens, atheists and heretics must die!(originally a propoganda produced by a local (christian) church, but it has become another phrase used for mocking a close-minded person, a militaristic person, or an extremist or a fundamentalist of any religious or non-religious ideology)


 * Lou die heiden brennen! - /lo: di: 'he:dən 'bren:ən/ - let the heathens be burned!(still another propoganda produced by a local (christian) church, also has become a phrase used for mocking a close-minded person, a militaristic person, or an extremist or a fundamentalist of any religious or non-religious ideology)

=Other High German Dialects= There are many High German Dialects high german dialects spoken throughout the the 59th world, all of them are very similar and are highly mutually intelligible to each other. After the Koulesch Republic started to expand, all of which have become dialects of Koulesch due to their similarities to each other and Koulesch.

Almost all indegenous languages(and their people) have been wiped out without any traces(it is said that at most two indegenous languages of the 59th world has survived and are still spoken only, and only two to three small groups of peoples of the 59th world are descendants of the indegenous peoples of the 59th world), mainly due to diseases, which makes the 59th world one of the most homogeneous world culturally and linguistically among all worlds human beings live.

=Seto Ka'palo= Seto Ka'palo is an extinct language belonging to the Palo languages, it was the language of the Koulesch people before the Koulesch people shifted to other languages, and it was the main language of the once existed Kingdom of Palo.

Seto Ka'palo had its writing system, and most knowledge about Seto Ka'palo are gained through the inscriptions.

the word "Seto Ka'palo" means "Tongue of people" in Seto Ka'palo, but the actual name of Seto Ka'palo is unknown.

Word order

 * Basic Word order: Subject-Verb-Object
 * Adpositions are prepositions
 * Definite articles precedes the noun it modifies; Adjectives, Numerals, Demonstratives, Possessors and Relative clauses follow the noun they modify.

Examples

 * tlo hoigo sïtola tlo palo - tlo hoigo sïtol-a tlo palo - the.NEUT crocodile kill-REAL the.NEUT person - /ɬo ho'igo sɨ'tola ɬo 'palo/(/ɬ/ can also be pronunced as the affricate [tɬ]; /ɨ/ might be omitted in fast speech or between two syllables) - the crocodile kills/killed the person


 * tlo palo sïtola tlo hoigo - tlo palo sïtol-a tlo hoigo - the.NEUT person kill-REAL the.NEUT crocodile - /ɬo 'palo sɨ'tola ɬo ho'igo/ - the person kills/killed the crocodile


 * tlo hoigokom gosïtolea - tlo hoigo-kom go-sïtol-ea - the.NEUT crocolide-PL 1.SG.P-kill-IRR - /ɬo ho'igo gosɨ&#805;to'le.a/ - the crocodiles would kill me


 * tlo hoigokom asïtolea - tlo hoigo-kom a-sïtol-ea - the.NEUT crocolide-PL 1.SG.A-kill-IRR - /ɬo ho'igo asɨ&#805;to'le.a/ - I would kill the crocodiles

=Palzilim language= The Palzilim language(Palzilim means "forest people" in the Palzilim language) is an extinct language belonging to the Palo languages, it was the language of the Palzilim people(also called the Forest Folk).

The existence of the Palzilim language is known from several inscriptions of the Kingdom of Palo(the Kingdom of Palo is supposed to be the kingdom of the Koulesch people, but the actual name of Kingdom of Palo is still unknown), while most inscriptions of the Kingdom of Palo was written in Seto Ka'palo, some of them were not and was actually written in a language related to Seto Ka'palo.

Word order

 * Basic Word order: Subject-Verb-Object
 * Adpositions are prepositions
 * The definite article precedes the noun it modifies; Adjectives, Numerals, Demonstratives, Possessors and Relative clauses follow the noun they modify.

Examples

 * lo hoim sitol lo pal - the crocodile kills/killed the person


 * lo pal sitol lo hoim - the person kills/killed the crocodile


 * lo hoimok sitole mo - the crocodiles would kill me


 * mo sitole lo hoimok - I would kill the crocodiles

=Kasambameng language= Kasambameng language(Kasambameng language: kasambameŋ setǫ) is the only surviving member of the Palo languages, it is spoken by the Kasambamek Peoople, also called the Houseboat Folk.

Kasambameng language is largely a spoken language, it is rarely written, the Kasambamek Peoople has only adopted a writing system based on the Roman script fairy recently and it still has no standard written form, most native speakers of Kasambameng language are illiterate in Kasambameng language, their native language, most Kasambamek Peoople write using the Koulesch language or other High German dialects of the 59th world(which are almost inidistinguishable from the Koulesch language) and almost all of the literature of Kasambameng language itself are oral literature.

Word order

 * Basic word order: Subject-Object-Verb(SOV)
 * Adpositions are postpositions

examples

 * xayę palamę xayǫ kahiŋǫ satalǫ - /ʃɑjɛ̃ pɑ'lɑmɛ̃ ʃɑjɔ̃ kɑ'hiŋɔ̃ sɑ'tɑlɔ̃/ - that man killed that crocodile


 * xayǫ kahiŋǫ xaye palame satalǫ - /ʃɑjɔ̃ kɑ'hiŋɔ̃ ʃɑjɛ pɑ'lɑmɛ sɑ'tɑlɔ̃/ - that man killed that crocodile

=Denpa languages= Denpa languages are a group of extinct and endangered languages once spoken throughout Denpaland, not much is known about them.

Seto Ka'palo and Denpa languages are the only indigenous languages of the 59th world that has ever been written, it is thought that the writing system of Denpa languages is inspired by that of Seto Ka'palo, and speakers of Denpa languages might directly adopted the system used for Seto Ka'palo, however, it is not known how many Denpa languages has been written, and it is likely that only one Denpa language has ever been written and recorded in its own (non-latin-derived) writing system, and most of the suspected inscriptions in Denpa languages are still undeciphered, this is partly due to the scarcity of the inscriptions and manuscripts, and the lack of possible related living languages, also, most of the inscriptions and manuscripts were deliberately or accidentally destroyed, it is said that some of them were destroyed by local christian churches, but most of them are in fact destroyed by local people, which led to the suspection that before the arrival of the High-German-speaking peoples, Denpa peoples were ruled by tyrants, and the rule of tyranny eventually led people to destroy anything related to the tyrannical rulers. The destruction of most inscriptions and manuscripts has further reduced the number of the already scarce Denpa inscriptions and manuscripts, and almost all surviving inscriptions and manuscripts are in a bad condition and most of them have lost or unidentifiable(there are many obscure, illegible alphabets in many inscriptions and manuscripts) parts that increase the difficulty of deciphering. The excavation of graves doesn't help, either, as most graves had been robbed thoroughly before any archaeological excavation began, and many of them had also been deliberately destroyed.

It seems that all known denpa languages have an SOV word order and are postpositional, and it seems that Denpa languages does not related to Palo languages or Indo-European languages although it seems that there are some loanwords from some Denpa languages in High German dialects spoken in Denpaland and in the Kasambameng language.

Recently, some linguistics claimed that a language/dialect spoken by a group of herders of north Sandland and south Denpaland, once thought to be a High German dialect of Sandland, is likely to be actually the last remnant of the Danpa languages, as its grammatical structure and many of its basic words are not consistent with a germanic language, but to confirm or deny such a claim, more researches should be taken out, and the language/dialect that is likely to be the last remnant of the Danpa languages has since gained the name "Die Hirtszunge fon Sandland".

=Nordlandish= Nordlandish(Nordlandish: Norðlandska) is a north germanic (constructed) language, Spoken in the Nordland region (of the 59th world), it is similar to Icelandic and Faroese of our world, and it also bears similarities to Old Norse.

The use of Nordlandish is robust, most Nordlanders speak Nordlandish as their native language, schools in Nordland use and teach Nordlandish, and there are newspapers and radio stations use Nordlandish.

Example

 * eg sjá þig /ɛc 'sjo: tʰɪc/ - I see you
 * þar sá eg þig /tʰa:r 'so: ɛc tʰɪc/ - I saw you there
 * hann gerði þat /han 'ɟɛrdɪ tʰat/ - he did it.
 * eg er þessa lands konungurinn /ɛc ɛr 'tʰɛs:a 'lants 'kʰo:nʊŋgʊrɪn/ - I am the king of this land.
 * talar þú Norðlandska? /'tʰa:lar tʰʏ 'nɔrtlantska/ - do you speak Nordlandish?
 * eg tala Norðlandska ekki /ɛc 'tʰa:la 'nɔrtlantska 'ɛʰc:ɪ/ - I don't speak Nordlandish
 * þakka þær /'tʰaʰk:a tʰa:r/ - Thank you!(to single person)
 * þakka ykkur /'tʰak:a ɪʰc:ʊr/ - Thank you!(to multiple person or in formal situation)
 * þú ert at lesa bøkur /tʰʏ ɛrt at 'le:sa 'bø:kʊr/ - you are reading books