Luluvo

Luluwo is an ergative-absolutive language spoken in the Kingdom of Rushi. Centuries of standardization and vernacularization have led to the creation of a standard dialect, fusing features of regional dialects to form a mutually intelligible speech  that is used in government documents, TV shows, and literature.

Consonants
Affricates: /tʃ/, /dʒ/

Vowels
Monopthongs: /a/ /ɛ/ /i/ /ɔ/ /u/

Diphthongs: ai, ei, oi, au

Phonotactics
Consonantal onsets are optional, as are codas. Nuclei are mandatory. Diphthongs and codas generally do not co-occur in a syllable. Consonant clusters may not exist, although adjacent consonants between syllables are allowed. A voiced coda will devoice before a voiceless consonant in most cases. Two adjacent, identical consonants will lead to increased consonant length. Stress usually falls on the first syllable of a root.

Verbs
Verbs are conjugated according to three moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative), two voices (active and passive), two numbers (singular and plural), three persons (first, second, and third), and six tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect).

The three moods are: The six fused tense-aspects are:
 * indicative - indicates that something is a statement of reality or a fact
 * subjunctive - used in dependent clauses to discuss hypothetical or unlikely events, as well as to express emotion, opinion, wishes, polite requests, and necessity; also used in conditional sentences for both the conditions and consequences
 * imperative - used for orders and requests
 * present - expresses actions according at the time of speech


 * imperfect - expresses actions continuing in the past


 * future - expresses events occuring in the future


 * perfect - expresses actions that were completed by the present


 * pluperfect - expresses actions that were completed by a point in the past


 * future perfect - expresses actions that were completed by a point in the future

First Conjugation
Verbs of the first conjugation are typically transitive.

Imperative mood
The imperative forms are used regardless of tense. The second-person singular imperative has two forms, the standalone verb root or with the ending -ego. Thus, vashau ("I kill") can be either vash or vashego ("kill!").

Other forms
Verbs also have an infinitive, used for forming non-finite clauses. The infinitive ending -ifu is used; vashau ("I kill") thus becomes vashifu ("to kill").

Whereas nominative-accusative languages have a passive voice, Luluwo's primary method of valency reduction is the antipassive, which is done by removing the patient and promoting the ergative agent to the absolutive case. The verb is attached with the circumfix ip) (te. The antipassive verb approximately meaning "he kills" is thus ipvashite, from vashi ("he kills sth.").

Participles, gerunds...

Second Conjugation
Verbs of the second conjugation are typically intransitive.

Nouns
Luluwo nouns (as well as adjectives and articles) decline to two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and eight cases. The eight cases are:
 * absolutive - indicates patient of a transitive verb and subject of an intransitive verb; serves as the lemma, or citation form, of the noun
 * ergative - marks the agent of a transitive verb
 * dative - marks an indirect object or the recipient of an action
 * ablative - indicates movement away from something or the cause of the action
 * genitive - marks a noun as possessing another noun, or being the origin of something
 * locative - indicates location; often used alongside relational nouns
 * instrumental - indicates that the noun is the instrument or means by which an action is achieved or accomplished
 * allative - indicates motion towards the noun; also used with relational nouns

Declensions
Five declensions exist for all Luluo nouns, with the first and second declensions being the most common and the last (fifth) being the least. Singular and plural endings are indicated on either sides of a slash. Only the fifth declension does not possess a plural form.

Personal Pronouns
Pronouns decline to number and case. The first- and second-person pronouns do not decline for gender. However, the third-person pronouns are declined for gender. There is no neuter third-person pronoun, so the pronoun of any inanimate, non-human noun depends on its grammatical gender, i.e. a feminine noun would be referred to by cha in the absolutive case. Thus cho and cha can mean "he" and "she" respectively, as well as "it," depending on context.

The third-person pronouns:

Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used alongside reflexive verbs to express that the subject and object of a transitive verb are the same. A distinction is made between introverted reflexives (verbs that are inherently reflexive, e.g. "to wash (oneself), to perjure") and extroverted reflexives (verbs that are not usually reflexive but are used as such, e.g. "to kill oneself, to love oneself"). The pronoun ka is used for the introverted, whereas kale is used for the extroverted as well as to put emphasis on an inherent reflexive. Placed right after the subject in the same case, the pronoun kale is also used as an intensive pronoun.

Adjectives
Adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in number, gender, and case. The masculine and feminine forms of an adjective decline identically to the first and second declensions respectively. Adjectives generally follow the nouns they modify, as well as any definite articles.

Comparison
In addition to the positive form, adjectives also exist in the comparative and superlative, which are similarly declined for number, gender, and case. In sentences, the standard to which a comparison is being made has the same declension as the word it is being compared with. These sentences make use of the conjuction som ("than"), used in the format "X is comparative som Y," where Y is the standard. When comparing a part to a whole, the partitive genitive case is used.

Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They are indeclinable but may have comparative and superlative forms like adjectives.

Most adverbs are formed from adjectives by attaching the ending -i to the adjectival root. For example, adaju ("quick, fast"; feminine form: adaje) becomes adaji ("quickly"). The comparative and superlative forms of these adverbs are made by attaching -if (adajif, "more quickly") and -iji (adajiji, "most quickly") respectively to the original adjectival root.

Definite Article
Definite articles indicate that its noun is a particularly identifiable to the speaker because it is either uniquely specified or previously mentioned. A definite article comes after the noun it modifies and before any adjectives or other determiners, but may, on occasion, precede the noun in poetic language. It is declined according to the noun. Essentially, the singular masculine and feminine forms are declined according to the first and second declensions respectively, while the plural forms are declined according to the third and fourth declensions. All of the plural and some singular forms underwent a phonological process of epenthesis, due to the rule that consonant clusters may not exist. Thus, an i- was added to the front (*shlu -> ishlu).

Indefinite Article
The partitive article is the same as the plural indefinite article. The singular indefinite article is equivalent to the numeral one.... (to be continued)

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

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