Nureki

General Information
Nureki, (Nureki: norakçı ; Tajik: Норакӣ, Norakī), is a turkic language taking root in Sogdia along side the local Sogdian and Tajik languages. It comes primarily from Old Turkish and Farsi loans. Reletively recently, Russia loans began appearing mainly for recent advancements such as the computer or the nuclear bomb. Nureki is a highly agglutinative language using many suffixes to express grammatical relationships. Another feature of Nureki is the creation of new verbs by attaching a root to the verb (such as attaching prepositions to verb roots in French).

Allophony and Morphophonology
[l~ɫ] works like Russian: [ɫ] is usually everywhere except before palatal vowels where it becomes [l].

Vowel harmony occurs with every word (see Vowel Harmony and Ğ)

/l/ becomes /ğ/ before another consonant.

Vowels
Diphthongs: {aɪ̯ eɪ̯ eʏ̯}

Vowel Harmony and Ğ
Nureki features a slightly irregular and mandatory vowel harmony which matches front/back vowels. The system works head-initially where the vowel in the syllable following the one of the static vowel will change front/backness to agree (for example, -lar/-ler: hööt, tree, has a front vowel. So, when the plural marker is attached, it takes a front vowel: höötler, trees. To compare, dokat, nine, has a back vowel. So, the opposite happens and the collective marker takes a back vowel: dokatlar, nines).

These are the relationships: ''(*) This is a rounding changing which applies rarely in certain suffixes in the same fashion as the front/back change. The vowel that will change will agree to the roundness of the preceding syllable's vowel's roundness  and  front/backness. For exmaple, the collective suffix,'' -ağ. This suffix can be the following: -ağ, -eğ, -oğ, -öğ. Note the following: oğr, fortune/luck, becomes oğroğ; daş, spider, becomes daşağ; çerig, army, becomes çeriğeğ.

Writing System
There are two alphabets: the old, Soviet-era Cyrillic one and the newer, pan-turkic Latin one. Gradually, but surely, the Latin variant is overtaking the Cyrillic one therefore the article will be written with the Latin one.

Cyrillic А, Б , Г , Д , Е , Ё , З , И , Й , К , Л , М , Н , О , П , Р , С , Т , У , Ў , Х , Ч , Ђ , Ш , Ы , Ю { a, b , g , d , e , ø , z , i , j , k , l~ɫ , m , n , o , p , r , s , t , u , w , h , tʃ , dʒ , ʃ , ɯ , y }

Long vowels recieve a macron. When the Soviet alphabet was used, the sound /q/ hadn't developed yet, so to represent this phoneme, the most common symbol is къ or қ.

Latin A, B , C , Ç , D , E , G , Ğ , H , İ , I , K , L , M , N , O , Ö , P , Q , R , S , Ş , T , U , Ŭ , W , Y , Z { a , b , dʒ , tʃ , d , e , g , ~ , h , i , ɯ , k , l~ɫ , m , n , o , ø , p , q , r , s , ʃ , t , u , y , w , j , z }

Ğ ğ is a special letter with no clear value. Instead, it is a sort of auxiliary letter to mark diphthongs on certain letters. They include: Any other combination however is silent such as between vowels or after a vowel not listed above. Long vowels a written doubly.
 * Ağ ağ - [aɪ̯]
 * Eğ eğ - [eɪ̯]
 * Oğ oğ - [oʊ̯]
 * Öğ öğ - [ɵʏ̯]

Nouns
Nouns do not decline to anything. Instead, they are a root with various suffixes put thereon and compound verbs.

Order of Morphemes
fill in later

But, as a sketch, it'll be: plurality, case, possession

Case
There are 8 cases. All cases come directly from Old Turkic. Cases fuse with suffixes of possession (although, most are simply suffixes on suffixes). None of these suffixes are applied to the roundness change, except with a few exceptions.

In the table, each case will be shown with its potentially fused suffix of possession.

Plurality
There are two numbers: singular and plural. Singular is unmarked, and the plural takes the suffix __ (agrees with the vowel harmony). The plural form also happens to be a formality marker when speaking to people of high authority where it would be attached to the appropriate word (for example, the word bodşa, king, would take the pseudo-plural formal marker, becoming bodşa, when used as a vocative or addressing a monarch in anyway).

Some nouns can be "collective" which is equivalent to Germanic "mass" nouns. This is indicated by the suffix -ağ. This suffix is better explained under Vowel Harmony.

Possession
These suffixes indicate possession or relationship of the word attached thereto. There is a cetain sandhi with singular number suffixes. After vowels or ğ, the suffixes does not take a vowel. For example, tenırı > tenırı-m but gır > gır-ım. This is similar to the 3rd person suffix: tenırı > tenırı-sı but gır > gır-ı. The 3rd person plural suffix follows the same patter as the collective suffix -ağ (information under Vowel Harmony).

Adjectives
Adjectives are much looser than in English or romance languages where often times, an adjective can equally be a noun. When a possessive suffix is put thereon, the adjective represents the quality of the owner. Adjectives themselves can also be suffixed after a fully suffixed verb as an adverb.

However, a given noun can be clarified as an adjective with the suffix -lıg.

Adjunct / Adverb
A noun or postposition is put into the instrumental case when it functions as an adjunct (adverb to a noun). A noun, postposition, or adjective receives the suffix -ti.

I want to digest

Derivatives and Suffixes
''Those with an asterisk are applicable to adjectives as well. Those with two asterisks are only for adjectives.'' The first diminutive is used solely with the first person possessive suffixes, -(i/ı)m, to show a sense of the endearment of the object by the speaker. (anaçım = my [dearest] mom; güdegüçim = my [dearest] son-in-law). The second diminutive which is used to give a sense of smallness or belittlement to the object by the speaker. (tag mountain > tağkine hill ; or city > orkine small, trade/farm town)
 * -(i)ç
 * -kine

In English (loose): -y/-ie/-ey

Only used with adjectives, it means "similar to." (ağtunlı golden > ağtunlısığ gilded ; yaşlı old/aged > yaşlısığ aged-esuqe / elden-like)
 * -siğ

In English: -like, -esque, -ish

An honorific that is applied to white-collar-esque people and soldier (such as a merchant, a soldier, a business) as a form of respect, signigaling that they have honor. (serböz soldier > serbözeyüt honorable veteran)
 * -ayut

Someone who is a follower of something, usually a religion. In English: -ist, -ian
 * -daş

It is used to name a language, an national group, or a profession.
 * -çi*

In English: -ian, -ese, -ish; -er, -or Can be applied to both nouns and adjectives although meaning different things. When attached to nouns, it means, in essence, "without" or "a lack of." However, when attached to an adjective, it negates the quality of the adjective. (çeriide in an army > çeriidesiz without being in an army ; ağtunlı golden > ağtunlısız not-golden) Only put on certain nouns and adjectives which are gendered to represent the feminine form of that noun (e.g. dirni, god > dirnim, goddess)
 * -siz
 * -(i/ü/ı/u)m

---157---

Personal Pronouns

 * 1st and 2nd


 * 3rd and Determiner

Conjugation
The conjugation of a verb is done through various suffixes (as with nouns). BASE.non-finite marker.mood-voice-tense-person/number Item: positive morpheme, negative morpheme; a dash, /, indicates before vowel/before consonant
 * Mood:
 * Indicative: -∅-
 * Potential: u- 
 * Continuous: ir-
 * Voice
 * Active: -∅-
 * Passive: -il-/-iğ-   (*potential passive: üül-/üüğ-)
 * Tense
 * Present: -∅-, -m(a)-
 * Perfect: -miş-, -madok-/-madoq-
 * Future: -eğ-/-ağ-, -maçı-
 * Conditional: -sar-, -mazar-
 * Person/Number
 * Non-volitional
 * 1st sing.: -(i)m
 * 2nd sing.: -(i)n
 * 3rd sing.: -(s)i
 * 1st plur.: -(i)miz
 * 2nd plur.: -(i)niz
 * 3rd plur.: -(s)iler / -(s)ılar
 * Volitional
 * 1st sing.: -eğm / -ağm
 * 2nd sing.: -eğn / -ağn
 * 3rd sing.: -zun
 * 1st plur.: -(a)lım
 * 2nd plur.: -(a)lın
 * 3rd plur.: -zunlar
 * Infinitive / Participle: -ğalı
 * Converb (i.e., gerund): -maq

Copulae and Auxillaries
The simple copula (as in, the copula presenting equals: "he is happy", "that is a tree", "we are here") is er-. It is placed before nouns as a sort of prefix ("It is a tree" = an er -hööt).

The "place-holder subject" (i.e., "there is" / "there are") is bar-, positive, or yek-, negative.

The epistemic auxillary is bol-/boğ-.

Clitics and Particles
The vowel of the head noun affects the vowel of the clitic/particle.
 * aq : emphatic particle ; before the head
 * caq : "just", "exactly", "right" ; it functions as a pseudo-definite article, but can be placed on any part of speech ; before the head
 * -mu : interrogative particle (although, it can be treated as a suffix on verbs; then it will be placed at the very end of the complete conjugated verb) ; after / suffixed to the head
 * gen / gın : functions like cak but for temporal adverbs ; before the head
 * en : makes a superlative ; before the head
 * amıtın : emphasizes a comparative ; before the head, the head is always a postposition
 * ici / ıdı : emphasizes a nominal/temporal negative (like "never", "nothing", "no where") ; before the head
 * nen : emphasizes a qualitative/quantitative negative (like "not any", "neither") ; before the head

Sound Changes
Key: V - vowel | C - consonant | $ - syllable | f - front vowels | b - back vowel | B - labial consonant | % - around (ie. before or after) | A - alveolar | Y - palatal consonant, [j], [i], or [g] | Ä - {e/æ ɑ} | Ö - {ø o} | Ü - {y u} | Ï - {i ɯ} | V↓ - falling diphthong | f - front consonant h > Ø j > dʒ / #_ b > w / _#, _C V[+round] > V[-round] / _{k ɲ tʃ} V[-round] > V[+round] / B_ V[-round] > V[+round] / $̀[+round]_ V[+round] > V[-round] / $̀[-round]_ ∅ > ɯ / #_{r tʃ p} ∅ > ɯ / C_r {m v n} > {b b d} / #_ {e ø o æ} > {i y u i} / $́_, Ɵ́ {a ɯ o u} > {æ i ø y} / _Y {k g ŋ} > {tʃ dʒ n} / A_ {ɲ ŋ} > n ; ɲ > jn / b́_ b > v / V_V VCV̀CV > VCCV Cr > rC {k g}ʃ > ʃ{k g} l > ɣ / _C, _# g > ɣ æ > e {p t k tʃ} > {b d g dʒ} / #_ {ɣ v} > ∅ / V_V s > h / #_ {ó ú ɯ́} > g{ó ú ɯ́} / #_ {Ö Ü}w > {Ö Ü}: ÖÜ > Ü: Vɣ > V↓ k > q / $b_#, b_C > tʃ / $f_# Notes :

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
 * 1) /ä~a/ becomes /œ~o/ when rounded
 * 2) /o/ becomes /ɑ/ when unrounded
 * 3) Falling diphthong
 * 4) {i e} > eɪ
 * 5) {y ø} > ɵʏ
 * 6) {ɯ u} > {ɯ u} (do not change)
 * 7) o > oʊ
 * 8) a > aɪ

Best reasource: http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/turks/Erdal_OTG.pdf (149)

My understanding of his notation:

/ä ï ü ö a/ > {æ ɯ y ø ɑ}

/č ŋ y ñ š/ > {tʃ ŋ j ɲ ʃ}

Example words
 * alkış - applause
 * al - red
 * alın - forehead
 * agrı - pain
 * az - not much/many
 * tag - mountain
 * taş - stone
 * yag - oil, fat, grease
 * kız - girl
 * boş - empty, free
 * ur - to hit, pound, beat
 * örümçek - spider
 * yüz - hundred
 * sıŋar - deaf
 * tut - hold
 * töri - to be born, arise, spring up
 * töz - root, origin, foundation
 * teŋri - God of the blue sky
 * taban - sole, foot
 * topur - to dry out
 * yaş - age
 * ogur - luck, fortune
 * unıt - forget
 * çerig - army
 * öl - to die, kill
 * çiçek - flower
 * üstin - up, top
 * üze - above, over
 * şiş - skewer
 * çıpık - branch
 * or - city
 * kut - holy, fortune
 * süt - milk
 * uz - to make, to be able to
 * sıgır - cattle
 * yat - to bend, incline, lie
 * yaŋı - new
 * siŋür - digest
 * tat - taste
 * ut - win
 * elig - hand
 * alaŋ - area
 * udu - following, after
 * büt - to come to an end, be perfected
 * buzagu - calf
 * bulıt - cloud
 * tık - to stuff
 * tik - to erect
 * sık - to squeeze
 * kır - mountain
 * kir - filth
 * ırk - omen
 * irk - ram
 * -lig - adjective
 * -kiña - endearment to children and object
 * -iç - endearment for family
 * -iš - cooperation/vying
 * -ka - dative
 * -lar - plural
 * ber - to give
 * -ma - negative
 * -sig - diminutive
 * -siz - privative
 * -kiña - locative
 * -ça - instrumental
 * karı - old, to get old
 * tariŋ - deep
 * agri - bent
 * -siz - without
 * -sig / -dam - "similar to" or "trying to be like" the noun
 * -agut - profession
 * kolo - moment
 * köŋül - spirit
 * kövdöŋ - body
 * ordo - army camp
 * oron - place
 * orto - middle
 * osog - manner
 * öŋöç - larynx
 * sögöt - tree
 * toko - belt buckle
 * tokoz - nine
 * töpö - hill, top
 * törö - teaching
 * yogon - thick
 * yogto - mane
 * odog - awake
 * ogol - son
 * bodo- - to paint, copy
 * olor- - to sit
 * odon- - to wake up, be awake
 * topol- - to pierce
 * altun - gold
 * küdägü - son-in-law
 * -mati - gerund