Umbrean

=Setting= Umbrean is spoken in The Union of Confederated Umbrean Republican States, aka UCURS or Umbrean Confederacy, but is one of the major languages on Verus. It is set in a steampunk fantasy world.

General Information
Umbrean is a verb based language, i.e. there are no adjectives and almost all other words are derived from their closest related verb, though some are stand alone nouns (but they are rare). The sentence structure of Umbrean is SOV, it is an agglutinating and isolating language in which both shift depending on what category of things one deals with, but it is consistent in that Category.

Single Letters
Umbrean alphabets sounds like this.

Vowels
Pronounciation of Umbrean Alphabet

Phonotactics

 * 1) Plosive
 * 2) Before a vowel, Pa
 * 3) Glottal
 * 4) Alone between vowels
 * 5) Nasal
 * 6) Before Plosives
 * 7) Approximant
 * 8) Never infront or after fricatives
 * 9) LateralApproximant
 * 10) After or before Nasal
 * 11) Before Plosive
 * 12) After Fricatives
 * 13) Fricative
 * 14) After vowels
 * W
 * 1) After other consonants
 * 2) Not after voiced fricatives
 * 3) Not after glotal
 * 4) Vowels
 * 5) If two identical vowels were to occure togather a glottal is yet again placed between them
 * 6) Upon 3 vowels combining togather a glottal stop is placed between the first two in the triplet

=Basic Grammar=

Verbs
Umbrean is very regular in its language except for very few verbs (mostly the verb "to be")

Verbal structure, bold isn't always present:
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 * Voice/Mood-Modality
 * Verb-Comperative-Instrumental-Evidentiality-Negation-Person
 * Tense/Aspect-Declension
 * }

Tense and Aspect
Tense and aspect is combined into one word which is placed after the verb

Voices-Mood
in Umbrean voice and mood is combined into one word that is placed infront of the verb, the "Dig", Active voice imperative mood word, only occures whenever the voice-mood shall have a suffix onto it
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!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !colspan="3"|Voice !Active !Passive !Middle !rowspan="7"|Mood !Indicative !Imperative !Hypothetical !Potensial !Dubitative !Interrogative !Conditional
 * (Div')
 * Xry*a
 * Wy
 * Bãf
 * Qwök
 * Ak
 * Cãn
 * Mual
 * Nim
 * Heñ
 * Xaj
 * Waf
 * Mim
 * Z'yxr
 * Sur
 * Twej
 * Tyq
 * Ñac
 * Xryf
 * Gyz
 * Myl
 * }


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!colspan="1"|Mood !colspan="1"|Description !colspan="1"|Example !Indicative !Imperative !Hypothetical !Potensial !Dubitative !Interrogative !Conditional
 * It is factually.
 * "I walked to my job"
 * Statement, Demanding
 * "Lets go!"
 * It is hypothetical
 * "You could have walked to your job"
 * It is likely
 * "I will probably go there"
 * It is uncertain/doubtful
 * "I doubt you walked to your job"
 * Its a question
 * "Did you walk to your job?"
 * Its a condition
 * "I would walk to your job....."
 * }

Evidentiality
To show the evidentiality of a verb one adds these suffixes to the verb root, if left out its assumed or one think it happened
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!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Evidence !colspan="1"|Suffix !colspan="1"|Example !rowspan="2"|None-witness !Second Hand !Others, quotation, saying !rowspan="3"|Witness !Visual !None-Visual !Inferential
 * -höj
 * He did it, i heard it from the witness
 * -i*e
 * He did it, i heard it from the person who heard it from the witness
 * -two*a
 * He did it, i saw it myself
 * -afe
 * He did it, i sensed it
 * -go
 * He did it, all evidence points to it
 * }

Instrumental applicative
Verbs can be said how they are done between chaotic and orderly, forced or willingly

Comperative/Intensifier
One can use these to say one did a verb to a further extent
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! !Larger/Greater !Smaller/Lesser !Base !Comparative 1 !Comparative 2 !Comparative 3 !Superlative
 * -e*o
 * -api
 * -efá
 * -ufla
 * -akon
 * -oly
 * -onqi
 * -y*a
 * }

Verb Agreement
Umbrean verbs agrees according to the person and number in subject, direct object and indirect object by adding an ending which has its meaning.

[Intransitive/Ergative-Accusative]-Dative

Negation
Negation of verbs are done by adding the suffix -aöm

Gerund
A gerund is formed by replacing the last syllable in the verb by the one below, if the verb is a one syllable word it is added to the end instead and is after that treated as a perfect noun if its alone or standarized verb if using an object
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! Gender ! Syllables = 1 ! Syllable > 1 ! Magical ! Living ! Artificial ! None-Moving
 * -ña
 * -ela
 * -(i)ru
 * -óctwu
 * -avny
 * -pay
 * -qwó
 * -leo
 * }

Participles
Participles comes in 2 shapes all get the endings added from the list below to turn them from the verb form but differ slightly A participle MUST agree in gender with the noun it is replacing or modifying. An additional category exists that represents people unlike other living beings.
 * 1) Attributive: Gains the participles suffix and is then declined like an adjectve (The Verbing Noun, The burning car)
 * 2) Substantive: Gains the participles suffix but is then also added noun declension to match their position as a noun (The one who verbed, The one who ate)

Person

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! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -amu || -anu || -alcóu
 * -ñu ||  -aku  ||-dwau
 * -adwau ||  -diu  ||-twiu
 * -aliu ||  -avneu  ||-acpou
 * -káu ||  -anmáu  ||-es'u
 * -xöu ||  -ökcu  ||-xröu
 * -ámlöu ||  -alpeu  ||-owiu
 * -noju ||  -vóu  ||-ru
 * -tou ||  -góju  ||-ofu
 * -ojnu ||  -qau  ||-qwau
 * -öñleu ||  -jöu  ||-bö*iu
 * -öcu ||  -uldiu  ||-ulnau
 * }

Magic

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! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -jöa || -póa || -nia
 * -zya ||  -a'za  ||-gáxwia
 * -v'öa ||  -ra  ||-tañlöa
 * -ijbia ||  -zöa  ||-uháa
 * -rölmoa ||  -ixwua  ||-záxa
 * -ukwia ||  -taña  ||-xrya
 * -órwáa ||  -só*óa  ||-dwya
 * -vua ||  -zia  ||-us'a
 * -ta ||  -oclua  ||-óqua
 * -azwia ||  -gia  ||-sóa
 * -röra ||  -ingea  ||-öhia
 * -amqoa ||  -xyxa  ||-yctia
 * }

Living

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! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -dwojniu || -cöu || -ulciu
 * -z'áu ||  -rou  ||-yñlau
 * -twinu ||  -áktiu  ||-ócxóu
 * -ómlu ||  -pynlu  ||-co*iu
 * -ñocu ||  -kólmeu  ||-otu
 * -jonliu ||  -uxniu  ||-v'yu
 * -cynmau ||  -öjtau  ||-vódwiu
 * -ñöu ||  -toxmiu  ||-ujnau
 * -caxwáu ||  -twosmiu  ||-ólneu
 * -hyu ||  -opiu  ||-zou
 * -ynu ||  -biu  ||-s'u
 * -rónu ||  -hau  ||-öjtwiu
 * }

Artificial

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! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -árwiy || -áy || -s'óy
 * -nölcay ||  -qway  ||-ombey
 * -öcnay ||  -daby  ||-diy
 * -cay ||  -námy  ||-nölciy
 * -palcey ||  -kosy  ||-o*iy
 * -piy ||  -ñy  ||-votay
 * -móy ||  -mi*ay  ||-axwóy
 * -góms'óy ||  -nyntiy  ||-yrnay
 * -öv'nay ||  -tway  ||-zo*óy
 * -xröy ||  -ödwiy  ||-alcay
 * -zusy ||  -imlay  ||-az'y
 * -cáy ||  -qöy  ||-bölqwiy
 * }

Non-Moving

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! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -tuó || -öhaó || -umó
 * -váó ||  -nyldwió  ||-wynó
 * -anmió ||  -ykwaó  ||-oñó
 * -yrzió ||  -axwaó  ||-olmeó
 * -ñomlió ||  -avcaó  ||-twaó
 * -jöó ||  -xöqwió  ||-numlaó
 * -aó ||  -ófó  ||-zojtió
 * -coró ||  -myó  ||-ymtió
 * -cómó ||  -ölcaó  ||-ukwaó
 * -onvaó ||  -undió  ||-ö*ió
 * -zyswió ||  -ajtwaó  ||-dwyqwió
 * -v'öó ||  -kyndaó  ||-qumdáó
 * }

Infinitive
infitive form is simply the base of the verb

Genders
Umbrean genders include None-moving, Living, Mechanical and Magical
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!Gender !Description !Example !None-Moving !Living !Mechanical !Magical
 * Things that cant by own force in anyway move
 * Stone, Wall, House
 * Objects that are alive
 * Animal, Fish, Human
 * Machines, electronics etc
 * Steam engine, Train
 * Things that moves seemignly without a cause
 * Moon, Fire, Wind, Air, Sun
 * }

Cases
Umbrean have 4 cases, Ergative, Intransitive, Accusative, Dative
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!Case !Desription: !Ergative !Accusative !Intransitive !Dative Case
 * The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages
 * The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used to defined the indirect object of a bitransitive verb
 * }

Declension table
Umbrean nouns are declinsioned according to if they are defined or undefined, which case they are, which gender and if its singular, puacal and plural according to this table if they are regular


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Name !Amount !Singular !Puacal !Plural
 * 1
 * 2-6
 * 6&lt;
 * }
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!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !colspan="4"|Singular !colspan="4"|Puacal !colspan="4"|Plural !colspan="1"|Ergative !colspan="1"|Accusative !colspan="1"|Intransitive !colspan="1"|Dative !colspan="1"|Ergative !colspan="1"|Accusative !colspan="1"|Intransitive !colspan="1"|Dative !colspan="1"|Ergative !colspan="1"|Accusative !colspan="1"|Intransitive !colspan="1"|Dative !rowspan="2"|None-Moving !Undefined !Defined !rowspan="2"|Living !Undefined !Defined !rowspan="2"|Mechanical !Undefined !Defined !rowspan="2"|Magical !Undefined !Defined
 * -ós
 * -óqwa
 * -ól
 * -óq
 * -fo
 * -vló
 * -ól
 * -ole
 * -óke
 * -óv
 * -ló
 * -o'wó
 * -só
 * -qó
 * -oló
 * -óqol
 * -ofa
 * -óvi
 * -onló
 * -óli
 * -ovló
 * -gi
 * -óal
 * -oel
 * -us'
 * -uv
 * -ul
 * -au
 * -uxe
 * -ux
 * -uv
 * -uwó
 * -ul
 * -uf
 * -ur
 * -uc
 * -qu
 * -qwu
 * -lu
 * -ilu
 * -xu
 * -xro
 * -uly
 * -fi
 * -lo
 * -ro
 * -ure
 * -ucu
 * -yl
 * -yc
 * -yk
 * -ye
 * -qy
 * -qy
 * -ry
 * -fy
 * -yl
 * -y*a
 * -ñy
 * -ry
 * -yv
 * -yvo
 * -yv'o
 * -yv'
 * -yry
 * -ylqa
 * -yp
 * -ypa
 * -xy
 * -py
 * -yñy
 * -yly
 * -aó
 * -alu
 * -la
 * -ac
 * -do
 * -dwo
 * -ca
 * -óma
 * -do
 * -óda
 * -oma
 * -oca
 * -na
 * -ña
 * -ana
 * -ca
 * -da

-dia
 * -ócla
 * -jo
 * -wa
 * -ida
 * -jo
 * -jo
 * }

Numbers
A thing to keep in mind is this language is base-12 based

Adjective
Adjectives are genderless in their original form as a rule and acquire a gender to agree with the noun they modify. They also agree with wether the noun is defined or undefined and the number while person is irrelevant, when used in a copula to form "i/you/he/she/it/they/we/you am/are/is X" one adds the right number noun declension form but in undefined form

Adjectives are placed infront of the noun they modify


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! colspan = 7 | Base ! rowspan=2 |Gender ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Puacal ! colspan=2 | Plural !Undefined !Defined !Undefined !Defined !Undefined !Defined ! None-Moving ! Living ! Mechanical ! Magical
 * -óv'
 * -oli
 * -óv'i
 * -enlo
 * -ófió
 * -alió
 * -uvö
 * -ydwa
 * -is'u
 * -mia
 * -twiö
 * -midwa
 * -yka
 * -yña
 * -ube
 * -nilu
 * -ca
 * -z'ö
 * -ac
 * -acda
 * -idö
 * -ölpi
 * -ni*öa
 * -cipo
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan = 7 | Comperative ! rowspan=2 |Gender ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Puacal ! colspan=2 | Plural !Undefined !Defined !Undefined !Defined !Undefined !Defined ! None-Moving ! Living ! Mechanical ! Magical
 * -idwo
 * -upa
 * -ó*a
 * -nic
 * -ömni
 * -twe
 * -z'u
 * -i'sa
 * -ñia
 * -dunu
 * -is'a
 * -ipo
 * -ons'a
 * -ñi
 * -twic
 * -yö
 * -om
 * -qox
 * -öz'u
 * -áyf
 * -ry
 * -cá
 * -joón
 * -yz'
 * }


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! colspan = 7 | Superlative ! rowspan=2 |Gender ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Puacal ! colspan=2 | Plural !Undefined !Defined !Undefined !Defined !Undefined !Defined ! None-Moving ! Living ! Mechanical ! Magical
 * -töu
 * -wöyc
 * -söóm
 * -ox'yc
 * -y*á
 * -gok
 * -öwyñ
 * -záym
 * -twác
 * -sov
 * -cyn
 * -xroj
 * -qwo
 * -ryc
 * -cöswö
 * -ájñó
 * -xön
 * -öáñ
 * -zyc
 * -toc
 * -myj
 * -ákwás'
 * -z'ym
 * -hol
 * }

Personal Pronouns
Umbrean have many persinal pronouns for various situations and the choice is critical in conversation as wrong choice can be considered an insult.
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!rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Case !colspan="3"|Ergative !colspan="3"|Accusative !colspan="3"|Intransitive !colspan="3"|Dative !rowspan="1"|sg. !rowspan="1"|pc. !rowspan="1"|pl. !rowspan="1"|sg. !rowspan="1"|pc. !rowspan="1"|pl. !rowspan="1"|sg. !rowspan="1"|pc. !rowspan="1"|pl. !rowspan="1"|sg. !rowspan="1"|pc. !rowspan="1"|pl. !colspan="3"|1st !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|2nd !style="font-size: x-small;"|Other !style="font-size: x-small;"|Wise !rowspan="6"|3rd !rowspan="3"|Proximate !style="font-size: x-small;"|Object !style="font-size: x-small;"|Living !style="font-size: x-small;"|Person !rowspan="3"|Obviative !style="font-size: x-small;"|Object !style="font-size: x-small;"|Living !style="font-size: x-small;"|Person
 * Pöj
 * Fác
 * Ñöj
 * Öm
 * Cö
 * Dwy
 * Pel
 * Fóx
 * Cöv
 * Dalo
 * Liqwe
 * Myja
 * X'i
 * Zyn
 * Kyc
 * Zöñ
 * Twa
 * Nyj
 * Xi
 * Z'uv
 * Kac
 * Rilo
 * Modwa
 * Ilio
 * Qwoc
 * V'on
 * Hó
 * Mol
 * Dwön
 * Twif
 * Qwa
 * Vev
 * Hóm
 * Mocla
 * Twola
 * Ivila
 * Qwyñ
 * Vu
 * Boj
 * Mu
 * Dwix'
 * Xá
 * Qwil
 * Va
 * Boj
 * Foi
 * V'o*a
 * Öjla
 * Rys'
 * Dwó
 * Jom
 * Dwi
 * V'yj
 * Wo
 * Ryl
 * Dás
 * Jul
 * Yxra
 * Wóxi
 * Hycö
 * Röc
 * Wám
 * S'yj
 * Lixr
 * Ryn
 * Doc
 * Rañ
 * Wer
 * Syj
 * Zönja
 * Twoje
 * Defa
 * Qwacyñ
 * Vcylu
 * Bacyj
 * Mylu
 * Dacyli
 * Xalá
 * Qwalil
 * Vyla
 * Bayoj
 * Foacyli
 * V'oacla
 * Öjlyla
 * Racys'
 * Dwacó
 * Jylom
 * Dwali
 * V'yl
 * Wylo
 * Rul
 * Dacás
 * Jacyl
 * Yxraca
 * Wóxyli
 * Hycylö
 * Raclöc
 * Wacám
 * S'acyl
 * Lalixr
 * Racyn
 * Dayloc
 * Raylañ
 * Wacyler
 * Sañlyj
 * Zöña
 * Twoace
 * Defyla
 * }

Obviative
Obviative is used to mark the less important thing in an sentence.

For example if one speaks of two men, Josef and Carl. Wishing to say for "Josef pushed Carl, after that he punched him" the later sentence lacks specification as both pronouns may apply to either Josef of carl, One would add or have the part representing Carl obviative as he is the least important of the two as josef is the one doing the actions.

Obviative is marked with the infix "-(a)cyl-" wiich is placed before the last vowel on the stem

Reflexive
Reflexive is gotten by using the middle voice

Genitive
Umbrean do not have a genetive case but a postposition is instead. It is done im a simular manner to spanish which says like "House of jacob" though in umbrean the "of" word is placed behind jacob and becomes "House jacob of" translated of course

Correlatives

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!colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !rowspan="2"|Interrogative !colspan="3"|Demonstrative !colspan="5"|Quantifier !Proximal !Semi-distal !Distal !Existential !Elective !Universal !Negative !colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Determinal !Living Widus' (Erg) Widuv (Acc) Widul (Int) Widau (Dat) Niñ (pc) Nef (pl) X'ö (pc) Xeu (pl) V'em (pc) Va (pl) !Magical Ömalu (Acc) Ömla (Int) Ömac (Dat) Tix' (pc) Tes (pl) Max' (pc) Mös (pl) Lix' (pc) Lys (pl) !None-Moving Xróqwa (Acc) Xról (Int) Xróq (Dat) Jok (pc) Löz' (pl) Hal (pc) Höxr (pl) Vil (pc) Vypa (pl) !Mechanical Ocu (pc) Önxa (pl) Fav'o (pc) Fio (pl) Diwo (pc) Dyr (pl) !rowspan="9"|Pronoun !rowspan="7"|One of !Sapient Dialu (Acc) Dila (Int) Diala (Dat) here (pc) husio (pl) sör (pc) sos (pl) xrör (pc) xrys (pl) !Living Afus (Erg) Afuv (Acc) Aful (Int) Afau (Dat) Xe'l (pc) Xuz (pl) lytwa (pc) Lós (pl) Zul (pc) Zyz (pl) !Magical Alqalu (Acc) Alqala (Int) Alqac (Dat) Tego (pc) Tun (pl) Röm (pc) Ron (pl) Ludwó (pc) Lyn (pl) !Information !Artificial Adey (Acc) Adeyk (Int) Adeye (Dat) wóek (pc) wouv (pl) vödo (pc) vodwa (pl) föc (pc) v'yf (pl) !Non-Moving Me'x (pc) Mul (pl) Qwör (pc) Qol (pl) Ñu'x (pc) Ñyl (pl) !colspan="2"|Out of few Diadwo (Acc) Niao (Int) Lidwa (Dat) !colspan="2"|Out of many Sof (Acc) Zõfs (Int) Fiö (Dat) !colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Pro-Adverbs !Location Beg (Acc) Mia (Int) Fialó (Dat) Lefóqwa (Acc) Lefól (Int) Lefóq (Dat)
 * Nyz' (sg)
 * Xóu (sg)
 * V'ym (sg)
 * rowspan="2"| -piñ
 * rowspan="4"| -oca
 * -efö
 * -óca
 * Ömao (Erg)
 * Tyv (sg)
 * Móv (sg)
 * Luv (sg)
 * rowspan="3"| -wep
 * rowspan="2"| -dyl
 * rowspan="2"|Xrós (Erg)
 * Jöz (sg)
 * Hóv (sg)
 * Vuv' (sg)
 * -dóok
 * Onxu (sg)
 * Fól (sg)
 * Duk (sg)
 * -wil
 * -laxr
 * Diao (Erg)
 * hótwa (sg)
 * sy't (sg)
 * xrác (sg)
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Xóm (sg)
 * Lynma (sg)
 * Zát (sg)
 * Alqaó (Erg)
 * Tóv (sg)
 * Ryv (sg)
 * Láv (sg)
 * Dás
 * Fil
 * Woil
 * Woil
 * rowspan="2"|Adeyl (Erg)
 * woñ (sg)
 * vyñ (sg)
 * fáñ (sg)
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Mór (sg)
 * Qyr (sg)
 * Ñár (sg)
 * Vul (Erg)
 * rowspan="2"|Si'g
 * Dial
 * Yfs
 * rowspan="2"|Ky
 * rowspan="2"|Xrio
 * rowspan="2"|Eis
 * rowspan="2"|Aqwe
 * Zol (Erg)
 * Qef
 * Öf
 * Bam (Erg)
 * Lefós (Erg)

Reqwa (Acc) Reqól (Int) Reqo (Dat)
 * Reqós (Erg)

Diqwa (Acc) Divól (Int) Difóq (Dat)
 * Difós (Erg)

!New !New !Time Zilió (Acc) Sió (Int) Sop (Dat) Lyma (Acc) Lymla (Int) Lyma (Dat)
 * Zyd (Erg)
 * Lyma (Erg)

Dya (Acc) Dyla(Int) Dyqa (Dat)
 * Dya (Erg)

Xyl (Acc)
 * Xyl

Xyl (Int)

Xyla (Dat)

!Manner Woö (Acc) Fip (Int) Aqwe (Dat) Faxr (Erg)
 * Woak (Erg)

Vaxra (Acc)

Vaxawa (Int)

Vawa(Dat)

Lax (Erg)

Ladwa (Acc)

Lala (Int)

Laxac (Dat)

Xepa !Reason Tev (Acc) Tev' (Int) Tav' (Dat) Lav(Erg)
 * Tev (Erg)

Lavi(Acc)

La'vi(Int)

Dwado(Dat)

Lep(Erg)

Dwepa(Acc)

Nidi(Int)

Nidio(Dat)

Dev(Erg)

Dav(Acc)

Div(Int)

Dov(Dat)

!Quantity !colspan="3"|Pro-verb
 * Qumto
 * colspan="8"|Xryr
 * }

Postposition
Umbrean uses post position after the clause or word in question, "table on" "going out her with" and it is ended by noun declension that fits the meaning of it in the verb it takes on if it takes on any particular one


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Postposition !Meaning !Example
 * De
 * Of, ownership
 * Yx
 * Around, nearby
 * Ejnaf
 * Because, for the reason that
 * }
 * Ejnaf
 * Because, for the reason that
 * }
 * Because, for the reason that
 * }
 * }

Conjuctions
Connecting to parts is done like in english, X and Y, X or Y
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Conjunction !Umbrean
 * And
 * O
 * Or
 * La
 * }
 * La
 * }

Adverbs
Adverbs are split into 3 categories, those that modifies adjectives, those that modifies verbs and those that initiate a adverbial clause

Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by using adverbial endings isntead of adjectivial

Adjectival Adverbs
Adjectival adverbs modifies the adjective and agrees to it with gender and number


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 |Gender ! colspan=3 | Number ! Singular ! Puacal ! Plural ! Magic ! Living ! Non-moving ! Artificial
 * -ica
 * -óda
 * -ua
 * -u
 * -nu
 * -gu
 * -óa
 * -enmó
 * -dwo
 * -twiy
 * -ny
 * -yc
 * }

Verbal Adverbs
Verbal adverbs are adverbs used to describe how a verb is performed and agrees to its gender.


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Gender ! Ending ! Non-moving ! Living ! Magical ! Artificial
 * -i*aó
 * -nidu
 * -lia
 * -acy
 * }

Time Manner Place
Umbrean says things in the order of Time manner place rather than english Place Manner Time

Modality
Ways to form modality in a sentence in Umbrean compared to english

Unlike in english these dont differ relative to the tense in which they are used but the verbs tense tells what tense
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:left;"

!rowspan="1"|Name !width="75" colspan="1"|Method !width="120" colspan="1"|Used !Ability/Availability !Requests !Permission !Possibility !Impossibility !Advisability !Expectation !Necessity !Lack of Necessity !Prohibition !Logical Deduction
 * Suffix
 * -xik
 * rowspan="2"|Mood + suffix
 * rowspan="2"| Potensial + -xik
 * Mood
 * Hypothetical / Potensial
 * Mood or Mood and suffix + Verb Negation
 * -xikw / Hypothetical /  Potensial +  Negation
 * Suffix
 * -dil
 * Mood + Suffix
 * Potensial + -dil
 * Mood + Suffix
 * Indicative + -dil
 * Mood + Suffix + Verb Negation
 * Indicative + -dil + Negation
 * Mood + Suffix + Verb Negation
 * Potensial + -dol + Negation
 * Mood/Evidentiality
 * Indicative / Inferential
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:middle;"

!rowspan="2"|Name !colspan="3"|English !width="100"|Past !width="100"|Present !width="100"|Future !Ability/Availability !Requests !Permission !Possibility !Impossibility !Advisability !Expectation !Necessity !Lack of Necessity !Prohibition !Logical Deduction
 * could, was/were able to
 * can, am/is/are able to
 * will be able to
 * colspan="2"|can, could, will, would
 * colspan="2"|can, could, will, would
 * could, was/were allowed to
 * may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to
 * will be allowed to
 * may have, might have, could have
 * colspan="2"|may, might, could
 * couldn’t have
 * colspan="2"|couldn’t, can’t
 * should have, ought to have, had better have
 * colspan="2"|should, ought to, had better
 * should have, ought to have
 * colspan="2"|should, ought to
 * had to
 * must, have to, has to
 * will have to
 * didn’t have to
 * don’t have to, doesn’t have to
 * won’t have to
 * could not
 * colspan="2"|must not, may not, cannot
 * must have, have to have, has to have
 * must, have to, has to
 * }
 * }

Standard
The Umbrean language is a Subject-Object-Verb language that arranges its sentences as "adam apple ate" rather than the english SVO "Adam ate apple"

Conditional Sentence
Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occure, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever"

Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that is very unlikely to occure but plausible

Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occure if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occured but didnt


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=1 |Kind ! Condition ! Result ! Generalizations ! Hypothetical ! Factual
 * Hypothetical Mood
 * Genericative Aspect
 * Dubative Mood
 * Conditional Mood
 * Hypothetical Mood
 * Conditional Mood
 * }

Noun Clause
Noun clauses can be formed through two main methods. The first involves using participles in the form of "the one/thing who/that (will) X(ed/ing)".

The second one is divided into 3 categories

Statement
Keep the sentence intact and add noun declension to the tempus aspect word accordingly

Yes/No Question
Keep the sentence intact and add noun declension to the tempus aspect word accordingly

Where, When, Who, Why, How questions
Keep the sentence intact and add noun declension to the tempus aspect word accordingly

Copulas
There exist 3 main copulas, one to describe a state, another for location and a third object or permanent thing.

Locative Copula
The locational Copula is "Hul" and highly irregular

Adjective Clause
Adjective clauses can in many cases be skipped by using participles of various forms but for those times when it is not possible it is formed by removing he duplicated noun and add the base adjectival ending which fits and place it infront of the noun it modifies

Step 1:

Pick two sentences

She a car is driving

The car 'new' is

Step 2:

Remove the duplicated noun from one

She a car is driving

new' is

Step 3:

Add ending to the verb of the modiying phrases verb

She a car is driving

new is-yña

Step 4:

Place it infront of the noun in the main sentence

She a new is-yña car is driving

Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clauses are formed simular to normal sentences with the proper conjugation word or prhase choosen according to the list below


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: left; width: 45%;"

!width="10%" colspan="1"|Clause Kind !width="10%" colspan="1"|Usual Conjuction !width="15%" colspan="1"|Function !width="15%" colspan="1"|Example !Time Clause !Conditional Clause !Purpose Clause !Reason Clause !Result Clause !Concessive Clause !Place Clauses !Clauses of Manner !Clauses of Exclamations
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Conditional Tense
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"

!width="10%" colspan="1"|Clause Kind !width="10%" colspan="1"|Usual Conjuction !width="15%" colspan="1"|Function !width="15%" colspan="1"|Example !Time Clause !Conditional Clause !Purpose Clause !Reason Clause !Result Clause !Concessive Clause !Place Clauses !Clauses of Manner !Clauses of Exclamations
 * when, before, after, since, while, as, until
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Her father died when she was young.
 * if, unless
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
 * in order to, so that, in order that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
 * because, since, as, given
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
 * so that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
 * although, though, while
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
 * where, wherever
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * He said he was happy where he was.
 * as, like, the way
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
 * what a(an), how, such, so
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!
 * }

Create Adverbial Clause

 * Step one
 * test
 * Step Two

Ratio
Ratio such as Three to one would be said as Izi wzi miz where the word wzi is used in ratio context alone

=Dictionary=

The dictionary is built so it will show the umbrean word first, then the type of word it is, translation, gender it belongs to followed by describing what various parts does. What the subject does in the verb, object, indirect object as in umbrean it may not always be clear

=Numbers=
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Number ! English ! Umbrean ! Number ! English ! Umbrean ! 1 ! 16 ! 2 ! 17 ! 3 ! 18 ! 4 ! 19 ! 5 ! 20 ! 6 ! 21 ! 7 ! 22 ! 8 ! 23 ! 9 ! 24 ! 10 ! 25 ! 11 ! 26 ! 12 ! 27 ! 13 ! 28 ! 14 ! 29 ! 15 ! 30
 * One
 * Cul
 * Sixteen
 * Two
 * Seventeen
 * Three
 * Eighteen
 * Four
 * Nineteen
 * Five
 * Twenty
 * Six
 * Twenty one
 * Seven
 * Twenty two
 * Eight
 * Twenty three
 * Nine
 * Twenty four
 * Ten
 * Twenty five
 * Eleven
 * Twenty six
 * Twelve
 * Twenty seven
 * Thirteen
 * Twenty eight
 * Fourteen
 * Twenty nine
 * Fifteen
 * Thirty
 * }
 * }

=Writting system=

Umbrean writting system is written from up to down, then left to right

=Example text=


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=8 | I brought you the water ! colspan=8 | I carried the water to you ! Pöj ! colspan=2 | adwiida ! rilo ! colspan=3 | gociuñóv ! ko ! Pöj ! adwia ! -ida ! rilo ! goci !-uñ !-óv ! ko
 * I-Erg
 * water
 * Mag-Pl-Def-Acc
 * you-sg-dat
 * bring
 * 1SgErg-3PlAcc
 * 2SgDat
 * past perfective
 * }
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Pöj
 * }

Common phrases
=Lessons= Lesson 01: Simple Phrases

Lesson 02: Simple Sentences

Lesson 03: Adding Object

Lesson 04: Another object

Lesson 05: Nouns and pronouns

Lesson 06: Adjectives

Lesson 07: Verb Tenses

Lesson 08: Advanced verbs

Lesson 09: Gerunds

Lesson 10: Participles

Lesson 11: Adverbs

Lesson 12: Postpositions

Lesson 13: Modality

Lesson 14: Noun clauses

Lesson 15: Adjective Clauses

Lesson 16: Adverbial Clauses

Lesson 17: Conditional Sentence