Proto-Pola

General information
This is a reconstruction of the language that which all Pola Languages descended from. It has been assumed to have been spoken in nearly all of California before splitting into the four languages spoken there today. It has been assumed that the language may be distantly be related to Iranian. Some also compare the language to the Semitc languages as well as Japanese.

Neo-Pola, Proto-Pola with an extended vocabulary, is a recent invention used for literature.

The name
Pola, or something close to it, is used for the name of all eight Pola languages uses. Thus, it itself is the name for the laguage family. The to main subdivision are named after the reconstruction of their next part of their name. The division is devided by the use of "m" and "d", Mira and Dira. It has been assumed that Polamira or Poladira is a whole word without an adfix, but linguists do find it handy to use Pola, Mira, & Dira seperately. The names of the Pola languages give a clue what kind of soundshifts have occured.

Pola-miya = r becomes y

Pola-mas = r becomes s, vinal vowel drop in large words, simple vowel shift

Pila-mariya = complex vowel shift

Pol-mor = Vowel loss, simple vowel shift

Pola-la = d becomes l, simple vowel shift

Poli-dia = r is dropped, simple vowel shift

Palo-dia = r is dropped, simple vowel shift

Por-dora = l becomes r, simple vowel shift, vowel loss

There are other differences, notably grammatical ones, but these are the ones evident from the names alone.

Consonants
Additionally, Proto-Pola had the following palatalized consonants, ny, py, ky, cy, ly, ry, & hy.

Vowels
Proto-Pola destinguashes between short & long vowels.

Diphthongs
Ai

Au

Ei

Oi

Ou

Alphabet
Proto-Pla does not have a standard way of writing, while Neo-Pola uses the Pola Alphabet, just as every other Pola language. The Pola-Alphabet is very distinct & is inrelated to any known writing system. It is written from left to right.

Latinized Neo-Pola uses Ao for Au, Th for T', Kh for K', & uses vowels with a horizontal line over them instead of using :.

An apstrophy is used to separate vowels so as to not confuse them for diphthongs.

Phonotactics
The basic word structure is (C)(C)V(C).

There are only two possible clusters, "tr" & "sr".

Final consonants include n, ng, p, t, & k. Ng is only found on endings.

Case
Nouns uses prefexes for case.

Nominative: Wa-

Used to identify the subject.

Example: Wamaci / Wadaci = House

Accusative: Ma- / Da-

Used to identify the direct object.

Example: Mamaci / Dadaci = House

Ablative: Ha-

Used to indicate that the word is the cause of the action.

example: Ta h'amaci / Ta h'adaci = Because of the house

Dative: Ya-

Use to identify the inderect object.

Example: Yamaci / Yadaci = House

Locative: Ye-

Used to identify a location.

Example: Ta yemaci / Ta yedaci = In the house

Genitive: Shi-

Used to identify possession.

Example: Ta s'himaci / Ta s'hidaci = Of the house / (Owned) by the house

Number
Nouns have a complex list of numbers.

Minus: -mu- / -du-

Used for if a word is of smaller numbers than another, or is of diminishing numbers.

Example: Macimusu mukusu / Dacidusu dukusu = F'ewer houses than water / L'ess houses than water

Add: -ku-

Used for if a word is of larger numbers than another, or is of growing numbers.

Example: Macikuyai mumuyai / Dacikuyai duduyai = More houses than water

Absent: -co

Used for a word that is absent or taken away.

Example: Macico / Dacico = No houses / House (is gone)

Singular: -ki

Example: Maciki / Daciki = One house

Dual: -ma / -da

Example: Macima / Dacida = Two houses

Tripple: -wa

Example: Maciwa / Daciwa = Three houses

Quadruple: -cya

Example: Macicya / Dacicya = Four houses

Quintepple: -ba

Example: Maciba / Daciba = Five houses

Few: -su

The amount that qualifies as a few may very depending on the word itself or when compared to another word. It is often used as the default. Otherwise, -ki is used.

Example Macisu / Dacisu = (a) Few houses

Moderate: -tsa

Used as a midway between few & many.

Example: Macitsa / Dacitsa = (Fair) amount of houses

Many: -yai

Example: Maciyai / Daciyai = Alot of houses

Very lage amount: -gura

Example: Macigura / Dacigura = Hundreds & hundreds of Houses

Uncountable: -gara

Used as a mixture of "Very Large Amount" & "Uncertain."

Example: Macigara / Dacigara = (Not sure, but it was) alot of houses

Unlimited: -kama / -kada

Used for when a word truely is unlimited

Example: Ka macikama / Ka dacikada = An endless amount of houses

Uncertain: -gen

Example: Macigen / Dacigen = Don't know how many houses / (Was there) any houses?

Tense
Adjectives have five tenses.

Remote Past: -tu

Example: Ka ugatu maciki / Ka ugatu daciki = A big house from way back

Recent Past: -ta

Example: Ka ugata maciki / Ka ugata daciki = A big house from not so long ago

Present: -wan

Example: Ka ugawan maciki / Ka ugawan daciki = A big house right now

Near Future -ya

Example: Ka ugaya maciki / Ka ugaya daciki = A big house soon

Remote Future -hu

Example: Ka ugahu maciki / Ka ugahu daciki = In the future, (there will be) a big house

Personal Pronouns
I/Me: Wak

You (singular): Kuma / Kuda

He/She/Her: Yang

Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns
This: Han

That: Aku

Which: San

Number
Pronouns uses the same prefixes for nouns for plurality.

Example 1: Wakma / Wakda = The two of us

Example 2: Hansu = These

Example 3: Yangsu = Them

Example 4: Akusu = Those

Example 5: Wakguru = Us

Adverbs
The adverbial form of an adjective uses the prefix "No-." Adverbs uses the same tenses as adjectives.

Example: No'ugata = (had jumped) highly

Verbs
Verb put addfixes in the following order.

Root-Negative-Tense-Mood-Aspect-Voice-Number

Negative
The negative is "-na-."

Example: Ta wamaci Ta mamuya likunaketzaico / Ta wadaci ta daduya likunaketzaico = The house doesn't talk to the water

Voice
Active: -zai-

Used to tell that the subject is doing the verb.

Example: Ta wamaci ta mamuya likuwanketzaisu / Ta wadaci ta daduya likuwanketzaisu = The house talks to the water / The house is talking to the water

Passive: -ra-

Used to tell that the subject is being affected by the verb.

Example: Ta wamaci ta mamuya likuwanketrasu / Ta wadaci ta daduya likuwanketrasu = The house is talked by the water

Reciprocal: -to-

Used to tell that both the object & the object causes the verb.

Example: Ta wamaci ta mamuya likuwantoki / Ta wadaci ta daduya likuwantoki = The house and the water talked

Reflexive: -gun-

Used to tell that both the subject is the same as the object.

Example: Ta wamaci likutagunki / Ta wadaci likutagunki = The house talked to itself

Mood
Indicative: -ket-

Used to tell that the verb is happening, had happen, or will happen.

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzaiki / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaiki = The house did talked / The house does talk

Conditional: -ba-

Used to tell that the verb would or would have happen.

Example: Ta wamaci likutabazaikuco / Ta wadaci likutabazaikuco = The house would have talked

Jussive: -fu-

Can be used in two ways.

1) It tells that, under the right circumstances, the action should happen.

Example: Ta wamaci likuyafuzaikuki / Ta wadaci likuyafuzaikuki = (If this is true, than) the house should talk

2) It tells that the verb is a suggestion or a demand.

Example: Wak likufuzaikuki = Talk to me

Inferential: -fo-

Used to tell that the action is being told by someone who did not witnessed the event.

Example: Ta wamaci likutafozaiki / Ta wadaci likutafozaiki = According to (him), the house talked

Potential: -ri-

Used to tell that the verb is likely to happen.

Example: Ta wamaci likuyarizaikusu / Ta wadaci likuyarizaikusu = The house is likely to talk

Interrogative: -so-

Used to question if the action will happen.

Example: Ta wamaci likuyasozai / ta wadaci likuyasozai = Will the house talk?

Number
Verbs uses the same prefixes for numbers as nouns do.

Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzaima / Ta wadaci likutaketzaida = The house talked twice

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzaimutsa / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaidutsa = The house isn't talking as much

Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzaiyai / Ta wadaci likutaketzaiyai = The house has talked several times

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzaikama / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaikada = The house never stops talking

Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzaigen / Ta wadaci likutaketzaigen = Don't know haow many times the house has talked

Tense
Verbs uses the same prefixes for tense as adjectives do.

Example: Ta wamaci likutaketzai / Ta wadaci likutaketzaisu = The house had talked before

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketzai / Ta wadaci likuwanketzaitsa = The house is talking

Example: Ta wamaci likuyafuzai / Ta wadaci likuyafuzaikusu = The house will talk soon

Aspect
Perfective: -ta-

Used to indicate the whole action without withouts it's temporal structure.

Example: Ta wamaci likutakettazaiki / Ta wadaci likutakettazaiki = The house has talked

Progressive: -mi- / -di-

Used to tell that the action is ongoing & changing.

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketmizaikuyai / Ta wadaci likuwanketdizaikuyai = The house is still talking, more so than ever

Stative: -len-

Used to tell that the action is ongoing but not changing.

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketlenzaikuyai / Ta wadaci likuwanketlenzaikuyai = The house is still talking

Cessative: -tung-

Used to tell that the action has ended.

Example: Ta wamaci likuwankettungzaiyai / Ta wadaci likuwankettungzaiyai = The house has stoped talking

Defective: -she-

Use to tell that an action almost happened

Example: Ta wamaci likutaketshezaico / Ta wadaci likutaketshezaico = The house almost talked

Pausative: -ruk-

Used to tell that the action momentarilly stopped.

Example: Ta wamaci likuwanketrukzaikuyai / Ta wadaci likuwanketrukzaikuya = The house had stoped talking for a brief moment.

Intentional: -bao-

Used to tell that the action was done intentionally

Example: Ta wamaci likutaketbaozaisu / Ta wadaci likutaketbaozaisu = The house intentionally talked

Articles
Definitive: Ta

Example: Ta maci / Ta daci = The house

Indefinitive: Ka

Example: Ka maci / Ka daci = A house

Word-Order
Word order is free, though a Verb-Subject-Object, Possessed-Possesser, & Noun-Adjective are common.