Alnean

Overview

=Setting= ... Alean is a language spoken on the Hysperian Pennisinula, as well as across the continent of Avlopa. Its culture venerates, horses and water, is animistic, with strong esteem to thought, reason, emotion, individuality, and creativity. It is a highly inflected language making distinctions between grammatical gender and grammatical sex, a wide range of cases and pluralities, verb moods, tenses, aspects as well as important semanto-syntactic distinctions. The basic word order is VSO with change in word order having intricate changes in focal expressions. The phonotactic structure is very unconstrained, with complex consonant clusters, however the nucleus of a syllable must be a vowel.

=Basic Grammar= ... Pronunciation.

P T B D F V S Z H L M N all as in English C is always hard as in ‘cat’ never like ’cell’ G always hard like ’guitar’ never like ’gel’ Ph- as in whew. By putting the two lips close together and blowing. Th- as in Thick, Thin, Aether, Breath qp-as in this, that, either, and breathe. Sh- as in English. Tc- as it caTS. A TS sound. Dz- as in suDZ a DZ sound. Ch- as in English, tsh. R - sometimes as the R’s in Irish dialects, sometimes rolled. When rolled specifically it will be written as Rr. y- as in Yes. w- when in front of a vowel like in will.

Vowels: a- as in father. o- as in omen. Try not to round your lips as much. u- as in stool. i - as in machine. è- as in bet é- as in bait. ÿ- as in the word ‘eye’ ï- as in the word ‘eye’ ü- and in the word ‘you’ w- when in front of a consonant is as ‘eu’ in French or ‘moon’ in Celtic dialects. Ai- as in ‘eye’ Aë- as in ‘eye’ Oi- as in oyAu- as in ‘ow’

Nouns

Principles: Gender and animacy.

Nouns are either animate or inanimate and animacy is not morphologically marked.

Inanimate nouns cannot be the subject of a verb that precludes thought or conscious doing. The inanimate pronoun is Mu.

Animate nouns include people, animals and living things or things that are perceived as having a spirit, such as the wind, celestial bodies, water, trees, or even certain rocks. The pronouns Ru, Zoa, and Tcu can stand in for an animate noun depending on its gender, masculine, feminine or neuter, respectively.

There are three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of inanimate nouns is determined solely by the letter the noun ends with.

-a and -ë are feminine -o and -u are masculine-é and consonants are neuter.

Adjectives and pronouns agree with nouns in their gender. (along with number and case)

Animate nouns usually have a default gender assigned to them. Vlumnu Vitheriana, Valna, Alomë. For animate nouns that don’t really have biological sex, the default is almost always used but can be changed if one wishes to attribute a specific quality to something like a tree. Alomo might be “ The old man tree.” For creatures that do have biological sex, the default is used when one does not know of it its sex and once it is learned the appropriate ending can be attached.

So since horses are matriarchic animals the default is feminine.

Valna “horse/mare” Valno/Valnu “Stallion” Valn, Valnid “Gelding”

The distinction between adding an -o or -u is arbitrary but -u does suggest a more personal/emotional connection to the being.

Verbs agree with animate nouns in gender but they do not agree with inanimate. Inanimate nouns take the masculine third person form of verbs.

Number.Alnëèn nouns can be inflected for eight numbers, the default unmarked singular, the plural, the dual, the trial, the tertiary, the partive plural, permultive, paucal, and the collective-abstractive.

Plural formation. This number is used for more than one object, it can fulfill the duties of all the other numbers, in some dialects has replaced the other numbers, however when expressible, the other numbers are always used in the standard dialect. It is the most irregularly formed of the numbers but it is generally formed by adding -i to the end.

Singular Plural Valna (horse) Valnaë (horses) Nelebu (tiny bird) Nelebi (tiny birds) Arno (king) Arnoë (kings) Alomë (tree) Alomü (trees)Languel Langwelni (tongues)

Nouns ending in -n simply add -i

“wolf” Lopien-&gt; Lopieni

Epenthesis sometimes occurs.

“sheep” Vathen-&gt; Vathni

Nouns ending in -s sometimes drop the s and add -I

“man” Thontos-&gt; Thontoi

Dual

The dual is used for any entity of which there are two. Common uses are for body parts but anything that occurs in the singular has a dual form which is used if there is a pair of them. It is formed by adding -t- between the root and the final vowel or by ablaut.

Singular Dual Valna Valnau Arno Arnuo Arnue Nelebu Nelebui Alomë AlomituaLangwel Langwelta

Tertiary -t- +pluralThe tertiary is simply the plural of the dual, it is used for two pairs of an entity or four. It began in poetry with the old dual form of Voi Balvita (two hands) being pluralized to Voiti Balvitae (our four hands, both our two hands) and quickly expanded into colloquial use.

Singular Tertiary Valna Valnitae Arno Arnitoi Nelebu Nelebiti Alomë AlomitaeLangwel Langweltae

Trial -thr-The trial is used for three of an object. -thr- This number is found in the very oldest forms of the language and have continued to prosper very likely due to the religious, superstitious and ceremonial significance of things that come in threes.

Singular Trial Valna Valnithra Arno Arnithro Nelebu Nelebithru Alomë AlomithraVulthnar Langwelthra

Partive plural. -mp- This number is used for a smaller group of a larger whole, ‘part of’ “some of” “some” “a group of” etc. “Aivonli Nelebumpu” - Some of the birds flew away (but not all). When a characteristic is only known for the partial group and not the group at large a different construction is sued, mainly the indefinite article ’o’ with a plural form as in “O nelebi aivonli” - At least some (of the) birds flew away but what they all did is uncertain.

Singular Partive plural Valna Valnampa Arno Arnompo Nelebu Nelebumpu Alomë AlomampaLangwel Lanwelmpa

Permultive. -mp- +plural This is the plural of the partive plural, it is used for a great number of an entity. “lots of” Tons” “many” “a bunch of” “Scelostampae” A great many grasshoppers. This number is only used for a great number of smaller divisible entities and cannot be used for a high quantity of a single entity such as water.

Singular Permultive Valna Valnampae Arno Arnompoi Nelebu Nelebimpi Alomë AlomampaeLangwel Lanwelmpae

Paucal -ish-This is used for a few of or a small number of an entity. Translations can include “ a few” “not many” “scarcely any” “hardly any” “only a few” “a small number of”

Singular Paucal Valna Valnisha Arno Arnisho Nelebu Nelebishu Alomë AlomishëVulthnar Langwelsha

Collective-abstractive This has two uses, it either is used for a great many of an entity that is too many to count, such as hair, or is applied to abstract ideas that have no number, such as love. “Polima” - a hair “Polimae”- Hairs “Polimia” - Hair “Lumnia” -love “Roamia” -Bravery“Valnia” - Horses, Horse-kind, the realm of horses, the abstract essence of horses.

Singular Collective-abstractive Valna Valnia Arno Arniu Nelebu Nelebiu Alomë AlomëaVulthnar Langwelia

Case. Nominative is the default unmarked case, used for the subject of verbs, the argument of copulas and simple reference. The vocative is formed by simply lengthening all the vowels and in some cases epenthesize vowels in-between the consonants. Valna -&gt; Vâlânâ

Accusative. Used for the direct object of verbs. Add -r after o- or a-And -th after everything else.

Nwelli moëu valnor - the boy sees the horse.Nwelli valno moëuth- The horse sees the boy.

Sing nom Sing acc. Plr. nom Plr. acc Valna Valnar Valnae Valnaeth Arno Arnor Arnoi Arnoith Nelebu Nelebuth Nelebi Nelebith Alomë Alomëth Alomü AlomüthVulthnar Langwelth Vulthnarni Langwelnith

Dative. Used for the indirect object of a verb. As -s after -a and -i-ès

Acli moëu palnar valnoès. - The boy gives an apple to the horse.

There is sometimes a special use of the dative vs. the accusative. If the direct object of a verb is particularly effected by the verb, if it is the patient, or changes state, then it will always be marked by the accusative case. But if the object is a theme of the verb, does not change state or is not effect by the verb, than sometimes this is marked by the dative.

Lumni moëu melfas- The boy loves the girl but she doesn’t know.Lumni moëu melfar - The boy loves the girl and she knows.

Sing nom Sing dat Plr nom Plr dat Valna Valnas Valnae Valnaes Arno Arnos Arnoi Arnois Nelebu Nelebus Nelebi Nelebis Alomë Alomës Alomü AlomüsVulthnar Langwelès Vulthnarni Langwelnis

Genitive. The genitive denotes a close association between it and its compliment, including the possessive below. Generally the uses of the English word “Of” which cannot be used with the English ending of “-’s” Its meaning can denote origin, material, source, topic of or any other close association between it and its head. Certain verbs also take the genitive as part of their argument.

Possession Alienable Alienable possession is most often expressed through the possessive case, at times, the genitive may be used, but this is looked down upon.

InalienableInalienable possession, either through a strong association, ultimate ownership, etc. is expressed through the genitive.

Cnovum lescoa arnio - The knight’s crest of the king. Istiummi Moüio - The existence of the boy, the boy’s existence.

RelationshipAny sort of relationship, particularly at the modifier level, can be expressed through the genitive.

O mÿmia mëanaëa - a smile of happinessO qpomica lumnaëa - A book of love

Composition Substance Calba alomëon - A wall of trees          Cwulfa Sëxëo - a soup of fish

Elements o Awènu nelebion - a flock of birds

Origin E Cloivu Arthianio - People of the world

Reference/ content     Ludia Vnoaëa - A story about the stars

Description      O moëu üvanaëa munaëa - A boy of good heart.

Sing nom Sing gen Plr nom Plr gen Valna Valnaya Valnae Valnion Arno Arnio Arno Arnion Nelebu Nelebio Nelebu Nelebion Alomë Alomëo Alomë AlomionVulthnar Langwelio Vulthnarni Langwelion

Possessive The possessive is similar in distribution to the so-called Saxon genitive of the English “-’s” It denotes the owner of something. As in “E Arnum thornthu” The King’s sword. Meaning the King owns it or possesses it. When the possessive-declined noun follows the head noun, it can have a looser more complimental meaning. “E Vlumnu Lumniam” -Love’s wind or the Wind of love.

Sing nom Sing poss Plr nom Plr poss Valna Valnam Valnae Valnaem Arno Arnum Arnoi Arnoim Nelebu Nelebum Nelebi Nelebim Alomë Alomëm Alomü AlomümVulthnar Langwelm Vulthnarni Langwelnim

Possessed This case marks something that is possessed, it is not always obligatory however, it is used to clarify ambiguity, and also has some extra uses.

To make a distinction of something that is claimed or unclaimed. O valna - A horse, which could either be claimed or unclaimed, nothing is known either way O valnala - A horse that is claimed, that is to say, mounted, or being ridden or used.

To clarify the relationship of ownership.

Qpomica Arnio - A book about the king (genitive) Qpomica Arnum - The king’s book (possessive) Qpomicala Arnum - A book of the king’s Voes o qpomicala arnum arthianio - I have a book about the world that is the king’s.

The essence of the verb “to have” can be represented by this case. Zum o vieltola - She has a boyfriend. (lit. ‘her own boyfriend) Ocqpomicala vlomu - I want to have that bookThornthula vu- I have a sword.

To reinforce possession. Zum valna - Her horse Zum Valnala - Her own horseValnaya vonya - My own horse of mine

To clarify dual possession. Ormëlavi rws - My hear is his, my heart which is his. (Heart-possessed-possessive enclitic 1st. Sg. Third person dative.)

Sing nom Sing Poss’d Plr nom Plr Poss’d Valna Valnil, Valnala Valnae Valnael Arno Arnil Arnolo Arnoi Arnoil Nelebu Nelebul Nelebulu Nelebi Nelebil Alomë Alomëël Alomü AlomülVulthnar Langwelil Vulthnarni Langwelnil

AbbessiveThe abbessive is the opposite of the possessed form. It is used in the negative forms of the sentences above, and to clarify that something is unclaimed.

O valnowï nwellu - I see a horse which is wild or unclaimed by anyone.Rwm Ormëwï mnüm/shum - his heart isn’t anyone’s/ His hear is no one’s

Sing nom Sing abbs Plr nom Plr abbs Valna Valnowï Valnae Valnïoï Arno Arnowï Arnoi Arnoioï Nelebu Nelebuwï Nelebi Nelebiwï Alomë Alomüwï Alomü AlomüwïVulthnar Langwelowï Vulthnarni Langwelnowï

Attributive.The attributive simple conveys a loose association. In pronouns the case is used for adjective forms such as mine, yours, his, etc. in English. It is also used in titles.

Alvnius mlumianya - Alvnius the blue moon

Sing nom Sing attr Plr nom Plr attr Valna Valnanya Valnae Valnÿnya Vulnanyae Arno Arnonya Arno Arnoinya Arnonyae Nelebu Nelebunya Nelebu Nelebinya Nelebinyae Alomë Alomënya Alomü Alomünya AlomünyaeVulthnar Langwelnya Vulthnarni Langwelnyae

BenefactiveThe benefactive is used to show that the entity is benefited by something, or that something good resulted. “for” or “for the sake of”. Certain verbs take this case as an argument but in any case where the entity is seen as benefiting from either another noun, a condition, or an action, the generative can be used.

Lumnu oco melfinuva - I love this fair girl. (and she likes it)

Acliumo arnuva- I will give it for the king. (either to the king or the giving of it benefit’s the king), to combine the two senses it is possible to make a construction such as Acliumo Arnuvas

The benefactive of purpose shows the intention or design of something.Qpomica mëbluvia - Books for children

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnuva Valnae Valnuvae Arno Arnuva Arnoi Arnuvae Nelebu Nelebuva Nelebi Nelebuvae Alomë Alomüva Alomü AlomüvaeVulthnar Langweluva Vulthnarni Lanweluvae

Malefactive The malefactive is the same as the benefeactive except it is used to express that the entity is worse off and that a condition is bad for it. Raushté melfuvnaë - You hate the girlDrecuth Nwellupsi cnovuvnaë - The knight say the dragon, and suffered from it.

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valuvnae Valnaë Valnuvnÿna Arno Aruvnae Arnoi Aruvnÿna Nelebu Nelebuvnae Nelebi Nelebuvnÿna Alomë Alomüvnae Alomü AlomüvnÿnaVulthnar Vulthnuvnae Vulthnarni Vulthnuvnÿna

Causal Denotes the circumstances, situation or cause of something. Certain verbs also take this as an argument. Nae olo valnax - he is not here because of the horse.Fystumni drecix - He is afraid because of the dragon

It also denotes natural cause. Something which is inanimate and has no will of its own performing an action will not take the nominative case but rather, the causal.

Carscax thontor fympsti - A rock crushed a man.

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnax Valnae Valnaëx Arno Arnox Arnoi Arnoix Nelebu Nelebux Nelebi Nelebix Alomë Alomëx Alomü AlomüxVulthnar Vulthnax Vulthnarni Vulthnarnix

Instrumental The instrumental case marks an entity as the means of something, a tool or purpose might be marked in this case. Thorthnucma Fysti - He fought with a sword, by means of a sword, using a sword. It also identifies the agent in passive verbs.Nwallthumni melfucma - He was seen by the girl.

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnucma Valnae Valnucmae Arno Arnucma Arnoi Arnucmae Nelebu Nelebucma Nelebi Nelebucmae Alomë Alomücma Alomü AlomücmaeVulthnar Vulthnucma Vulthnarni Vulthnucmae

Distributive A rarely used case that denotes that denotes that something goes to every single entity.Similar to the word “per”

Cnovui Valnimba - Two knights to every horse.

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnimba Valnae Valnibae Arno Arnimbo Arnoi Arnimboi Nelebu Nelebimbu Nelebi Nelebimbi Alomë Alomimbë Alomü AlomimbüVulthnar Vulthnimba Vulthnarni Vulthnimbae

Translative This case is used for when something is being transformed into another state or being. O cnovunco aispi - he’s become a knight. This case is used only for nouns.

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnunca Valnae Valnuncae Arno Arnunco Arnoi Arnuncoi Nelebu Nelebuncu Nelebi Nelebunci Alomë Alomuncë Alomü AlomuncüVulthnar Vulthnunca Vulthnarni Vulthnuncae

Comitive The comitive is used to mean that the entity accompanies the head, “with” “in company of” “in the presence of” “along with” are all possible translations.Aevu voi Valnan vu - I walk with my horse

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnan Valnae Valnÿn Arno Arnon Arnoi Arnoin Nelebu Nelebun Nelebi Nelebin Alomë Alomën Alomü AlomünVulthnar Vulthnan Vulthnarni Vulthnÿn

Incomitive The incomitive is the opposite of the comitive and is used to mean that it is absent. “without”Agiscu ë moëums - I want to eat without the boy

Sing nom Plr nom Valna Valnams Valnae Valnÿms Arno Arnoms Arnoi Arnoims Nelebu Nelebums Nelebi Nelebims Alomë Alomëms Alomü AlomümsVulthnar Vulthnams Vulthnarni Vulthnÿms

Comparative case. This is a special case used for comparative constructions with adjectives. It holds the meaning of “Than x” -wèl- Valnwela - Than a horse Vÿxiwr valnwelo vu - I am stronger than a horse. Or simply Vïx vio, Valnwelo - My strength, beyond a horse.

Locative cases. The locative cases are used to show the location, position, or movement of an object, each case combines two elements, directionality, which shows whether the motion is towards, away from, or still, and position, which shows where by an object the meaning is. The order of the elements is: NOUN ROOT-DIRECTIONALITY THEMATIC VOWEL-POSTION CONSONATE CLUSTER-GENDER/NUMBER

Directionality: Ablative movement away from, an object, the thematic vowel -a- marks the ablative. Essive Movement is still, it means the action is ‘at’ the location. The vowel is -ë- Lative Movement towards the object. -ÿ- PerlativeMovement happens via, or through an object. The thematic vowel is -w-

Position: Surface, touching the object. -tr- Interior, inside of the object    -st- Proximity, near, or around the object. -br- Top/Superior, on top of an object    -dr- Bottom/Sub, under or at the bottom of an object. -pt- Between/Intra, the action happens between an object -ft-Lateral, on the side of an object. -str-

By combining these elements we can construct a complete locative case.Take the word Arca, “fort, castle”

Ablative From. Aevu arcatra - “I walk from the castle.” Essive At. Arcëtra vu - “ I’m at the castle.” Allative To. Aevu arcÿtra-     “I walk to the castle” Advial Aevu arcwtra   “ I walk through the castle” Ellative. Out of. Aevu arcasta “ I walk out of the castle” Inessive. Inside. Arcësta vu - “I’m in the castle.” Illitive. Into. Aevu arcÿsta - “ I walk into the castle.” Invial~ Aevu arcwsta “I walk through the inside of the castle” Apudlative. Towards. Aevu arcabra “ I walk towards the castle” Apudessive. Around, nearby. Aevu arcëbra “I walk near the castle” Apudallitive. Away from.Aevu arcÿbra “I walk away from the castle” Apudvial~ Aevu arcwbra “I walk throughout the castle.” Superlative onto. Aevu arcadra “I walk onto the castle” Superessive. on top of. Aevu arcëdra “I walk on the castle” Superallative off of. Aevu arcÿdra “ I walk off of the castle” Supervial~ Aevu arcwdra “I walk along the castle” Sublative. Aevu arcapta To the bottom of. “I walk to the bottom of the castle’ Subessive beneath, under. Aevu arcëpta “I walk under the castle” Suballitive from under. Aevu arcÿpta “ I walk from under the castle” Subvial Aevu arcwpta “I walk along the bottom of the castle” Interlative to between. Aevu arcafta “I walk to inbewteen the castle(s)” Interessive inbewteen. Aevu arcëfta “I walk between the castle(s)” Interallitive from between. Aevu arcÿfta “I walk from between the castle(s) Intervial Aevu arcwfta “ I walk through the space between the castles..” Ablateral to the side of. Aevu arcastra “I walk to the side of the castle” Lateral on the side of. Aevu arcëstra “I walk on the side, by the castle” allateral. from the side of. Aevu arcÿstra “I walk from the side of the castle.”perlateral Aevu arcwstra “ I walk past the castle.”

Surface Arcatra Arcëtra Arcÿtra Arcwtra Interior Arcasta Arcësta Arcÿsta Arcwsta Proximity Arcabra Arcëbra Arcÿbra                   Arcwbra top Arcadra Arcëdra Arcÿdra Arcwdra bottom Arcapta Arcëpta Arcÿpta Arcwpta between Arcafta Arcëfta Arcÿfta Arcwfta lateral Arcastra Arcëstra Arcÿstra Arcwstra Motion away Location at Motion towards via

Temporal uses of locative.The locative cases can also be used temporally. In noun of events or processes such as a concert, the locative cases take on the temporal sense. Take the word for “war”: Varsta. Vystra. Farsta. Farska. Vlarsca.

Ablative: Vlarscatra. Since, after, from the end of the war. Essive: Vlarscëtra During the entire war, from start to finish. Allative: Vlarscÿtra Until the war, until the beginning of the war. Advial. Vlarscwtra. Before, though and after the war.

Ellative. Vlarscasta from the beginning of the war. Since the start of the war. Inessive. Vlarscësta During the war, in the war. Illitive. Vlarscÿsta Until the end of the war. Up until the end of the war.Invial Vlarscwsta  on and off throughout the war.

Apudlative  Vlarscabra  Since about the time of the war Apudessive Vlarscëbra sometimes during the war Apudallative Vlarscÿbra until about the time of the war.Apudvial Vlarscwbra. Around the war sometime.

Superlative Vlarscadra   Since the height if the war, the climax of the war. Superessive Vlarscëdra During the climax of the war. Superallitive Vlarscÿdra Until the height of the war.Supervial Vlarscwdra past the height of the war.

Sublative Vlarscapta Since the low point of the war. Subessive Vlarscëpta During the low point of the war Suballative Vlarscÿpta Until the low point of the war Subvial Vlarscwpta through the low point of the war

Interlative    Vlarscafta  since between the war(s) Interessive     Vlarscëfta   between the war(s) Intercalative Vlarscÿfta until between the war(s)Intervial Vlarscwfta Through both wars.

Ablateral Vlarscastra since before and after the war Lateral Vlarscëstra Past the war Allateral Vlarscÿstra until the start of the war and after the end of itPerlateral. Vlarscwstra. Despite the war.

Derivation and word formation.

Size, scope, value and emotional attachment

Dimunitive -uph-Denotes the entity is smaller, cuter, more endearing.

Valno -&gt; Valnuphu “Little horse” “cute little horse” “ colt”Valna -&gt; Valnupha “filly”

Bonacious dimunitive -in-Denotes small size, goodness, and endearment.

Melfa -&gt; Melfina “good girl” “good little girl”

Pejoritive -rush(-) Denotes a wickedness, badness and maliciousness.

Moürshu “wicked boy”Coirursha “that damn dog”

Magnorific -ogm-Denotes a greatness in scope and size.

Valnogma “a magnificent warhorse”Qpomicogma “a huge tome”

-onstraDenotes an intensiveness and greatness but also a sense of dread.

Lylonstra “nightmare”Valdosta “fierce some” warhorse.

Micritive icci Denotes smallness but is neutral in quality. Valnicci “nag, pony”Qpomicicci - libretto

Honorific- iana -ianus

Vïthra - bright star                          Vëma - woman       Vïthëriana - The sun. Vëmiana - woman of great esteem

Singulative- ibi Lumë - snow                  Lawé - rain Lumëbi - snowflake       Laweibi - Raindrop Qpulna - A swath of grass Sanxa - sandQpulnibi - a blade of grass  Sanxibi -  grain of sand

Agentive endings -ër -iér -ella?The agentive endings signify someone who does an action, the affixes are usually attached to verb stems but adjectives and nouns can also be modified.

Masculine Lumnër - Lover, someone who loves Lÿlër / Lÿliér - Dreamer-ër and -iér are dialectical variants but both can be used.

Feminine. Lumnèlla - Lovess, some female who lovesLÿlèlla - dreamess

Munëër - someone who makes something good or well.

Valniér- someone who takes care of horses.

Passive agentive -umnir -umnella? The passive agentive marked someone who is the object of a passive construction. The English suffix “-ee” as in Employee is roughly analogous. Lumnumnir - Lovee, He who is loved, beloved.Lumnumnèlla She who is loved. Beloved girl.

Lÿlumnir He who is dreamt of.Lÿlumnèlla She who is dreamt of.

Reflexive agentive -umër -umyella? This marks someone who is both the doer and object of an action, I.E. a reflexive one. Lÿlumër - He who dreams of himself.Lÿlumyella She who dreams of herself.

Lumnumër He who loves himselfLumnumylla She who loves herself.

Reciprocal agentive -uvdir -uvdella?This ending marks that the person is both the doer of an action to someone else and that that same action is returned by that other person.

Lumnuvdir He who loves and is in return loved. Lumnuvdella She who loves and is loved.

Lÿluvdir He who dreams and is dreamt ofLÿuvdella She who loves and is dreamt of

Eponymous agentive -us -ius -ianaThese agentive endings are identical in meaning as those above however their usage differs. These endings hold more esteem and are used in situations not of casual reference but rather are used as personal names, titles, bynames, aliases, and ceremonial spell words.

Lumnius- He that doth love. Lumniana She that doth love.

Lÿlius He that doth dreamLÿliana She that doth dream

Passive agentive -estu -endoa? -enta Lÿlestu He that of himself some dreameth. Lÿlendoa/ Lÿlenta She that is dreamt of, both dialectical variations.

Reflexive agentive -emnüs -emnala Lÿlemnüs He that doth of himself dream.Lumnemnüs He that doth herself love.

Lÿlemnala She that of herself doth dreamLumnemnala She that of herself doth love

Reciprocal agentive -mëaëmnüs -ümufta?

Lÿlumëaëmnüs He that doth dream and is of himself dreamt by one/some Lumnumëaëmnüs He that loveth and is himself lov’d

Lÿlumifta She that dreameth and is of herself dreamt  Lylumivda She that loveth and is herself lov’d

Affixes of semantic meaning

-oria land This designates the location, country, or realm with a certain characteristic, by extension it can be used as a situation. Gwelqporia - Land of the Gwelqp peoples Valnoira - Land of Horses Lyloria- Dreamscape Lumioria- Snowscape Lumoria - The moonlit night sky.Lumnoria - All matters related to love

-ëèn Something from that place Valnorëèn - something from Valnoria, Valnorian in characteristic Aldélnëèn - Language of Aldéa. Alnëèn - Language of AlnëaAlnëènus - Person from Alnëa.

-ethica place for Lawéthica - rain room, shower Qpomicethica - bookstore Agethica - cafeteriaMwndethica - sleeping chamber

-ëmica ism, domain, realm Valnëmica - equestrianism Cnovëmica - knighthood Arnëmica - kingdomValnëmicus - equistrianist

-Elp- a group or bunch of something Valnelpa A horse herdBalvelpa A handful

-orl- the result or realization of something Lylorla - the sum of something that is dreamt. A dream a vision.Tolcorla - building, something which has been built.

-ifima bearer of something Palnifima - apple bearer, apple tree Cwetifima ring bearerThornthifima- sword bearer, squire/page.

-ocla the race or kind of something Cloivocla - humanity Thontocla - mankind Valnocla - horse kind, equines. Alnëocla - Alneans

-anthus -anthia spawn or offspring Fuclanthus - son of fuclus Cysianthus - son of CysiusVelentanthia - daughter of Velento

Possessive encliticsThese particles can stand in for possessive pronouns, it shows by who something is owned by.

First person :-vi -vi -bi   Dual, abstractive, partitive, paucal, permultive. -ti -ëa -mpi -shi -mpaoi Valnavi - My horse Valnabi - Our horse (inclusive)Valnaviti - Our horse (exclusive)

-di -qpi -ci Valnadi - Your horse (informal) Valnaqpi - Thy horse (formal, honorific) Valnaci- Your horse (plural) -li -zi -tci Valnali - His horse Valnazi - Her horse Valnacti - it’s horse -wi -hi -phi -nwi pwi mnë thni shni Valnawi - This person here’s horse Valnahi - that person there’s horse Valnaphi- That person yonder’s horse Valnanwi- whose horse? Valna pwi- The horse who X Valnamnë- Nobody’s horse. (this is an alternative to the abbessive case) Valnathni - Someone’s horse Valnashni- Anyone’s horse Valnathi - their horse The numbers can also be applied, Valnazimpi - Some of the females’ horse.

The noun itself can also appear in any number.

Valnaethi - their horses.Valnampathniti - Some of the horses of two of the others.

Semantic prefixesThese prefixes alter the semantic meaning of the word, mainly by adding new elements. The prefixes function almost as separate words by adding new semantic information.

V Re-dra-? Ird-? Id-?

VN Un- Arb? An- in- Am Amthontos - creature, humanoid creature Ammanna - Unwater. Poisen water, evil water.

N Non- nëc- Nëcvalna - Non-horse

N Good ü-Üvalna - Good horse

N Bad ar-Arvalna - Bad horse

Before mel- Elm- Elmnwulthium- Foresight

Against- ac-Acvelo- running away from

N Opposite andï- dar- ard- Andïvalna - Antiequine

N V Dis- sread out cel- elc-

Mis- irr-

Perfect vel- Elv-Elvalamoë - Perfect tree

Half- Ledi- Eldi- ??Eldithontus- Half-man demi-man

All olm- Olmthontos- All men Retro- eqpl-Elqpnwulthium- retrospection

Ex- Erc- Rec-Ercvelto- ex-friend

Arch- Cï-Cidesco - archpreist

Pseudo- hego- olg-olgnwellu - false eye

Honorific w- wl- wo- Ouvalna- O Horse!Ouvitheriana - O sun!

Nobelific Oa-Oavitheriana- O noble sun!

Humbleific oe-Oevalna  - o humble horse

Want twa-?Twamanna - desired water

Need mën-Mënmanna- necessary water, needed water

fear Ëf-Ëfdrecu - Fiercesome dragon

Love ém- Émcloivu- beloved person

Hate ag-Agcloivu - hated person

Fierce car- arc-Arccnovu- The formidable knight

Beautiful ova- üva- üv- ülv-Ülvmelfa- beautiful girl

For the purpose/sake of  bi- ib- om- oth- Othvalna- For the purpose of my horseIbvalnuva- For the good of my horse

Accidetal al-Alcnovu- Accidental knight

Intentional oem-Oemishtia - intentional harm

Intensive as- is- ma- ym- Ïmnwaullu- stare intently

Interrogative prefixes N What na-     navalna - which horse? What horse? What is the horse? When në- nëvlarma - which war? When was the war? When is the war? Why nÿ- nÿvalna - why that horse? Who nu- nuthonto -which man? Who is that man? Where nei- neiarca which castle? Where is that castle? How nau- naurelta -which method? How? How much no- novlogni? How much blood? How many néo- néocloivu how many people?

V How far noa-How soon nio-

Affixes for noun formation from other parts of speech. These affixes change other parts of speech into nouns. Adjective type 2 to Noun. * for more info on type 1 and type 2 adjective forms, refer to the adjective section. -Neos This denotes that the degree of the adjective is being formed into the noun. As in sun-&gt; sunny -&gt; sunniness Neos? Neosa? Reccneosa Reccneoza Reccneos Mëana- Joy Mëanna - Joyous Mëanelthia - Joyfulness - the state of being joyous, joyousness as a conditionMëanneosa - Joyfulness- the amount that something was joyous.

A -&gt; N A literal transference of an adjective to a noun. Sad-&gt; sorrowMuna, Muneos, Munelthia?

Adv. -&gt; N Althielthia Althielmia

V -&gt; N See verb section.

Other -&gt; N -fi Miau,- butMiu-fi - a “but”, the word ‘but’

Vaë- intensifierVaë-fi - a “vaë”, the word ‘vaë’

Definiteness

Definite article

This is the definite form of the article, for uses refer to use section.

Ë - The Used before a noun -mi  -TheUsed as a suffix to the noun

Ë valna - the horseË arthiana - The earth

Valnami - the horseArthianami - the earth

Indefinite article The indefinite form of the adjective.O - An

O valna - A horseO arthiana - An earth

-ium/do

Valnium - A horse Arthianium -an earth Valnado- a horseArthianado- an earth

Position There are no grammatical rules that dictate the use of one form over the other, rather the use is up to the speaker, usually chosen on phonological bases.Phonological preferences come in two forms

1.) Elision2.) Consonant harmony

The pronominal article form is preferred by default.

1. If the preceding word ends in a front vowel, é, í, ë, -aë, oi, oë, etc., then the suffixed form -mi is preferred. Occasionally, if the preceding word ends in an -a, then the suffix form will be used to avoid confusion with a plural or second person plural ending on the previous word. For the indefinite article, the suffixes are rarely used, if an -o ends the previous word extra rounding usually separates the two vowels.

Nwellio O mÿda - a glance of the eye But occasionallyNwellio mÿdium/ Nwellio mÿdado

2. a. when the follow word starts with an A- or an O- or an U- Valnumi Ulta -the friendly/easy horse Valnami Althëna- the true horseValnomi Olm - all the stallions

b. When the noun is in the accusative case and the following word starts with a liquid, the suffix is used. Sometimes when the following word ends with another sonorant or even any consonant, the suffix is used. If the accusative noun is in the final position there is also a tendency to use the suffixed form.

Ë valnar recla → Valnamith Recla -the fiery horse

Order of casesThe article suffix comes last after all the cases except for the accusative -th and the dative -s and the possessive -m

Valnumami- the good horseValnamis - to the horse

Sometimes a noun is marked with more than one case. This is extremely rare, but if the cases are divided into several categories, we find this order.

root Benefactive, malafactive Distributed The genitives, instrumental Accusative, dative, locative, comitive, incomitive Causal.

Occurrence. The use of the articles is to control topicalization.When a new subject is being introduced to the speech, the indefinite article is used. When the speaker has already marked the noun with the indefinite, the definite is used from that point forth.

O Nelcar nwallu, ë nelca “mniaou” ficma leptcivois. - I saw a cat, the cat greeted me with a “meow.”

The definite article is also used if the speaker assumes the listener is already familiar with the topic. Also if the speaker wishes to respond to something the listener has just said, he will use the definite article. After one or two markings of this though, usually no article is used. No article is used sometimes in general statements about general entities, but the suffix -ium also is found in this context.

The Syntax of nouns CompoundsBlending

Pronouns

Pronouns

Personal pronouns Pronouns are inflected for:Masculine/feminine/neuter, inclusive/exclusive, humblific/normal/honorific, number, case.

Grammatical sex: Masculine: for animate entities that are ‘male’ Feminine: for animate entities that are ‘female’Neutral: a rare form. This is used when the speaker either wants their gender to be omitted from the discourse, or when they don’t identify with either of the two sexes above. Castrati, priests of certain castes, people of the ‘two-spirit’ culture, who identify themselves as a third gender all may use this for themselves. Once the speaker has sued this form to refer to themselves then the 2nd person or 3rd person neutral pronouns can be safely used. If the sex of the subject is not known, this form is also used. In the 3rd person, animate nouns have tcu, so anyone who uses a neutral form for themselves, whose sex is not known, or for geldings or neutered animals, take this form. The inanimate 3rd person form is Mu, this is for any idea or entity that has no sex and is not alive. Mu by itself shows up rarely, mostly as a verbal object enclitic -mo and as an elision device before the 3rd person copula ‘I’ making ‘m’I.’

Inclusiveness: this is only found in the first person. Inclusive: the speaker is including the listener into the group referred to. “we and you as well”Exclusive: The speaker does not include the listener into the group referred to. “We but not you”

Politeness: Normal: Simple unmarked form Humble: This is a sort of diminutive form of the pronoun, used to humble oneself in the company of superiors, also used when eliciting pity. Honorific: This form is used to refer to those in special position in society. Becoming rarer and rarer as society becomes more egalitarian in spirit. The first person forms are almost never used. Polite: This form is used when being polite to a stranger.Intimate: This form is used for friends and family.

A note on the polite and intimate forms, the qpu forms used to be an honorific, and used to show esteem for someone, in this way, it became common to refer to loved ones in this honorific sense, and in the same way it became common to use the intimate form with strangers to show friendliness. There now is really no most common form to use with close ones and strangers. If you feel esteem for the person, use qpu, if you feel friendliness or intimacy in an everyday frankness, then use Du.

singular                          Plural(incl.)              Plural(excl.) ♂      ♀       ø               ♂         ♀         ø           ♂        ♀       ø 1st person                            Vu      Vë    Vèn           Blu       Bloa    blèn      Vitu Vita Vitè 1st person humble               Viphu Vipha viphè       Bliphu   Blipha            Viphti 1st honorific                        üvou üvoa  üvèl            üblou     übloa               üviti 2nd person polite                 qpu     qpoa  qpèc         Cu  Coa   Cèl 2nd person intimate             Du      Doa   dèc           Cu Coa  Cèl 2nd person honorific           ündos ündoa                  ündoi ündaë3rd person                             Ru      Zoa   tcu/mu      Thu   Thoa   thèl

Other forms or ‘persons’ are:

4th person Proximate: Wu, Woa- This person here    Wë, Waë plural 5th person Opposed: Hu, Hoa- That person there        Hë Haë plural 6th person Distal: Phu, Phoa- that person way over there Phë, phaë plural 7th person Interrogative: Nu?- Who? 8th person Referential: Pwi- that person who x 9th person Null: Mnü- Mnë- No one, nobody 10th person Indefinite: Thnu- Thnë- Someone 11th person Shu- Shoa- Anyone12th person Total: Olmu- Olma- Everyone

Number:Only persons 1-6 can be marked for number. They’re plural forms are already listed, the other numbers follow the paradigm of Vu, Vë and Vèn.

Dual: Bliti, blita, blitè, note that the singular dual is the exclusive plural, the 1st person plural dual is the inclusive dual. The other persons take the singular pronoun form as their root. Trial: Vithri, Vithra, Vithrè Tertiary: Bliti, blitaë, blitni Partitive: Vumpu, Vumpa, Vumpè Permultative: Vumpi, Vumpaë, Vumpni Paucal: Vushu, Vusha, VushèCollective/abstractive: Vëum, Vëa, Veul

Case follows the paradigm of Vu and Vë, the neutral forms only exist in the nominative.

Accusative: Vo, Va Dative: Voes, Vÿss Genitive: Vio, Vaëa Possessive: Vum, Vëm Attributive: Vonya, Vonya Possessed: Vola, Vala Abbessive: Voï, Voï Benefactive: Vuva, vuva Malefactive: Vuvnai Causal: Vux Vëx Instrumental: Vucma Translative: vuncu vunca Distributive: Vimbu, Vimba Comitive: Vun, Vën Incomitive: Vums, vams Ablative: Vatru, Vatra, Essive: Vëtra/u Allative: Vÿtra/u Advial: Vwtra/u Ellative: Vasta/u Inessive.: Vësta/u Illitive: Vÿsta/u Invial: Vwsta/u Apudlative: Vabra/u Apudessive: Vëbra/u Apudallitive: Vÿbra/u Apudvial: Vwbra/u Superlative: Vadra/u Superessive: Vëdra/u Superallative: Vÿdra/u Supervial: Vwdra/u Sublative: Vapta/u Subessive: Vëpta/u Suballitive: Vÿpta/u Subvial: Vwpta/u Interlative: Vafta/u Interessive: Vëfta/u Interallitive: Vcÿfta/u Intervial: Vwfta/u Ablateral: Vastra/u Lateral: Vëstra/u Allateral: Vÿstra/u per lateral: Vwstra/u

Special forms:

Passive Rarely used passive pronouns are used to denote that the subject is the recipient of a passive verb. The sense also denotes a sense of irreversibility or regret. Vurlu Vurla Vurlu nwelli,- I was seen by him Vurlu nwellumnu,- I was seen. Vurlu Nwalthmi. - I was seen. These forms are all found, but very rarely, normally the simple verb form is used.

Reflexive

Vumnu - myself Vumna myself ♀

Reciprocal - marks reciprocal action.Vuftu, Vufta - each other, one another.

Agentive Mark that one is the doer of an action. Viu -by me - viaViu Newline - You are seen by me

IntensiveAdds emphasis that it is the referent being spoken of.

♂Vuëxi - I myself♀Vuaxi

Verbal pronouns.These pronouns function as verbs.

Ovu - I♂do Ova- I♀do Oqpe- You do Oqpea- You ♀do Oli- He does Ozi- She does Obloi- We do Ocaë- You all do Othau- They do Omni- No one doesEtc.

Auvu- I did Auqpe- You did Auli- He didEtc.

Ivisu- I will Iqpise- you will Ilisi- He willEtc.

Oivu- If I didEtc.

Austvu- I causedEtc.

Oviscu- I want to doEtc.

Demonstrative pronouns

Singular Dual Plural Partive Plural This Oco/ Ocno Octo Ecne/ Icni Ompo That Loco/Locno Locto Lecne/ Licni Lompo Yon Doco/Docno Docto Decne/ Dicni Dompo None Roco/Rocno Rocto Recne/ ricni Rompo Some Voco/Vocno Vocto Vecne/ vicni Vompo Any Thoco/Thocno Thocto Thecne/thicni Thompo All Olmno Olndo - Olmpo Which? Noco/Nocno? Nocto? Nicni? Nompo? That which Poco/Pocno Pocto Pecne/picni PompoSimilar to this Moco/Mocno Mocto Mecne/Micni Mompo

Locative

Location Direction to Direction from Via Here Olo Odo Obo Orro There Lolo Lodo Lobo Lorro Yonder Dolo Doqpo Dobo Dorro Nowhere Rolo Rodo Robo Rorro Somewhere Volo Vodo Vobo Vorro Anywhere Tholo Thodo Thobo Thorro Everywhere Olmlo Oldo Olbo Olro Where? Nolo? Nodo? Nobo? Norro? That where Polo Podo Pobo PorroLike that place Molo Modo Mobo Morro

Unit

Singular Dual Plural Partive Plural This one Ono Onto Ini/ene Onpo That one Lono Lonto Lini lene Lonpo Yon one Dono Donto Dini dene Donpo None/nothing Rono Ronto Rini rene Ronpo Something Vono Vonto Vini vene Vonpo Anything Thono Tonto Tini Tene Tonpo Everything Olmno Olnto Which one? Nono? Nonto? Nini? nene? Nonpo? One which Pono Ponto Pini pene PonpoLike that one Mono Monto Mini mene Monpo

Vial

Vial Rational  Orthal This way Omo This reason Otho This method Ozo That way Lomo That reason Lotho That method Lozo Yon way Domo Yon reason Dotho Yon method Dozo Allways Olmo All reasons Oltho All methods Olzo No way Romo No reason Rotho No method Rozo Someway/ somehow Vomo Some reason Votho Some method Vozo Anyway Thomo Any reason Thoqpo Any method Thozo How? Nomo? Which reason? Notho? Which method? Nozo? how Pomo for Potho That way PozoLike that way Momo Like for that Motho Like that way Mozo

Temporal

Oto At this time Loto At that time Doto At that time long ago, long from now Roto Never/ at no time Olto At all times/ Always Voto Sometimes Thoto Anytime Noto? What time? Poto That time whichMoto Like that time

Hodernal

Détha Today üthia Tomorrow Imithia Day after tomorrow Elva Yesterday Timral Day before yesterday Rétha On no day Olmétha Everyday Véithia Someday qpéthia Any day Nétha? Which day? Pwétha On the day thatMétha Like that day

Auxiliary demonstratives and quantifiers.

A certain          Püta Another   Alco Only    Lëthwa Whichever   üdothio One    Pia The other   pwéthëa Neither    Niqpela Either    qpella Both    Dopta One or the other  Piathiati Whether   Numa Hence Any    thiun, thono, thia thios All    Olm Some    Duo, Tholme, Vwé Every    Zëmo Many    Occa, Aÿta Few    Spitci, Michda Most    Auclo More    qpmau None    Nolmé Single    Itox, Isien Alone    Lëmwë Vëmwë Mëvo Only    Luthnë Whole    Poltha Oltha Olcla Half    OlpcoOnly     Visso

Numerals

Pia, Anda  One           Pï- Nwemë     Two           Nwï- Rupso       Three         Psï- Otco          Four          Cti- Poisca       Five          Pois- Fëxa          Six           Fix- Slesta        Seven       Stï- Apta         Eight         Pti- Nëvro       Nine          Vrni- Thalnto     Ten           Tli- Aufwi       Eleven Falwa       Twelve Psithalnto Thirteen          thnirupso Ctithalnto Fourteen thniotco Poisthalnto Fifteen            thniposca Fixthalnto Sixteen            thnifëx stïthalnto Seventeen        thnislesta Ptithalnto Eighteen        thniapta Vrnithalnto Nineteen          thninëvro Nwïithalnto Twenty     ctithnipia Psïthnalto Thirty Ctithnalto Forty poisthnalto Fifty Fixthnalto Sixty Stïthnalto Seventy ptithnalto Eighty vrnithnalto Ninety Calto One hundred Nwïcalto Two hundred Nwïclapia two hundred and one Senco Thousand Scni Banlo Ten thousand Tarcto A hundred thousand Relimw a million

Once Andiel Twice nwemiel  Etc.

First Andana Second Nwemana Firstly Andaniel Secondly

Single Andumo Pair Nwemulo Trio rupsumo

Prefixes One half

Adjectives

PositionAdjectives usually found on either side of the noun they modify, however in a noun phrase, the article comes first, as in English.

Ë cwëpla valno  - the swift horse OrË valno cwëplo - The swift horse, the horse that is swift.

The adjective’s position is determined on its function, either It is a complement to a noun or a modifier.

Compliments come before the noun and do not agree in number, case or gender. The gender ending on the adjective is usually he default, usually the feminine, in some dialects the agreement for gender is polar, meaning that the adjective will end in the gender ending opposite of the noun. A compliment adjective is simply adding information about the noun, imbuing it with a certain quality.

Modifier acting adjective follow the noun and do agree for number, case and gender. This use is for highlighting the quality or making the modified noun distinctive from other nouns of its type.

In English the ‘Spanish teacher’ has two meanings, either a teacher who teaches Spanish, which Spanish would be acting as a compliment, or a teacher who is Spanish, which would be acting as a modifier.

In Italian ‘Il Alighieri inferno’ Is Dante’s inferno, with Aligieri acting as compliment.But “Il inferno Alighieri” suggest that Dante had rivals who made their own Infernos.

Ë mëvana melfae - the beautiful girlsË melfae mëvanae - The girls who were beautiful as opposed to otherwise.

Ë lafla moëu melfaemith mëvanaeth qpusci - The kind boy likes the girls who are beautiful.

As a matter of style however, when there are multiple adjectives, it is considered best to place them equally before and after the noun, and agreement is not necessary unless the modifier sense is needed.

A big red old book. - O reccna qpomica osta aucma

Main adjective form Default pronominal position Adjectives are formed in several ways. 1 Core Adjective: Words whose root form is adjective.

Calca- Black Muna- GoodLuclu- Cool

2 Participles: Words derived from verbs and derivate into adjective form. See verb section

3 Literal nominal adjectives. Adjectives formed from nouns.4 Abstract nominal adjectives: Also formed from nouns

3: These forms literally transfer the noun into an adjective form. -na Sun- solar                  Vïthëriana (root form Vïthëra) - Vïthërna Sleep- somnial           Mwndëa  - Mwndona History- Historic        Tarvëa - Tarvnëa  Red the color- Red       Recca    -  Reccna

4: these forms suggest a characteristic from the noun is present but not the literal sense of the noun/ Sun- Sunny, bright, cheerful Vïthëriana- Vïthërèltha Sleep - Sleepy Mwndëa - Mwndèlèth History - Historical Tarvëa - TarvelethRed - Mostly red - Rèccèth

-na vs. -eth -eleth -esca -eltha

Adjectives can be inflected for comparative, superlative, equalitive, intensive, sufficial Surplus, hemial, interrogative, demonstrative proximate and distal, and degree. While most of them have a negated form as well.

Negative form Lÿlona- oneiric Lÿlinass / Lÿlass - not oneiric For adjectives ending in the -n- form, or a root ending in n -ilass is added. Muna - munilass- not good

Armo- warm  Armlass - not warm Üthna - right, just  üthnilass - unjustMandelstam - sleepy   Mwndelthlass - not sleepy

For nouns ending in -l or another coronate, the nass form is used. Reccnass- Not redLÿlinass - not oneiric

ComparativeThis form is used to show that something is more so of a quality than something else, or that it is comparatively more so in general.

Lÿlona- oneiric, dreamlikeLÿliwr - more oneiric

Mëanna happyMëanniwr- happier

Armiwr Warmer Üthniwr more justMwndelthwr sleepier

Negative comparative The negative form of the comparative, meaning less of a quality.-imor / inor

Lÿlimor - Less oneiric Reccimor - less happy Mëannimor- less happy, Armnor - less warm üthnilor - less justMwndethnor - less sleepy

Superlative This form is most of a quality, also denotes an extreme level of the quality. -ixim- Lÿlixima - most oneiricMutëmo - cute  Mtëmiximo - cutest

Armiximo - warmest Üthnixima - Most justMwndethiximo - sleepiest

Negative superlative The negetive form of the superlative, the least of a quality. -enon Lÿlenon - Least oneiricReecenon - least red, not red at all

Armenon - least warm üthnengon - least justMwndelthenon - least sleepy

Equalitive This form shows that its quality is equal to that of another entity. -aqpos Lÿlaqpos - As oneiric Mëanaqpos- as happy Reccaqpos- just as red

Üthnaqpos - as just Amraqpos - as warmMwndethlaqpos - as sleepy

Negative equalitiveThe opposite of the form above

Lÿlinoss - not as oneric Mëannoss - not as happy Reccnoss - not as red Armnoss - not as warm Üthnnoss - not as just Mwndelthnoss - not as sleepy

Too much Lÿlëba - too oneiric Mëanëba - too happy Reccëba - too red Üthnëba - too just Armëba - too warmMwndelthëba - too sleepy

Not enough Lÿlamba - Not oneiric enough Mëanamba -not happy enough Reccamba -not red enough Üthnamba -not just enough Armamba -not warm enoughMwndelthamba - not sleepy enough

Enough Ülÿloma - oneiric enough Üreccuma - Red enough Ümëanuma - happy enough Ülarmoma - warm enough Ülüthnoma - just enoughÜmwndelthoma - sleepy enough

Not too much Amlÿlëba - Not too oneiric Amreccëba - Not too red Ammëanëba - not too happy Amarmëba - not too warm Amüthnëba - Not too justAmmwndelthëba- Not too sleepy

Proximate Oc- Oclÿlona - This oneric Ocmëanna - This happy Ocreccna- this red Ocarmo - This warm Ocüthno - this justOcmwndeltha - this sleepy

Distal Ol- Ollÿlona - That oneiric Olmëanna - That happy Olreccna - that red Olarmo - that warm Olüthno - That justOlmwndeltha- that sleepy

Interrogative Nau- Naulÿlona? - How oneiric? Naumëanno - how happy? Naureccna- How red? Nauarmo- How warm? Nauiuthno - How just?Naumwndeltha - How sleepy?

Modal -ol- Lÿlollo - So oneiric Mëanolla - So happy Reccolla - So red Armolla- So warm Üthnollo - so justMwndeltholla - So sleepy

whole Olmlÿlona - Pure dream Olmmëanna - completely happy Olmreccna - Pure red Olmarmo - completely warm Olmüthno- All justOlmmwndeltha - Completely exhausted

Hemical

Alplÿlonu - Half oneiric Alpreccno -half red Alpmëano- half happy Alparmo - lukewarm Alpüthno - half justAlpmwndeltha- Half sleepy

Derivation and word formation

Semantic affixes

Ability -ëènt Lÿlëènt - Dreamable Nwellëènt - visible Reccëent - able to be red Armëènt - able to be warmed Mëannëènt - Able to be made happy Üthnëènt - Able to be made just, justifiableMwndelthëent - Able to become sleepy

Proneness, -tive -ioc Lÿlioc - Dream prone Armioc - Prone to be warm Reccioc - often red Mëanioc- Often happy, jovial, apt to happiness Üthnioc- prone to being justMwndelthioc - Apt to be sleepy

Fullness -azma Lÿlazma - dreamful Reccazma - Full of red, completely red Üthnazma- Full of justice Armazma - really warm

LessnessLÿlasnae - dreamless

Locative-ese

Something from somewhere -Ëèna Arthëèno - TerranAlnëèno - Alean

That which must be V’d Lÿlévëss - Must be dreamedLÿlëfsi -Should be dreamed

-like simulative

Lÿlisca - dreamlike Valnisca - horseish Valnelcta- Horsyish Valneth - horsy Lÿleth - dreamyLÿlelcta

V -&gt; A see verb section N-&gt; A See first section Adv. -&gt; A -n-?Misc. -&gt; A Mau-fi-na

Perceptory

Althënisnu- It seems true. Armisno- It seems warm.

Tense

Adjectives can also be marked for verbal attributes such as tense, aspect, and mood, but not voice, or person however. To understand these terms, please see the verb section.

Past’ -altht-

Althëna- trueAlthënalthta- It was true.

Future -issi Althëna- trueAlthënissi- It will be true (no gender marking)

Perfect -ucn-Althënucno - It has been true

Future perfect -icn-Althënicno - It will have been true.

Pulperfect -acn-Althënacno - it had been true

Similarly take the adjective stem and then attach the mood or aspect infixes, attaching -n- where possible and then add the gender endings.

Athën-ulf-n-o -&gt; Althënulfno- It has to be true

Substantive adjectives Adjectives can behave like nouns in the same way as in English when one speaks of “the poor” or “The brave and the bold”. -s or -nos -nossa♀

Althënos- The true one. Reccnos- The red one.

Another way is:

Althënius ♂ - he who is true Althënua♀ - she who is trueAlthënien -ø - that which is true

Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs or adjectives. There are adverbs of time, manner, and degree. Adverbs of degree and time are treated in the next section, they do not inflect and function similarly to prepositions and other particles of speech. Those that inflect, adverbs of manner, are treated here.

Adverbs of manner are taken from nouns, adjectives or verbs. -ëèl sometimes spellt -ièl or -iel Is the simple affix you attach.

Valniel - horsily, like a horse, as a horse would, equinely. Lÿliel - dreamily Recciel - redly Cwëpiel - swiftlyNwelliel- seeingly

The -iel affix almost acts as a particle, it can be added to other parts of speech which are already inflected.

Valnariel- A horse having been the patient of an action.Nwallthiscuruliel- Having wanted to see him, I

For these complicated forms the particle ’fi’ also performs the same function. Cwëpiel arcëstami aevenu fi valnatroli ro nwelleu thëntu. - Having quickly walked into the castle, I though I might have seen him on his horse.

For other uses of Fi see section

Comparison: All the forms of comparison and degree available to adjectives are also available for adverbs.

Aevu cwëpielwr - I walk more quickly.Etc.

Verbs

Verbs are inflected for Person, sex, number, negation, voice, tense, aspect and mood.The bare verb form, the infinitive, ends in -o

Lÿlo- to dream Mwndo- to sleep Aevo- to walkNwello- to see

There are two sexes, Masculine and feminine. There are three main persons, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In groups of mixed sexes, masculine governs.

Sn. Pl. 1st Lÿlu ♂I dream Lÿloi We dream 2nd Lÿlé ♂You dream Lÿlaë You all dream3rd Lÿli ♂He dreams Lÿlau They dream

Sn. Pl. 1st Lÿla ♀I dream Lÿloiá We♀ dream 2nd Lÿleá ♀You dream Lÿlaëá ♀ Y’all dream3rd Lÿliá ♀She dreams Lÿlaua They♀ dream

The extra person can be expressed through prefixes.:

Oclÿli - This man dreams / this thing dreams    Oclÿlau - These dream. Oclÿliá - This women dreams

Ollÿli - That man dreams / That thing dreams Ophlÿli - Yon man dreams / yon thing dreams Nulÿli? - Who dreams? Othlÿli - Someone dreams Oslÿli - Anyone dreams Olmlÿlau - Everyone dreamsOlmlÿlanau - Nobody dreams

Negation:

Sn. Pl. 1st Lÿlanaü ♂I don’t dream Lÿlanoi We don’t dream 2nd Lÿlanïé/Lÿlané ♂You don’t dream Lÿlanÿs None of you dream3rd Lÿlanai ♂He doesn’t dream Lÿlanau They don’t dream

Sn. Pl. 1st Lÿlanaya ♀I don’t dream Lÿlanoiá ♀We don’t dream 2nd Lÿlaneá ♀You don’t dream Lÿlanÿza ♀ None of you dream3rd Lÿlanaia ♀She doesn’t dreams Lÿlanaua ♀They don’t dream

The difference between The first and third person negated forms is in the syllable of stress. The first person is Lÿlánaya whereas the third person is Lÿlanaiá.

Number. Singular and plural are the most common sued, but also the same number that effect nouns, dual, trial, tertiary, paucal, permultive, partive, and abstractive also occur.

Dual inclusive Dual exclusive Tertiary incls. Tertiary excs. 1st ♂Lÿlui ♀Lÿlaui ♂Lÿlitu ♀Lÿlitwa ♂Lÿlitoi ♀Lÿlitoia ♂ ♀ 2nd ♂Lÿlité ♀Lÿliteá - ♂Lÿlitae ♀Lÿlitaea - 3rd ♂Lÿliti ♀Lÿlitiá - ♂Lÿlitau♀Lÿlitaua -

Negative Dual inclusive Negative Dual exclusive Tertiary incls. Tertiary excs. 1st ♂Lÿlanui ♀Lÿlanaui ♂Lÿlanitu ♀Lÿlanitwa ♂Lÿlantoi ♀Lÿlanitoia ♂ ♀ 2nd ♂Lÿlanité ♀Lÿlaniteá - ♂Lÿlanitae ♀Lÿlantiaea - 3rd ♂Lÿlaniti ♀Lÿlanitiá - ♂Lÿlanitau♀Lÿlanitaua -

Trial inclusive Trial exclusive Paucal inclsv. Paucal excls 1st ♂Lÿlithru ♀Lÿlithra ♂Lÿlithroi ♀Lÿlithroia ♂Lÿlishu ♀Lÿlisha ♂Lÿlishoi ♀Lÿlishoia 2nd ♂Lÿlithré ♀Lÿlithrea - ♂Lÿlishé ♀Lÿlishéa - 3rd ♂Lÿlithri ♀Lÿlithria - ♂Lÿlishi♀Lÿlishia -

Trial inclusive Trial exclusive Paucal inclsv. Paucal excls 1st ♂Lÿlanithru ♀Lÿlanithra ♂Lÿlanithroi ♀Lÿlanithroia ♂Lÿlanishu ♀Lÿlanisha ♂Lÿlanishoi ♀Lÿlanishoia 2nd ♂Lÿlanithré ♀Lÿlithrea - ♂Lÿlanishé ♀Lÿlanishéa - 3rd ♂Lÿlanithri ♀Lÿlanithria - ♂Lÿlanishi♀Lÿlanishia -

Partive inclusive Partive exclusive Permultive inclusive Permultive exclusive 1st ♂Lÿlumpu ♀Lÿlumpa ♂Lÿlumpoi ♀Lÿlumpoia ♂Lÿlÿmpu ♀Lÿlÿmpa ♂Lÿlÿmpoi ♀Lÿlÿmpoia 2nd ♂Lÿlumpé ♀Lÿlumpéa - ♂Lÿlumpae ♀Lÿlumpaëa - 3rd ♂Lÿlumpi ♀Lÿlumpia - ♂Lÿlumpi♀Lÿlumpia -

Partive inclusive Partive exclusive Permultive inclusive Permultive exclusive 1st ♂Lÿlanïmpu ♀Lÿlanïmpa ♂Lÿlanïmpoi ♀Lÿlanïmpoia ♂Lÿlanÿmpu ♀Lÿlanÿmpa ♂Lÿlanÿmpoi ♀Lÿlanÿmpoia 2nd ♂Lÿlanïmpé ♀Lÿlanïmpéa - ♂Lÿlanïmpae ♀Lÿlanïmpaëa - 3rd ♂Lÿlanïmpi ♀Lÿlanïmpia - ♂Lÿlanïmpi♀Lÿlanïmpia -

Abstractive inclusive Abstractive exclusive 1st ♂Lÿlanuimiu ♀Lÿlanuimia ♂Lÿlanuimoia ♀Lÿlanuimoëá 2nd ♂Lÿlanuimié ♀Lÿlanuimiá - 3rd ♂Lÿlanuimisi♀Lÿlanuimisia -

Voice. There are three voices: Active, passive, reflexive and reciprocal.

Active: the doer does something to someone else, or the verb is intransitive. Passive: the action is being done to the doer. I see vs. I am seen Reflexive. The doer and the recipient of action are the same. I see myself. I wash myself, etc. Reciprocal. Two doers both do the same thing to each other. I see and am Seen.

Passive singular Passive plural 1st ♂Lÿlumnu ♀Lÿlumna ♂Lÿlumnoi ♀Lÿlumnoia 2nd ♂Lÿlumné ♀Lÿlumneá ♂Lÿlumnaë ♀Lÿlumnnaea 3rd ♂Lÿlumni ♀Lÿlumniá -♂ Lÿlumnau♀ Lÿlumnaua

Negative Passive singular Negative Passive plural 1st ♂Lÿluznu ♀Lÿluzna ♂Lÿluznoi ♀Lÿluznoia 2nd ♂Lÿluzné ♀Lÿluznneá ♂Lÿluznaë ♀Lÿluznaea 3rd ♂Lÿluzni ♀Lÿluzniá -♂ Lÿluznau♀ Lÿluznaua

Reflexive singular Reflexive plural 1st ♂Lÿlumyu ♀Lÿlumya ♂Lÿlumyoi ♀Lÿlumyoia 2nd ♂Lÿlumwé ♀Lÿlumweá ♂Lÿlumwaë ♀Lÿlumnwaea 3rd ♂Lÿlumi Lÿlumwi ♀Lÿlumiá Lÿlumwiá -♂ Lÿlumyau♀ Lÿlumyaua

Negative Reflexive singular Negative Reflexive plural 1st ♂Lÿlugnu ♀Lÿlugna ♂Lÿlugnoi ♀Lÿlugnoia 2nd ♂Lÿlugné ♀Lÿlugneá ♂Lÿlugnaë ♀Lÿlugnaea 3rd ♂Lÿlugni Lÿlugni ♀Lÿlugniá Lÿlugniá -♂ Lÿlugnau♀ Lÿlugnaua

Reciprocal singular Reciprocal plural 1st ♂Lÿluftu ♀Lÿlufta ♂Lÿluftoi ♀Lÿluftoia 2nd ♂Lÿlufté ♀Lÿlufteá ♂Lÿluftaë ♀Lÿluftaea 3rd ♂Lÿlufti ♀Lÿluftiá -♂ Lÿluftau♀ Lÿluftaua

Negative Reciprocal singular Negative Reciprocal plural 1st ♂Lÿluvnu ♀Lÿluvna ♂Lÿluvnoi ♀Lÿluvnoia 2nd ♂Lÿluvné ♀Lÿluvneá ♂Lÿluvnaë ♀Lÿluvnaea 3rd ♂Lÿluvni ♀Lÿluvniá -♂ Lÿluvnau♀ Lÿluvnaua

Tense:

Future:This tense is obviously used for actions that will take place in the future. It is usually marked with -is- after the root.

Future singular Future Plural 1st +♂Lÿliu      -  ♂Lÿlaniu +♀Lÿlisa     - ♀Lÿlanisa ♂Lÿlioi   -  ♂Lÿlanioi ♀Lÿlioia   - ♀Lÿlanioia 2nd +♂Lÿlié         -♂Lÿlanié +♀Lÿlisea    - ♀ Lÿlanisea ♂Lÿlisae     -♂Lÿlanisae ♀Lÿlisaea    -♀Lÿlanisaea 3rd +♂Lÿlisi       -♂Lÿlanisi +♀Lÿlisia     -♀Lÿlanisia ♂Lÿliau       -♂Lÿlaniau♀Lÿlisaua     - ♀Lÿlanisau

Future singular passive Future Plural passive 1st +♂Lÿlimnu     -♂Lÿliiznu +♀Lÿlimna     - ♀Lÿlizna ♂Lÿlimnoi   -  ♂Lÿlznoi ♀Lÿlimnoia   - ♀Lÿliznoia 2nd +♂Lÿlimné        -♂Lÿlizné +♀Lÿlimnea   -♀Lÿlznea ♂Lÿlimnae     -♂Lÿliznÿ ♀Lÿlimnaea    -♀Lÿliznÿza 3rd +♂Lÿlimni       -♂Lÿlizni +♀Lÿlimnia    -♀Lÿliznia ♂Lÿlimnau       -♂Lÿliznau♀Lÿlimnaua     - ♀Lÿliznaua

Future singular reflexive Future Plural reflexive 1st +♂Lÿlimyu      -  ♂Lÿlignu +♀Lÿlimya     - ♀Lÿligna ♂Lÿlimioi   -  ♂Lÿlignoi ♀Lÿlimoia   - ♀Lÿlignoia 2nd +♂Lÿlimwé         -♂Lÿligne +♀Lÿlimwea    - ♀ Lÿlignea ♂Lÿlimwae     -♂Lÿlignae ♀Lÿlimwaea    -♀Lÿlignaea 3rd +♂Lÿlimwi       -♂Lÿligni +♀Lÿlimwia     -♀Lÿlignia ♂Lÿlimiau       -♂Lÿlignau♀Lÿlimiaua     - ♀Lÿlignaua

Future singular reciprocal Future Plural reciprocal 1st +♂Lÿliftu      -  ♂Lÿlivnu +♀Lÿlifta     - ♀Lÿlivna ♂Lÿliftoi   -  ♂Lÿlivnoi ♀Lÿliftoia   - ♀Lÿlivnoia 2nd +♂Lÿlifté         -♂Lÿlivné +♀Lÿliftea    -♀ Lÿlivnea ♂Lÿliftae     -♂Lÿlivnae ♀Lÿliftaea   -♀Lÿlivnaea 3rd +♂Lÿliftisi       -♂Lÿlivni +♀Lÿliftia     -♀Lÿlivnia ♂Lÿliftau       -♂Lÿlivnau♀Lÿliftaua     -♀Lÿlivnaua

Additional numbers:Taking the ROOT+tense+voice construction you can then add the auxiliary numbers and person endings, for example

Lÿl-I-mn-ui Root-future-passive-masculine dual

Once again the number endings are: Dual inclusive:-ui, -aui Dual/tertiary exclusive: -it- -Trial: -ithr- Paucal: -ish- Partive: -mp- permultive: -ïmp- Abstractive: -im-

Past tenseThe past tense is used for actions that obviously took place in the past. This is formed in a somewhat complex manner of ablaut where the verb root vowel systematically shifts to denote the past tense. However a simpler mode is also used. This is the infix of -ath- which behaves exactly as in the future -is-. So that Lÿlisi - “He will dream” and Lilith “he Dreamt.” correspond. Also in the same way the theme tense vowel can be shifted with complex voices. Lÿlumnu - I am dreamt of Lÿlimnu I will be dreamt of Lÿlamnu _ I was dreamt of. Verbs with bisyllabic or trisyllabic roots use this regular form of past tense formation.

If the verb root has one syllable of a CVC- structure than it follows this paradigm:

Present                                 Past -a- changes to -&gt;  -au- -è-    -ë- -é-    -ÿ- -ë-    -u- -o-    -oi- -I-    -è- -u-    -a- -w-    -oi- -ÿ-    -o- -au-    -w--oi-     -é-

So for examples Gloss present  Past To dream        Lÿlo  Loltho To love Lumno Lamno To smile Mëmo Mumtho to sleep Mwndo Moindo To make Morno Mwrntho To lie Thromo Thrémtho To burn Moiro Mwrtho/Mérthp To fall Dwemdo Dwëmdo To wash Mléro Mlÿro To sail Dalio  Daulio To tie Tivo  TèvqpoTo scream   Svauso  Svÿstho

Immediate past tense This tense is used for when an action occurred immediately before speaking. üs- üslollthu - I just dreamt Üslÿlathu

Hodiernal The action occurred today: Octh- OcthlolthuOcthlÿlathu- I dreamt today

Hestiernal The action occurred yesterday Olg- Olglolthu- I dreamt last nightOlglÿlathu

Cotiernal The action will occur tomorrow Üth-Üthliliu - I will dream tomorrow

Remote past The action took place in the remote past, long ago Arm- Armlolthu - Long ago I dreamtArmlÿlathu -

Remote future Long from now the action will occur Arm-Armlÿliu - Long from now, I will dream

Future-in-the-past This is for actions that were going to take place in the past. Im- Imlolthu- At that time, I was going to dreamImlÿlathu

Future-in-the-future This is for action that will still take place in the future Im-Imlÿliu - By then I’ll be going to dream

For negation simply attach -(a)--nai- to the end of the root. Lollth-nai-u= Lollthnaü - I did not dreamMoindanai- He did not sleep

Similarly, simply add the voice stems to the past root. Lollthamnu - I was dreamt ofAlthough Lÿlamnu works just as well.

Aspect Perfect Generic/aorist For general actions that take place from time to time and no particular reference point. -niLÿluni - I dream, I dream occasionally, sometimes I dream, I am known to dream.

Progressive Meaning the action is continuous, ongoing, is in the process of happening. -èn-Lÿlènu- I’m dreaming

Prospective Denotes that the action is about to take place. That it will do so soon. -evz- Lÿlèvzu - I’m about to dream Lÿlevnu Inceptive Denotes the action has just started. -erd- Lÿlerdu - I’ve begun to dreamLÿlernu

Terminative Denotes the action is finishing. -gd- Lÿlugdu- I’m finishing dreaming, I’m just coming out of a dreamLollthugdu - I’ve finished dreaming

Conative Denotes that the agent is putting effort into attempting to perform the action. Lÿluntu- I’m trying to dream. Lÿluspu

Imperfect Is used for when the action was taking place in the past but was not necessarily completed at the time when something else happened. Lÿlomecu - I was dreaming whenLÿlomcu- I was in a dream

Habitual Is used for when the action takes place habitually, often or out of habit. Phoë- Phoëlÿlu- I often dream

Cessative Denotes that the action will stop.Lÿludnu- I’m quitting dreaming.

Defective This denotes that the action did not take place but that it was very close to doing so.Lÿlacnu- I almost dreamt.

Pausative Denotes the action will stop and then resume again.Lÿludwu- I’m taking a break from dreaming.

Resumptive Denotes that the action is resuming again from an inactive state.Umlÿlunru- I’m starting to dream again

Delminitive Denotes that the action will take place for an extended time.Lÿluphmu - I dream for a while

Protractive Denotes the action will continue past expectations.Oëlÿlenu- I dream on and on

Iteritive Denotes the action will complete itself many separate times in succession. Oëlÿluntu - I dream again and again.

Frequentive Used for when the action takes place many many times all in succession. ë Rocma lacski - The fire sparked.ë Rocma oëlacskini - The fire sparkled.

Experiential Denotes that the action is very practiced and familiar to the agent. Oëlÿlauxu- I certainly know what it is to dream. Accidental Denotes the action accidentally took place.Lÿlauchu- I accidentally dream

Intentional Emphasizes that the agent did in fact intend to perform the action. Lÿloblu- I mean to dream.

Insurpessive Denotes that the action could not be avoided fully, or that there is an irreversibility to the action and that it lies outside of the agents control. Lÿluphlu - I can’t help but dream

Intensive. Denotes and emphasizes an intensity to the actions. Lÿlauxu - Lÿlaullu- I dream!

For additional inflexion the order of classes goes as follows:

ROOT + aspect+ tense vowel+ voice+/- neg+person.

So, Lÿlaullamnnaü - I certainly was not dreamt of very much!

MoodMoods add certain connotations to the semantic value of the verb.

Subjunctive The subjunctive mood denotes that the certainty, validity, veracity, is not certain or is questionable. -er- infix.In the first person masculine it is marked as:

Lÿleu- I might dreamLÿlera- I ♀might dream

Verbs of belief that take another action as their argument usually trigger the subjunctive.

Thenu me lÿleri - I think he dreams. I think he might dream.

Any verbs of belief, or hearsay will trigger this.

Potential Denotes that the agent has the ability to perform the action. -op-Lÿlopu- I can dream

Conditional This is used when on verb is held to be conditional, such as if the action takes place, than something else will arise.-oips-

Lÿloipsu- If I dream.

Lawénoipsi velisinu- If it rains, I will not go.

Causal Denotes that the action is the cause for something else.-ux-

Lÿluxu- Because I dream.

Cohortive Suggests a suggestion that an action could take place.-oz-

Lylozu- Let’s dream!

Mo nwellozé- Why don’t go you see it?

Volitive Denotes that the action is desired.-isc-

Lÿliscu- I want to dream.

Would Denotes that the action might potentially take place if another condition were true.-erm-

Lÿlermu - I would dream.Mwndoispu lÿlermu- If I slept, I would dream.

Need Denotes the subject has a need for the action to take place.Im-root-uct-

Imlÿluctu- I need to dream.

Hope Denotes the subject is hoping that the action will take place.-dami

Lÿludami-I hope I dream. I hope to dream.

Probable Denotes that it is probable that the action takes place.-erom-

Lÿlerom - I probably do dream.Lÿleromi- He probably does dream.

Ought Denotes that the agent has a sort of obligation to perform the action.-ucl-

Lÿluclu- I should dream. I ought to dream.

Presumptive Set up a simulation of a hypothetical situation were the action might have been performed. -oigwen-

Lÿloigwenu - Suppose I dream. Ok, say that I dream.

Forced Denotes that the agent was forced into performing the action.-austr-

Lÿlaustru - I am forced to dream.

Causative Denotes that the subject caused the object to perform the action.-aust-

Ro Lÿlaustu - I cause him to dream. I make him dream. Lÿlaumnu- I am made to dream. (passive)

JussiveDenotes that the subject pleads that the action take place.

o-root-ovb-

Olÿlovbu- I pray to dream. I plead to dream. Please dream. Rum Olÿlovbu - I pray he dreams.

Inquisitive Is used to ask if the action takes place.-ti

Lÿluti? - Do I dream?

Necessative Denotes that the action must take place. -ulf-

Lÿlulfu-I must dream

Recipientive Denotes that the action is good and that it is a privilege that it takes place. ü-root-uml-

Ülÿlumlu- I get to dream.

permissive Denotes that the subject allows the object to perform an action.-usm-

Ro Lÿlusmu- I let him dreamLÿlumnusmu- I’m allowed to dream (passive), I may dream.

Necessative Denotes that the action is a burden to the subject.-ucr-

Lÿlucru- I have to dream, and it sucks.

Try Denotes that the agent will attempt to perform the action.Pr

Lÿlupru- I try to dream.

Adiuval This denotes that the subject helps the object to perform and action.-ufm-

Lÿlufmu- I help to dream.

Ro Lÿlufmu - I help him dream

ImperativeThe imperative mood is used in commands and orders, it has only 2nd and 3rd person forms.

Alÿla- Dream! Alÿlaha- Dream! (used to say to females) Alÿlahae- Dream all of you! Alÿlahaea- Dream all of you females! Alÿlahi- He shall dream! Alÿlahia- She shall dream!

Future.

Alÿlisa- You will dream then!Etc.

VeracityThe amount of truth the speaker puts into his phrase can be marked as such.

Vaë Lÿlu- I really dream, I dream! I certainly dream. I contest I dream. Lÿlu- I dream. I state it as a fact. Lÿleu- I might dream. It may be truth. Lylufi- It is said that I dream. Hearsay. Lylanaüfi- It is said that I do not dream Lylenaü- I might not dream. Lalanaü- I do not dream.Lÿlanaü vae - I do not dream!

Multiple moods and their order.It is possible to compound the different affixes into quite complex verb forms. While simple compounding is quite common, the more complex forms are usually broken down into several separate words, however, the complex verb forms while rare in speech are found in writing, and sometimes in song and poetry, the most complex forms, often for comedic effect.

Lollthumnopniscareu - I might not have needed to have wanted to have been unable to have been undreamt of.

In English the order of the elements is of course: Agent-veracity-tense-volitive-potential-voice-root

But in Alnëèn the order here is: Root-voice-potential-volitive-tense-veracity-agent

Even longer more ridiculous forms can be constructed.

Lollthamnanaiphmanaiclaproscoipseritea. -If you two girls might have wanted to be able to try not to keep being undreamt of over and over.

Which can be broken down as:

ROOT+tense+voice+negation.+aspect+V’(try)+potential+volitive+conditional+subjunctive+dual+2nd person+feminineLollth -a-mn- anai-phm-anai-cla-pr-o-sc-oips-er-it-e-a

The basic rule to the order of affixes is such:

((((((((ROOT+tense)voice/negation)tense/negation)Aspect/negation/degree/intent)V’/mood/negation/degree/intnent)mood)verity)subject/number)

Non-finite forms:Non-finite forms of verbs are verb forms without marking for tense, person, etc. Rather the behave like other parts of speech.

Infinitive:The infinitive is a verb for that symbolizes the abstract idea of an action, it is not a noun and does not mark for number or case, it stands on its own. The “To do something” is its approximation in English.

They do not represent any of the verb's arguments (as employer and employee do). They are not inflected to agree with any subject They cannot serve as the only verb of a declarative sentence. They are used with auxiliary verbs.

These forms can be used in matrix clauses where the subject and tense are the same.

I Want to dream - Vlomu LÿloI know I saw (it). - Iscu nwello

I believe I like (it) - Vunu qpusco

They can be used as subjects:  Lÿlo va muno - To dream is good. Infinitives have no gender, adjectives set to agree with them can take any ending.

They are also used in constructions such as

I asked him to come with me.- Ludqpiuro vum velo

I want you to come- Vlomuro velo

Infinitives are formed simply by adding an -o to the end of a stem instead of the person endings, with as many affixes as desired. Some common forms are given here. present Lÿlo - To dream Lÿlumno - To be dreamt of Lÿlumyo- To dream of oneselfLÿlufto-To dream and be dreamt of

past Lolltho/Lÿlatho- To have dreamt Lollthumno- to have been dreamt of Lollthumyo- To have dreamt of yourselfLollthufto- to have dreamt and to have dreamt of yourself

Lÿliso-To dream sometime in the future Lÿlimno-to be dreamt of sometime in the future Lÿlimyo- To ream of yourself sometime in the futureLÿlifto-To dream and be dreamt of sometime in the future

Lÿlunto-To have dreamt Lÿlumnicno-To have been dreamt of Lÿlumicno-To have dreamt of oneselfLÿlufticno-To have dreamt and been dreamt of

The prefix Or- denotes the negative form

Orlÿlo - To not dream

Gerund: The gerund is used as an action noun, it can be inflected with all the features of nouns. It is formed with the prefix o- and the ending -io

Olylio- dreamingOrolÿlio - not dreaming

So one might use the gerund as: I like dreaming- qpuscu olÿlior Or Qpum olÿlio vëthonumnaustu - Your dreaming makes me wonder.

Verbal noun The verbal noun is very similar to the action noun, the gerund above. However it is used for the result of the activity, some sort of more physical reality rather than an abstract one. -itpo

Lylipto- A dreaming, A dreaming session Prodvipto- A run.Nwellipto- A look.

Supine:The supine is used for construction explaining the purpose or goal of an action

Vëlthu lÿliwn- I came to dream, I came in order to dream, I came so that I might dream

Simply attach -iwn to the end of the stem Lÿlopiwn- In order to be able to dream Orlÿliwn - Not in order to dreamLÿlanaiwn- In order to not dream.

In the future, the sense means that the action is scheduled to happen, is supposed to happen, or perceived to be about to happen.

Thëntu vuvnaë thÿstisiwn- I thought I was about to die.

Participle:Participles are either adjectival or adverbial, they serve as verbal adjectives or verbal adverbs. The prefix Or- signifies if it is affirmative or negative.

Adjectival

Lÿlélta zoa- She is dreaming. She is in the state of dreaming.Afroia drecumi mwndélto- Beware the sleeping dragon.

Present active participle +                       - Lÿlélto -  Orlÿlélto Present passive + - Lÿlunto-  Orlÿlunto Present reciprocal Lÿluftelto -Orlÿluftelto Present reflexive Lÿlumielto -Orlÿlumielto Past participle Lollno -Orlollno Past passive Lollnto, -Orlollnto Past reflexive Lollumielto -Orlollumielto Past reciprocal Lolluftelto -Orlolluftelto Future participle Lÿlistmo -Orlÿlistmo Future passive Lÿlimnistmo -Orlÿlimnistmo Future reflexive Lÿlimistmo -Orlÿlimistmo Future reciprocal Lÿliftistmo -Orlÿliftistmo Perfect participle Lÿlucno -Orlÿlucno Perfect passive Lÿlumnucno -Orlÿlumnucno Perfect reflexive Lÿlumücno -Orlÿlumücno Perfect reciprocal Lÿluftucno -Orlÿliftucno Pulperfect participle Lolthno Lollucno -Orlolthno Orlollucno Pulperfect passive Lollthumnucno -Orlollthumnucno Pulperfect reflexive Lollthumcno -Orlollthumcno Pulperfect reciprocal Lollthuftucno -Orlollthuftucno Future perfect Lÿlicno -Orlÿlicno Future perfect passive Lÿlimnicno -Orlÿlimnicno Future perfect reflexive Lÿlimicno -Orlÿlimicno Future perfect reciprocalLÿlifticno -Orlÿlifticno

Verbal abverbialsThese are used as adverbs.

He came smiling. - Vëlthi mëmiel

Present Active: Lÿliel Passive: Lÿlumniel Reflexive: LÿlumielReciprocal: Lÿluftiel

Past Active: Lollthiel Passive: Lollthumniel Reflexive: LollthumielReciprocal: Lollthuftiel

Future Active: Lÿlisiel Passive: Lÿlimniel Reflexive: LÿlimielReciprocal: Lÿliftiel

Perfect Active: Lÿluntiel Passive: Lÿlumnuntiel Reflexive: LÿlumüntielReciprocal: Lÿluftuntiel

Pulperfect Active: Lollthniel Passive: Lollthnamniel Reflexive: LollthamielReciprocal: Lollthnaftiel

Future perfect Active: Lÿlicniel Passive: Lÿlimnicniel Reflexive: LÿlimicnielReciprocal: Lÿlifitcniel

AgentivesThese operate like the adjectives, but mean “the one who is Xing”

Lÿlius - The dreaming one. The person who is dreaming. I hate the man you love- Rum lumniuth raushtu.

Present Active:  ♂Lÿlius    ♀Lÿlua/Lÿlana      ø Lÿlien Passive: ♂Lÿlumnius  ♀Lÿlumnua  ø Lÿlumnien Reflexive: ♂Lÿlumüs ♀Lÿlumüa øLÿlumyenReciprocal: ♂Lÿluftius  ♀Lÿluftua.Lÿluftana   øLÿluftien

Past Active: ♂Lollnius ♀ Lolnua     ø lolnien Passive: ♂Lolumnius ♀Lolumnua  ø lolumnien Reflexive: ♂Lolumüs ♀Lolumüa ø lolumyenReciprocal: ♂Loluftius ♀Loluftua    øLoluftien

Future Active: ♂Lÿlisius ♀Lÿlisua    øLÿlisien Passive: ♂Lÿlimnius ♀Lÿlimnua ø Lÿlimnien Reflexive: ♂Lÿlimüs ♀Lÿlimüa  øLÿlimyenReciprocal: ♂Lÿliftius ♀Lÿliftua   øLÿliftien

Perfect Active: ♂Lÿluntius ♀Lÿluntana Lÿluntua øLÿluntien Passive: ♂Lÿlumnicnius ♀Lÿlumnicnua øLÿlumnicnien Reflexive: ♂Lÿlumicnius ♀Lÿlumicnua øLÿlumicnienReciprocal: ♂Lÿlufticnis ♀Lÿlufticnua øLÿlufticnien

Pulperfect Active: ♂Lolthnius ♀Lolthnua øLolthnien Passive: ♂Lolthumnius ♀Lolthumnua øLolthumnien Reflexive: ♂Lolthumüs ♀Lolthumüa øLolthumyenReciprocal: ♂Lolthuftius ♀Lolthuftua øLolthuftien

Future perfect Active: ♂Lÿlicnius ♀Lÿlicnua øLÿlicnien Passive: ♂Lÿlimnicnius ♀Lÿlimnicnua øLÿlimnicnien Reflexive: ♂Lÿlimicnius ♀Lÿlimicnua    øLÿlimicnienReciprocal: ♂Lÿlifticnius ♀Lÿlifticnua   øLÿlifticnien

Semantic Prefixes The prefixes add a certain connotation to the verbs they modify. Re-Ird-

Irdlÿlu- I dream again, I dream over, I re-dream I resomnitize.

Un- ArbArblÿlu - I Undream it

Good ü-Ülÿlu - It is good that I dream.

N Bad ar-Arlÿlu- It is bad that I dream

Before mel- Elm- Elmlÿlu- Before I dream

Against- ac-Acvelo- running away from

V Dis- spread out cel- elc-Elcmothu- I collect

Mis- irr- Irrlÿlu- I misdreamI dream wrongly

Perfect vel- Elv-Elvlÿlu- I dream perfectly

Half- Ledi- Eldi- Eldilÿlu- I half dream

Retro- eqpl-Elqpvelo - to go back.

Pseudo- hego- olg-Olglÿlu - I pretend to dream

fear Ëf-Ëflÿlu- I dream and am frightened by this.

Love ém- Émlÿlu- I lovingly dream

Hate ag-Aglÿlu- I begrudgingly dream

Fierce car- arc-Arclÿlu- I fiercely dream

Beautiful ova- üva- üv- ülv-Ülvlÿlu- I dream and it is beautiful.

For the purpose/sake of  bi- ib- om- oth-Iblÿlu- To the sake of my dreamin

Intensive as- is- ma- ym- Ïmnwaullu- stare intentlyÏmlÿlu- to have mad visions.

Interrogative prefixes

What na-     nalÿlu? _ what do I dream of? When në- nëlÿlu?- When do I dream? Why nÿ- nÿlÿlu?- why do I dream? Who nu- nulÿli? -Who dreams? Where nei- neilÿlu? - Where do I dream? How nau- naulÿlu? - How do I dream? How much no- nolÿlu? - How much do I dream? How many néo- néilÿlau? How many people dream? How far noa- noavelu? - how far am I coming?How soon nio- nioveliu? How soon will I come?

Copula: The copula is the verb “to be”. It is irregular.Oano - To be

Singular plural 1st ♂Au♀ Aua    ♂ Moi, ♀Moim 2nd ♂Os ♀Ossa    ♂dos ♀dossa 3rd ♂Ï m’ï l’ï ♀ aëla    ♂Lant ♀Lanta

The affixations are formed in these manners.

Atu- ♂dual Ata ♀dual Moitu Moita - inclusive dual Authru Trial♂ Autti dual♂ Auttaë dual ♀ Aumpu partive Aumpae permultive Aushu paucal Auëu abstractive ♂Auëa abstractive ♀

Ascu - volitive - I want to be Aopu- I can be Aistu - I become Oipsu - If I am Eur- Were I, I might be

Etc.

Moiscu - We want to be

Ossté - You two areOssce - You want to be

Ospe - You can be

Ospse - If you are

Ïsci- He wants to be.

Etc.

The other tenses work the same way as regular verbs only without extra affixes to mark tense.

FutureIsto - To be in the future

PastIclo - To have been in the past

PerfectOnto - To have been

Pluperfect.Uicno- To have had been.

Í - Is a simple copula that does not mark for tense or person nor any thing else. It is simply a particle that denotes that the case is such.

Ocvanla Muna í - That horse is good.

Issi in the same way is the future, it simple implies that the speech is referenced for the future.

Issi Lÿlu - I will dreamË valno mëano issi - The horse will be happy

Attha - Is the same but for the past.

Some of the moods have their own words as well.

Oppo- Can

Lÿlu oppo- I can dream

Erre- subjectiveOipsel- conditional

Word formation. Nouns -&gt; verbs There are two ways. The regular way to form a verb from a noun is with the infix -cwe-Valnicwu- I horse. I ride a horse.

The other way is to change the vowel stem.

Verb stem -&gt; noun A -&gt; ëo    Dalio- to sail Dueliu- Sail boat È-&gt;ie       thèno- to think  Thienta - Thought É-&gt;uo      Miléro- to wash Miluorua- Cleansing Ë-&gt;éo      Mëmo- to smile   méomë - a smile O-&gt;eu     Thromo- to lie   Threumo- a lie I-&gt;èi   Tivo- to tie Teívo - A tie U-&gt;w  Lumno - to love Lwmnëa -  Love W-&gt;oé Mwndo- to sleep Moindia- Sleep Ÿ-&gt;aë Lÿlo- to dream   Laëlia- A dream. Au-&gt;oa  svausco- to scream Svoascë- a screamOi-&gt;ue moiro- to burn   Mueria- inferno

Noun to verb

A -&gt; i.e. Valna- horse Vielno- to ride a horse È-&gt; i É-&gt; ë Ë-&gt;u O-&gt;a I-&gt;oi U-&gt;ÿ W-&gt;é Ÿ-&gt;w Au-&gt;oOi-&gt;au

The above paradigm when used on the vowels of verbs convert the verb to an adjective.Regular verb to adjective formation can be achieved with the infinitive plus -na/no

Nwellona- visual. Although much more frequently the participles are used or the adjective is converted from the noun.

Particles.

Vâ- Marks the topic of the sentence. Also used to mark entire clauses.

Valnaë vâ qpuscu- As for horses, I like them.

He told me how much he hated the girl you love.

Ë melfa pwi lumné lu raushtoneossali vâ, ludqpivoës.

The. Girl. Which. love+2ndperson/masculine. Possessive. Hate+adj.+ness+3rdperson possessive. Topic. Told+3rd person masculine+1st person dative masculine.

Mé- That. This is the coordinator that is used after the main verb and begins a new cluase as an argument. It is not the ‘that’ that’s used in the sense of “the person THAT I saw’ Vunu mé velisi- I believe that he will come. Fëanu mé nwellopiuqpo- I hope I will see you.

Pwi- This is a form of the referential pronoun, meaning that, or which.

Lumnuza pwi thenu muno í - I love her, which I think is good.

Fi- sort of verbal quotations.

Lumnuqpoa fi pwëthti - He said “I love you”

It can also be used to denote hearsay.

Faunthi fi - It is said that he did it.

It can also be used to denote multiple verb actions.

Vnotifi, mëmifi, mëanicwifi. - He lives, smiles and is happy.

It can also be inflected with any of the cases leaving the main noun caseless.

Valno fith qpuscu - I live horses.

This is usually used with proper nouns from other languages.

New York fith lumnu- I love New York.

It can also be used to make an entire clause a sort of adverbial formation.

Hating the man I once loved, I sought to love anew. - raushtu ë thontor pwi lamnu fi umlumnanriscu moila.

Prepositions

Aboard             Importsi  on/in About   Dendwé  lative Absent   Nÿsni   from Above   Swanda  supressive Across   Wosso   near Afar   Lomboé Against  Coshca   surface Along   Thosti   surface Alongside  Ipsnaya  surface Amid   Cwic   in Among    üen   in Around   Rolua   near Aslant   Checho Astride   Lasidé, feno  near At   Dan Dand Athwart  Hwÿxra Atop   Uen Barring  Irrcni Before   Mielli   near Behind   ëmpol Below   shtau Beneath  Ilix Beside   Fempec Between  Sena Beyond  Arwo By   Pel Pem pi pe Despite   Ishtic Down   üf During   zau refne Except   shÿpel Failing   agmînné Following  Voldene For   Peym From   Enx In   Imi Inside   ÿmÿ Into   Inemi Like   Mesne leki Mid  Ift Minus   Nÿsemi Near   Romwé Notwithstanding Trauncenyce Of   Ou lon loa lu Off    Aur On   Be bea bo Onto    Bepre Opposite  andi Out Amma Outside  Fwaxa Over   Uelme Past   Alcïsa Present   Uleusu uclusu Future   iclisi Plus   Pelnt, pelnc, flene Regarding   Nëdwé Round    Laua Save   Piel Then   Loé Loc Through  ïzra Than Throughout  Olmïé Times   scÿ To   Ul Toward  Aumwé Towards  Naelti Under   Sué Underneath  Silix Unlike   Acmisni Until   Bethe Up   Owa Upon   Boi Via   iux, lux With   mo, coe, twelm Within   Telmé Without  Aderme Worth   Zotha According to  Chauctenni Ahead of  Anthel Along with  Thostimo As for   Azdoe As per   Pomco As to   Nathul Aside from  Iciÿel Close to  Ecleth Far from  Roune Near to   Romwe Next to   Binel Outside of  Fwaxa Owing to  Welbes Prior to  Mielmi Regardless of  Iziÿné Subsequent to  Wipicte As far as  Aromié By means of  Taldo In case of  Imcwae In front of  Amielti In lieu of   Ilsh In place of  Awero In spite of  Shnircte Anti   Anthi Circa   Reu Versus   Actra Apart from  Sperfa Ago   Mowa Apart   Spa Away   Ulo Withal   Olmoi This side of  Clepi That side of  Olclepi Right   qpesra Left   Sitcri Straight   Trun? Trunel. mythwa Above   Swindi wenn Around the corner Dortu Hellward  Racmarelti In the presence of  Imzandiun In the power of Imvasca Past   Spwar Forth   Holca Right up to  Aswarth Past Present Future Approximately Ectefel Including  Amüeni Diagonal to  RoituThanks to   Dannoi

Prepositions of TimePrepositions of discourse

Adverbs of Time Now                                   Noelt Then       Bel Back then    Pluoa At that time     Ocpelcwa Long ago    Qporweilya Once upon a time   Denicwalicwa Way back then    Plucwo Way off from now    Cuol Always    Ommella Never     Nëstë Sometimes    Dolomel Often     ëscé Whenever    Thelomel Scarcely    Rëscné Rarely Almost never    Parel Not very often Frequently All the time Occasionally Today     Detha, Octhia Tomorrow    üthia The Day after tomorrow  Imithia Yesterday    Elvua The day before yesterday  Temral On that day    Pothia Everyday    Olmethia What day? Nathia? Which Day? Netha? No day     Retha Someday    Veithia Any day    qpothia Finally     Lipa Mylli Myna Already    Moalle Soon      Luss Just   Dë Cabba Capta Still    inca Frequently     Tarwec Generally   Ilidwec Sometimes   Thonel Thonec Thoneie Rarely    Luroe Normally   Amie Occasionally   Awacel Often    Oleie Regularly   Eriloi Usually   Mitwe Yet    Oid Always   Moe Simultaneously  Theonel Daily    Dethalf? Olmthiel Early    Cüna Late  Cryle First    Pina Second Third Forth Recently Immediately   Hwec Micwal Seldom   Mlo Over    Elo Vnele Later    Crelier Right now    Almnolt Lately    Huvwe Meanwhile   Müvïthe Afterwards   Astwel Presently   Ulcinie Instantly   hwele Nowadays    codethiel From now on    Nowama Long ago   Orocna Once upon a time  Denicwalicaw Formerly   Imacla Here After   Impiel By and By   Imiel Shortly    Bummie Forever   Mÿcwenel moemanna Eternally   Murwenel For forever more  Moemannamo Incessantly   Ictembie Perpetually   Tospiel Continually   Corsiel Endlessly   Olrnysie Evermore   MümowaEverlastingly    Mondamiel

Adverbs of degree Much    oe More     Onra  Vmau Most    Onï   Vmï Too    Fwae fae sae Very    Vau, Vae Greatly    Ocmïel Far    Rowna Vmar Principly   Impiel Mainly    Yeplie Mostly    Onyth Entirely    Pytriel Full    Faunna Fonna Fully    Fonneth Completely   Dympiel Perfectly   Vélëél Wholly   Olmiel Totally   Ortiel Altogether   Axca Quite    Cvïsto Clear    Mëvanda Stark    Cforqpa Exceedingly   Efmëthiel Extremely   ïscviel Hardly    cwelle Excessively   defriel Intolerably   onyscriel Infinitely   Mucweniel Enough   Alar Sufficiently   Alariel Adequately   Deliel Exponentially   Ixianopsiel Proportionally   üvolmiel Eventually   Omwiel Even    Vlun Little    Mimpi Less   Mecwë Least   Mixwi Scantly   shcidiel Merely   Werdiel Barely    Hacliel Partly  Larmiel Nearly    Romwiel Almost   lupciel Not quite   numbe Wisely   Lÿntea Lyntiel Well   Alwa dü Ill    Nallwa Wisety Foolishly   Spustiel Justly   Vycliel Truly   Althiel Surely    Lempiel Perhaps   Swale Possibly  Thicniel Maybe   Mulne, folba Else   lewOtherwise   Andriel

Conjunctions, coordinators and phrases of discourse And  Elnt But  Miau, mio, mia, Cuuw Or  Cwï, lur, foi, bwa, fue, Nor  Froi, nroi For  Hëx Peym üv üvi So  Cala, Lo, Yet  Cué As  Baus, Zol, loz, If  Lae, të, lex, Also      mïo After  Astu Before  Maelli, mwelli, mieli While  Fÿthé Since  Tuer Until  Olti Because Vegnuva So far as Hÿthré Now that Nwoltil In order to/that Pruvoé Though ÿccma Although Zÿccma Even though Mÿccmwa Unless  Nreya Only if  Pielï Whether or not Nÿthenae Even if  Lÿmwa In case of Sethiamé Once  Onto Whereas Doumie Provided ümdalthi Till  Ictie As if  Nathie, cwetsh, chasti So that  Cwové As long as Alÿga Accordingly Gwepiel Hence  Obo Instead  Vmecca Nevertheless Mÿolnïé In as much as Ichite Until now Oltielli For example Clepsuva However Mauzné Likewise Mësnël So too  Omu, umu Of course ÿmbé Next  Ticto Still  Incu aqpmes Anyway Cwemei For instance Prolxé Meanwhile Müvÿthé On the contrary Anthïé Besides Zorbé Further more Tompé Indeed  Elcte Moreover Oémbié On the other hand Balvimi Althiu Then again ëthësë Therefore Ilco Consequently Avieldé In fact  Alëstrié, Delroé Namely Nünoé Otherwise Althié So far  Olfoé Thus Nonwa Even if  Can it be that  Copuia va?

Diction particles and interjections.

question         Cva? Ti agreement           Maa Explanation request        Lo? Memory confirmation       Fué? exclamation           phï committal            io Verity exclamation             iau ias Topic changer dü Agreement request         me            Vocative. yoë

Syntax Word orderChanging the word order does not change the meaning of a sentence as it would in English, rather it simply changes the focus of a sentence, that is what the speaker wishes to emphasize. The basic word order is VOS. That is Verb, object, subject.

In copulative sentences the verb is normally at the end. In fact it is usually left out entirely, and the pronoun is all that’s used.

Rowa au- I am brave.Rowa vu- I’m brave.

Mëanno vu - I’m happyMëanno au- I’m happy

In the case above sometimes both are used at once to separate vowel barriers.

Mëanno au -&gt; Mëanno vu au -&gt; Mëanno v’au.

Similarly mu ï -&gt; M’ï and ru ï -&gt; L’ï

When a tense other than the present is used than the copula is normally used.

Mëanno clu- I was happy.

But since tense can also be marked in the adjective then,

Mëannalthto vu - I was happy.

There can sometimes be a different sense in the two uses. Since au is tensed it suggest it may be a temporary condition.

Mëanno v’au- I am happy now. I am happy but I was not before. I’m in a happy mood right now.

Mëanno vu- I’m a happy person. My situation is happy.

In the third person the order is determined by the focus.

The boy is brave- Rowa l’ï moëumi - brave is the boyIt is the boy who is brave. - ë moëu rowa l’ï

Theodor is a boy - O moëu thëodor ï Theodor is a boy. - O moëu l’ï thoedorIt’s Theodor who is a boy- Thëodor o moëu l’ï

In a non copula verb sentence the verb usually comes first.

Nwallthu o valnor  - I saw a horse.

Although usually left out sometimes the subject pronoun shows up at the end. Nwellthu o valnor vu- I saw a horse.

Of course if it is to be emphasized that it was one and no other who did the action that that element occurs first.

Vu nwallthu o valnor - It was me who saw a horse.

If the object was effected in a real way than it occurs first, or simply to emphasize.

O valnor nwallthu - I saw a horse and nothing else. I saw a horse and it noticed, it was frightened by me.

To strengthen the above meaning sometimes a passive verb with an accusative subject is used.

O valor nwellamnivoës - A horse was seen by me, and it was frightened by this, or it noticed, or was effected by this.

The general rule is that the object proceeds the subject if it is in someway effected by the action.

Lumni moëumi melfar- The boy loves the girl. (but she doesn’t know, or care.)Lumni melfar ë moëu- The boy loves the girl and she knows.

Sometimes this distinction is further made by the use of the dative versus the accusative case.

Lumni melfas ë moëu - The girl does not knowLumni melfar ë moëu - The girl does know.

In noun phrases relative noun phrases can also be constructed as such. The girl I love- ë lumnu melfaThe horse who kicked the knight- ë cnovuth acsèstri valno

Of course the other way is - ë melfa pwi lumnuË valno pwi cnovuth ascèstri

Pwi vs. pono

Pwi is used directly after the noun, pono is used in isolation and can be inflected for gender and number.

I don’t like the horse who kicked the knight, who hurting me, I wish also to hurt.Qpuscaü valnomith pwi cnovuth acsestri, pono ishti vuvnaë, ishtiscuro muu.

In sentences with indirect objects the order is determined by whichever is more interesting or important to the sentence.

Aucliá thornthuqp roës- She gave the sword to him. The sword is the main idea here.Aucliá roës thornthuqp - She gave him the sword. The sword was already mentioned but it is revealed that she gave it to him.

Similarly adverbs occur where their importance is needed.

Ormëel aucliá thornthuqp roës - KINDLY- she gave him the sword. Aucliá ormëel thornthuqp roës - She kindly gave him the sword.

There are many ways to construct the same meanings in complex sentences.

As he clutched his sword, which was his father’s before his, Azmorl thinks of home.

Mothani thornthulith pwi clë opagam maeli ronya, theni Azmorl molmëo. Azmorl rum ronya maeli opagam clë thornthulith mothani fi molmëo thèni.

She kindly gives the sword to the green knight on the horse.

Aucliá ormëel ë valnatra cnovues vënèthes ë thornthuqp.

Valnatra cnovumis ë thornthuth ormëel aucliá.

=Dictionary= ... Stand Tauto Go Eco ispo asco Come Velo See Nello nwellu Hear Aco   acto Feel Isno Think Cocro Dolco thenu Consider Inthelo Know Firo isco Remember Minimo Forget Amwelo Sit Stuio Sleep Nimo, Dimo, Mino, Mido mindo  mwndo Dream Lylo Run Prafo prafto pravo? Pravdo? Walk Aevo Swim Peglo Wogo Fly Atytra soar Zelno, Lebno Kiss Timpo amlo Love Lamno Hate Ralsto Fear Froio Hope Femano luvo Want Micno vnoco? Valdo? Vlardo? Alcu?qpalmo? Do Flaro dramo fano? Make Macwo Calno momo Cook Torpo Buy Cwento Sell Ulro Dig Plicto Cweco Help Uvydo Heal Lumisto Cure Amwo Hurt Sripso isfo ishfo Save Talmo Fight Scysto Kill Frucsto Ngyco Pray Iyumo Murder Rhaxto Slay Fyusto Slaughter Escralsco Give Aclu Take Pruto Put Busso dodomo Receive Selico Eat Ago Drink Calo Dance Dedano boibo Sing Lodio Yudamo mewa=song litali Speak Ostro Say Devo pwetho pwethco pwethto Call Anno Whisper Phwendo Yell Ayo Scream Svauso Cry Mecame florno Weep Pimelo Sob Glybdo Have Valo Vamo cambo Wonder Vethono Believe Vuno Trust Rwmvo? Cut Sasto Wear Clumo Live Cyso Lysto Rovo? Vnoco? Vloro? Vnoto Die Thyto Smile Memo Laugh Hyao haho limlo Learn Ducco Ducto Teach Pardo Wrap Aclumo Weave Vewo Sew Thuro Knit Flupto Like Disco? qpusco To regret Shanno Tell Lodio To transform, make? Mormo To burn Cydo, Moiro To greatly desire to know e To philosophize e To desire Vanuso To need Meno? Menumo? Lorgo? Lorvo? Lorfo? Lortho? lorqpo To get Dallo To Read Zuno? Bucto To Write Yamo? Cipso I lie Weero Throio I lay Thromo To breathe Lifo, Lifio TO hold Motho, mothio To turn DwadoTo Touch

To fall Dwemdo To pull Cepo To push Tuco To throw Denco To Tie Tivo To Play Loio To float Pholio To flow Phelno TO discernCecio

“I’ve been wondering”Romelienta

To waitLatto

To lose Dodemo Hope, long Yulo To arrive Cento To sail Dalio TO shine Alimo TO relax Blydo To let Endo Reminisce nostalgically Dilestno IntertwineInsyxo

To WashMilero

Lips                                   Sínún

Upper lip                           Wènsínu

lower lip                            Çtäusinu

Smile                                  Mëmò

Say                                      Dévò

Speak                                  Óstrò

Talk                                    Túpò

Tell                                      Lódiò

I call                                 Ännò

I beakon                           Bóndéssò

Sing                           Üdämo

Laugh                                  Hão

Yell                                     Äyò

Cry                                      Mëcämë

Scream                                Sväusò

Whisper                              Phwèndò

Whimper                            Hyignò

Cough                                Cäo

Gum                                   Skish

Teeth                                  Dènqi

To brush teeth                    Dènqidä Égäyo

To bathe                             Égäio

To wash                              Lälvò

Cuspid                                Ishästä

Palate                                 Gändrä

Molar                                 Hÿmdèl

Alveolar ridge                    Hëch

Uvula                                 Mópili

Tongue                              Länguèll

Taste                                   Fúèlsia

To taste                                Fósò

Bitter                                   Kernt

Sweet                                 Ämäèn

Sour                                    Ziëc

Salty                                    Tsèts

Spicy          Hässä

Starchy                                Hènga

Delicious                           Ümisimoa

Bad                                     Súsrii

Mouth                                 Cúlnä

Voice                                  Äèl

Tonsils                                Mópili

Throat                                 Sälgä

Neck                                   Súún

To nod                                Pibägò

Chin                                     Fièt

Cheek                                  Búcúi

Jaw                                     Lúúñ

Face                                     Däóué

Nose                                     Phémi

Nostril                                 Phéminiti

nose bridge                          Phémstri

To smell                               Moiò

Scent                                     Ólzë

Stench                                   Cräuga

Musk                                     Féftriu

Fragrance                              Üfétrium

A whiff                                  Féfiphä

Eye                                        Núèltu

Eyelid                                    Nwisi

Eyelash                                   Nwèsh

Eyebrow                                Nwèsifi

Wink                                      Ipi

Blink                                       Bibiu

To stare intensive= look

To gaze intensive+ watch

To peer                                    Stäbimò

To look                                   Bëmò

To show                                 Ädnèlò

To watch                                Élómò

Iris                                           Élsénti

Pupil                                         Zilisti

Whites of the eyes                    Nwèlccä

To see                                      Nèllò/Nullò

To look intensive=look

To look for                               Nèlúvò

Sight                                        Núèlium

Vision                                     Ménèlcä

a vision                                  Üménèlium

Tear                                          Éclëmë

To shut your eyes                   Äcnèläimò

To squint                                 Äcnèllifò

Ear                                           Lax

Earlobe                                    Läcsiblò

Earhole                                    Läcsiätcä

To hear                                      Äcò

Audition                                    Äcciúm

To listen                                   Ädiäco

To listen for                             Äccäimo

To pique your ears                    Äccuifò

Brow                                         Chóul

Forehead                                   Äcëma

Temple                                     Piutstu

Area between the eyes              Zidzo

Freckle                                       Plica

Scar                                            Lhäshcu

Acne                                          Fishta

Wart                                            Ngälg

Facial hair                                   Däuzif

Head hair                                    Polëëma

To comb hair                              Frittò

Body hair                                     Sif

Beard                                           Porpa

Mustache                                    Porpina

Saliva                                           Shynè

Braided hair                                Vländä=braid Vländilima

Blonde hair                                 Óldilima

Red hair                                       Rècthilima

Brown hair Ruscilima

Black hair                                     Cälcilimä

Short hair                                    Snilima

Ponytail                                         Núlima

Messy hair                                    Fläshälimä

To cut hair                                    Polëëmiada Sfixo

To shave                                         Hüffò

Sneeze                                           Hicshu

Head                                               Äcmä

Booger                                            Fshiupsi

Body                                              Äggä

Head                                             Äcémä

Brain                                              Zäxärä

To consider                                   Ynsicwo

To think about                               Pilipidò

To ponder                                      Eúcigò

To brood                                        Rälëcro

To think                                          Cócrò

To wonder                                     Vëthónò

To worry                                       Rälämpò

To know                                        Sitsò

To decide                                       Äxisänò

To determine                                  Idimisò

To remember                                  Minimo

To forget                                         Ämwèlò

To memorize cause to remember

To believe                                       Vúnò

Belief                                             Vúnium

Torso                                               Tómm

Belly                                                Dérdu

Core                                                Cÿcrò

Chest                                                Cärsë

Breast(male)                                     Clÿxòs

Navel                                                  Néxir

Stomach                                            Grúndú

Abdominal                                          Blúdúi

Butt                                              Räuboé

Back                                             Änx

Heart Ormë For a heart to beat Ormoio

Lung                                           Änku

Liver                                              Chéò

Kidney                                            Klipi

Bladder                                          Sädni

Bowel                                             Blor

Guts                                                Gäshä

Spine                                             Dÿdina

Bone                                             Lúcnä

Skeleton                                       Shäust

Rib                                                Papflu

Shoulder                                        Sómói

Collar bone                                     Cäflishnu (cäflä colar)

Pelvis                                              Dafsè

Solar                                               plexus

Skin                                                 Ditrué  Clommä=hide

Blood                                                Äigmä

Fat                                                      Häfä

Vein                                                 Sägnol

Soul                                                  Vänä

Muscle                                               Gärnu

Arm                                                Spónna

Forearm                                          Mèlspona

Bicep                                              Cinspona

Elbow                                                Mumu

Hand Bälvä To Grasp

To hold Motho Mothio To wave Wrist                                                    Disti

Palm                                                     Dólnu

Finger                                                 Jitti

Thumb                                                Ùñk

Fingernail                                             Nèd

Index                                                Lóchiti

Middle                                               Múnjiti

Ring                                                      Vlijiti

Little                                                        Psijiti

Knuckle                                               Clichru

Leg                                                           Äxä

To kick                                                  Äcsistro

To punch                                                Äcpolcò

Thigh                                                       Äfï

Hip                                                              Fëch

Calf                                                           Buñga

Knee                                                             Géibi

Foot                                                       Bólba

Ankle                                                        Scisci

Heel                                                         Dilmò

Toe                                                        Xëëdoi

Bridge of foot                                        Búibúi

Front heel                                                  Mèldilmò

Walk                                                            Aëvò

Go                                                              Écò

Come                                                         Vélò

Run                                                           Präfò

Swim                                                       Péglò Wogò

Fight                                                            Scÿsto

Hit                                                        Täccò Tästò

Dance                                                      Dëdanò  Bóibò

Jump                                                       Pängò

Spin                                                         Twimò

Turn                                                            Dwädò

Fall                                                        Dwémmò

Hide                                                                Mniphò

Write                                                                Phrännò

Read                                                          Zunnò

Sing                                                           Lódiò

To follow                                               Luthisò

Chase                                           Pójitò

Point                                                          Psixò

Gesticulate                                                   Jittò

Lean                                                          Blänimò

Sit                                      Stúiò

Stand                                                                  Täutò

Lay down                                                  Plúndò

Joint                                                          Flëëx

Bite                                                          Därtò

Eat                                                            Ägò

Chew                                                         Fräsnò

Devour                                                       Släikrò

Nibble                                                  Dibbnò

Gobble                                               Plägänò

Drink                                                       Cälo

Gulp                                                   Gäñalo

Sip                                                      Whwiphò

Guzzle                                                Qgäqgeò

Snack                                                     Pritishò

Feast                                                    Ümägdium

Consume                                                       Klÿsfÿò

Swallow Gläudò Flora Avlordia

Fauna Adeldiua

Plant Avlorda

Tree Alome Leaf Lewa Root Kefftre Trunk Gammi Stem Efell Bark Camra Petal Mifis Branch Saltos Twig Breegdi Stick Clatha Log Clagda Beam Zyderas Fiber Humpwis Flower Amenoa Grass Crio Seed Jeentu Fruit Weema Vegetables Famone (famaughnee) Weed Charxu Vine Ixella Herb Dzadue To grow Azmo To plant Avlordo To farm Armifo Nut Cnufto Olive Smolta Gnarl Ralgnob Warp Deglespo SproutSiffisti

Bulb Alfca Shrub Yere Grain Zeepli Wheat Felua Corn Dedru Rice Keepu Wood Romeda Gourd Tauper Mellon Geemea Nut Ched Berry Syria Tuber Chextu Banana Vananya Gape Rawana Bush Eiz Venus fly trap Screpiclascer Broccoli Alimi Brussels sprout Parisi Cabbage Chespa Cauliflower Wedipano Spinach Ropisas Lettuce Ulasca Beet Tabolo Artichoke Thestelito Bean Docnas Pea Beiyia Asparagus Aploda Celery Solosa Leek Kelico Shallot Ninisi Carrot Thornisi Parsley Sidnua Parsnip Raspisipi Turnip Acricha Potato Paoa Radish rritnos Yam Amplaza Okra Hocriode Basil Spipsi Cuman Cyupma Catnip Nelcisti Cayenne pepper Caeanti Salt Stalca Black Pepper fristas Sugar Mulima Honey Nundalu Chili powder Shisha Curry Cashti Chives Edeloi CilantroTinticu

Dill Strush Ginger Inciri Hemp Wespica Jasmine Shazad Mint Ints Thyme Utilime Licorice sneligo Linseed Efralsi Mandrake Covoma Mustard Pushcus Paprika Paprica Parsley Disompa Peppermint Respitun Poppy Aviva Rosemary Amblembiqpa Saffron Stistica Myrrh Emelris Frankincense Hanclapsi Sage Acowesh Sesame Himpi Sorrel Aswelga Spearmint Tripisti Vanilla Inela Wasabi Wasabi Chickpeas Cilitisti Lentils Teuedosh Corn Dedru Barley Salsito Oats cluhnga Rice Keepu Rye Hoffisa Sorghum Hashcasa Millet hinga Wheat Felua Hay Cuspa Straw Cispina Linden Sasifta Bay Tenninca Cinnamon Tiliopica Persimmon Asribilomen Cactus Tupla Lacquer Chava Sumac Tupwa Orchard Alodima Ebony Calfical Lawn Feloa Turf Depsa Pasture AQpulnui NettleShastra

Pomelo Festidaldo CoffeeAuhassa

Zucchini Sheppenti Potato Paopa Onion Pilispa Garlic Alfabra Thulba Shallot Steltsios Herb Dzadue BarleyGushma

Apple Palna Orange Caladi Grape Rawana Watermelon Swappas Melon Ragedda Apricot Tolcilia Cherry Mynda Tomato Oao Olive Smolta Coconut Dologma Pomegranate Asad Blueberry Blibi Blackberry Acsalsa Raspberry Safde Strawberry Swedee Pear Deffsa Peach Jeebra Plum Dlusta Pine-apple Wimar Cantaloupe Poloaddar Gourd Tauper Citrus Spitsi Citron Spitsiphi Lemon Sadiga Lime Tsaudus Grapefruit Plishi Kumquat Pipozdaga Loquat Gochapsira Medlar Pempeltsa Quince Chilista Rowan Jwasiza Squash Benedel Pumpkin Angolad Raisin Ridwip Banana Vananya Plantain Vanyupha Pepper Feshna Mango Gembela Avocado Jenipa Cucumber Clelleg Eggplant Gallo Caper Slitsepa FigCigni

Nut Ched Almond Daliomba Cashew Shwucheqpa Peanut Jugcheqpa Pistachio Cilipecheqpa Walnut Apicheqpa Macadamia Ademidega Oak Acorns Plusti ChestnutDalcheqpa

Tree Alome PineSprissos

OakDarcwidos

SpruceSmelsca

WillowOnivelimo

Cypress Spusca Sumac Geshegla pompliga Rosemary Dalpqisill Bramble Tharprass Rue Churue Fennel Reshtie Columbine Sipoliclu Sage tiatia Mint Ziltros Lilac Empilipossa Yew Clizvitsu Yucca Ucca Cone Clupimu Lumber Raculoa Timber Spefoa Hickory Threshetta Maple Mumblu Ash Doscesca Beech Thamistra Mahogany Eowagnoi Balsa Kephu Hemlock Plentificess Poplar Erizeztra Elm Lelthecu Palm tree Amblorima Bamboo Dagpoe Cedar Chastis Fir Rushca Larch Ashrisfa EvergreenVeenolmizva

Argan Geb Aspen Tolpspipa

Moss Visca Fern Spesie Thorn Nicthi Spore Tribli Algae Ithisimia To prune Sclipso Aloe Suqpella Sagebrush Fluspalaca Heather Rhetea Pea Shlup Hawthorn Glegeleg Daphne Edelfia Laurel Vyxos Holly Lopesca Mistletoe Thimilisti Hibiscus Seicelesca Wreath Lewacweti Garland Lewavalma Jasmine Mlotti Juniper Seliados Lavender Cwendemion Clover Vlofca Myrtle Thimestell OleanderLerie

Acorn Flantca Syrup Glussiqpa Birch Boithia Cork Propca AzaleaAleza

Rose Alnëtha Tulip Donelem Violet Pilupala Orchid Bendefela Pansy Censweldi Carnation Arthizolos Chrysanthemum Voldimoca Sunflower Vithrasmi Daisy Inoelida Iris Ovindemi Lotus Plosimeladi Lilac qpalimpella Buttercup Godwepla Daffodil Bimbeldi Dandelion Lawassi Mayflower Splusibnoi Forget-me-not Oldimielian Marigold Sestriolda Magnolia Pagzaldemmi PetalWeitisa

FlowerAmenoa

BlossomCoplammea

To bloomCuplizo

To sproutPluspio

NectarInzima

StamenHwepsila

PistolKestipli

PollenDoldni

FragranceAlome

Reptile Hesclas Snake Ephua Serpent Neeqpel Adder Destru Rattle snake Scecros Cobra Copra Viper Sipsros Crocodile Honyeshi Alligator Sarag Turtle Scoma Tortoise Axamba Boa Poia Python Peuqpona Lizard Euqpor Iguana Icwana Chameleon Cwepereleus Amphibian Alimedeu Frog Cayeldu Toad Efant Salamander Sansuo Insect Hytenu Arachnid Giliprinti Spider Fustna Scorpion Pescelons Beetle Cubdo Bee Spistu Hive Tsonticma Wasp Alstis Fly Ungde Dragonfly Rathelion Mantis Eslispi Grasshopper Dwelbina Cricket GurrmurCicada

Dzazzdum Louse Shig Ant Wisti Butterflies Clumnala Worm Miki Grub Dunk Moth Muniqpma Cocoon Cuncwa Crustacean Scamsca Crab Phelibnoi Shrimp Cheeta Lobster Gambendi Squid Shutra Octopus Ganeo Fish Sente Ray Creethosa Shark Hycula Flounder Wenjea Bass Teptust Tuna Maglo Salmon Zalgama Piranha Shx Walleye Peffija Carp Golpag Goldfish Oldisinti

Bird Anecwa Egg Awa Nest Fissola Wing Lowa Feather Awe Beak Clidza Talon Hysca To Fly Zeldo To flap Sweffto To soar Atytro To glide Affago To swoop Dwapilio Owl Eulenor Eagle Arla Hawk Tyxper Sparrow Nelebu Robin Merelme Swan Seveqpe Finch Pempu Bluejay Jeeme, Capaui Cardinal Leentu Goose Gader Duck Bombu Vulture Scyrax Crow Targos Raven Rastinus Ostrich Kodan Penguin Beendo Peacock Scelfena Chicken Cheua Turkey Agnuix Kiwi Cwi Quail Flegwe Pheasant Pezemza Partridge Qiprissa Woodpecker Gembliue Loon Asundie Pelican Ampostra Petrel Flusrunos Prion Yrdi Albatross Umeestrios Stork Phescra Heron Sicfi Crain Azulumi Egret Gloji Ibis Sclesi Auk Olaubru Gull Foltima Tern Espitsu Wren Micni Flamingo Zplozza Falcon Calscos Kyte Qecwa Rail Lessyr Crake Gejidu Dove Ahwispu Pigeon Denju Parrot Carroha Cuckoo Cucu Swallow Minelu Hummingbird Phibzi Lark Ascraluci Lyrebird Mimcristu Magpie Haploja Mockingbird Paploga Starling Ezwecra

Animal Dalthos

Mammal Lacthmiumi

Zoo Dalthenethica Horse Valnos A team of horses Valnupnae Cattle Addel Ox Cfypas Calf Naftupha Bovine Addeliona Bull Cofftre Cow Nafta Heifer Naftima Steer Naftethid Udder Legmi Beef Naftalga To moo Ngoo

Milk Lacthi To milk Lacthio Horn Oma Tail Juf flufa? Fur Solsha Cloven hoof Cliscidobsu Pig Gucch Boar Guchrek Hog Guchu Sow Gucha Piglet Gobi Pork Gutivel Pigsty Guchethica Oink Cuunho

Snout Clopihu Muzzle Ezda Limb

Paw Ibwenu Claw Scalca Fur Selsha/solsha Dog Coiros Male dog Coiru  Coppu Bitch Coira Humell coila Pup Coirupha/u coilipha To bark Arngo Wolf Lopios She-wolf Loppia Whelp Loppuph To howl Cawuo A Pack Lopupnai Cat Nelca Kitten Nelcima To meow Ngeao

Lion Leva Cub Levima To roar Arrco Tiger Thagros Leopard Leshtica Puma Bobuda Jaguar Hmixe Panther Dogra Lynx Lence Jackal Cacwesta Coyote Thupsu Bear Cumothros Sheep Vathen To bah  Meho

Ram Vathos Lamb Davaqp Goat Isheleps Billy Thish Whether Iseled Nanny Diza Kid Dizima Chevon Iselpsalga Deer qpelnum Buck Thelnor Doe qpelna Fawn Qpelnima, Aumistiu Venison qpelnalga To scoff Shiuxo Elk Vapici Stag Vapicu Hart Vapica Mole Tupra Shrew Jetesha Aardvark Arst Elephant Oganctos Manatee Manwafta Armadillo Cecluba Sloth Smitra Lemur Rumoli Ape Ebwu Monkey Scishto Gorilla Mygnorios Baboon Babunu Chimpanzee Bopumbulos Rat Ralhamp Mouse Jenda, Jendu Mwima? Porcupine Spina, Spinu Chinchilla Chinchill Tintiza? Guinea pig Ugmar Hamster Tamper Squirrel Twelfa Twelfu Racoon Fofra Fofru Beaver Walios Muskrat Amistris Badger Coplasci Wolverine Lopima Chipmunk Neednu Gopher Pholog Gerbil Hetchweg Vole Sfara Lemming Gennemel Rabbit Laspi Hedgehog Fegeltu Bat Nefro, Nefra Whale Gobalon Dolphin qpeleena Porpoise Delema Narwhal Alvalani Cheetah Scelistres Feline Nelcithiumi Mongoose Munnos Hyena Iscapsi (demonish) Fox Vospa Weasel Hwicpi Ferret Ashala Otter Bwendelu Seal Paplastos Skunk Shenca Shencuo Tapir Buxpenu Rhinoceros Crynta Crynter Giraffe Gwalta Gwaltu Hippopotamus Felnevua Camel Unta Llama Elianma Moose Almusi Gazelle Swalima Antelope Ezipiza Caribou Calipu Yak Hathan Ibex Ipesci Auroch Avrocu Reindeer Malmuqpelni (crowned deer) To hunt Avelumo To frolic Belibo To stalk Shieprio To bite Kashko To nip Ticho To nuzzle Glupo To growl Rogno To flee Elistifo To crawl Pashwo To wean Lathico Carnivore Algiagor Herbivore Criagor Omnivore Olmagor To stomp Dobsalco

Sun Vitheriana Sky Mista Misca Isca Istica Mwnua Mwvista Vumista Vwmistica Skyscreen Inel Cloud Neffua  lufpo? Blue sky Mlosticca Air Daumo Wind Zalne vlumnu Breeze Melphiana Gust Adluplo Atmosphere Amelicnisia Weather Ruzda Haze Amaon Mist Siphonia Fog Lezna Rain Lawe Drizzle Lawephe, Diffidisti Pouring rain Lawonstra Storm Fystra Tempest Acfolta Squall Shmorra Light storm Agvueldima Light rain Liwimithima Thunder Croscta Lightning Iscovda Snow Luki Blizzard Hrukka Sleet Laweluki, Lukipha Hale Blumbalad Flurries Mlurthui Tornado Plaundra Typhoon Macwasta Cold wind Brulmia Gray sky Hizdimel Moon Lonu Moonbeam Lonalana MoonlightLonucuna

Star Owa, Uer, Eor, Vytha, Vythena vnoa noe Galaxy Ovythiniumi Planet Artha  Wolner Mars Ruvisti Venus Bwitilisti Jupiter Hultristi Mercury Esfisti The north star Nolstra Shooting star Uerennik Comet Plombia Asteroid Arthuph Meteor Ashra Meteorite Asrina Earth Arthiana East Osma North Ivma South Auma West Umma (yumma) Center Icma Summer Astanu Winter Opheum Fall Efallia Spring Anexe Day Dolvi Night Reyme Dawn Aumisa Morning Amur Noon Alvua Afternoon Advua Evening Apsra Dusk Calcipsi Twilight Altwima Midnight Alvirimi Deep night Anexe Sunrise Vitheriano Moonrise Lonuo Sunset Anexe Moonset Anexe Month Lezmu Weeks Dendelya Full moon Lonulanna Eclipse Alcnyssa Rainbow Moluma Aurora Borealis Adwersta Ancestors Arienae Family Vilima Vamala Relatives Camcrioi TwinThwelo

Forefathers UPaxroi Great- Gyo- Grandparent Apsius Father’s father Pactrago Father’s mother Pactramga Father’s parents Pagzeroi Mother’s parents Magzeroi Mother’s father Magmapago Mother’s mother Magmaga Gandparents children Seroi Grandparents son Grelo Grandparents daughter Ixriliel Parent Anar FatherOpaga Pactos

Father’s brother Volnxo Father’s sister Ilgla Father’s siblings Raswe MotherOmaga Magma

Mother’s brother Fulnco Mother’s sister Wafsa Mother’s siblings Esloe Father’s siblings in law qpelfelgo -law etc. elga Cousin of father’s brother Pacwelis Cousin Ethoco Cousin of father’s sister Amitha Cousin of mothers brother Magwelis Cousin of mothers sister Sorpsina Sibling Qpelfa Qpelfo BrotherPruqpu? Praqpu? Braqpu? Obraqpos

Younger brother Anwe Elder brother Orowe Sister Swesta Sweesta    Ozwezda Younger sister Twimi Older sister Omiza Offspring Ugloriae DaughterSalima? Alima? Alina?

Son Salor? Saltros? Tolthro Olthro Dalthro Daughters son Estelro Daughter’s daughter Izilia Son’s son Folsto Son’s daughter Wilvila Sisters son Oldlo Sister daughter Iliana Brother’s son Thelcros Brother’s daughter Delilza Brother’s offspring Ashrosso Sister’s offspring Irtosso Father/uncle Blasho Mother/aunt Mlava Brother/sister/cousin Icle Son/nephew Doato Daughter niece Muama Grandparents children Eqpgoi Grandparents grand children Jordoi Parents grandchild Flalu Flalua Spouse Ulpni Husband Argo Hargo Wife Vemba (veemba) Brother wife Sellimi Sisters husbandCilvgo

Agree unitcto Be interested in Mlisto Be right Utha right Uthlo Be wrong Arsto, Arslo Believe vuno Convince uvycno Demonstrate macthio Doubt Rothto Forget amwelo Imagine qpumio Know isco Learn Ducco qpucco, qpucto Persuade Hyupto Reason Uqpentica Reflect Delestno? wirpho Remember minimo Study Cluzbio? Idbo, idufo Think theno Understand firano Horse Valnos Valna Equid Valnethium Pony Walnema Nag Geleg Foal Walnephe Stallion Thorvalnos Tholmos Thorvos

Stud Revelnu

Sire Dothneus

Mare Valna Walma

Broodmare Revelma

Dam Datha

Gelding Falnethid

Colt Valnuphus Omostu

Filly Valnupha Miuenne

Warhorse Falner

Workhorse Uvalanod

Drafthorse Ufalne

Carriagehorse Palazmona

A swift horse Delethos

A wild horse Halnithix

A horse for riding Velens

Hotblood Salnec

Coldblood Calnec

Warmblood Falnec

Roan Lommoa? Lommoana? Omobien

Painted Flissimu

Bay Recthalnos

Brown horse Ruscalnos

Chestnut Syralnos

White Valdalvos

Black Calcalnos

Red Valdalvos

Gray Ednalnos

Dapple gray Altsalnos

Appaloosa Saspalnos

Brindle Thosalnos

Buckskin Melioa

Champagne Dopessoa

Cremello Nedoa

Dun Somienne

Grulla Agolloa

Palomino Oldalnos

Perlino Issoboa

Pinto Bledoa

Breed Melovdium

To breed Melovdo

To ride a horse Vielno

A horse rider Valneus

To keep a horse Egvalnico? Valnuvio?

Horse feed Falicembia

Horse shoe Dobsicluf

Hoof Dolbsu

Tail Swiffwa flufo?

Donkey Palafos

Mule Nalivalnum

Zebra Zalnos

To neigh Ngeho

To graze Anglo

To kick Acsistro

To buck Dzofco To rear Ascalo

To trot Afwo

To amble Glemo

To canter Hemuto

To gallop Adasho

To nicker Higiligo

To whinny Hueuho

To charge on a horse Valnithivixo

Limb Blombae

Mane Plocma

Forelock Melplixi

Throat latch Hwacccha

Poll Clymiplima

Crest Clymella

Withers Holgma

Back Anxa

Loin Thordname

Croup Dunga

Haunch Gelgetu

Dock Pludd

Point of shoulder Axomsi

Arm Hmyss

Elbow Mumu

Forearm Melmyss

Knee Geibi

Fetlock Chefsca

Flank Dwech

Stifle Coppsiffi

Gaskin Techgwe

Quarter Hillie

Hock Clospu

Cannon Navla   (hilt)

Ankle Scisci

Pastern Sofft

Coronet Nicmi  (stair)

Barrel Daubnosa

Chestnut Sechwe

Chin groove Anglilosh

Frog Alfca

Heartgirth Ormwome

Hindquarters Punda

Jugular groove Cyscwefe

Mane Plocma

Muzzle Sarchu

Splints Cepidelificnae

Saddle Volcna  (throne)

Stable Valnethica

Stirrup Fledume

Bridle Bluzda

Halter Thostrux

Hackamore Ishipwi

Rein Ruspa

Bit Cythes

Harness Pushtru

Martingale Gimoqpidda

Spur Splost

Crop Crolpsa

Whip Raspitsi

Champron Caletsi Criniere Swatsena

Croupiere Blancwall

Flanchard Shespai

Peytral Ormodnoa

Caparison Flashra

horse dung Shafalnsh

Active Fanioc    Lombioc    Rasynno (energetic) Affectionate Tulbio Tulbia Tulbina?

AffectionTintofa

AgreeyUnifo

AgreeableUnifioc

Aggressive HarcoHarcioc? Harcazma

AngerClyxos? Clyxto

AngryClyxazma Clyxno Clyxieth

AnxietyGnorvmia

AssureBrommo

AttitudeThendica

Be downPhulpno

Be upWemino

BoldClyvo

BoreGufpo

BoredGufpno

BoredomGufpoe

CheerfulTupita

CheerTyptia

ComplainGlosro

ComplaintGlwsria

CruelFmarcna

CryMicami?

TearsEclimi tufta?tufnu?

DepressedReludna

DepressionReldysita

DesperateAuxtro

DisagreeRalifo

Be againstRaxtro

DisappointPhyugo

DissatisfactionAcloftium

EmotionMultiu? Ormthium?

EmotionalOrmazma

EncourageUvanisto

EncouragementUvanistea

EnthusiasticAlyvmi

FaithVynea? Vunea? Vunieth? Vwnium?

TrustFnumo? Fnuto?

FearFrois

FeelingIsnia. Ysnia. Multu? Multiu?

FlatterUloqpio

FlatteryUlwqpima

Fun Lufca Plufca? EnjoymentAmlua

GentleLammi

GloomyHogla

HappinessLaflumia

HappyLafna? Lafla? Laflana?

HopeFeana Luva?

HumbleAuploa Auplona

IndifferenceYntildium

JoyMeana

KindMumma? Mumna? Mumla bumdu?

LaughLimlia laughter Lumlo Lumla A laugh

LaughterLimlia

Mood Qponlu? qponlua qponda Bad moodRalqponda

Good moodUqponda

NeedMeno Munium Munia Mwnia Mwnium

NegativeNynielna

OpposeActro

PassiveSiftico

PatienceFelnuta patient

PositiveBystelna

ReliefHacwo Aphua

Sigh of reliefPhunnoa

SadMaclo

SadnessMacletium

SatisfactionUmolbium

ShameTobria

Be ashamedTobrunna

SmileMymo? Memiu?

SorrowName? Nuthniu?

SurpriseNacamia

SympathyThitosa? Theetosa?

TensetCuxa

ThankfulnessDanazmia

ThankfulDannazma

ThankDanne, qpanua

TimidPhimwi

Tolerance Fotcoa

WeepPilemo? Pimelo

Wonderful Vethonazma Uladamo?Uqpnica

House Famta Dwelling Cysethica, Umpwelca Home Moma Molmë Hovel Ralgna Shack Cishti Hut Lopcu Castle Arcanda Mansion Esysea Fort Dydoma Cave Solcmo Cellar Ifstoca Tower Ulpsa Hamlet Fultsa Village Furne, Nalmea Town Torsta City Poltomia, Polta Port Thusta Agora Rasla Metropolis Orpoldaia Capitol Upolitima Necropolis Strythipolta Cemetary Ucalmistoa Graveyard Mumba = grave, Mumbethica Well Manaithica, Mastitha, Maniva Mavna Stable Valnethica Barn Armba Farm Palta Street Slitona Road Tarnta Path Wefnu Way Colta Cobblestone Simpicava Door Eltru, Vrapa Gate Ovarnta Wall Cagwa, Plasco Fence Frosca Window Shimo?, Lomco? Lunco? Lucno? ect Curtain Smormia Shudder Clustrea Blinds Nulnaia Ceiling Chucta Floor Dolpa Wall Cegwe…? Roof Athroa? Throa? Thrumi? Thruspo? Tile Ticliti Shingle Selfra Thatch Crutha Gable Buemda Chimney Fumreo Fireplace Lacnethia Hearth Morme Bath Loimba Shower Lawethica Bathroom Qwocuno Sink Milerethica Mirror Amnya? Amnia? Vumnoa? Stairs Tumpista Basement Xepsos Storey Pithsa Kitchen Dorna Garden Ivellma Fountain Maqpiur Statue Otysta Oven Marda Stove Filupsa Cauldron Gwarthoca Dining room Ucwethica Library Buctethica Pool Alurqpa Cabinet Chesti Cupboard Destu Laundry Sharsia Hamper Wepsola Living room Urocta Vestibule Umolvion Attic Tretto Screen Eshti Bedroom Nidethica Chair Recla Seat Lorsco Table Orb  I? u? Stool Tuefsha Throne Volcna Couch Dumni Bed Petha Pillow Plumbina Blanket Fafla Sheet Wipsis Carpet Solista Torch Cafros Chandelier Colta Candle Elmina Candelabra Colta Towel Sholwu Sewing room Thulethica Storage Avsethica Avso keep Yard Nafya Field Vemla Grass Crio Bell Dombos, dombu, domba Doorknob Bwelcu Hinge Swettu Cart Harnos Chariot Ractas Wagon Hunyos Wheel Lotta Car Telntos Axle Croc Hub Zonno Boat Psotra Ship Vroio Barge Hotpa Ferry Meviembra? Canoe Canowa Kayak Caiacu Yacht Daltama Raft Pwantos Restaurant Tyderia Hall Ocothiama Dining Hall Colt Bar Faur Pub Shaufma BistroLizdo

=Example text= ... That guilty moisture,                                       Ocno snèlthëa morgla which hovers o’er the sinners’ brow,              Pwi acëmëdra ovweli arthmuionmi and that quicksilver dew sparkling                 amu locno vnussi üsiphwi stexieni Which green grass sip of,                                Pwi qpunui vëneth whwiphi Both are blissful spells,                                   tau mu üluxë thwervmiForsent by gods as dowries. pocwestantau ë qpolcucmaë volstumaë

The lines of cool lake                                      ë dwelfü luclu ümmëo Flowing off the down of swan                         qpufmastru vluemnni swelqpëo And too the serpent streams                             amu ë ephuaë elvunaë Hugging tight the hilly earth breasts                cliptiel ambiau plarthmiau dumbecsu Glimmering both as seas of stars                      Lrupsumiau spistiau vnoëo The eager giving gods do lend                           ë qpolci ainliaclini üfolsti

ümanna                                                             eOe ümanna starry milk of gods                                            vnolna lacthi qpolcion ümanna,                                                            eOe ümanna the blood of mortal wish                                   ë vlarthni loa thystelthu lÿskia From forth the swollen clouds it falls               smolpa lofcastraë dwemdimia As rain to bathe the earth with silver life          Laweuma arthianar egaiwn sissa vnotcma And the seas which flocks of fish do swim       uel loscëstaëmi smëthia sëmëon peglimia And of feast by birds and bears are made      uel üaglomaë nelebix cuthmoin laun Sweet goddreampt honey                                  aminu qpolclÿlumnthu vmwelnë Which falls from falls on mountain tops           pwi dwemdi flasfatraë omba lu zithlidra And feeds the hunger of the fields                     ë logmar fmention blegli So sweet our godhoney water be                        olaminu  qpmwolcmibi manna L’ïSo golden our priceless dowry                             olausla  bio slectilas volsta i

So, think and savor in your dreaming mind    Lomo, athéné we üvmié lÿleni mithcëstaqpi This cool water which both we drink              ocluclu manna pwi calitoiFrom silver glass glasses. Culvatrau sissau crëzduau

Gleaming virtue (Tryno lit. the effort to do the right thing)

Ilyana tryno Ilyana tryno     Gleaming Tryno E lunyea myndo                     The only thing dear (precious emotionally, sentimentally)E lunyea myndo

E mwnua Ywa                      The sky so wide E mwnua Lywa                          The sky bluish-white Atotlica syno                                 A tiny thing cobbled together and posted in the groundAtotlica Sypho                                 A tiny thing cobbled together and esteemed

Ilyana Tryno                                 gleaming virtue Ilayan Tryno                                gleaming virtue E lunyea Myndo                                 the only thing dearE lunyea Myndo                                    the only thing dear

O Alnetheccatra brampli valna        A horse who tramples through a rose briarElcwi umilna dolpsicli lalna              Is leaving behind sweetsmelling hoof prints, I notice with delight/

Cu Léwaë O moëu Dwemdènaë Nelumu Fmurtcaë Fi armu Mëdraë Aëvi Rw Ishtaë miau Armothialith Moé Isnopauwé Vu mu lëëth

Cu- 2nd person plural nominative pronoun. All you. Used as a vocative here.Léwa- Noun, 'Leaf' feminine inanimate. -ë Nominative Plural

Cu Léwaë - "You Leaves all,"

O - Indefininite article. - 'An'Moëu- Noun, 'Boy' - Masculine animate.

O Moëu - 'A boy'

Dwemdo- Infinitive of 'To Fall uncontrolably or Uncontrolled.' Dwenmdèno- Progressive Infinitive- 'To be falling uncontrollably or Uncontrolled"Dwemdènaë- Verb, Present tense, Progressive Aspect, 2nd person plural "You all fall uncontrollably" (I.E. the leaves do)

Nèlumu - Adjective "Being adored, cute and elegant." - Singular Masculine nominative ending. (that is it matches the Boy who is Nelumu.)

Fmurtcaë- Adjective "Being dappled or speckled with varied brilliant warm colors, such as a herd of horses, or sparks from a fire. -Plural feminine nominative (it is the leaves which are Fmurtca)

Fi- Quotative adverbial particle. In this case carries the meaning of "being X at the same time as well"Armu- Adjective- "warm" - Sinuglar masculine nominative.

Fi Armu - "While being Warm at the same time (the boy)

Mu- 3rd person singular oblique pronoun, nominative. "it"Mëdra- 3rd person singular inanimate feminine pronoun, superessive. "On top of it"

Mëdraë- 3rd person plural inanimate feminine pronounm superessive. "On top of them" (the Leaves)

Aëvo- Infinitive- "To walk" Aëvi- Verb, present tense, third person singular, masculine animate. "He Walks"Rw- 3rd person singular animate masculine pronoun, nominative. "He"

Aëvi Rw- "He walks"

Ishtmaë- Adjective- "Being in pain" - feminine plural, nominative. Miau- Conjunction- "But"

Ishtmaë miau- "It's painful but" (its painful to the leaves)

Armélthia- Warmth, singular, nominative, feminine abstractive. -li- 3rd person masculine singular possessive enclitic. "His" Armélthialith- Noun, Warmth, singular, feminine abstractive+3rd person masculine animate singular possessive enclitic+ accusative case."His warmth" (The boy's warmth is the object of a verb that has yet to be said"

Moé - Still, Yet, Even so. Isno- Infinitive- "To feel" Isnopo- Infinitive potential mood- "to be able to feel." Isnopau- Verb. present tense, potential mood, 3rd person plural inanimate. "they can feel""Still though, They can feel" (The leaves can feel the warmth of the boy)

Wé - Conjunction- "and" prenclitic Vu- First person singular masculine animate nominative pronoun. "I" Mu- As well, too. Lëëth- Antienclitic form of -lith, that is the third person singular masculine animate possessive+accusative enclitic. "his"

Wé Vu mu Lëëth- "And I too (can feel) His (warmth)"

You dappled brilliant leaves tumble down While a boy cute, while being warm as well Walks on top of you. It's painful but You can still feel his warmth. As can I.

Dialects: The same text above in the different Alnean dialects.

Alpine/ west mountains Lomnomi vallietten          u-&gt;o vu-&gt;mi Lomnoth Valnien uet

Co Lëvien         Antai Vimortsien Lewien Dwemenaf Jo Mjeou           é Moio Nelmo Fÿthé Armo Dvemmenai       Elo Antai Aivoth Ro Nelme               I ishtma cuuw Vmorsan            Aqpmes Isnof rio Arlemtient Vilm Ahrm          Elnt Wo Saë Miedre Aëvoth Reu Ischtei Mjau         Ishtma mI cuuw Reim Arméltient Rio Armeltient Aqpmes IsnofElnt Wo Saë

South coast u-&gt;y  ln-&gt; nn th_&gt; qp Lynny vy vannaqp Lynnye Vanne vou

Cy Leue                Dwyddenei Chy Leue Fimyrse Ou Muyey            Eivy Ou Muyey Nilemy Fy Army Mydra Dwyddenei           M’ae Istui Miuy ytt Isynofou Armélqpia Ryqp Nilemy                 Wy Vy My Ryqp Fimyrze Fy Army Mydra Eivy Ry Istui Miuy Armélqpia Ryqp ytt IsynofouWy Vy My Ryqp

Gaulian Lliumme’myr malnaui L-&gt;LL U-&gt;iu u-&gt;e vu-&gt; myr v_&gt; mutation m Lliummie’dhyr meou

Gue Llieuaui        Dhuimninuai Gue Llieuaui Mhuorsiaui A Mhuau                Ae’r  Mhuau Niellemau a Hoarmh iun Auim Amp fuoi Dhuimninuai     Ae’r Iusmuai Meou Snopuau Ing Armodh Rua El Myr Snop Niellemau Mhuorsiaui I Hoarmh Amp Foi Aumhie Rou Iusmuai Meou Armodh Rua Ing SnopuauEl Myr Snop

North west Vü Lünnem mi vanne u-&gt;ü -u-&gt; -em vu-&gt; mi o-&gt;e ln-&gt;nn Mi Vanna Lunnid vou

Cü Leiba            Cü Smürza Leiba Dümmnesi Oe Mojju           Oe Nelme Mojju F'armü Mieidri Ouvid Dümmnesi         Istme Meo Lüm Armlete Snopad Elnt Vü mü poei Nelme Smürze F'armü Mieidri Ouvi Lü Istme MeoLüm Armlete

Central west Vue Leunni mi Vauné u_. ue u-&gt;i a-&gt; auI Vauno Leunni voeu

Cue Leiuai Efmuerze Deauemdinay Au Muai Nilemeu I L'aurme Oin Mai L'eyvi L’ist Dolrone Mau Meue Isneupau Armeldie lo ruemEln Vue mue Isneupi

Deauemdinay Nilemeu Efmuerze I L'aurme Oin Mai L'eyvi L’ist Dolrone Mau Armeldie lo ruem Meue IsneupauEln Vue mue Isneupi

South Central Fi Lömmö di fannt vu-&gt; fi u-&gt; o:  ë-&gt; di  v_&gt; f Di Fann Lömmi fei

Hi Leiwië Smorziën Tfemtinei Oe Nelme Moin Si Armme Oevith Of Mei Da Ist Ishti Mjaü Tie kann isnen Reiss ArmithUlt Kann Fi

Tfemtinei Nelm Smorzen Si Arm Of Mei Oevi li Isht MjaüReiss Armt

Central Fi lömm di fánn Di fânn Lomm fei

Hi Smortz Laüe Tfeimnungon ü Nelm ult Ahrm Moy Euft Of Tei Das Ist Eisht Mjo Tei kann schnop reiss AhrmtUlt Kann fi

Tfiemnetei Nelm Smortz Sharm Of Mei Rhi Euft Ishti MjauReiss Armt

Southcentral mountains Fi lömmu di valli di Vallo Lömmi fo

Ci Lièvé Fmorzé Duondené

Eu Moggio Nielimo S'Armi Vem Mé L'oivi Istimi Istmi mia Isnoffo Armelca di roIl Fi mio la

Tuondené Nielimu Fmorzé S'Armi Ven MéL'oivi Istmi miaArmelca di ro