Wayaliss

Characteristics
In comparison with its ancestor language, Wayaliss features some innovations such as definite articles and loss of grammatical cases in nouns and adjectives.

Phonology
All words are stressed on the last syllable.

Vowels
Vowels are:

Stressed vowels are marked with an acute accent. The vowels e and o are generally closed.

Articles
The definite article is no for masculine and me for feminine. It comes immediately before the nouns.

Nouns
There are two gender of nouns: masculine and feminine. Plural of nouns is highly irregular.

Grammatical cases are expressed by means of prepositions:


 * 1) Ergative: e
 * 2) Accusative: ko
 * 3) Genitive: pe
 * 4) Dative: in
 * 5) Locative: hwa
 * 6) Instrumental: su

Masculine Nouns
Common plural endings:
 * 1) -wes
 * 2) -es
 * 3) -ws
 * 4) -ew
 * 5) -ges
 * 6) -ks
 * 7) -f
 * 8) -ns

Examples:
 * nan "man", "person" - Plural: nangés

With article, case markers and plural ending:
 * 1) Indefinite
 * 2) Singular
 * 3) Accusative: ko nan
 * 4) Genitive: pe nan
 * 5) Dative: in nan
 * 6) Locative: hwa nan
 * 7) Instrumental: su nan
 * 8) Plural
 * 9) Accusative: ko nangés
 * 10) Genitive: pe nangés
 * 11) Dative: in nangés
 * 12) Locative: hwa nangés
 * 13) Instrumental: su nangés
 * 14) Definite
 * 15) Singular
 * 16) Accusative: ko no nan
 * 17) Genitive: pe no nan
 * 18) Dative: in no nan
 * 19) Locative: hwa no nan
 * 20) Instrumental: su no nan
 * 21) Plural
 * 22) Accusative: ko no nangés
 * 23) Genitive: pe no nangés
 * 24) Dative: in no nangés
 * 25) Locative: hwa no nangés
 * 26) Instrumental: su no nangés

Feminine Nouns
Common plural endings:
 * 1) -eges
 * 2) -eg
 * 3) -ges
 * 4) -eks
 * 5) -yes
 * 6) -ef

Examples:
 * hweneréh "family" - Pl.: hwenereyés

With article, case markers and plural ending:
 * 1) Indefinite
 * 2) Singular
 * 3) Accusative: ko hweneréh
 * 4) Genitive: pe hweneréh
 * 5) Dative: in hweneréh
 * 6) Locative: hwa hweneréh
 * 7) Instrumental: su hweneréh
 * 8) Plural
 * 9) Accusative: ko hwenereyés
 * 10) Genitive: pe hwenereyés
 * 11) Dative: in hwenereyés
 * 12) Locative: hwa hwenereyés
 * 13) Instrumental: su hwenereyés
 * 14) Definite
 * 15) Singular
 * 16) Accusative: ko me hweneréh
 * 17) Genitive: pe me hweneréh
 * 18) Dative: in me hweneréh
 * 19) Locative: hwa me hweneréh
 * 20) Instrumental: su me hweneréh
 * 21) Plural
 * 22) Accusative: ko me hwenereyés
 * 23) Genitive: pe me hwenereyés
 * 24) Dative: in me hwenereyés
 * 25) Locative: hwa me hwenereyés
 * 26) Instrumental: su me hwenereyés

Adjectives
Adjectives are not declined at all.

Attributive adjectives come before the noun.

Superiority
The suffix -el- is added to the stem of the adjective, resulting in a new adjective. Ex.:
 * kamt "large", kamtél "larger"
 * mup "new", mupél "newer"
 * pun "good", punél "better"

Superlative
The prefix sen- is added to the stem of the adjective. Ex.:
 * kamt "large", senkámt "the largest"
 * mup "new", senmúp "the newest"
 * pun "good", senpún "the best"

Personal
1st and 2nd person pronouns have special forms, while the 3d person pronouns use prepositions like regular noun endings.

Possessive
Possessive pronouns are declined like any other adjective.

Demonstrative

 * iv "this" (very near)
 * sit "this" (not so near)
 * gir "that" (far)

Interrogative

 * hyu "what"
 * nu "who"
 * gu "which"
 * ne "how"
 * tir "where"
 * tu "when"

Relative

 * hyu "that"
 * nu "who"

Indefinite

 * nuknú "some", "any"
 * numnú "no", "none"
 * uttú "all", "every"
 * hyet "each", "every"

Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers are regular adjectives.

Coordinating

 * his "for"
 * goy "and"
 * ha "nor"
 * vat "but"
 * ho "or"
 * hyad "yet"
 * evná "so"

Correlative

 * hapu … gi …  "both … and … "
 * ho … ho …  "either … or … "
 * hen … hen …  "neither … nor … "
 * wu … vat …  "not … but … "
 * vu … dapa …  "not only … but also … "

Subordinating

 * tibwá "after"
 * dot "although"
 * vi "if"
 * vad "unless"
 * yuk "so that"
 * badá "therefore"
 * sa "in spite of", "despite"
 * his "because"

Verbs
Verb forms are reforced by the use of auxiliaries vil in the stative conjugation and kel in the active conjugation. Stative conjugation is used with intransitive verbs and the subject in the absolutive case (that is, no case particle at all). Active conjugation is used with transitive verbs, with subject in the ergative case and direct object in the so called accusative case.

Present

 * pet-i-ad

Perfective

 * pet-i-t

Aorist

 * pet-i-st

Imperfective

 * pet-i-tiw

Pluperfect

 * pet-i-lan

Future

 * pet-i-dol

Present

 * pet-i-yew

Perfective

 * pet-i-tey

Aorist

 * pet-i-stey

Imperfective

 * pet-i-tey

Pluperfect

 * pet-i-lay

Future

 * pet-i-doy

Sample

 * "Utt nangés va meviyná repél, se tekmetét goy teliheggés. E yés keyá dimiyná lesewé gi gasasé, goy tipiyná esél han in uhól kwi ispeléd pe hanatét."
 * ("All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.")