Proto-Taspin

Proto-Taspin is the language of the south east lands in Bidunia. This is the most ancient classical language of the people who first migrated into the area.

Classification and Dialects
This language diverged into several dialects that became their own languages.

Nouns
There are nine cases in PT that have no particular order. They are all suffixes that are added onto the root word.

Absolutive
"-o"

Ergative
"-e"

Accusative
"-u"

Dative
"-o"

Genitive
"-um"

Ablative
"-a"

Instrumental
"-aj"

Vocative
"-ir"

Comparative
The comparative form of an adjective adds the suffix '-us'

Superlative
The superlative form of an adjective adds the suffix '-(e)rn'

Extremitive
The extremitive form of an adjective adds the suffix '-jot''

Moderative
The moderative form of an adjective adds the suffix '-ha'

Permanentive
The permanentive form of an adjective adds the suffix '-akhi'

Temporal
The temporal form of an adjective adds the suffix '-own'

Prepositions
Most prepositions (Ps) are pretty straight forward. You just have to decline the noun following it to get a different shade of meaning. A physical stative P uses the LOC case, physical dynamic the ABL case, temporal the GEN case, and***?

Verbs
Verbs are separated into various types, and they are distinguished by their suffixes. Verb types 1, 2, 3, 4 are respectively "-ir(-)", "-an(-)", "-is(-)", and "-aj(-)". On every verb are two obligatory markers, tense and aspect. Mood suffixes are optional.

Tense
All tense markers are prefixes that attach to the beginning of the verb, before the aspect marker.

Past
The past tense is used as one would expect. The prefixes "k'a-" and "aŋ-" are used respectively with verb types 1/3 and 2/4.

Recent Past
The recent past tense is used to describe verbs that are relatively recent. This varies wildly between verbs. This may be in the past few hours with the verb "eat", but in the past few weeks when you "climbed" a tree. There is only one suffix, "p'i-".

Present
The present tense is marked with the prefixes "the-", for verb types 1 and 2, and "er-", for types 3 and 4.

Immediate Future
The immediate future is used just as relatively as the recent past. It varies from verb to verb, and can be anywhere from later that day to in a month or two. There is one suffix, "no-".

Future
The future is marked with the prefixes "ju-" for verb types 1 and 4, and "um-" for types 2 and 3.

Aspect
The aspect markers are attached between the tense marker and the verb itself. They are really just a consonant because the vowel following the consonant marker is the same one used in the tense marker.

Perfective
The perfective aspect is used for verbs that have been completed by the time of the corresponding tense. The perfective marker is "-ph(V)-"

Negative
The negative mood is used just like Japanese. To specify that an action is not done, this mood is used. There are two morphemes that signify the mood. For 1 and 3 type verbs, the suffix "-mo" is used. For verb types 2 and 4, the suffix "-nu" is used.

E.g.

Interrogative
The interrogative mood is used to ask yes or no questions. The suffix "-kho" is added to verb types 1 and 2, and the suffix "-par" is added to types 3 and 4.

Conditional
The conditional mood is used to express doubt, hypothetical situations, or irrealis statements. The suffixes "-sup" and "-he" are used respectively for verb types 1/4 and 2/3.

Desiderative
The desiderative is used to express wants and desires that are your own. This is usually just used for tangible things, other wishes are expressed with the DEO. The suffixes are "-naws", and it is used with all verb types.

Deontic
The deontic is used for quite a few different things. It is used as an imperative, but it is also used as an optative to express your desires and wishes. The suffix "-m" is used on all verb types.

Active
There is no marking on verbs for the active voice. Transitive verbs and intransitive ones stay intransitive.

 E.g. 

Thet'epintan      so          t'orii

PRES-IPFV-live 1.sg-ABS house-LOC

I live in a house

 E.g. 

P'iphip'annu            se             phuŋau           tho

REC-PFV-ask-NEG 1.sg-ERG question-ACC 2.sg-DAT

I didn't just ask you a question

Passive
The passive construction is marked by the suffix "wi" on the verb. Like many passives, it takes the ACC and makes it the ABS. The original ERG argument can be left off or placed back in as an ABL. Intransitive verbs cannot be passivised. This construction is most useful for relative clauses, for only the ABS may be relativised.

E.g.

Aŋphak'ane se pik'u

PAST-PFV-see 1.SG-ERG tree-ACC

I saw a tree

Transformation:

Aŋphak'anewi pik'o sa

PAST-PFV-see-PASS tree-ABS 1.SG-ABL

A tree was seen by me

Causative
The causative is the only valency increasing construction in Proto-Taspin. It is the suffix "(i)k'" attached to the verb. With an intransitive verb, the ABS becomes the ACC and the causer becomes the ERG. With a transitive verb, the ACC stays the ACC, but the ERG gets demoted to DAT and the causer becomes the ERG. With a ditransitive verb,***************

E.g. 1 argument

Ert'et'isi tho

PRES-IPFV-run 2.SG-ABS

you are running

Transformation:

Ert'et'isik' sopoe thu

PRES-IPFV-run-CAUS 1.PL-ERG 2.SG-ACC

I made you run

E.g. 2 arguments

Thesek'ane se nurarumu

PRES-INCEP-see 1.SG-ERG light-PROX-ACC

I'm starting to see the light

Transformation:

Thesek'anek' se nurarumu tho

PRES-INCEP-see-CAUS 1.SG-ERG light-PROX-ACC 2.SG-DAT

I'm making you start to see the light

Antipassive
This construction is used exclusively for the relative clause formation. It does not make any sense to use this construction outside of them because they are semantically equivalent. It also has SVO order. When going from ACT to ANTIP with a transitive verb, the suffix "mar" is added to the verb, the ERG becomes ABS, and the ACC becomes INSTR. For intransititve verbs, just add the suffix and flip the order. When this clause is used, the beginning clause usually needs to be passivised in order for the ABS to be the subject of both clauses. Auxilliary stuff (like ABL, DAT, INSTR) are usually placed before the Rel clause, but may go after too.

 E.g. 2 arguments: 

Ert'ephaja k'ate ŋesu

PRES-IPFV-drink person-ERG water-ACC

A person drinks water

Transformation:

K'ato ert'ephajamar ŋesaj

person-ABS PRES-IPFV-drink-ANTIP water-INSTR

A person who drinks water

 Application: 

K'awasiriwi sa k'ato aŋt'aphajamar ŋesaj

PAST-DUR-love-PASS 1.SG-ABL person-ABS PAST-IPFV-drink-ANTIP water-INSTR

For a while, I loved a person who drank water

Stress
The stress of PT is a mostly fixed antepenultimate system with the stress on the 3rd to last syllable. The exception is when there is an ejective in the ultimate or penultimate position. These are treated as special syllables and the closest syllable to the end, the 3rd or closer ejective preceded syllable, will get the stress.

E.g. Nurak'áne = wake up = ejective triggered stress Jósaphon = cool/cold = regular antepenultimate stress

Complementizer Clauses
Complementizer clauses are easy because they just use the CONJ "kho" meaning "that".

E.g. I said that I was hungry.

I dreamt that I flew in the sky.

Relative Clauses
Relative clause are a bit more complicated than C clauses. The only thing that can be relativized is the absolutive case and PPs. This ABS must be lined up between the two clauses

Prepositional Phrases
PPs are easy to relativize. The object of the P is replaced with a pronoun with the correct case, and is placed between the two sentences.

E.g. The day I met you was a good day.

Was day good on which met I you.

Ergative
To relativize the ergative argument, the clause must use the antipassive voice to turn ERG into ABS.

Accusative
To relative the accusative argument, use the passive voice to turn ACC into ABS.

Other Cases
To relativize other cases, the most common strategy is using a separate sentence.

E.g. I cut the bread with a knife. It was sharp.