User blog:Granpa/language structure


 * See also: Part of speech, Morphology, and Ontology

Structure words

 * See also: Function word

Determiner

 * See also: Determiner

Articles

 * a, an, the

Demonstratives

 * this, that, these, such, other, next, previous

Possessive determiner

 * of

Quantifiers

 * all, every, some, many, much, little, few, no, several, enough

Distributive determiners

 * each, any, either, neither

Interrogative determiners

 * which, what, whose

Pronouns

 * Personal pronouns
 * First person
 * I, me
 * we, us
 * Second person
 * you
 * Third person
 * he, him, she, her, it, they
 * they, them
 * Possessive pronouns
 * First person
 * my
 * Second person
 * your
 * Third person
 * his, her, its
 * Reciprocal pronouns
 * each other, one another

Prepositions

 * See also: Preposition

Motion

 * from
 * through, throughout
 * to, toward, towards
 * since
 * during, while
 * till, until

Directions

 * up
 * down
 * forward
 * back
 * right
 * left
 * sideways
 * north, south, east, west,

Top

 * above, over
 * atop, ontop
 * upon

Bottom

 * below
 * beneath
 * under, underneath

Front

 * before
 * opposite

Back

 * after,
 * behind
 * beyond
 * past

Side

 * beside

Inside

 * amid, among
 * between
 * in, inside, into
 * within

Outside

 * around
 * out, outside
 * without

Near

 * about
 * at
 * by
 * near

Touching

 * across
 * against
 * along
 * on, onto
 * off

Misc

 * for
 * as
 * like
 * of
 * than
 * with
 * than

Conjunctions

 * See also: Conjunction


 * Coordinating
 * For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
 * Correlative
 * either...or
 * not only...but (also)
 * neither...nor
 * both...and
 * whether...or
 * just as...so
 * the...the
 * as...as
 * as much...as
 * no sooner...than
 * rather...than
 * Subordinating
 * after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, every time, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever

Auxiliary verbs

 * be (am, are, is, was, were, being, been),
 * can,
 * could,
 * dare,
 * do (does, did),
 * have (has, had, having),
 * may,
 * might,
 * must,
 * need,
 * ought,
 * shall,
 * should,
 * will,
 * would

Sentence words
please,
 * ouch,
 * wow,
 * damn,
 * hey, hi
 * bye,
 * okay,
 * oh,
 * m-hm,
 * huh,
 * uh, *er, *um
 * yes, no
 * okay,

Verbs

 * From Wikipedia:Appendix:Basic English word list


 * come, go, send,
 * get, give, keep, take, have
 * let, make
 * put
 * seem
 * be, do
 * say
 * see
 * hear

Nouns (400)

 * From Wikipedia:Appendix:Basic English word list

account, act, addition, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, air, amount, amusement, animal, answer, apparatus, approval, argument, art, attack, attempt, attention, attraction, authority,

back, balance, base, behaviour, belief, birth, bit, bite, blood, blow, body, brass, bread, breath, brother, building, burn, burst, business, butter,

canvas, care, cause, chalk, chance, change, cloth, coal, colour, comfort, committee, company, comparison, competition, condition, connection, control, cook, copper, copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover, crack, credit, crime, crush, cry, current, curve,

damage, danger, daughter, day, death, debt, decision, degree, design, desire, destruction, detail, development, digestion, direction, discovery, discussion, disease, disgust, distance, distribution, division, doubt, drink, driving, dust,

earth, edge, education, effect, end, error, event, example, exchange, existence, expansion, experience, expert,

fact, fall, family, father, fear, feeling, fiction, field, fight, fire, flame, flight, flower, fold, food, force, form, friend, front, fruit

glass, gold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth, guide,

harbour, harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history, hole, hope, hour, humour,

ice, idea, impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect, instrument, insurance, interest, invention, iron,

jelly, join, journey, judge, jump,

kick, kiss, knowledge,

land, language, laugh, law, lead, learning, leather, letter, level, lift, light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look, loss, love,

machine, man, manager, mark, market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting, memory, metal, middle, milk, mind, mine, minute, mist, money, month, morning, mother, motion, mountain, move, music,

name, nation, need, news, night, noise, note, number,

observation, offer, oil, operation, opinion, order, organization, ornament, owner

page, pain, paint, paper, part, paste, payment, peace, person, place, plant, play, pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter, position, powder, power, price, print, process, produce, profit, property, prose, protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push,

quality, question,

rain, range, rate, ray, reaction, reading, reason, record, regret, relation, religion, representative, request, respect, rest, reward, rhythm, rice, river, road, roll, room, rub, rule, run,

salt, sand, scale, science, sea, seat, secretary, selection, self, sense, servant, sex, shade, shake, shame, shock, side, sign, silk, silver, sister, size, sky, sleep, slip, slope, smash, smell, smile, smoke, sneeze, snow, soap, society, son, song, sort, sound, soup, space, stage, start, statement, steam, steel, step, stitch, stone, stop, story, stretch, structure, substance, sugar, suggestion, summer, support, surprise, swim, system,

talk, taste, tax, teaching, tendency, test, theory, thing, thought, thunder, time, tin, top, touch, trade, transport, trick, trouble, turn, twist,

unit, use,

value, verse, vessel, view, voice,

walk, war, wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way, weather, week, weight, wind, wine, winter, woman, wood, wool, word, work, wound, writing,

year.

Nouns - (200)

 * From Wikipedia:Appendix:Basic English word list

angle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army,

baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket, bath, bed, bee, bell, berry, bird, blade, board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle, box, boy, brain, brake, branch, brick, bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button,

cake, camera, card, cart, carriage, cat, chain, cheese, chest, chin, church, circle, clock, cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup, curtain, cushion,

dog, door, drain, drawer, dress, drop,

ear, egg, engine, eye,

face, farm, feather, finger, fish, flag, floor, fly, foot, fork, fowl, frame,

garden, girl, glove, goat, gun,

hair, hammer, hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse, hospital, house,

island,

jewel,

kettle, key, knee, knife, knot,

leaf, leg, library, line, lip, lock,

map, match, monkey, moon, mouth, muscle,

nail, neck, needle, nerve, net, nose, nut,

office, orange, oven,

parcel, pen, pencil, picture, pig, pin, pipe, plane, plate, plough, pocket, pot, potato, prison, pump,

rail, rat, receipt, ring, rod, roof, root,

sail, school, scissors, screw, seed, sheep, shelf, ship, shirt, shoe, skin, skirt, snake, sock, spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp, star, station, stem, stick, stocking, stomach, store, street, sun,

table, tail, thread, throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth, town, train, tray, tree, trousers,

umbrella,

wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window, wing, wire, worm.

Adjectives

 * From Wikipedia:Appendix:Basic English word list

able, acid, alike, angry, automatic beautiful, boiling, broken cheap, chemical, chief, clear, common, conscious, cut dependent elastic, electric, equal fat, fertile, fixed, flat, free, frequent general, great hanging, healthy, hollow important living married, material, medical, military natural, necessary, normal parallel, physical, political, possible, present, probable quick ready, regular, responsible, round separate, serious, sticky, stiff, sudden thick, tired violent waiting young

Numbers

 * first
 * second
 * third
 * fourth

Colors

 * blue
 * green
 * yellow
 * orange
 * red
 * white
 * grey
 * black
 * brown

Adverbs

 * near
 * far
 * upward
 * downward
 * forward
 * backward
 * northward
 * southward
 * eastward
 * westward
 * then
 * there
 * so
 * very
 * quite
 * well
 * almost
 * even
 * not
 * only
 * again
 * ever
 * still
 * together

Consonants

 * From Wikipedia:Template:IPA pulmonic consonants:

Proper nouns vs common nouns

 * John vs human

Countable and uncountable nouns

 * Chair vs furniture

Collective nouns

 * committee

Concrete nouns and abstract nouns

 * Rock vs justice

Noun Declension

 * From Declension:

number case gender
 * singular
 * dual
 * plural
 * nominative case
 * accusative case
 * genitive case
 * dative case
 * masculine
 * neuter
 * feminine

Verb types

 * From Verb:

Intransitive verbs
Does not have a direct object
 * The boy wept.

Transitive verbs
Has a direct object
 * My friend read the newspaper

Ditransitive verbs
Has a direct object and an indirect object
 * The players gave their teammates high fives

Double transitive verbs
Has a direct object and a complement
 * The young couple considers the neighbors wealthy people

Linking verbs
Can't be followed by an adverb or end a sentence, but instead must be followed by a noun or adjective
 * Josh remained a reliable friend

Verb conjugation

 * From Grammatical conjugation:


 * person
 * number
 * gender
 * tense
 * aspect
 * mood
 * voice
 * case
 * possession
 * definiteness
 * politeness
 * causativity
 * clusivity
 * interrogativity
 * transitivity
 * valency
 * polarity
 * telicity
 * volition
 * mirativity
 * evidentiality
 * animacy
 * associativity
 * pluractionality
 * reciprocity

Language types

 * See also: Morphological typology
 * From Isolating language

Although historically, languages were divided into three basic types (isolating, flectional, agglutinative), the traditional morphological types can be categorized by two distinct parameters:
 * morpheme per word ratio (how many morphemes there are per word)
 * degree of fusion between morphemes (how separable words' inflectional morphemes are according to units of meaning represented)

Isolating language

 * From Isolating language

An isolating language is a type of language with a very low morpheme per word ratio and no inflectional morphology whatsoever.

Analytic language

 * From Analytic language

An analytic language is a language that primarily conveys relationships between words in sentences by way of helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order, as opposed to utilizing inflections

Synthetic language

 * From Synthetic language

A synthetic language uses inflection or agglutination to express syntactic relationships within a sentence

Agglutinative language

 * From Agglutinative language

An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination. Words may contain different morphemes to determine their meanings, but all of these morphemes (including stems and affixes) remain, in every aspect, unchanged after their unions.

Fusional language

 * From Fusional language

Fusional languages or inflected languages (or inflectional or flectional in older terminology) are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.

Polysynthetic language

 * From Polysynthetic language

Polysynthetic languages are highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone). They are very highly inflected languages. Polysynthetic languages typically have long "sentence-words"

Oligosynthetic language

 * From Oligosynthetic language

An oligosynthetic language (from the Greek ὀλίγος, meaning "few" or "little") is any language using very few morphemes, perhaps only a hundred, which combine synthetically to form statements. Oligosynthesis is almost entirely theoretical and would depend heavily on the creation of lengthy compound words, to an extent far exceeding that of natural polysynthetic languages