Yarilian

Yarilian is an Indo-European language spoken in Yarilia (a Caucasian country). It's the last surviving spoken Indo-European language of the Caucasian branch. Its relatives were languages like Alanian which died out.

Syntax
The syntax of the Yarilian language is VSO : verb-subject-object. Sometimes the subject can be left out if the ending of a verb is already defining who does the action, e.g. Edo pemam. (=I eat an apple; litterally "Eat-I apple" - "eu" meaning I in English can be left out since "Edo" is already precising that the action of eating is done by the first person singular in the present tense thanks to its ending -o), but you have to say, e.g. Eda Peter pemam. (=Peter eats an apple; litterally "Eats Peter apple" - VSO).

Nouns
The nouns in Yarilian are declined in cases and numbers. The numbers are quite easy since there are only singular and plural. In Yarilian there are eight cases; the ground form of a noun is the nominative case. Yarilian nouns may be masculin (m), feminine (f) or neuter (n). There are no irregular nouns and there are also no nouns which are changing their gender like in French.

There are four types of definitiness in Yarilian :
 * 1) The neutral definitiness ending -de expresses a simple definitiness, e.g. noqtade (=the night)
 * 2) The proximal definitiness ending -ve expresses that the noun is near to the speaker, e.g. noqtave (=this night)
 * 3) The distal definitiness ending -ne expresses that the noun is far from the speaker, e.g. noqtane (=that night)
 * 4) The equal definitiness ending -ċe expresses that the noun is neither near to nor far from the speaker and the spoken one, e.g. noqtaċe (=yonder night)

Use of the cases

 * 1) Nominative : is used to express the subject and the attribute of the verbs bi (=to be) and stak (=to become), e.g. Eda Peter pemam. (=Peter eats an apple.), Eṣt Peter daskel. (=Peter is a teacher.), Sta Peter daskel. (=Peter is becoming a teacher.)
 * 2) Vocative : is used to express an exclamation, e.g. Dżano, eṣti bava. (=Oh woman, you are beautiful.)
 * 3) Accusative : is used to express the direct object and the motion towards a location, and every preposition is followed by the accusative case, e.g. Eda daskelde pemam. (=The teacher eats an apple.), Ida daskelde ṣkolam. (=The teacher goes to school.), Eṣt dara Peterej ḍa daskelemde. (=Peter has a gift for the teacher.)
 * 4) Dative : is used to express the indirect object and the motion across a location, and the verb "to have" is expressed by the verb bi (=to be) followed by the thing that is possessed in the nominative case and by then by the possessor in the dative case, e.g. Do daram Peterej. (=I give Peter a gift.), Ido stradede. (=I go across the road.), Eṣt dino Peterej. (=Peter has a watermelon. - litteraly : Is watermelon to Peter.; or half-corrected : A watermelon is to Peter.)
 * 5) Genitive : is used to express the possessive object, e.g. Eṣt ṣa mata Peteres. (=She is Peter's mother.)
 * 6) Ablative : is used to express the motion from a location and the causal object, e.g. Felxo Germanje Amerikam. (=I fly from Germany to America.), Di Peter dżaneve daram agape hej ḍa ṣam. (=Peter gave this woman a gift because of his love for her.)
 * 7) Instrumental : is used to express the instrumental object and a duration of time, e.g. Ṣerbo plemeṙ. (=I write with a pencil.), Zoro noqteṙde. (=I sleep during the night.)
 * 8) Locative : is used to express the location, e.g. Sum Ameriki. (=I am in America.)

Pronouns
Personal pronouns :
 * 1) In Yarilian there aren't possessive pronouns, so they are replaced by the personal pronoun in the genitive case, e.g. mata mej (=my mother)
 * 2) In Yarilian the reflexive pronoun is defective, since there isn't a genitive case, e.g. Vedo se derkalide. (=I see myself in the miror.), but : Vedo matam mej. (=I see my mother.; even if technically mej/my is reflexive, but there isn't a reflexive genitive pronoun.)