Denari

The Denari language (Ferse-va Denari / فهرسه-ڤا دهناری) is a language of the hormagi-legana family, spoken by denari, an alien people of the planet Ēvèsh (world, in Denari). It is a nominative-accusative language, of SVO structure, with highly declined nouns (it has nine grammatical cases), and highly inflected verbs.

Its main speakers are the Denari, it is spoken mainly in Denar, officially Denari Republic (Kermèshvâna-va Denari / کهرمهٔشڤآنا-ڤا دهناری). The denari are monotheists, their religion is nishraism, and they accredit in a single goddess called Nishra (literally god in denari). Their religion encourages capitalism and the pursuit of profit, whose purpose is in the commerce practiced by the Denaris.

Denari is used as lingua franca in much of the planet Ēvèsh, having influenced many languages.

Consonants
The denari is comparatively little complex as to the number and types of consonants. Each consonant has its own individual letter, except for the consonants [r] and [ɾ], which are represented by the same letter R (ر in Arabic), and the phonemes [l] and [ɫ], which are represented by the same letter L (ل in Arabic).
 * The Denari only has a consonant with an emphatic version, the [sˤ], which is only used between two vowels, and is represented in the Arabic alphabet by the letter ص, indicating an emphatic son near to the [z] phoneme. A similar or similar phenomenon occurs in the Portuguese language, in which the letter S acquires the sound of [z] between vowels.
 * The phonemes [r] and [ɾ] are represented by the same letter R (ر in Arabic). Their uses vary from word to word, syllable to syllable and dialect to dialect, but usually the phoneme [ɾ] is often used more.
 * The phonemes [l] and [ɫ] are represented by the same letter L (ل in Arabic). The letter L represents the phoneme [l] when it precedes a vowel on the same syllable, and represents the phoneme [ɫ] when occur after a vowel on the same syllable. But in some dialects the L acquires the sound of [l] same at the end of the syllable after and vowel.
 * In denari, nasal sounds ([n] and [m]) are only preceded, on the same syllable, by closed vowels ([i] and [u]) or by open back vowels ([ɒ], [e], [o]).

Vowels
The Denari has eight vowels, being two closed vowels ([i] and [u]), and six open vowels, divided in three open front vowels ([a], [ɛ] and [ɔ]) and three open back vowels ([ɒ], [e], [o]). Each vowel has its own letter, differentiating the open front vowels from the open back vowels. This prevents words, which would be orthographically the same (varying only in the opening of the vowel), to be confused in the pronunciation. Example: In Denari, the closed vowels [i] and [u] and the semi-vowels [j] and [w] are respectively represented by the same letters, I / ی in the case of the phonemes [i] and [j] and U / ؤ  in the case of the phonemes [u] and [w]. This is because in Denari, sounds [j] and [w] are little used, used only in diphthongs, and, most of the time, optionally. The use of the sounds [j] and [w] in diphthongs is only compulsory when it is a crescent diphthong (semi-vowel + vowel) antecedent of vowel or when the decreasing diphthong (vowel + semi-vowel). Examples:
 * Vos / ڤوس - /vos/ - Number two in English.
 * Vòs / ڤۏس - /vɔs/ - Uncle in English.
 * The word iad / یاد, which means all in denari, can be pronounced both as [jad] and as [iˈad]. This is because, being a growing diphthong at the beginning of the word, there is no specific pronunciation rule.
 * The word naia / نایا, woman in denari, is pronounced [ˈna.ja]. In this case, the [i] would only be pronounced in the place of [j] if there was a tonic accent on the I, as occurs in the word aíad / ایَاد, stone in denari.
 * The word aonai / اونای (declension in the accusative case of the word aoní / اونیَ, meaning person or man), is pronounced [aoˈnaj], that is because there is a decreasing diphthong. The [i] would be pronounced in place of [j] if there was a tonic accent, which would indicate that there is no diphthong.

Long Vowels
All denari vowels have their long versions, which are represented by the following forms: When the vowel is long, and precedes another vowel or semi-vowel, a diphthong will not be form, and it will be a hiatus. When the vowel is long but succeed another vowel or semi-vowel, a diphthong may form depending on the accent and diphthong formation rules.
 * In the Latin alphabet, by the addition of a macrón (ˉ) above the letter.
 * In the Arabic alphabet, by the addition of a diacritic (ـِ) below the letter.

Diphthongs
In denari, there are two categories of diphthongs: rising (semi-vowel + vowel) and falling diphthongs (vowel + semi-vowel or vowel + vowel).

Rising Diphthongs:
There are no rising diphthongs beginning in semi-vowel and ending in closed vowel (/ji/, /ju/, /wu/, /wi/) in Denari.

Falling Diphthongs:
Denari doesn't have falling diphthongs terminated in A, Â, È and Ò.

Hiatus
A hiatus occurs when two adjacent vowels are in different syllables, having non-continuous sound. A hiatus can be formed with all vowels, and will be orthographically identified by various rules of acentuantion and location of the vowel.
 * When the vowel is a long vowel, it will always form a hiatus with the next vowel. Example: Ahrāe / اهراِه - [ahˈraːe].
 * When there are two consecutive vowels succeded by consonant, they will always form a hiatus, so there will be no graphical accentuation, except when the second vowel is [i] or [u], to differentiate from [j] and [w], with which would form ditong. Example: In the word Aoní / اونیَ - [a.oˈni], the letter O isn't accentuated, because a gap will always form when two vowels are succeeded by a consonant, but in the words Zhaís / Zhaír / ژایَس / ژایَر - [ʒaˈis] / [ʒaˈiɾ], meaning the adjective bad, in the masculine and feminine forms, the letter I is accentuated, to indicate the hiatus, the sound of [i] and not [j].

Alphabe
Denari has its own alphabet, but in this text the words will be written in the Latin alphabet and in a modified Arabic alphabet (because they are the ones that best represent the Denari phonemes).
 * The "Ss", (س in Arabic alphabet), is used between two vowels, to represent the phoneme [s].
 * The ص is written as S in the Latin alphabet, but has a sound of [sˤ] or [z] when between two vowels. It is not used elsewhere, only between two vowels or after a vowel on the same syllable, succeeded by a consonant on a different syllable, to represent the sound of [sˤ] or [z].

Exemples:

 * Ast vân as kōbèki-va māsai / است ڤآن اس کوِبهٔک​ي-ڤا ماِصای (I have a great house)
 * Ahrā lar lândasiân / احراِ لار لآنداصیآن (We are brothers)
 * Nor alenat alèli / نور الهنات الهٔلی (You read the book)
 * Avut maèdart iadi / اڤؤت ماهٔدارت یادی (You drank all)
 * Sas ân astas cepasi / ساس آن ​استاس ثهپاصی (He is my husband)
 * Sar ân as naiai-va shīri / سار آن اس نایای-ڤا شیِری (She is a tall woman)
 * Sasân ânar vòvisiat / ساصآن آنار ڤۏڤیسیات (They are cousins)
 * Sarân sarata kōbèkda kaona / سارآن ساراتا کوِبهٔکدا کاونا (They will go to father's house)

Exemples ( underlined null subject in English ):

 * Acidara aste dāgari / اثیدارا استه داِگاری ( They told me that)
 * Sar marenar ahrāe / سار مارهنار احراِه (She loves us)
 * Sas ceradar nore / ساس ثهرادار نوره (He stole you)
 * Lavân laedar avet / لاڤآن لاهدار اڤهت (The money conquered you)
 * Vavt zamanar vet l'tâna / ڤاڤت زامانار ڤهت لعتآنا (The fire feeds himself of air).
 * Noras peshvas lèrat ses / نوراس پهشڤاس لهٔرات سهس (Your son will see him).
 * Vergad ser / ڤهرگاد سهر ( I listened her).
 * Nânvar līvarat sesân / نآنڤار لیِڤارات سهصآن (The sister will help them).
 * Astarân peshvarân lèrata serân / استارآن پهشڤارآن لهٔراتا سهرآن (My daughters will see them).