Alemarese

General Information
Alemarese (natively Alemarrix /alemaˈʀiʃ/) is one of the most spoken languages of Patrona. It is the majority language in several nations (most notable Westos and Alemar) and taught as a lingua franca the world over.

Classification
Alemarese is an Edalith language, of the Chevin branch and the Peninsular subbranch.

Consonants

 * /b/, /β/, /l/, /d/, /dʒ/, and /ʀ/ do not occur word-finally in most dialects.
 * The interdental nasal /n/ and partially the alveolar flap /r/ assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant.
 * The interdental nasal /n/ is pronounced as a nasalized interdental flap [ɾ̟̃] in non-stressed and non-word-initial locations.
 * The uvular stop /q/ is pronounced as a glottal stop [ʔ] in the coda.
 * Whether or not /z/ is a separate consonant and its degree of separation from /s/ both differ from dialect to dialect.
 * The velar fricative is pronounced as a palatal [ç] after /i/ or /e/.
 * The labialized velar approximant /w/ has many origins and thus alternates with several other phonemes. It is the pronunciation of /l/ in the coda, and of /u/ in many diphthongs.

Vowels

 * The close vowels /i/ and /u/ lower in response to a following /ŋ/, /k/, /g/, and /q/.
 * The mid vowels /e/ and /o/ lower when followed by a coda consonant and raise before another vowel or word-finally.
 * In some dialects, [e] and [ɛ] (and [o] and [ɔ]) contrast word-finally.
 * Conservative dialects have contrasting close-mid and open-mid vowels in all positions.
 * The front open vowel /a/ raises to [æ] before alveolar consonants in some dialects.
 * /a/ backs to [ɑ] when adjacent to a uvular stop [q].
 * Vowels gain a following semivocalic schwa before nasals in some dialects.
 * Any two adjacent vowels diphthongize, and the consonantal one may be raised in some dialects.

Stress
Stress is typically on the penultimate vowel, unless the word ends with a consonant other than  or ; however, stress is contrastive, and is thus marked in non-obvious locations by a grave accent.

The Alphabet
Alemarese is written in the Standard Chevin Alphabet (natively Txevì Keaja).

Writing Direction
The script is written left-to-right, the same primary direction as the Latin Alphabet used for English; However, the secondary direction (that is, what to do at the end of a line) is completely alien. At the end of a line, the text is continued at the left of the next line above the current line. So all text starts at the bottom of a page, including all titles!

Digraphs
B is any back vowel, F is any front vowel.
 * au /o/, ai /e/
 * cm /m/ word-initially
 * di or dy /dʒ/, dyi /dʒi/
 * jr /ʀ/ word-initially, jC /C/
 * ndgB /ŋgB/, ng /ŋ/
 * rr /ʀ/
 * sp /ʃp/, st /ʃt/
 * tt /tː/, tx /tʃ/
 * veB /βB/, voF /wF/

Native Collation
k, a, j, d, g, u, q, p, b, o, h, v, e, s, z, t, l, f, i, y, ð, r, n, m, þ, x

Punctuation

 * ⟨.⟩ (⟨,⟩): abbreviations, lists, separation of clauses
 * ⟨:⟩ (⟨.⟩): begins paragraphs, ends sentences
 * ⟨...⟩ (⟨...⟩): intentional omission
 * ⟨ ⟩ (⟨...⟩): unfinished thought, pause in speech
 * ⟨~:⟩ (⟨...⟩): trailing into silence
 * ⟨~⟩ (⟨-⟩): ranges, introducing lists, introduces quotes
 * ⟨‹⟩ and ⟨›⟩: appositives, quotes
 * ⟨«⟩ and ⟨»⟩: parenthesis
 * upside-down rounded ⟨7⟩ & rounded ⟨7⟩ (⟨?⟩): encloses questions
 * upside-down ⟨†⟩ (⟨!⟩): ends positive emotion exclamations
 * ⟨‡⟩ (⟨!⟩): ends negative emotion exclamations

Transliteration

 *  is pronounced /w/ in the coda.
 *  is pronounced /w/ before back vowels and /ɸ/ word-finally.
 * , , and  are devoiced to /p/, /nt/, and /ɸ/ word-finally.

Parts of Speech
Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Determiners, Verbs, Prepositions, Adverbials, Conjunctions, Particles, Interjections

First declension
The first declension houses the vast majority of animate nouns, all morphological diminutives, and all instruments. The animate nouns have a vocative case, in contrast with the inanimates. There's very little irregularity in the first declension. Noun endings -ea or -aya become -eye and -ae when the ending begins with e.

ex. otta "tongue, language, speech" Note that the plural nominative, allative, and vocative are the same, as are plural genitive and singular vocative. So there is seven forms. Some declension I nouns have -es instead of -as in the singular nominative, allative, and instrumental, reducing the number of forms to four.

ex. xile "scratch, scrape"

Second declension
The second declension is almost entirely inanimate, save for some names and some dialects versions of the diminutives of the core family such as bab and nun in place of the more typical baba and nunya. For declension II names, the vocative is the nominative form. Declension II nouns typically have seven forms.

ex. kur "flame, fire"

Second declension nouns typically end in a stressed syllable in the nominative singular. The addition of the endings bring about predictable alternations of certain final consonants. For a given word, there is a maximum of three stems. These alterations do not occur in loanwords. There are ten alternation classes:
 * 1) The first class are the regular nouns: loanwords and those ending in any consonant not mentioned in the other classes. ex. gix "trinket, keepsafe" (gixun, gixo)
 * 2) The next are those ending in and , which have three stems: a sg.nom stem (p/t), an u stem (f/þ), and a obl stem (b/d). ex. haup "cord" (haufun, haubo)
 * 3) Next are those ending in <ð>, which are the same as those in  except in the sg.nom. raið "anger" (raiðun, raido)
 * 4) Nouns in <þ> have two stems: a sg or u stem (þ) and an obl stem (d). ex. yeþ "leaf" (yeþun, yedo)
 * 5) Next are the vowel-final nouns. In the sg.nom they are accented, in the sg.all/sg.instr they are accented and receive a -n/me ending (instead of a -un/ume), the other endings are regular. ex. jaurà "hour" (jauràn, jaurao)
 * 6) Nouns ending in <ò> lack number distinctions in the nom, all, and instr cases.
 * 7) Nouns ending in  decline as nouns ending in <è> except in the sg.nom. petai "rain" (petèn, peteon)
 * 8) Next are nouns in  and , which replace the  with  before non-sg.nom endings.
 * 9) Next are nouns ending in a stop, followed by an unstressed , followed by an  . They always drop the unstressed  in the non-sg.nom forms. Some nouns in or then change the <d/b> to <t/p>. ex. hèder "house" (hetrun, hetro)
 * 10) Lastly are nouns which change pronunciation, but not spelling, of a final consonant in the sg.nom. <b> to /p/, <v> to /ɸ/, <nd> to /nt/ and <l> to /w/.

Third declension
Third declension nouns are mostly inanimate, though there are a few groups of animates. They are the most regular declension. Nominative forms are used if a vocative is needed.

ex. duji "gold" Note that the nominative and genitive forms do not distinguish singular v. plural. There is a subset of declension III nouns which have an -e instead of -i in the nominative forms and don't distinguish singular vs plural ever.

ex. rame "rope, noodle"

Irregular nouns
Few nouns are irregular, and if a noun is irregular, it is very predictable. An example of a truly irregular noun is oai "cloud".

Nominative pronouns

 * 1) The 1s pronoun is written and pronounced as seo in Alemar proper and most of its recently freed colonies.

Vocative pronouns
There are only two vocative pronouns: 2s toyà and 2p txuò.

Adjectives
The citation form is the inanimate nominative singular. The adjectives have no vocative case forms, current standard is to use the nominative forms to agree with vocative nouns. Where endings are separated by slashes in the table, the first is singular and the second is plural. ex. kremi 'holy' (Soa dine ginora hosa em kremya! 'Even the trickster god is holy!') ex. baborev 'motherly, nuturing' (Joen emò krenten hef baboreven. 'They are very nuturing people.') ex. kade 'new' (Em el so alemaro ramisfundiam horme kade! 'It's from the new Alemarese Third Republic!')

Intensity
An intensive adjective is shown with the adverb particle hef placed before the adjective in question.

ex. Seu mi saidiemf hef raiðe. "I am seriously very angry."

Adverbs
Adverbs come in four varieties: adverbial phrases which appear before the sentence, adjectives which have the -iemf suffix which appear after the verb, adjectives with suppletive adverb forms, and short particles which go before what they modify.

Quantifiers
Quantifiers include: ispe "all", ispive "most", be "many/a lot", tlone "some", and five "few"

Distributives
Distributive determiners include: saude "any" and elkine "each".

Nominative
The nominative case (abbreviated nom) is the dictionary form of a noun. It is primarily used for the subject and primary object of a sentence. As a secundative language, Alemarese treats the indirect object of a ditransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive verb the same. This is called the primary object.

The nominative is also used for the objects of a few prepositions: benefactives, locatives, temporals, hus 'as', and id 'about'.

Genitive
The genitive case (abbreviated gen) has a few uses. It primarily signifies possession (so kurù freziv 'the flames' heat') and composition (lotto emaje 'a state of panic') when placed before a noun.

It is also used in a partitive sense, appearing on nouns before the noun-numbers: pidejn 'zero', dièn 'nine', horòn 'eleven', and up. ex. jen krenta vs krentà hied ('one person' vs '64 people')

The genitive additionally shows the origin of something and, in the same capacity, to make basic demonyms. It's also used to show groups to which one is a member. And to make matronymics. When used with locative prepositions, it gives them an 'away from' component.
 * ex. Seo mi alemaro 'I'm Alemarese.'
 * ex. hetro ridore 'of House Kicker'
 * ex. rajàn rajàno 'John, child of John'
 * ex. ij in --> out of, ro on --> off of, vend at --> from

Allative
The Allative case (abbreviated all) has two uses. It is used for the secondary object of a sentence and to signify movement towards. The secondary object corresponds to the direct object of a ditransitive verb.

When used with locative prepositions, it gives them a 'towards' component.
 * ex. ij in --> into, ro on --> onto, vend at --> to

Instrumental
The instrumental case (abbreviated instr) has three uses. It is used to signify an instrument that is used to complete an action, governing the preposition set '(along) with', and to create basic adverbs.

Vocative
The vocative is used for direct address. Only animate nouns have a vocative. The singular vocative is the same as the plural genitive and the plural vocative is the same as the plural nominative.
 * ex. Aðe krenten! 'Hello people!'
 * ex. Farm vilxà. 'Bye, Vilshe.'

Verbs
There are four conjugation classes based on four thematic vowels: a, e, u, and o.

Present tense
-a verbs -e verbs -u verbs -o verbs The present tense is used for ongoing current events, states, and unambiguous references to the future.

ex. seu odi "I give"

Recent tense
The recent tense is formed with the present tense + sentence final particle là.

The recent tense is used for events which happened typically within the past ten minutes.

ex. seu odi là "I just gave"

Remote tense
active participle + the following suffixes (stressed on the participle ending except in the 3p).

-a and -e verbs

-u and -o verbs The remote tense is used for past events which the speaker personally experienced.

ex. seu odera "I know I gave"

Indirect tense
Infix -is- (-es- after an a, or occasionally au or o) + present endings. Stress placed on the infix in the 2p and 3p, and before the infix otherwise. -a verbs endings change to -e verb endings.

The indirect tense is used for past events which the speaker didn't personally experience.

ex. seu òdisi "I suppose/hear I gave"

Eventive tense
Thematic vowel + the following suffixes

-a, -e, and -o verbs -u verbs The eventive tense is used for events considered likely and dependent on some condition.

ex. seu odaje "I'd probably give"

Future tense
The future tense is indicated by the copula "em", which is placed before a bare verb (historically an infinitive).

A prospective tense can be formed with the future tense + sentence final particle là. The prospective tense is used for events which will happen typically within ten minutes.
 * ex. Mi oda li "I will give it"

ex. Mi oda là "I just gave"

Participles
Example:

Regular verbs
moiza "to know" (Moizi toe! "I know you!") kara "to have in one's possession" (Seu kari so uzìn. "I have the cup.") sterre "to hunt" (Sterrer enxala ze. "I like to hunt.") raqne "to stand" (Raqnek rajane. "Stand up, Rajàn.") pilðu "to shoot, fire, take a shot" (Pilðuk so xaulora! "Shoot at the knife!") ginu "to trick, fool" (Alò, hef ginoruk ze. "Wow, you really fooled me.") furo "to lie" (No gai betxìn furoruk ip seu? "But why did you lie to me?") alto "to notice" (Alti li là. "I just noticed it.")

Irregular verbs
er "must, have to" (Is eran ge fo qede. "We don't have to do this." vs. Eran i fo ge sole "We mustn't do this.")

em, emor, muþ "be" fo, fer, fooþ "do" tyu, tivor, tyuþ "be born" idye, idier, idieþ "be"

Predictably irregular verbs
Some other irregular patterns appear, for example: ex. legu "to talk, speak, say" ex. menga "turn"
 * verbs ending in tyu/ku/tyo/ko or dyu/gu/dyo/go become (t)xi and dyi in the 1s.pres.
 * verbs ending in ka/ga change the <k/g> to <(t)x/dy> is the 1s.pres, 1p.pres, and 3p.pres.

Noun phrase
Article/Quantifier-Genitive-Noun-Adjectives-Demonstrative/Distributive

Verb phrase
Verb-Adverb-Primary Object-Secondary Object

Negation
Negation in statements and questions is expressed primarily by a preverbal particle i (is before p, t, k, l, y, n, m, h, or a vowel). Normally pronounced /i(s)/, it's /iʃ/ before p or t. But that's not all. The preverbal particle is always paired with a postverbal particle. These circumverbal particles are placed directly around the main verb, be it auxiliary or not, and nothing can go between them and the verb. ex. Seu is mi zimai diuhere ze ip txuò! "I will never surrender to you!"
 * fo "do" > i fo "not do"
 * sterre "hunt" > i sterre "not hunt"
 * legu "say" > is legu "not say"
 * oda "give" > is oda "not give"
 * talentu "count" > is talentu "not count"
 * ge: unmarked; ex. I fudyi ge sole. "I don't do that."
 * plo: emphatic, used mostly with commands; ex. I fok plo sole! "Don't do that!"
 * zimai: never; ex. Seu i fera zimai sole. "I haven't ever done that."

Questions
In order to form a yes/no-question, the particle emþe is added to the beginning of the sentence, without any change in word order.
 * Moizi toe "I know you" vs Emþe moizi toe "Do I know you?"

Prepositions
There is a very limited set of true prepositions in Alemarese. Most prepositional meanings can be carried out through prepositional phrases with location nouns.

All true indivisible prepositions are as follows:

Proto-Alemar-Barejine to Alemarese

 * 1) k/tʃ/_F
 * 2) β/w/_B
 * 3) w//[#C]_V
 * 4) ow/u/_
 * 5) F/ʃ/t_F
 * 6) F/ʒ/d_V
 * 7) h//_
 * 8) ae/e/_
 * 9) aw/o/_
 * 10) t/d/V_V
 * 11) p/b/V_V
 * 12) b/p/_#
 * 13) d/t/_#
 * 14) t/ʔ/_C
 * 15) β/ɸ/_#
 * 16) l/w/_#
 * 17) tr/rʃ/V_F
 * 18) qr/cr/_
 * 19) q/tʃ/_i
 * 20) q/ʔ/_[C#]
 * 21) x/r/V[-a]_B
 * 22) [xr]r/ʀ/_
 * 23) x//_C
 * 24) ns/z/_
 * 25) j//B_F
 * 26) j//F_B
 * 27) ps/\\/_
 * 28) s/ʃ/_S
 * 29) s[kj]/ʃ/_
 * 30) t//C_ʃ
 * 31) [je]//β_
 * 32) o//w_F/ˈ_
 * 33) [jw]//_r
 * 34) [jw]//_n[C#]
 * 35) i//o_#
 * 36) k//#_C/_[rlt]
 * 37) /e/#_CC[-rl]/_st
 * 38) m/mb/V_rV
 * 39) n/nd/V_rV
 * 40) ng/ŋ/_
 * ://_
 * 1) k/t/_t

Numbers
Though Patronans have ten fingers in total, the most common base for numerals (talento) is 8 (octal) which was spread by Alemarese and Barejine-speakers across most of Patrona. Typically, fingercounting starts with the thumbs out, the first finger being the index, etc.
 * Ordinals are formed with <-me>. First and second are formed suppletively (veit and drezip). They are adjectives.
 * Fractions are formed with <-aj>. Half is suppletive and quarter is irregular (foli and meraj). They are nouns.
 * In both, only the last word of the number receives the ending.
 * Numbers pidejn (0), dièn (9), horòn (11), and above are nouns declined according to form. The item they tell the quantity of is rendered in the genitive before them. ex. krentà dièn "nine people"
 * Jen (1), diz (2), hor (3), mir (4), and on (8) are undeclined particles that appear before the noun. ex. on krenten "eight people"
 * Dorsa (5), sexa (6), ðea (7), and eqa (10) are regular adjectives, except that the noun and adjective are typically in the singular, with the plural implying an incredibly spread-out number of things. ex. krenta eqa "ten people"

Colors
Patronans can't see blue, so they have no need of words to distinguish it, greatly shrinking their color (fulko) vocabulary.
 * txindi: dark red, purple
 * god: light red, pink, orange
 * godo eriti: brown
 * plauve: white, yellow
 * xab: light green, yellow-green, cyan
 * xabo eriti: dark yellow-green
 * varze: dark green, teal
 * eriti: black, blue
 * hoitxi: gray, dark yellow

Days of the Week
The Patronan week is only six days long.
 * 1) Deruax {derù-ax} "sun-day"
 * 2) Kavekax {kavek-ax} "intellect-day"
 * 3) Veverax {vever-ax} "speed-day"
 * 4) Lameax {lamea-ax} "love-day"
 * 5) Jilyax {jilya-ax} "smaller moon-day"
 * 6) Mindax {minda-ax} "bigger moon-day"

Directions

 * vuxe "central, middle"

Conjunctions
ð (and), iy...iy... (either or), tai (and/or), no (but/yet), gai/ipler (because/for), uve (if)

Family

 * paloval: family
 * babora/baba: mother
 * nunora/nuna: father
 * isterren: parents
 * blivoa: sibling
 * jiþue: spouse
 * jiþue ____: ____-in-law
 * pels: son/daughter (don't confuse w/ pelsa "child, young person")
 * meðvoa: nibling/niece/nephew
 * birre: mother's sibling's spouse
 * hube: mother's sibling
 * ernya: father's sibling
 * necra: father's sibling's spouse
 * kòsembe: relative, cousin
 * babisterren/pripeyen: maternal grandparents
 * pripea: maternal grandmother
 * pripè: maternal grandfather
 * nunisterren: paternal grandparents
 * nunbabora/nunbaba: paternal grandmother
 * nunnunora/nunnuna: paternal grandfather

Seasons
Seasons (vostin) do not begin on solstices/equinoxes, those are their middles instead. The first day of the year is very close to the Summer solstice.
 * estè (esteo): summer
 * dimbri: fall/autumn
 * veyeþ (veyeðo): winter
 * àdler (aldro): spring

Body parts

 * Body:
 * Chest: manya
 * Torso/belly:
 * Back:
 * Base of the tail:
 * Tail:
 * Head:
 * Neck:
 * Eyes: riðuri
 * Nose: oþànker
 * Tongue: otta
 * Head ridges:
 * Ears:
 * Hair:
 * Shoulder:
 * Arm:
 * Hand:
 * Back of the hand: steiþ
 * Finger:
 * Thumb:
 * Nail:
 * Leg:
 * Foot:
 * Toe:

Time

 * Time: Dià/Dyia
 * Day: Ax
 * Sunrise: Tembre àlus (lit. Night's end)
 * Daytime: Þeudyì
 * Sunset: Þeudyio àlus (lit. Daytime's end)
 * Nighttime: Tembra
 * Year: Rang
 * Season: Vosti
 * Month:
 * Week: xonte
 * Hour: jaurà
 * Minute:
 * Second: