Valdirsk

Introduction
"Gúthúdan ! Dat va eksemplar at moidan navakk Valdirsk ! Thir va vegar er úd larrain till modain at. "

"Welcome ! This is an example of the language named Valdirsk ! Here is a guide to learn to speak it."

Description
Valdirsk is a regular, structuralist and flexive constructed language with a Scandinavic background but with a very particular vocabulary. It is designed to sound subtly like Icelandic, with high frequency of vowels and typical nordic sounds.

Alphabet and Pronunciation
All letters are pronounced, except the "t" and "d" in some cases, as detailed under the table. Here follows the prounciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

NOTE: As you can notice, the sound [z] doesn't exist.

When next to slender vowels (-e and -i), the -s transforms into -ʃ. The -g at the end of a word is pronounced as a soft -kh.

Example: seg = [ ʃeɤ ].

Plural forms of determiners (with -t) are pronounced in a particular way: the -t isn't pronounced at all, but cuts the pronunciation of the vowels between it:

Example: mati is pronounced "ma-i" instead of "mai", with a and i pronounced apart.

This happens every time a -t finds himself just before a final -i. The same rule applies for the -d under the same circumstances, except that it hasn't any influence on the vowels at all and simply disappears orally.

Example: medi is pronounced "mei".

In most cases, the tone lays on the first vowel or vowel group.

Nouns
In addition to the usual nominative is there only one case: the genitive. The genitive is used as replacement for the particule "od" ("from", "of"), indicates possession and is obtained by adding an -i after the first vowel in the word. If the first vowel is an -i, then the sound is extendend and longer pronounced.

Example: barnor threikko = son of a big (man), barnor threkko = big son.

The plural form is characterised by the suffix -i.

Material entities
There are 3 genders for material entities: male, female, and neutral. All words that indicate asexual things are per definition neutral. Here is a table representing the matching of nouns with their gender:

These nouns are formed like this:

Variable part + gender + r + plural

Example: Gull + o + r + i = Gullori = horses (male), Gull + e + r = Guller = mare

There is an exception: father (ot athoir) and mother (et matheir), where an -i is added before the -r.

Immaterial entities
Immaterial entities have no particular termination, except two categories: concepts and geographical references. Concepts (like "liberty", "peace" or "procrastination") end with -an, and change in the plural form only by adding an -n (-ann). Due to the double consonant, it should be insisted on the vowel before (-a), so that the the tone lays on the last -ann.

Example: at m a gan = the power, ati mag a nn = the powers.

Nouns that indicate Geographical origins (like "English" or "European") end with -sk. Example: Ingelsk = English

They are formed by adding mark of gender and mark of plural at the end:

Variable part + an/sk + gender + plural

Example: Valdir + sk + o + i = Valdirskoi = the Valdirians, the men from Valdir

Two words can agglutinate if they are related to eachother (like in english: "painkiller" = "pain" + "killer"):

Trunk 1 + gender 1 + plural 1 + trunk 2 + gender 2 + r + plural 2

Example: Gull + a + i + skadd + a + r + i = Gullaiskaddari = shits of horses, horsesshit (skaddar = shit)

Immaterial substantives related to verbs are formed by replacing the -i from its infinitive by an -r (except if the word is a concept, then it ends in -an as usually). Their meaning is always "the fact of" + verb.

Example: magain (to reign) ==> at magarn (the reign) (the fact of reigning)

The opposite of words are formed with a privative -u.

Example: materialska = material, umaterialska = immaterial

Examples
Gullor = (Male) horse

Ati gulleri = the mares

at vakar = the book

vridan = peace

Valdirsk = Valdirian language

Valdirskei = Valdirians (women)

Skaddari = shits

At gullaskaddar = the horseshit

At magarn = the reign

uvridanska = unpeaceful

Adjectives
A caracteristical ending is -sk, but there are some various endings such as -kk, -ll, kh...

The adjective is relative to his noun by gender and number, and respectively the mark of the gender and that of the number are added at the very end of the word.

Example: Tir va threkkei = they are big (fem.), ir va thallo = I am tall (masc.)

Comparative and superlative
Obtained by adding respectively -vd and -rd to the adjective instead of the eventual -sk.

Example: simple = iún vúldarsk, simpler = iúnv úldarvd, (the) simplest = (at) iúnv úldard

Determiners and Pronouns
The determiners are relative to their noun reguarding their gender and number. The definite article is formed by gender + t + plural. The indefinite article doesn't exist.

Example: ot gullor = the horse, eti gulleri = the mares; gullor = a horse, iúno gullor = one horse

The demonstrative is obtained by adding a d before the definite:

Example: ot gullor = the horse, dot gullor = that horse

Immaterial nouns are per definition neutral, so their determiner is always at / ati.

The nominative pronouns are declined this way: The oblique pronouns are declined this way: The possessive (pronoun AND determiner) is declined this way: Of course, the example above stands for a masculine noun, but the possessive determiner also adapts to the gender (mot, met, mat...)

The possessive pronoun/determiner also follows the rule from the disappearing -t at the end of the word, though it doesn't need to have an -i, the -t disappears no matter what. This also counts for all determiners: ot, mot, oti, moti, and so on.

Example: mot is pronounced mo, moti is pronounced mo-i.

Examples
vot gullor = your horse

noti vridan = our peace

mat vakar = my book

Ir horra moda = I see him

Mir tir moda = They see me

Adverbs
Adverbs globally have various endings, except for those usually ending with -lly in English (as the two in this sentence): they are the same as the adjective related to it, but logically without gender nor number. So:

Example: morvúldarska = complicated, hard, morvúldarsk =complicatedly, hardly; thallo = great, thall = greatly.

Verbs
Verbs are based on a common trunk, to which suffixes are added to indicate the type of tense. As example:

To be ("vain") :         Va + in = Vain

Trunk + Mark of the infinitive = Infinitive

Conjugations
The trunk always ends with an -a or an -e.

(*): If the tone lays on the vowel just before, the -d is doubled. So, "ir vaddú" but "ir falladù".

A small story
Ther vadú iúna v úldar naggor, thallo sva sev viergari úd threkko sva drei. 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Tir furred<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú at thallard tarnar ad vad <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú id'at vordar,  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd khvelgend <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú an at threkkard <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmar od tharrein hor, <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd dat <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmar idi dat seid vad <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú ikk novvetarska ad har khed<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú tharrein ati naggari. At <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmar kragge<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">dú at thallo naggor, <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd hor th arred<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú idi pala seid. V<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd seit dat dugar, allai <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmari khe tharrein ati naggeri.