Kostish

Efhonisk (Eng. Evanish) is a West-Germanic language, extremely related to Old English, with some borrowings from North-Germanic languages, especially scandinavian "-r" plurals. The idea behind it is that it might have been a hypothetical language to develop from Old English if some of the Anglo-Saxons had traveled to an island more northward and thus had their language more influenced by North-Germanic rather than Latin and French influences(and I must say, it is much more clear than Modern English). The language can also be written in the Elder Futhark to complement its heritage. At the moment, Evanish is being carefully constructed and for the most part grammar is being worked out, along with prefixes and suffixes to be used in compound words that are in place of Romance words. Many things may still change(I'm considering adding the genders of animate and inanimate), and I make edits and additions to this page about once a day, but as it develops more, the updates might become less frequent.

Alphabet
There are two alphabets, one being the a modified Latin alphabet with both lower and upper case, and the other is the Elder Futhark. Note that you most likely will not be able to render these runes from here, you can copy them into a program that can however(my url bar can, and so can Microsoft Word).
 * F, U, Þ, A, R, K, G, W, H, N, I, J, Y, P, Z, S, T, B, E, M, L, X, D, O
 * f, u, þ, a, r, k, g, w, h, n, i, j, y, p, z, s, t, b, e, m, l, x, d, o
 * ᚠ, ᚢ, ᚦ, ᚨ, ᚱ, ᚲ, ᚷ, ᚹ, ᚺ, ᚾ, ᛁ, ᛃ, ᛇ, ᛈ, ᛉ, ᛋ, ᛏ, ᛒ, ᛖ, ᛗ, ᛚ, ᛜ, ᛞ, ᛟ.

Evanish - English letter comparisons
As of yet, there are only comparisons to English and not the IPA, the examples should be said in Amer. Eng.

Phonotactics
...

Sentence Structures
^The punctuation is what the sentence ends with only, all sentences begin with a capital(if not writing in the Elder Futhark).

^^An imperative sentence is O-V with the understood subject of 2nd person singular, but may be S-O-V if specified with 2nd person plural.

Articles
Articles in Evanish come before all nouns except names and infinitives.

Negation
When negating a verb "ne" is added before the verb, that is all. Double negatives mean a positive as in saying "I did not see nobody" would be "I saw someone".

Verb Conjugation
Remember to start with the infinitive. A gerund is still being contemplated.

Participles
Participles don't work quite like English. They are written before the noun and add "-en", "-ind", and "-so" for past, present, and future respectively; BE WARY, you need to understand that they don't work quite like English so read below. The past tense participles work the same as English, however the present tense doesn't and future participles don't exist in English. Present tense participles are the equivalent of "being + verb " while future is "will be + verb". Here's for an example of "gabindan" meaning "to combine".

Adjectives
They generally end in -iskh(pronounced as English "-ish" and German "-isch"). Adjectives are never written post-positively. In this example "foreign" modifies the word "man": Predicative Adjectives are used with the verb "boan" meaning "to be". An example: "The man will be foreign " would be written "Se manna boel waliskh ". For comparative and superlative, see above.
 * The positive case "The foreign man spoke." would be written "Se waliskh manna spreked"
 * The comparative case for foreign, " more foreign ", would be written "Se waliskhir manna spreked"
 * The superlative, " most foreign " is written "Se waliskhist manna spreked".

Adverbs
They generally end in -lik. The grammar is the same as adjectives.

Never post-positively
Adjectives and Adverbs cannot be written post-positively, that is, they never follow nouns. An example of post-positive in English would be "tell me something interesting " would have to be written in Evanish as "tell to me an interesting something", note that an article (an) is used, articles must follow every noun and pronouns with the exception of names(and infinitives).

Dictionary
Notes: CG - common germanic, OE - Old English, Ger - german, Du - kat. If manrked CG, the word is connected with other germanic words ultimately from proto-germanic, but not from any specific language.

Pronouns
Note that pronouns are already declined for case, and are subject to change, esp. 3rd person singular. Negative is used for "nobody". Interrogative is for questions like "who" and "whom". Note) never use third person plural reflexive for negative reflexive as in "Nobody hurt themselves", it must be written as "Nobody hurt nobody's self". If a pronoun is capitalized it is either at the start of a sentence, or for showing respect(used to be reserved for gods and lords, but as people's faiths seperated the rule is now more general and can be applied to anyone).

F

 * fyr- of or pertaining to fire [from OE "fyr"]

G

 * ga- together/with (cognate with syn) [CG]

I

 * -ig added to mean "full of or characterized by" [CG]
 * -isk is the older form from which iskh derives added now only to the end of languages (e. g. Efhon isk )
 * -iskh added to the end of nouns to form adjectives to mean ways of or similar to

L

 * -lik added to the end of words generally to form adverbs cognate "Eng -ly"[from Old. Fris. "-lik"]

M

 * -man added to verb stems to form workers of the task [from Ger "mann"]
 * mund- of or pertaining to the mind [CG]

U

 * ur- proto [from Ger "ur"]

F

 * Froend - friend [from OE "freond", Ger "freund"]
 * Fyur - fire (pronounce like fury, but without the ending "ee" sound) [CG]

K

 * Katt - cat [from Du "kat"]

L

 * Loft - air [from OE "loft", Ger "luft"]

M

 * Mann - man [from OE, Ger "mann"]

G

 * Galiek - similar [from Ga + liek]

W

 * Walisk - foreign

Verbs
Highly usefull verbs are bolded.

B

 * boan - to be 


 * brannan - to kindle/ignite/set fire to


 * brekan - to break/shatter/burst/destroy

D

 * donan - to finish/complete (not to be confused with endean which may mean the plan was stopped before being completed)

E

 * endean - to end/discontinue


 * etan - to eat/consume

F

 * froegan - to like/favor
 * furstandan - to understand


 * fulgan - to follow


 * fyllan - to completely fill/ completely replenish/ completely restock to the maximum

G

 * gabindan - to combine


 * gaderan - to gather/unite


 * gasekan - to compare


 * gemunan - to remember/recall

H

 * hafan - have (only in the sense of possess)/own unless used as continuing relevance


 * haldan - to take care of/watch over

K

 * kunifan - to knife (stab with a knife)
 * kunnan - to be able to/can(however only in the sense of possible to do something)[from OE "cunnan" and Ger. "kennen"]


 * kunoewan - to know

L

 * letan - to allow


 * lifan - to live
 * likan - to please


 * loftan - to raise/lift
 * lufan - to love

M

 * magan - to be permmited to, to be allowed to [from gothic "magan"]
 * Maetan - to have the chance of (followed by an infinitive), degree of probability varies with adverbs [from Efh. "magan", Eng. "might"]
 * moestan - to be obliged to [from Du. "moeten", Eng. "must"]
 * mundan - to think

N

 * neman - to take
 * noþ - to need

R

 * rekonan - to reason/figure out/reckon

S

 * sagan - to say [the words...](different from spreekan which refers not to words but the action of talking itself)


 * sekan - to seek/search for/look for


 * skafan - to shave/polish


 * skowan - to show/reveal


 * sprekan - to speak


 * standan - to stand

T

 * taekan - to take in/absorb


 * tallan - to count/calculate


 * tellan - to recount/narrate

W

 * wandran - to walk/wander


 * wendan - to proceed


 * willan - to want/wish/ will for


 * windan - to turn/twist

Thorn

 * þankan - to thank/give thanks