Patchélogue

This page is basically a English-translated English-rewritten version of 帕提语 on a Chinese conlang wiki. No, even further. I started re-writing the original Chinese version basing on this page.



=Classification and Dialects=

Patchélogue(/ˌpʌ'tʃeɪlɒg/, Vżɑƞı̣nṣK/pʰɐ'tʃʰɛlok̚/, lit."Language of patchouli") is an artlang created by Kaihan Zhang, a Chinese student. The language was once named "Patigul", only to be found unexpectedly identical to an existing Uyghur name.

The language is spoken by about 120 million people in its universe where Patchékyo exists, and is the official language of it. Numerous dialectical varieties also exist.

Patchékyo(Vżɑqı̗ᴚıṣS/'pʰatʃʰɛkʰɪəʊ/, lit."Land of patchouli") is a vast and powerful empire that exists only in an alternative universe. Cliché, huh?

Neither the name "Patchélogue" nor "Patchékyo" is the accurate transcription of their real Patchélogue name, but the anglolization of "Patshélog" and "Patshékyow". (Why, of course, Patchékyans don't even know, for there are no latin letter in their universe.) =Phonology=

Consonants

 * 1) [h/kʰ/k⁼] are palatalised [ç/cʰ/c⁼] before [i].
 * 2) [pʰ/tʰ/kʰ] are disaspiratised [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] after[s/ʃ], the spelling also change.
 * 3) [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] are unreleased [p̚/t̚/k̚] at the end of a syllable, expect when ends with two consonants like [lt⁼].

Structure
The maximal syllable structure is CCSVSCCC, where C is a consonant, S is an semivovel and V is a vowel.
 * [ŋ] is not restricted to codas and [x] is not restricted for onset neither.
 * [ʔ] is restricted to codas.
 * Except in some interjections, the two semivowels must be different.

A consonant cluster can (but rarely) have up to three consonants, and one or two normally. For two-consonant clusters, the following restrictions obtain:
 * /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/ never succeed /s/, or they become /p⁼/, /t⁼/ and /k⁼/.
 * a nasal only precede an plosive only when they have same POV, as in ʎṣbɑ(mont)somebody.

Dividing
If there are odd number of consonants between syllables, the later gets one more consonant than the former. As in Viᴚ‧qĸiɑżʌ(Pik-sgitab)picture book. If there are even number of them, they will get same amount of consonants. As in Zṡn‧ᴚiɑżʌ(Rul-kitab)rule book. But affricatives are treated as single consonant: As in vż‧ɑƞı̗(pa-tshé)patchouli.

Even thought they are sometimes realized as part of diphthones instead of "consonants", the rules above applys to approximals as well: Z̄‧ɑżı‧sż(A-tay-wa)

Stress
Words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, and nonstandard stress is indicated by an accent mark over the vowel of the stressed syllable.
 * Compare ṣqı̯(Osé)[o'sɛ]"I teach" and ṣƞı̣(Oshe)['ɔʃe]"from that time"

The stress of a (Consonant)-Vowel-Consonant(s)-Vowel word is commonly on the last vowel, the accentvmask is only used when not: Z̄ɑżı(A'tay)We S̱vżı(O'pay)Breast


 * A Class Ⅱ verb can have its stress not on its stem, but on the syllable after the stem:
 * ṣqı̗u(Osélh)"to teach" → ṣqı̗(Osé)"I teach" → ṣqìʎżq(Osímas)"We teach"

The suffixes never affect a word's stress: the stress of qżʌżn‧ż('sabal-a)"cat-ɴᴏᴍ" is still on the "sa", not on the second-to last syllable like "sab'ala". Pay attention to that it is not considered a "nonstandard" stress.

As for compound words, the stress is on the last word's original stress.

=Writing System=

Patchélogue is written in Higilaya(ᖷiĸinżıZ̄/çic⁼i'laja/, lit."Script of saint"), which looks like Latin letters, for it was created after a group of ancient barbarians discovered some English comic books a time-traveller left.

The Latin transliteration given below is never used by Patchékyo people, only by the author, in order to make Patchélogue more readable to real people.

There are recently 26 letters in Higilaya, starting with "Patshé"(V), ending with "Eyki"(I̱):

Aside from single letters, there are some letter combinations that makes different pronounciations from provided above, although not every dialect reserved all the special pronounciations.

Orthography
The letter Ley-dos ‹u› is the final form of normal letter Ley ‹n›, as greek letter sigma does.
 * ᑫʌı̇u(́Sbilh)Game + ꓘiɑżʌ(kitab)book → ᑫʌı̇ n ᴚiɑżʌ(Sbilkitab)Rule-book

Unless when appearing at the end of a word, ‹v›, ‹ɑ› and ‹ᴚ› won't appear behind ‹q›. If they had to, they only become ‹ʌ›, ‹ɒ› and ‹ĸ›.
 * Viĸq(́Piks)Picture + ꓘiɑżʌ(kitab)book → Viᴚqĸiɑżʌ(Piksgitab)Picture-book

When two plosives like p/t/k/b/d/g collide, the latter emerges the former and lengthens. When the two plosives have the same places of articulation, the latter letter becames the letter Qokina ‹և›.
 * sżıɑ(wait)"out" + ʌı̣b(ben)"side" → sżıɑʌı̣b(waitben)[waɪp̚p⁼ɛn]"outside"
 * qżʌ(sab)"down" + ʌı̣b(ben)"side" → qż և ʌı̣b(saqben)[sɐp̚p⁼ɛn]"downside"

The letter Qokina is also used to prevent vowel tetters colliding: żıżևṣıṣ(ayaqoyo)topic of article

Syllable structure like /yi/ /wu/ or even /reo/ are banned in Patchélogue. When an approximant preceeds itself or its vowel counterpart, replace it with the the "Yowon letter" ‹x›:
 * ⅄iᴚi(Miki)mouse + Iżʎż(Yama)mountain → ⅄iᴚixżʎż(miki:ama)mountain of mice
 * Iṣsᴚżı(Yowkay)Youkai + Iżʎż(Yama)mountain → IṣsᴚżıxżʎZ̄(YowkayyamA)Moutain of Youkai.

The priority of being analysed as an approximant is: r>i>u. That is: /bri/ /bir/ /biu/, and /bui/ are written as ʌzi(bri)ʌiz(bir)ʌıṡ(byu)ʌṡı(buy), instead of ʌẓı(beoy)ʌıẓ(byeo)ʌis(biw)ʌsi(bwi). But at the beginning of a syllable, where /ui/ is spelled si(wi).

Alter letter form
Not to let words containing i/e/y/lh's become illegible in handwriting as Russian crusive does, the letters i/e stretch themselves when having y/lh around. The letters "a" and "eo" have printing variant the way latin letter a/g have: However, in this article, the author prefers using the handwriting glyphs ‹Z̄żẔẓ›.

Punctuation
In some fonts, the quotation marks doesn't show properly. Here is whatvthey should look like: ⌊⌉


 * ı̣ɒı̣b żynɒṣ ᴚı̣₉ ⎣ṣı⨟ Dṡ; ɑżʌı̗ ɒṡq vżb Λı̣ĸiɑbı̣ʎṣ₉ żsɑ₉₉₉ żsɑ nı̣ ⎣⎣qżbᴚṣ‧⅄ı̣ɑż‧nżo S̱ɑṣʎż⎤⎤₆ ʌzṣsᴚʌı̣ ɒṡq Ɑṡını̣b⸲ ni ɒṡq ᖷḷıxżsiɑ ᴚżʎʌı̣⸲ nı̇ ɒṡq ꓘṡᴚı̇sṣ qɒżyʌı̣ nż Λı̣ĸı̇ɑbiʎṣ, ɑz̊ʌi̊₉₉₉;⎤,
 * And then I said: "Hey, you! Eat all your vegetables, or... or the '3-meter-tall man', will broke your door; come into your room; and stuff the vegetables in your mouth! Now, are you eating...!?".

If the quotation can be considered as a word in the sentence, punctions should be added both inside and outside the quotation. Otherwise, punctions should only be added inside the quotation marks.


 * Sṣ żnżynɒı̣ ⎣żnṣʞżıṣs,⎤, (Wo alaflde "Alohayow.".) I didn't say "Hello".
 * Sṣ₉ ⎣żnṣʞżıṣs,⎤ (Wo, "Alohayow.") Me: "Hello."

The final punction inside a quotation can be omitted if it is a period, unless it appears between a double quotation mark and a single quotation mark:


 * Sṣ żynɒı̣ ⎣Sṣ żnżynɒı̣ ⎣⎣żnṣʞżıṣs⎤⎤,⎤, (Wo aflde "Wo alaflde 'Alohayow'.".) I said "I didn't say 'Hello'".
 * Sṣ₉ ⎣żnṣʞżıṣs⎤ (Wo, "Alohayow") Me: "Hello"

If only the first half of the sentence needs exclaiming, an exclaim-comma should be used.


 * ṣı⨟ Sṣ ꓘṣᴚṣɑ iu, (oy!, Wo Kokot ilh.) "Hey, I'm here!"

What would be called a "comma-spilt" in English is legal in Patchélogue, by using a specific "subject comma".


 * ꓘṣnż₆ ɒı̣q Vı̣ʎʌisṣ(Kola, des Pembiwo.)*This, is a pen.

There is no question mark in Patchélogue. In interrogative sentences, there should be a rised tone(or linguistically, "suprafix") on the word being asked about, whose dots should be changed into rings (or "rised-tone mark"s):


 * ꓘṣnṣ ɒı̣q ꓘı̥ıs̥. (kola des Kewo^?.) "This is what^?."
 * Sı̥z ɑżʌɒı̣q ꓘṣnṣ. (wer^? tabdes Kolo) "Who^? ate this."

There is no colon in Patchélogue. A comma is placed wherever, in English, a colon would be used.


 * Sṣ żynṣ₉ ⎣żnṣʞżıṣs,⎤, (Wo aflo, "Alohayow.".) I say:"Hello.".

The hyphen is used where English would use one. In addition, it is used in multy-word proper nouns, such as a book's name.


 * Πż‧nżıḷbżıqʌṡ‧Kı̣bqṣsᴚıṣSṣɑ‧ƞı̣ɒiЦ (La-layenaysbu-GensowkyoWot-shediLh)The Plan to Harem-ize Gensoukyou

Capitalization
The first thing one should know about Patchélogic capitalization is: the beginning letter of a full sentence does not need to be capitalized. Yes, you read that right.

The first letter of any noun(including verbal noun) should be capitalized. And the last letter of a proper noun should be capitalized too. Case suffixes of proper nouns should be placed before the capitalized last letter.


 * ᑫṡıᴚ Z̄ sż ɑżʌı̗ ꓘżıᴚisṣ,(SuykAwa tabé Kaykiwo.)"Suika eats cake."
 * ᑫṡıᴚżsż ɑżʌı̗ ꓘżıᴚ Ī sṣ,(Suykawa tabé KaykᏆwo.)"Watermelon eats Keiki."

Non-nouns derived from proper nouns only need to capitalize the last letter, and this rule applys to family names as an adjective.


 * VżɑƞıṣsnĪ‧bṣsnı̣ɒƞĪ(PatshyowlI-nowledshI) Patchouli Knowledge

Name of books, as is written as many words connected with hyphens, should be written in italics with its first and last letter capitalized. If a noun or another proper noun appears in it, the original capitalization is preserved:


 * Πż‧nżıḷbżıqʌṡ‧Kı̣bqṣsᴚıṣSṣɑ‧ƞı̣ɒiЦ (La-layenaysbu-GensowkyoWot-shediLh)The Plan to Harem-ize Gensoukyou

=Grammar=

Nouns
In Patchélogue, nouns decline basing on number and case. Gender is shown by other ways.

Number
Usually, plural form of a countable noun is made by adding plural suffix -ʎ(m) to the ending of the singular noun, except becoming -iʎ(im) after another "m". However, some nouns change irregularly.
 * ᑫżʌżu(Sabalh)"cat" → ᑫżʌżn ʎ (Sabalm)"cats"
 * Ьı̣ʎ(Nem)"name" → Ьı̣ʎ iʎ (Nemim)"names"
 * S̱ıṣ(oyo)"eye" → I̱ıḷ(eye)"eyes"
 * S̱svżı(oupai)"boob, boobs"

When following a number, the noun should not be in pluratibe form. That is: never say "two boy s " in Patcélogue, but "two bo y ".

In Patchélogue, uncountable(mass) nouns can have a "singular"(technically "singulative") form made by attaching a -b(n), or -ib(in) after another "n", after the stem.
 * ʎizżı(miray)"rice" → ʎizżı b (mirayn)"a grain of rice"
 * ᴚṣnżb(kolan)"coal" → ᴚṣnżb ib (kolanin)"a piece of coal"

A "singulative" noun can have a plural form as well, but the plural suffix takes the "-im" form:
 * yṡɒ(fud)food → yṡɒb(fudn)meal → yṡɒniʎ(fudnim)"meals"

Case
4 "regular" cases are marked in Patchélogue, They are:
 * 1) 1st case: like Nominative.
 * 2) 2nd case: like Ablative, Genetive , Instrumental
 * 3) 3rd case: like Allative, Dative , Beneficial.
 * 4) 4th case: like Accusative

Take a sentence in both English and Patchélogue fot example:

We take your money to the king from (your) home to the palace by (our) hands for the country.

Z̄ɑżısż S̱ɑı̣ʎı̣ ᖷżqı̣ nż Vı̣niqi ɑṡᴚiʎżq ɒṡq ⅄ṣnisṣ nı̣ Zı̣ĸi nż Kṣĸżsi.

Some verb changes its whole meaning when followed by nouns in different cases.

Besides four "regular" cases, Patigulh also features four other "sub-cases" used for preposition phrases, infinitibe phrases and gerund phrases. It is formed by symply attaching "t" after normal case suffixes.

Sub-cases are used for preposotion, infinitive, adjective phrases, and gerunds.
 * ḷu I̱ıḷs żɑ ɒżı Πṣnisż ᴚżʎı̣(el Eyewat day Loli kame.)"A big-eyed girl comes."
 * Sṣ ɑ Ɑżʌṡk ᑫṡıᴚżʎ ṣɑ qżvniƞɒż ᑫṡıᴚZ̄sṣ(Wot Tabung Suikamen saplishda SuiḱAwo)"My eating watermelons surprises Suika."

I'm not sure what this phenomenon is actually called among real linguists. The most similar term I found is "Oblique-Nominative/Ablative/etc." but I doubt if it does makes sense.

Gender
There are 2 genders in Patchélogue, which is not divided by sеx but by consciousity. It is mainly shown by changing the article of the noun.

It should be noticed that a noun's gender isn't fixed. For example, a train can be conscious when operated by a driver, a person can be unconscious when knocked out.

Three kinds of word agree with the noun's gender: articles(as menitoned below), verbs in 3rd/4th person declension and third personal pronoun ᒣi/Ɑż(Shi/Ta)it-ᴄɴsᴄ/it-ᴜɴsᴄ.

Among the verbs, a special verb ju/żu(ilh/alh)exist-ᴄɴsᴄ/exist-ᴜɴsᴄ conjugates irregularly by gender, not only in 3rd/4th person declension.

Pronouns
In Patchélogue, pronouns are divided as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns pluralize based on person, number, case and gender(3rd pronoun only).

There are three different methods to decline, but the declensions of sub-cases are same: adding "t" after the normal case form.


 * 1) Z̄bɑżı(antay)"you&we" is inclusive and Z̄ɑżı(atai)"we" is exclusive. That is:  Z̄bɑżı(antay)"you&we" includes "you" inside "we", while Z̄ɑżı(atai)"we" does not:
 * VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż żynı̣q ᒣibᴚĪsi₉ ⎣Z̄nżsi (Z̄bɑżı/Z̄ɑżı)si ᴚı̣ᴚṣbḷu qʎiɒż,⎤,
 * PatshyowlIwa afles ShinkIwi, "Alawi (Antay/Atay)wi kekonel smida.".
 * Patchouli tells Shinki: "Please allow (you&me/us) get married".
 * →Patchouli wants to marry (Shinki/Alice).
 * 1) Patchélogue features a "fourth person" pronoun ᑫṡ(su)"alt-it" (or "Obviative" in real linguists). It is used when the "third person" pronoun had already referred to someone else(normally the subject), for example:
 * VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż siևɒı̣ ᴚı̣ ⅄żniqZ̄sż sżq ɑżɑqṡ (ƞiq/qṡq) S̱vżısṣ,
 * PatcioulIwa wiqde ke MalisAwa was tatsu (shis/sus) Opaiwo.
 * Patchouli saw that Marisa was touching (her/alt-her) chest.
 * →Marisa is touching (Patchouli's/herselfs) chest.

The genetive case of a personal pronoun is same to its ablative form, except having the first letter in lower case for it is used as an adjective, not a noun.

Add a żsɑṣ(awto)"self" after a pronoun's genetive form to form its reflexive form.

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns is very regular in Patchélogue. It can be numerously generated by using the pre- and suffixes shown below:

P.S.: Red words are made-up English words to appproximate Patchélogue words.

The difference between qṣb(son)"this" and ṣb(on)"thy" is that qṣb is something close to the listener, while ṣb is something far from both the listener and the speaker.

Techinally, ɑṣbɑ(tont)"whichbody" and sı̣(we)"who" means the same. But ɑṣbɑ(tont)"whichbody" is only used as a conjunction of nominal clauses, while sı̣(we)"who" is only used as a pronoun. The same goes with ɑṣu(tolh)"which thing" and bżb(nan)"what".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Patchélogue do not decline. Comparatives and superlatives are shown by two adverbs: ĸı̣b(gen)"more" and qżı(sai)"most".


 * ĸżs(gaw)"high" → ĸı̣b ĸżs(gen gaw)"higher" → qżı ĸżs(say gaw)"highest"

The opposite of comparative and superlative are shown by nı̣q(les)less and niqɑ(list)"least".

When a adjective's comperative is turned into verb, the "gen" is attached with the adjective:
 * ĸı̣b ĸżs(gen gaw)higher → ĸı̣b‧ĸżsżıqṡ(gen-gawaysu)to make higher → ʌiĸı̣b‧ĸżsżıqṡ(bigen-gawaysu)to be made higher

Adverbs
Adverbs in Patchélogue are divided into two parts: verb-adverbs and sentence-adverbs, shown by ‧ni(-li) and ‧ĸżʎ(-gam) respectively:
 * ᒣib bżɑṡzini qẓqɒı̣,(Shin naturili seosde.)"Her died naturally."
 * bżɑṡziĸżʎ ᒣib qẓqɒı̣,(naturigam Shin seosde.)"Naturally, her died."

Adverbs comes before what they modify.

Articles
There is no indefine article in Patchélogue. A singular noun appear without any article means the same.

Verbs
''Caution: This section is in (hilariously unfrequent)reforming progress. Any given information could change.''

In Patchélogue, verbs conjugate basing on tense, voice, number, and person(including gender in 3rd person). Aspects are basically shown by auxialy verbs and infinitives.

Verb-stems in Patchélogue always end with consonants.

Class
Regular verbs in Patchélogue are divided into two classes of declensions:
 * Class Ⅰ: Identified by having their infinitives ending with -ṡ(u): bṣʎṡ(nomu)"to drink"
 * Is the "normal" class of a verb devired from other parts of speech.
 * Some verbs' roots end with "w", thus their infinitives are identical to their root: ᴚżs(kaw)to buy
 * Class Ⅱ: Identified by having their infinitives ending with -ḷu(el): ɑżʌl̗u(tabél)"to eat", or -ı̣b(en): qṡʞı̣b(suhen)"to look for".
 * Not productive anymore. That is, new verbs are always categoried into Class Ⅰ.

Person
Person suffixes takes the very place of infinitive suffixes, and goes after tense suffixes.

Unlike in English, some Patchélogue uncountable nouns are considered be in plural by nature:
 * ⅄izz̀ıṣ ɒı̣b ᴚnżı,(Miráyo den klay.)"Rice are small." → ⅄izz̀ıbṣ ɒı̣ɑ ᴚnżı,(Miráyno det klay.)"A grain is small."

Tenses
The tense-aspect system of Patchélogue consists of twelve(that is, 3×4) composite tenses, which is formed by composing three simple tenses and four aspects.

The simple tenses are: past tense, present tense and future tense.

Past tense is formed by adding a "t" betweem the verb's stem and person suffix. And as for future tense, it is a "b".

Infinitives
Infinitives in Patchélogue does decline. They are divived into present/past/future infinitives.

As for the irregular verbs, their infinitives are irregular as well.

Infivitives can also be used as an adjective or adverb, making it simillar to participles in English.

Unlike in English, past "participles" in Patchélogue can't mark pasaiveness, which is marked by passive "participles".

An infinitive can also be used as a noun, with its first letter capitalized:

Passive voice
Passive voice is indicated by preffix ʌi-(bi-).

The subject may or may NOT be in nominative.

Aspects
There are actually five simple aspects in Patchélogue, but two of them are treated differently(see below).

The aspects are: simple(imperfect) aspect, retrospective(A.K.A. perfect) aspect, continuous aspect and prospective aspect.


 * Retrospective(Perfect) aspect: Brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past.
 * Continuous aspect: Emphasising that the situation is ongoing, not indicating whether it is evolving.
 * Differ from English Progressive aspect(evolving; I am eating) by including both progressive aspect and stative aspect(non-evolving; I know French).
 * However, even the author himself forget this rule and treat it the same as real progressive aspect.
 * Prospective aspect: Brings attention to the anticipation of an imminent future situation
 * Approximate to English "be about to do" or "got to do".

The three aspects are all formed by auxiliary verb ɒı̣qṡ(desu)"to be/do" / ʞżʌı̣b(haben)"to have" and infinitives.

When not specificslly mentioned, all verbs below are in 3rd-animative singular declension in the usage chart below.


 * P.S.:In Patchélogue, the clause uses the same tense as the main clause, even in Future tense.

Copula
There are two words corresponding to English "to be(not used as 'to exist')": ɒı̣qṡ(desu) and żnṡ/inṡ(alu/ilu) : to Spanish speakers, they correspond to estar and ser.

Irregular verbs

 * colspan=2 |ʞżɑı̣b(haten)
 * colspan=2 |ʞı̣ɒı̣b(heden)
 * colspan=2 |ʞṣʌı̣b(hoben)

“Verbal number”
Besides three time aspects, Patchélogue also features two other aspects: Momentane and Iterative.


 * Momentane: Indicates the action is sudden and short-lived.(I kicked once)
 * When the object is in plural, it also suggests that the action is applied to all the objects at once.(I ate the biscuits at once.)
 * Iterative: Expresses the repetition of an event observable on one single occasion.(I kicked for times)
 * When the object is in plural, it also suggests that the action is applied to all the objects one by one.(I ate the biscuits one by one.)

As these two aspects indicates the "times" of an action, they are treated totally different from other three "time aspects". To be specific, instead of auxiliary verb and infinitive, they are expressed by suffixes which looked exactly like plural and singila tive suffixes.

When the subject is in plural, and the object is in singular:
 * Itr.Asp. suggests that the action is performed by each subject separatly.
 * Regular Aspect suggests, well, nothing.
 * Mon.Asp. suggests the subjects perform the action together.

When more complex situations, Patchékyan people just uses corresponding adverbal phrases instead of plainly suggesting: ıżɒqṣɑ(yadsot) [through]once and ʎṣzɒṣqṣɑ(mordosot) [through]many times.

Among Patchékyou grammarians, these two aspects aren't regarded as aspects but "Verbal number"s.

Volition
Volition in Patchélogue is only shown in intransitive verbs and some "sensoring" transitive verbs.

Volition of intranstive verbs is indicated by case of the subject(techinally, "agent"). The subject is in nominative when performing the action deliberatly, and accusative if else, making Patchélogue a 动静型配列 language like Georgian.


 * Si qnżyı̣,(Wi slafe.)"Me sleep(accidentally)."
 * Sṣ qnżyı̣,(Wo slafe.)"I sleep(delibrately)."

P.S.: Among real linguists, when the subject agent of an intransitive verb is identical to object if a transitive verb (which is in ACCUSATUVE), it is said to be in NOMINATIVE, as if the terms weren't f*cked up enough yet. oh incase u care the subj-like subj iscalld narrativ

Volition of "sensoring" transtive verbs are indicated by using nominative or d/lative case for the subject:


 * Sṣ siɒṣ Ɑżb,(Wo wido Tan.)"I look at it."
 * Siz siɒṣ Ɑżb,(Wir wido Tan.)"I see it."

Mood
Mood of verb is conveyed by verb-adverbs, instead of auxiliary verb and infinitives:

Prepositions
The nouns after a preposition should be in sub-case.

Position Prepositions
In the table below, the red words are the root words, black ones are derived words, blank combinations are considered not making sense or unneeded.

The "at" class prepositions are used to form adverbtive modifying phrases, which comes before the verb it modifies:
 * ɒı̣ nż ᖷżqı̣b  żnᴚṣ. (de la Hasen alko.) [ At the house walk.] "Walk at the house ".
 * ni nż ᖷżqı̣b żnᴚṣ. (li la Hasen alko.) [ In the house walk.] "Walk in the house ".

The "of" class prepositions are used to form adjective modifying phrases, which comes before the noun it modifies:
 * niyṣb nż ꓘisṣɑ żb ᑫżĸṣ, (Lifon la Kiwot Sago.) [ In-of the tree apple.] "An apple in the tree ."
 * Sṣ ɑżʌı̗ niyṣb nż ꓘisṣɑ żb ᑫżĸṣsṣ, (Wo tabé lifon Kiwot Sagowo.) [I eat in-of the trees apples] "I eat apples in the tree ."

There is no difference between directional and static prepositions because the directionalness is indicated by what the case of the noun to the preposition is.

Unlike in German, Dative(which is actually Lative) noun after preposition indicates directionalness, not staticness.


 * ni biq ᖷḷıxż sṣɑ (li shis Heyyawot)"in seinem Zimmer"/"in his room"
 * ni biq ᖷḷıxż siɑ (li shis Heyyawit)"in sein Zimmer"/"into his room"

It should be noticed that verb-modifing and noun-modifing prepositions in Patchélogue not only uses different prepositions, but also should be put in different places.

Non-Position Prepositions
In Patchélogue, the word for "expect" is iʞżb(ihan)"unincluding", which is diversed from ʞżb(han)"including". And "besides(prep.)" is ĸṣʞżb(gohan)co-including.

In Patchélogue, yṣb(fon)of changes meaning on

English prepositional "for" have two correspondences in Patchélogue:
 * yṣb(fon)"of", for beneficary and goal "for", as in "for the king".
 * When indicating beneficary, the noun after it should be in sub-dative.
 * qnṡ(slu)"through", for time "for", as in "for one day".

Conjunctions
The two "when"s are different words in Patchélogue.
 * Sṣ ʞżɴżqɒı̣ Ьiz ɒṣb Sṣ ɑżʌɒı̗,(Wo aflde Shir doc wo tabdé.)[I told him (when I ate)]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about the time I ate.
 * Sṣ ʞżɴżɑɒı̣ Ьiz ɒżk Sṣ ɑżʌɒı̗,(Wo aflde Shir dang Wo tabdé.)[(I told him) when (I ate)]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about something else at the time I ate.

Coordinating

 * ı̣ɑ(et)and
 * qı̣ɒ(sed)but

ı̣ɑ(et) can be used between words joined by other conjunction, while ṡbɒ(und) cannot.
 * VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż ṡbɒ Zl̗ıʎinixZ̄sż ı̣ɑ ⅄ḷını̀ᖶż ṡbɒ ᑫżᴚṡıZ̀sż,(PatshyowlIwa und RéymiliyAwa et MeylínGa und SakuyÁwa.(Patchouli and Remilia, AND, Meiling and Sakuya.

ıḷu(wel)"and/or" żsɑ(awt)"either/or, xor" bżbɒ(nand)"nand" żnʞṣ(alho)"nor"

Comparing with the "inaccurate" everyday ʞṣ(ho)"or" :
 * With "wel" one may choose both but not none.
 * With "aut" one can only and must choose one.
 * With "nand" one may choose none or one.
 * With "alho" one can only choose none, as English "neither/nor".


 * ɒżk(dang)"when" — introduces adverbial clause of time.
 * ṡʌi(ubi)"where" — introduces adverbial clause of place.

Subordinating

 * ᴚı̣(ke)"that" — introduces any nominal clause and direct speech.
 * ɒṣƞɑ(dont)"who" — introduces nominal clause of person.
 * ɒṣu(dolh)"what" — introduces nominal clause of object.
 * ɒṣb(dosh)"when" — introduces nominal clause of time.
 * ɒṣᴚ(dok)"where" — introduces nominal clause of place.

=Syntax=

Head direction
Adjectives always come before the noun they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Possession
Possession is made by using the particle yṣb(fon)of, which is similar with "of" in English. Possession can also be marked by using a noun's "genetive" case form, which is basically its ablative case form used as an adjective. For example:


 * sṣ q ᑫżĸṣ₉ ɒṡ q ᑫżĸṣ,(Wos aipou, dus aipou.)"My apple, your apple."
 * Yṣb VżɑƞıṣsnĪsṣɑ ᑫżĸṣ, VżɑƞıṣsnĪ sı̣ ᑫżĸṣ,(Fon PatcioulIwot Sago. PatcioulIwe Sago.)"Apple of Patchouli. Patchouli's apple."

There is no real possessive pronoun like English "mine/yours". Patchélogue use a compound noun like "my this" or "your that" instead.


 * sṣ qĸṣu ₉ ɒṡ qṣu ,(Wosgol, dusol.)"Mine, yours."

Voices
Passive voice is formed by adding the prefix ʌi(bi) before the verb:


 * ᑫżʌżnż ɑżʌı̗q ⅄iᴚisṣ,(Sabala tabés Mikiwo)"Cat eats mouse."
 * ⅄iᴚisż ᑫżʌżnı̣ ʌi ɑżʌı̗q,(Mikiwo Sabale bitabés)"Mouse is eaten by cat."

The object of the original sentence becomes the new subject(which may or may NOT be in nominative.), and the original subject becomes an adverbal noun in ablative case.

Declarative
The Affirmative Sentences in Patchélogue uses a SVO word order.

To make a sentence negative, the prefix żu(al-)"don't-" should be added to the beginning of the verb. However, this prefix has many other forms:

By the way, the negative suffix for adjectives/adverbs change its form in similiar patterns:

When the usage of adverbs causes ambiguty in negatilization, put the adverb bı̣ɑ(net)"not" at the beginning of a sentence or before the adverb instead.


 * Sṣ iᴚżni żʎʌżıɑṣ(Wo ikali ambaito)Angrily, I didn't buy.
 * bı̣ɑ sṣ iᴚżni ʌżıɑṣ(Net wo ikali baito)I did not buy angrily. → I either bought without anger; or didn't buy, with anger.
 * ıṣ [bı̣ɑ iᴚżni/iniᴚżni] ʌżıɑṣ(Wo [net ikali/ilikali] baito)[Not angrily/unangrily], I bought.

Interrogative
Before going further, notice that Patchélogue don't have question marks.

General questons (Yes/No questions) are created by taking the verb(and its adverb) to the beginning of the sentence.

It should be noticed that an interrogative pronoun don't have to be in interrogative mood:
 * Dṡ ıṣsᴚni ɑżʌɑı̯qɑ ᑫżĸṣsṣ,(Du yowkli tabtést Sagowo,)[Thou slow-ly eat-ᴩsᴛ-1sɢ a-ᴜɴsᴄ apple-ᴀᴄᴄ]"You ate an apple slowly."
 * Iṣsᴚni ɑz̊ʌɑı̯qɑ Dṡ ᑫżĸṣsṣ,(yowkli tabést Du Sagowo,)"Slowly ate you an apple?/Did you eat an apple slowly?"
 * ıs̥s̊ᴚı̊ ɑżʌɒı̗qɑ Dṡ ᑫżĸṣsṣ,(yowkli^? tabést Du Sagowo,)"You ate an apple. Slowly?"
 * ᖷı̥ ɒı̣ɑ ᖷı̣; (Ke^? det Ke) "What is WHAT?!"

Special questons (Wh- questions) are created by taking the subject or object or anything with interrogative pronouns.


 * ꓘṣnż ɒı̣q ꓘı̥ss̥. (Kola des Kewo^?.)[ᴀᴩᴩ.ᴅᴇᴍ-ɴᴏᴍ ᴄᴏᴩ.ᴩʀᴇ.3sɢ.ᴄᴏɴs ɪɴᴛ.ᴅᴇᴍ\Q.]"What is this?"
 * Sı̥ ɑżʌı̗q ꓘṣnṣ. (We^? tabés Kolo) "Who ate this?"

Imperative
Imperative in Patchélogue can be easily made by simply add the interjective ɒı̣(de)"imp." (or qʎiɒż(smida)"please" to show polite) before the whole sentence.


 * ɑżʌı̣qɑ,(Tabest.)"You eat."
 * ɑżʌı̣qɑ ɒı̣,(Tabest de.)"Eat."
 * ɑżʌı̣qɑ qʎiɒż,(Tabest smida.)"Sir, please eat."
 * ɑżʌiʎżq qʎiɒż,(Tabimas smida.)"Sirs, please eat."
 * Use 2nd plural imperative to a singular object to show the greatest politeness Patchélogue can show.
 * (Z̄bɑżısż) ɑżʌı̀ʎṣb ɒı̣,[(Antaiwa) tabimos de.]"Let's eat."

Subjunctive
Subjunctive mood can be made by adding the prefix iy-(if-) to the beginning of the verb. Regardless of whether it starts with a consonant or a vovel.

The subjunctive suffix comes before the passive suffix: iyʌiɑżʌɑìʎżq(ifbitabtímas)"you would have been eaten".

The tense of subjunctive verbs agrees with other verbs in the context.


 * Sṣ siqṣ ᴚı̣ Sṣ iyɒż Πṣnisṣ,(Wo wiso Ke wo ifda Loliwo.)"I wish that I were a girl."
 * Sṣ siqɒṣ ᴚı̣ Sṣ iysż Πṣnisṣ,(Wo wisdo Ke wo ifwa Loliwo.)"I wished that I had been a girl."

A subjunctive verbal phrase can be used alone in interrogative mood, to express what is expressed as "what if…" in English.


 * i̊yz̊ʎʌi̊bi̊ɑz̊ևʌı̥q(ifambicitaqbés^?)[sᴜʙᴊ-ɴᴇɢ-ᴩᴀss-ᴄᴀᴜs-eat-ғᴜᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ\Q]"What if s/he wouldn't be made to eat?".


 * 虚不-被-使-吃将三动单？

=Miscellaneous=

Number
Patchélogue uses duodemical, that is, they count in dozens instead of tens.


 * Some of the numerals may not appear correctly on computers. They are supposed to look like: 0:⎵ 1:ﾛ 2:ﾆ 3:Ξ 4:Ч 7:V 8:Λ/A

In Patcélogue, when in letter form, the whole number is conjoined without spaces or hyphens like in German:
 * Dżnżɒʎżbᴚsżɒqı̣byṡıbnṡɒżᴚsżɒ (Dayadmankwadsenfuynlodakwad) Einhundertvierzehntausendfünfhundertvierzehn₁₂

When in numeral form, the tens and units are seprated by symbol "ⵇ", which stands for "dozen/12₁₀".
 * Ɥⵇ𐅞(ᴚsżևɒżɒṣq/kwaqdados)42/50

Numbers in [10₁₂, 19₁₂] have their tens digits omitted both in letter and numeral forms:
 * ⵇⵜ(ɒżnṡʎ/dalum)1A₁₂/22₁₀

The similar happens to any number ending with zeros:
 * ⌷ⵜ‧␣␣␣␣‧␣␣␣ⵇ(ɒżnṡʎnṣĸ/dalumyog)[1A×10⁸]₁₂/[22×12⁸]₁₀
 * thus, ⵇ(ɒż/da) alone means 10₁₂/12₁₀.

Add ĸṣ(go) after a number to make it an adjective: ɒṣqĸṣ yı̣bʎ(dosgo Lefm)"two 'eleven's". It can alao become an adverb by -ni(li).

Ordinal words are regularly formed by adding "-di" after the numeral: ysı̇bɒı̇(fwindi)fifth. Irregularly: ʌṣʌ/ɒƞṣb/qis/ɒƞju (bob/dcon/siu/dcilh) first/second/third/fourth.

Words like "once/twice(adv.)" are formed by adding "-s": nżɒq/ ɒṣqẓq /qżɴɑq (yads/doseos/sans) once/twice/trice, among which nżɒq(yads)once can also be used as a noun, meaning "time" as in "three times".

In Patchélogue, "times" in "kick three times" and "three times bigger" are conveyed by different words. The latter is conveyed by attaching the suffix bżʞ(fah) : siɑbżʞ(witfah)eight times

To say something like ɒṣqĸṣ ᑫı̣ʌɑı̣yx(dosgo Sebtelm)two sevenths, the denominator should be attached with ɑı̣y(tel) , and its plural works same as other nouns.

There is a special suffix to express "~kinds of": ‧nḷı(-ley)

Number 1, 2, and 10₁₂ have special form when used as prefixes: ʎṣbṣ‧/yṡɑż‧/ɒṣqı̣b‧(mono-/futa-/dosen-)mono/duo/demi

Symbols
There are some symbols in Patchélogue the way they are in *@#$&!% English.
 * Ɯ: &-like, ligature of ı̣ɑ(et)and.
 * ᗰ: @-like, ligature of ɒı̣(de)at.
 * ѣ: $-like, represent ЬisʌĪ(NiwbI)Patchékyo currency.
 * ⱺ: ?-like, transformation of the Rised-tone mark, can be drawn beside character's head in comics to show confusion.
 * խ: incorrespondable, ligature of -ḷu(-elh)-Iɴғ, not frequently used.

Subjective Attitude
In Patchélogue, one can show one's attitude to something, by using dimunitive, honorific or pejorative preffixes.

In Patchélogue, dimunitivation is shown with a ẓ(eo) added at the end of a word. Regardless whether it ends with consonants or vovel. The dimunitivation suffix comes before the case and plural suffix.
 * qżʌżu(sabal)cat → qżʌżnẓ(sabaleo)kitten → qżʌżnẓʎ(sabaleom)kittens → qżʌżnẓʎż(sabaleoma)kittensᴬᶜᶜ

The honorific prefix is used for addressing a noun with honor. It is marked with ĸṣ-(go-).
 * ṣqı̗ĸıż(oségia)teacher → ĸṣևṣqı̗ĸıż(goqoségia)dear teacher

The pejorative prefix is used for referring a noun as offensive. It is marked with qʎz̀-(smá-), notice that it is the only affix that changes the stress of the word.
 * ʌı̣nṣnı̣ɒƞ(beloledsh)art → qʎz̀ʌı̣nṣnı̣ɒƞ(smábeloledsh)shmart

Answering Question
Patchélogue features a four-form system of question-answering words as Early English did.

Person Names
Due to bizzare theological reasons, goddesses in Patchékyan religions can have their family names written either before and after the given name, and the former are treated the way proper adjectives are: having only their last letter in in capitals.

Compound words
Patchélogue possesses a strong ability on compounding words as German does. Thought the author hasn't made many of them yet.

When verbs are involved in compounding, an "e" is added after their stem.

=Lexicon=

Main articlle: Patchélogue/Lexicon

The table of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns can be found above.

Swadesh table
Nope. Swadesh-Shmadesh. This thing is not scientific at all. I have better thing to do than figureing out what word should I arrange for "louse".

Suffixes
Suffixes can change the word's meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on.

Prefixes
Prefixes can change word's meaning to a related one. They seldon change the word's kind.

=Example text=

Daily phrase

 * 1) żnṣʞżıs̗s;(Alohayów!) Hello!
 * 2) żnṣs;(Alow!) Hi!
 * 3) ƞżnıs̗bżnż;(Calyónala!) Goodbye!
 * 4) ƞżnì;(Calí!) Bye!
 * 5) qṣniʎżqı̗b,(solimasén.) Sorry.
 * 6) żniĸżbqż,(Aligansa) Thank you!
 * 7) qĸı̣ɒżı;(Sgeday) Fuсĸ уоu! See more ways to swear in Patchélogue/Expletive.

"Our tent was blown away!"
There was a completed example text here till I updated so many new grammars that I decided to have it rewritten totally.

VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż ṡbɒ Zḷıʎinȷ̇ıZ̄sż żb nż Iṣsᴚżıxżʎżsiɑ iᴚɒı̣b bżɑs̀zniyʌı̣b, ɒżk ZḷıʎinixZ̄sż sżq qnżyib₉ VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż ƞiƞṡᴚı̣b ᒣib sḷıᴚı̣b ı̣ɑ żynɒı̣₉ ⎣Zı̣ʎĪz₉ siɒi nż qɒı̣nżyṡu S̱ᴚs̀xṣ ɒı̣,⎤, ⎣ʞżs ʞżs₉ VżɑƞĪz⎤₉ ɑṣ qnżyiy ḷıḷ ZḷıʎinixZ̄sż₆ yzżĸɒı̣q₉ ⎣ᴚı̥ss̥ ɒı̣ɑ nṣq,⎤, ⎣bṡz siɒi ɒı̣;⎤₉ VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż iʞżyini ʌiᴚżynɒı̣₉ ⎣Ɑżz z̊bƞı̊bz̊ʎɒz̊ Di ʎṣnṣɑ;⎤, Zḷıʎinȷ̇ıZ̄sż ɒẓʞ iqı̣ Ɑqżıɑṣɑ siևɒı̣ nż S̱ᴚs̀xṣ⸲ sżĸini ʌı̣ᴚżynɒı̣₉ ⎣Ɑżz ƞibżʎɒż Si ɒṣqɑ ɒżı nż Vżbqĸżısṣ ɒı̣ɑ₉ ṡbɒ ɒṣqɑ ᴚnżı Z̄bɑżısṣ ɒiʎṣq,⎤, ⎣S̱s⨟ Zḷıʎinȷ̇ıZ̄‧qĸżnḷıⱭ₉ Dṣ Λżĸż;⎤₉ VżɑƞıṣsnĪsż iĸżni ıḷnɒı̣₉ ⎣ɒs̥qɑ żbxżʎɒi ᴚı̣ żbɑżısż Λṡvżzṡyṣ ꓘqı̣sı̣ ʌiʌnṡsẓ siĸ;⎤,

Glossing below vs commom linguistic glossing:
 * FT=FUTure PT=PaST
 * 1s=1sg 1ᴘ=1pl 2s=2sg 2ᴇ=2pl.excl 2ɪ=2pl.incl 3c=3sg.cnsc 3u=3sg.unsc
 * INF=INFinitive GR=GERund
 * N/NOM=Nominative G/GEN=GENetive(2nd case) s=sub-case u/c=un/conscious

PatchouliNᴏᴍ andNouɴ RemiliaNᴏᴍ for natureLiveFᴛGʀDs goPᴛ3ᴩ on YoukaiMoutainDs. whenCᴏɴᴊ RemiliaNᴏᴍ bePᴛ3ᴄ sleepIɴғ, PatchouliNᴏᴍ ᴄᴀᴜsShakePᴛ3c 3ᴄPʀᴏɴAᴄᴄ beAwakeIɴғ andSɴᴛɴᴄ sayPᴛ3c thatCᴏɴᴊ:"RemiDɪᴍ, lookAt2s thatAᴅᴊ starFull skyAcc ɪᴍᴩ". "ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴊ, PatcheDɪᴍ,", with sleepAᴅᴊ eyePʟAs RemiliaNᴏᴍ askPᴛ3ᴄ, "bad whatEventNᴏᴍQ occurPᴛ3u". "only LookAt2s ɪᴍᴩ!", PatchouliNᴏᴍ ɴᴇɢHappinessAᴅᴊ sayPᴛ3ᴄ, "anythingAcc ɴᴇɢCᴀᴜsThinkPᴛ3uQ thatNᴏuɴNᴏᴍ youDᴀᴛ". RemiliaNᴏᴍ through some timeAs lookAtPᴛ3ᴄ theoɴsᴄ skyAᴄᴄ andSɴᴛɴᴄ endAᴅᴊAᴅᴠ backSayPᴛ3ᴄ that.ᴄᴏɴᴊ, "ᴄᴀᴜsThinkAboutPᴛ3u meDᴀᴛ thatCᴏɴᴊ theCɴsc allWorldNᴏᴍ be3u how big, andSɴᴛɴᴄ in thisAᴅᴊ big worldAs 2ɪPʀoɴNᴏᴍ be2ᴘ how small.". "oh, RemiliaScarlet, youVᴏᴄ foolVᴏᴄ!", PatchouliNᴏᴍ AngryAᴅᴠ yellPᴛ3c, "why\Q ɴᴇɢThinkAboutPᴛ1s thatCᴏɴᴊ 2ɪPʀoɴAʙʟ ClothRoofNᴏᴍ ᴘᴀsBlowPᴛ3u away WindAʙʟ!".

Patchouli and Remilia went to Youkai Moutain for camping. When Remilia was sleeping, Patchouli woke her up and said: "Look at the starry sky, Remi." Remilia asked with sleepy eyes: "Yeah, Patche. What's wrong?" "Just look at it!" Patchouli said unhappily, "Didn't that remind you of anything?" Remilia looked at the sky for a while and eventually replied: "It made me thought about how big the universe is, and how small we are we are in this big world." "Oh, Remilia Scarlet, you fool!" Patchouli yelled angrily, "Why didn't you think about that our tent was blown away by the wind?!"