Ubell

=Orthography=

Basics
Vowels

Consonants

Orthographic Spelling Changes
=Grammar= Ubell grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Ubell language, a constructed Indo-European language.

Number
All Ubell nouns are inflected to show 1 of 2 numbers, singular or plural. There are 3 suffixes to show the nouns number:

-s, used with most nouns. Ex.: qko - qkos,

-es

-úx, used where -, cannot be used. Ex: Ovisarj - Ovisarjúx (Though some dialects may use Ovisarjes.)

-rj Nouns
-rj nouns are pluralized by adding -úx to the end of the noun. However, in Tònjaqki (a sub-dialect of Ruxqèvíqski) maintains the -es plural marker from Middle Ubell. The reason the 'new' plural marker -úx came to be is the ambiguity of the spoken language.

In Old and Middle Ubell, the word-final 's' was pronounced as the 'x' is (a feature of which majority of the Ariqkian branch of dialects has maintained). With using this feature, speaking of certain nouns would bring about much ambiguity, for example:

Ovisarjes (while pronouncing the 's' as a 'x') would be misconstrued as "ovisar jex"

Where Ovisarjes is the plural for sheep, Ovisar jex meaning "the sound you make, caused by the act of herding"

Gender
Ubell nouns are marked for gender through use of the definite article. Gender is divided into 2 categories: Animate and Inanimate.

The Animate contains: masculine (m), feminine (f), and animate neuter (am). The Inanimate contains: inanimate neuter (in).

Nouns are generally IN, unless they are living. If the noun is male then it's M, the same goes for female.

AN is used normally for plants and animals, unless the sex of the plant or animal is known. It is also used in cases where sex of the noun is irrelevant or unknown.

ex: Jane's having a baby. - Jana pródarje luciensoge kadni qku.

We know Jane's is having a baby, but the sex of the baby is unknown, thus kadni ~ k adni = to a(AN) is used.

Declension
(*) - indicates that the case has historically retained it's gender markers throughout the case's declension

Articles
Ubell does utilize definite and indefinite articles. The articles are, for the most part obligatory, and used to reflect gender of the nouns.

definite - gender - indefinite

o  -      masculine            -   adìn a  -      feminine             -   adna i  -      animate neuter       -   adni e  -      inanimate neuter     -   adne

Articles can also contract or disappear when proceeded by a preposition

examples: Dareja k vebè e livroge - I gave you the book. Dareja ki vebè e livroge - I gave you the book. (ki k~to, i~the AN) Dareja ko vebè e livroge - I gave you the book. (ko k~to, o~the masc) Dareja ka vebè e livroge - I gave you the book. (ka k~to, a~the fem)

Adìn qko tadni qval - A boy and a horse. (tadni t~and, adni~a AN) Adnis qkis t iñsrb famlje - Some children and their family.

Personal
Singular Personal Pronoun Declension

Possessive
See Đenackim above.

Ruxqèvíqski
=Sample Vocabulary=

(sing., pl - english) - (any text in red denotes spelling changes of all types)


 * 1) ovisarj, ovisarjúx - sheep
 * qko, qkos - boy
 * 1) qka - girl
 * 2) qki - child
 * gru, grus - group
 * 1) animal, animals - animal
 * 2) gru z animalogis - flock (lit. group of animals)
 * 3) vilja, viljas - village
 * 4) viljajer, viljajers - villager
 * 5) bromo, bromos - joke
 * 6) bromarti - to joke
 * 7) igu eqarti bromoges (z) [k] - to make fun (of) [at]...
 * 8) prto - black
 * 9) alb - white
 * 10) garje - gray
 * 11) rùbica - red
 * 12) albastro - blue
 * 13) galben - yellow
 * 14) virens - green
 * 15) portokalj - orange
 * 16) mov - purple
 * 17) maro - brown

=Example text=

O Qko Kem Gritet "Lupij" (The Boy Who Cried Wolf)

Adne Monolog ze filman "Trainspotting"