Waihua

Yizuese (𨦺語) is a Sinitic language spoken in Manchuria.

Writing System
While older texts and traditions use the old gûzo logography, Modern Waihua is written using Chinese characters. This development began with the massive increase in Middle Chinese loans and was further boosted by the printing press and later the bilateral cooperation with Communist China. There are generally five kinds of characters in Modern Waihua: native characters (訓字), Chinese adaptions (漢字), the so-called "confused characters" (惑字), and the so-called "harmonious characters" (和協字). In general, Chinese adaptions are the same as their Chinese counterparts. The cultural dominance of Middle Chinese literature left a lasting impact on the Waihua writing tradition and pushed out native pronunciations. Native characters are usually alternative versions of regular Chinese characters, usually with an added semantic radicals (e.g., Middle Chinese 國 gúk "kingdom, feudal state", but native 蔮 wôk "field, area, zone"). Harmonious characters are those where the Chinese adaptions and the native pronunciation are either identical, differ only in tone, or have no dual reading (e.g., 馬 má "horse"). Some characters are adopted through semantic derivation or from the borrowing of alternative character (compare modern Mandarin 國 "nation, country" to modern Waihua 囻 "nation, country", replacing the semantic 王 in Chinese variant 囯 (see also Japanese and Simplified Chinese 国) with 民 "people, folk, populace"). Some characters have variants that may be pronounced identically, but have subtle distinctions (e.g., 英國 Yenggúk “England” with the kingdom variant, but 美囻 Méigúk “America” with the republican variant; see also derog. 共國 gōnggúk, lit. “communist feudal state” vs official 漢囻 Hāngúk “China”). Characters, of any ilk, fall into several categories of analysis (see 六書). With regards to phonosemantic compounds, consider: