Liohne

Phonology
Liohne is a diacritic based orthography, in other words, the two or more letters represents a unique sound. Moreover, the alphabet has the following letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Y Z. Some graphic diacritics are used as the circumflex and accute accents (^,´). Apostrophe and hypen is also used as part of word structures (',-).


 * Consonants have certain rules. s sound is always s at the begining of the word but z when middle. The m and n are used for vowel diacritics, so h letter is used for differentiation.

The e letter have a double use: when the e is at the end of the syllable, it works as a gemination of the main vowel. This phenomenon will be explained further. Furthermore, there are glides [j,w] and diphtongues which also have unique graphemes.

Vowel gemination and Syllable Structure
Some kind of vowels are geminated and uses the grapheme e at the end of the syllable to mark the gemination. First of all, there is a estable syllable structure which is the following:

First Consonant => Vowel => Final Consonant => Gemination Tag

Always there is a consonant at the begining of the syllable, if it doesn't you add a apostrophe. This rules also applies at the final consonant but when the vowel is nasal the apostrophe may disappear. Examples:

Oure [u:χ], Dy'e [di:], dé [de], liohne [ljo:n], sl'eauce [sɫo:θ], me' [mə:], celle [θə:l]

If the e is the vowel and there is no final consonant, don't add the final e but the apostrophe.

Morphology
Words in Liohne are pretty much formed by one syllable or two (in most cases). Since this type of language is fusional, there are declinations, affixes and agglutinations which increases the complexity of the words. The structure of a simpel Liohne word.

(Pfix) - (CCini) - V - (C) - (Sfix) for one syllable; (Pfix) - (CCini) - V - (CCmid) - V - (C) - (Sfix)

C is for consonant(s); V is for vowel. The affixes can be preffixes or suffixes. The syllabic words can be attached to other words and obtain more complex lexemes. The words usually can be derivated in more words. The CC can have more than one consonant type, which are divided in initial CC and middle CC. The permited varieties CCini are: plosive-liquid, plosive, fricative-plosive, affricate, nasal, fricative-nasal, liquid fricative-liquid, fricative-plosive-liquid. On the other side, the permitted variations of middle CC are: plosive (alone), fricative-plosive, affricate (alone), plosive-liquid (viceversa), nasal (alone or couple), liquid (alone or couple), liquid-fricative (viceversa), liquid-affricate, nasal-fricative (viceversa) and liquid-nasal (viceversa). Examples:

CCini:

plumfe (PL) dice (P) style (FP) tja (A) mer (N) chnâ (FN) le (L) fleur (FL) str'ais (FPL)

CCmid:

apê (P) choefetien (FP) kitjan (A) kobr'a (PL) kaur'tue (LP) ani'e (N) Ihmné (NN) millere (L) harlim (LL) kailzon (LF) noisle (FL) dhoeltjy (LA) tihnsau (NF) kachmir (FN) saur'na (LN) âhmr'e (NL)

Affixes are clustered at the begining of the word or at the end. There can be more than one affix on both sides of the word. Furthermore, there is a special order between affixes and types of affixes which are explained better further.

Parts of speech
Liohne words has a remarkable difference between conventional part of speech (nouns, adverbs, etc). Instead, the words are classified by relation, core and argument.

Relation
Relation are the part of the speech which explains the predicate in the utterance. Most like verbs, but also the relation specifies the conectors between the cores (subject - object) of the utterance. The relation is the whole utterance template, nearly to only add the arguments in the specified cores.

Example: Mary helps Jones with the chores.

The relation equivalent should be ___ help(s) ___ with ____ where the arguments (Mary, Jones, the chores) fill up the final utterance. Liohne has a relation word for this which is oexil ( (helper) is helping (helped) with (assignment)).

The relation words has degrees depending on what specifies:

Manifestative: This kind have to do with noun equivalents, identifies an entity and classifes it. This relation has from one to two possible cores. The first core is the subject you are comparing and the second is the oblique information you can add to the identifier (which classifies the entity). Example: ''tuiz = (this) is a (type) dog/canine. ''

Descriptive: This degree is the adjective/adverd equivalent; it describes, qualifies and evaluate the qualities of the entity. This relation has from one to three possible cores. The first is the subject, the second is the extra info of the description and the last is the reference in which you are comparing the quality. Example: ''roux = (this) 'is red compared to/more red 'in a degree (type) ' to/'than (that). ''

Functional: It is the complete equivalent of a verb, rather the cases of extra cores (objects). It describes the whole event. These kind of relation have irregular cores, but they have at least 3 cores or more. Example: dai = (giver) gives (object) to (receiver) in a/by means (way) manner/ly.

Relations, as verbs, need to be conjugated in tense, aspect, voice, person (core), and number. The form in which the relations conjugate will be explain further.

Core
Core is the direct parties or descriptions that specifies a unique utterance. The cores fullfill the relation so the utterance make sense to the context. Each core act as a transrelative (nominative, accusative, dative) case, defining the subject-object of the parties involved. All of the cores need an article if it's a argument or a new relation, except for the type core which goes after the relation. The cores varies between each relation, so the cases the relation handles may be irregular.

Argument
Argument fulfill the cores of the relation. Arguments are the words and the are the sentences. Arguments derive from relations, never the opposite way. So the arguments are subordinate relations and can make more complex utterance like clauses or manner of speech. So which is the difference between cores and arguments? Cores are directly associated with the relation but arguments also provides oblique information (circumstancial or association).

Articles
The articles add information as declinations to the relation or the argument depending on which you are chosing. The articles always goes in the cores, except for the type core. First it will be shown the argument article table:

Transrelative articles are the ones that attach directly to the core the argument. The associative attach the argument to another argument as a possesion like piece, owner, part of the first argument, related to, etc.