Proto-Kagan

General information
It is with out a doubt the Kagan is inherantly related to Japanese. This proto language examplifies the first round of changes that help turn Kagan into what it is. There is clearly a Sanskrit influence, too. The language must have been spoken before the early Kagans had settled in Bali.

Phonology
Like Japanese imitating Sanskrit, the language contains a large abundance of phonemes quite alien to Japanese, but retains many important features. The destinction between asperated & unasperated, just as it is in Sanskrit, is important.

Consonants The consonant ' can be voiced or unvoiced.

Vowels
Long vowels are prounced twice as long as short vowels are.

Phonotactics
Stage 1 Proto-Kagan must have had the following diphthons: ay, aay, aw, aaw, ey, ow. The latter two being less common.

Do to extensive borrowings from Sanskrit, Stage 1 Proto-Kagan is largely filled with consonant clusters when compared to Japanese.

Nouns
Nouns have eight cases (nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, vocative, & locative), two genders (masculine & feminine), & two numbers (singular & plural). Most of the nouns are borrowed from Sanskrit.

Pronouns
The pronouns of Stage One Proto-Kagan where very complex. There where 7 cases(nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genetive, & locative), two genders (masculine & feminine), three numbers (Singular, dual, & plural), & three persons. Adding the prefix "*Ka-" turns it into an Interrogative Pronoun. This does not happen with First Person Pronouns.

Verbs
Verbs are especially complex. Verbs have 2 aspects (imperfective & perfective), thee voices (passive, causative, & causative passive), seven tense (past, past conditional, present, provisional conditional, imperative, future, & future conditional), a mood (benedictive), a negative, a potential form, & a polite form.

there are also intensives & frequentatives. The benedictive form uses the prefix "*Se-".

The polite form uses the prefix "*Suma-".

A polite benedictive form also exists, "*Sema-".

Adjectives
Stage one Proto-Kagan, much like Japanese, does not have real adjectives. Instead, special verbs & nouns are used. These non-adjectives have three tenses (past, present, & future), adverbal forms, negative forms, & polite forms. Adjectival verbs end with the vowel *i.

Adverbs
There are 3 main tipes of adverbs, nominal, verbal & adjectival. The adjectival form is mentioned above.

Nominal - *-nu

Verbal - *-ni

Numerals
Stage 1 Proto Kagan had two seperate sets of numerals, one inherited from Japanese, the other borrowed from Sanskrit.