Kitonese

The Kitonese language (officially Ki Ngok 俟言; Keoi Ki 言俟 also used) is an Austronesian language spoken by around 680,000 people, primarily in Kiton (Kiton 俟東) where it is the national language. Since 63BC, Kitonese has been written with Chinese characters, Kekwefu (kekwefu tayun 文鄣, lit. "Chinese writing"), though its vocabulary consists mainly of Sanskrit words, making it one of the few languages to combine Sanskrit and Chinese influences on a major scale. The language is highly stratified between sociolects; topolects vary considerably little.

History
The history of Kitonese is largely unknown to historical linguists. While Kiton lies in the region of Austronesia in the Pacific (located near Taiwan and the Philipines), it does not belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language family. It displays some peculiar features not common to the linguistic area, such as case declensions, verb conjugations and a SOV word order, leading some to classify it as an Indo-European language, a move which has caused much controversy.

The language uses Chinese characters, but does not use much modern Chinese vocabulary. This is probably due to Chinese contact in the 5th century BCE during the end Zhou period, leading to the absorption of Chinese characters as a new form of writing, although the Chinese characters they did accept were an archaic and dialectal form of Ancient Chinese. This explains, for example, the word 社會 (lit. gathering of shrines) does not mean "society" unlike most Sinoxenic languages, as link was not drawn during the brief period of Chinese contact.

The language known today as Kitonese was the local dialect of Akelaksa (keoi ng ake laksa 言域焦), the ancient capital of Kiton. When King Sengyan (Sengyan Kimaita 成寅王) moved his capital to Akelaksa, he declared the local dialect as the national language. To this day, Kitonese is widely used and universally understood in the Kingdom. While Kitonese is the official language in all constituent kingdoms of Kiton, the State Union of Ailongeng'ai uses the indigenous Sari'iki language as the official state language, which is part of the Tongic group of the Austronesian language family.

Phonology
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Kekwefu writing
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Pronunciation
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Grammar
The Kitonese language follows the SOV pattern very rigidly. This means that a sentence must always end in a verb. Although this rule may seem unnecessary due to case markings, this helps determine the semantic function of a word as verbs and derived nouns are represented by the same word (eg. sekeh 為 doing and seku 為 action).

Predicate sentences
Predicate sentences are the simplest form of sentence which equates or attributes a quality to a noun.

The particle nai 乃 is employed between the two nouns as an equal sign, but this copula only works for equating sentences with two nouns. The verb here is seh 也, and may be omitted in informal speech. It is important to note that the third person singular nominative （he, she, it) is not present in common usage. The word yafu 伊 is used only in formal contexts and the word kaku 舉 is used to mean "they". The third person singular oblique (him, her, it) is stated as eigi 之.

Direct objects
Direct objects are objects that are recepient of the action and are known as the accusative. In the below sentence, "ball" is the direct object. It is not marked by any case marking as the subject is, but must always be after the subject with a space in between, also known as suniata-karah 空字.

Indirect object
The indirect object, or dative, is an entity affected by an action. Usually, it has the meaning of "to something" and is marked by kei- 至-.

Emphasis
Emphasis can be brought by arranging word order within a sentence. In this case, the particle sa 者 and the punctuation mark ijun ";" are employed. The particle ijun, known as wehesa-nyokun karakah 句顛字仔 (lit. sentence-inverting particle) is there to either disambiguate the object whenever 1) there is no subject or 2) the object does not succeed the subject.

Adjectives
The adjectives preceed the noun in a noun phrase. Ayiki inetenga 祭士老 The old priest Pitanakeh shi 考上御 Honourable Grandfather (form of formal address) Sometimes, adjectives can proceed a noun. This tends to happen in Sanskrit terms. Suniata karah 空字 Kitonese space punctuation Naka Raya 大君 Great King, Maharaja

Adverbs
Adverbs describe the action of the clause and preceed the verb. They end with the word yate 樣. Negi tebaratri ijun kajiyate nyawetei. 其餐夜；速樣乍嚼 He ate his dinner quickly.

Verbs
The lexical form of verbs end in -eh. This the form found in dictionaries. Kitonese syntax dictates that verbs be placed at the end of a sentence. Take the informal sentence, ngwoi kanafu ahi nyawasi 吳 食嚼, "You are eating food". Notice how "food", kanafu 食 is derived from the verb kanaheh; nyaweh 嚼 also becomes nyawasi. These will be discussed later on.
 * taraheh 行 cross
 * kanahe 食 dine f.
 * nyaweh 嚼 eat inf.
 * aukeleh 去 or 格至 go

Honorific

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Mood

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Present tense
The present tense is unique that it conjugates with respect to person.

Influences of Sanskrit and Chinese
The whole of Kitonese culture is a unique mix of ancient Indic and Sinitic influences on the native Ki tradition. The obvious influences of Chinese is Kekwefu, the Chinese writing system brought by the early Chinese immigrant tribe of Shichi 矢子 in 2300BC as per tradition. (Shichi was the ancestor of many noble families in Kiton, including the present ruling house of Kangtaga 庚德.) The Chinese influences seen in Kitonese culture are markedly different from modern Chinese due to lack of contact for centuries since the mid-Shang dynasty and this helps us paint a clearer picture of the formative years of Chinese civilization. These influences tend to be kept to the noble tiers of society and longstanding tradition, such as royal naming customs and noble clan names.

Indic culture, on the other hand, seems to be more widespread and pervasive throughout the common people. It was the language of literacy, religion and science for many centuries. Its prolific use meant the adaption of many Sanskrit words, changed to adapt to Kitonese pronunciations. Clear examples include suyah/Suyeh "sun/sun-god" cf. Sans. surya "sun" samujah "sea" cf. Sans. samudra "ocean" narijufu 'death" cf. Sans. mṛtyu "death". Words such as Sans. vṛksha "birch" evolved to wangasang "tree"; vṛksham -> urkshang -> urngsang -> wangsang -> wangasang.

A non-exhaustive list of rules to predict the Kitonese equivalent of a Sanskrit word:
 * 1) Ascertain its gender. It may end in -ah (male), -am (neuter) or -ā (female).
 * 2) Convert -am to -ang. Proper nouns are to be converted from -ah to -eh and -am to -eng.
 * 3) m may change to n.
 * 4) r may change to y.
 * 5) i and u may expand to eye and ewe.
 * 6) hu and hv -> fu and f. (This rule is constant throughout the Kitonese language.)
 * 7) tr/ty -> tr/j; dr/dy -> j.
 * 8) Therefore:
 * 9) m. suryah -> suyah; Saviter -> Sautreh
 * 10) n. ashyam -> ashang; madhu -> nedeweng
 * 11) f. dhenu -> tainu; kanta -> kanta

Kitonese naming convention
Kitonese names are usually Chinese, Indic or native in origin. Western names are increasingly popular, but this topic will only address indigenous naming traditions. Kitonese naming customs differ between commoners (those not in a chiefly clan), chiefly clan members and chiefs.

Commoners
Names of members of the general public contain patronyms rather than surnames. They tend to be Indic or native in origin, with Sinoxenic forms mostly at the high-working class and above.

Top ten male names:
 * 1) Hitika 柱 pillar
 * 2) Suyikah 陽樣 solar
 * 3) Shayok 甦 revival
 * 4) Injeh  音戒  Indra, Hindu king of gods (Injeh 胤 is used when referring the god Indra.)
 * 5) Chirifu 持 dharma
 * 6) Kaji 速 speed
 * 7) Ashuyin 御夫 Ashvin, Hindu version of Gemini
 * 8) (grandfather's name)+ja (naneje neh pitanakah 名大矣考上）子 son of..
 * 9) Nowu 信 valour
 * 10) Hiohoimule 孝亥僕 servant of Hiohoi

Top ten female names:
 * 1) Niyei 淑 virgin
 * 2) Songma 桑摩 Soma, Moon (The name Selena is also commonly spelt as such.)
 * 3) Shachi 佘旨 Shachi, Hindu version of Hera
 * 4) Sheti 和 peace
 * 5) Puya 蓮花 lotus
 * 6) Sarasuati 溪娘 Saraswati, Hindu goddess of wisdom
 * 7) Rita 麗多
 * 8) Sita 喜多
 * 9) Einji 胤姬 Aindri, same person as Shachi (the names Angie and Angela are commonly spelt as such.)
 * 10) Kita 姬多

Genesis 1:1
Nakadi kweh yo, Parameshuarah akaman wa bumi kinetei. 大元刻夭，上帝 天及地乍造 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Gen 1:1, TSB

The Tensu Standard Bible (TSB) was printed in 1931 and was commissioned by King Tensu (殿巳王), Sanjayananda, Kangtaga XCI. It is the standard biblical text and the version used throughout this article.

Bhagavad Gita 4:7
''Ya Baratajah! Hinnefu yo chomoluk ng chirifu wa nakakoshitu ng mechirifu tahei, yannefu yo segi atman shigangei.'' 咨伯羅多嗣！該時夭降矣法亦大勢矣非法有、此時夭我本將顯 O son of Bharata! Wherever the law is in decline and irreligiousity is on the rise, then I will personally undergo incarnation." Krishna, BV 4:7 (translation own)

Tower of Babel
Translation of the Tower of Babel (Gen 11:1-9) in the Taihi Standard Bible, 1931.

Fake Death Note Rules
若間矣13日，用者矣 Death Note 名弗寫，即其生將斷 If the user of the Death Note fails to consecutively write names within 13 days of each other, then the user will die. 若某 以殽或滅，是 note；非克用成，即庶生矣諸與此觸了人；將斷 If a person makes this notebook unusable by tearing it up or burning it, all the humans who have touched the Death Note will die.
 * 1) Waka naga ng 13 siahan, gupayana ng Death Note ingawak kekwemahei, deh negi jiufu wagakengei.
 * 1) Waka muguh pele fuyupan woh angnihan sisi note ijun mekushuterikei yaraiba, deh saru jiufu ahi chuh shieh eisih mayehetawan narah gi wagakengei heka.