Nomidian

General Informaiton
This is a romlang with Spanish and Romanian influences in terms of making the phonology. The grammar is aimed to reflect the French method. It is set in rural Switzerland where is takes many German influences (with loans coming in from Old High German).

'''Constantly in development. It may change significantly. '''

Consonants
Any consonant may be geminate except {ŋ z j}

Vowel
All vowels are long in closed syllables

Stress

 * Bisyllabic - ultimate
 * Bisyllabic, initial closed - penultimate
 * Multisyllabic, open - penultimate
 * Multisyllabic, near-penult closed - on the closed syllable
 * Ending in [CVn], [j_] - ultimate

Alphabet
{B D G S Z V W} are devoiced finally 1 - Before a vowel 2 - After a vowel 3 - Intervocalically 4 - Open, unstressed 5 - Before I, J, E 6 - unstressed, open, initial/final syllable; not before a vowel 7 - Before another consonant 8 - Before {k g}

Digraphs and Diacritics Stress
 * Gni gni - [ɲːj]
 * Lli lli - [ʎːj]
 * Jl jl - [jʎ]
 * Gn gn - [ɲ]
 * Ng ng - [ŋ]
 * Ss ss - [sː]
 * Sc sc, Sch sch - [ʃː]; sc before A, O, U, or Y and sch before I, E, J, or nothing
 * Ps ps - [s]
 * double written = geminate
 * Ă ă - [ɪ], [ə] finally/initially
 * Ŭ ŭ - [ʊ]
 * Ii ii - [ɪi] (it is also often written as Ï ï, typically for a grammatical marker)
 * Ai ai - [ɛ]
 * Ei ei - [ɛ]
 * Au au - [ɔ]
 * Aû aû - [ɒ]
 * Uo uo - [ɒ]
 * Ou ou - [u]
 * On on, En en, An an - {ɔ̃ ɛ̃ ã} or {ɔ̃n ɛ̃n ãn} intervocalically. This doesn't apply finally.
 * Ch ch, Gh gh - [k], [g] before I, J, E
 * Ç ç - [t͡s] before anything other than I, J, E and finally
 * Ci ci - [t͡ʃ] before anything other than I, J, E
 * Gi gi - [d͡ʒ] before anything other than I, J, E
 * Ģ ģ - [d͡ʒ] finally (written as a cedilla)
 * Gui gui - [g] before I, J, E
 * À, Ì, È, Ò, Ù, Ỳ - homophones

In bisyllabic words, it is final (initial when there is an initial closed syllable). In multisyllabic words, it is penultimate. Alternate stress is marked with an acute, or the unstressed letter is marked with a grave.

Introduction
Verbs are conjugated to tense (present, imperfect, future, conditional, imperitive), mood (indicative, subjunctive), person (first, second, third), number (singular, plural), and voice (active, passive). Aspect is expressed paraphrastically where is combined with tense (perfect, pluperfect, conditional perfect). Lexically, verbs are represented with two parts: the infinitive and the past participle (ie. "to love" is avai, avat).

Note: person and number are conjugated, but personal pronouns are still required given the familiarity of forms.


 * Explination of Forms

The present tense describes an event currently going on: it has a continual aspect to it. It can also be described as non-past as it is also used for events someone is about to or is going to do promptly/shortly. The imperfect is for events in the past that carry a habitual and progressive aspect. It is also used to describe a person's feelings, physical features, and background. The perfect is an event that has been completed and done by the moment of reference. The pluperfect is an event that had been completed in past by the moment of reference of an event already in the past. The future is an event in the future, but not the direct or close future (where the present is used). The conditional is an advanced form of the future where a possible future is dipicted from the past. The conditional perfect is a possible future in the past in relation to an event already in the past. The composed imperfect is the same as the imperfect but the event is assumed to be habitual and finished by the present; it often relates to actions.

The present participle acts as the gerund/supine. The past participle is mainly grammatical in use, but it can also act as a "past gerund" (as in, " having heard something, he fled the site of the crime"). The perfect passive participle is used for adjectives and as a gerund only in transitive verbs. The perfect passive participle is also used for "passive gerunds" (as in, " being loved, he lead a happy life").

Passive

The verb is reduced to intransitive, a reflexive pronoun is added, and the accusative is put into a prepositional phrase with potií.

History

The future was developed from the old paraphrastic phrase of infinitive + habēre where they coalesced to become the future tense (only in the indicative). The perfects were replaced by the paraphrastic of habēre + past participle (habēre being in the preset or imperfect for the perfect and pluperfect respectivally). The subjunctive follows this same principle in the perfect. The conditional has the same origin as the future, but habēre is in the subjunctive imperfect tense (the conditional perfect is formed with aí, aít in the conditional and the past pariticiple). The present participle is directly from the latin present participle, but the past is from the Latin accusative supine and the perfect passive is from perfect passive infinitive. The composed imperfect ultimately came from the loss of distinction between the present and imperfect. It is formed with fizí, faççu and the past pariticiple. The composed future came the same way as the composed imperfect but with the future and present.

Paraphrastic Phrases
 * Perfect: aí, aít present + past pariticple
 * Pluperfect: aí, aít imperfect + past pariticple
 * Subjunctive Perfect: aí, aít subjunctive present + past participle
 * Subjunctive Pluperfect: aí, aít subjunctive imperfect + past participle
 * Conditional Perfect: aí, aít conditional + past participle
 * Composed Imperfect: fizií, faç present + past participle
 * Composed Future: staj, stoséssi subjunctive present + infinitive

Irregulars: to have, to do, to be, to be/feel
To Have Aí [aˈi] - to have To Do Fizií [fɪˈd͡zɪi] - to do, to make, to create, to construct, to produce

To Be Sej [sɛj] - to be, to exist as

To Be/Feel Staj [staj] - to be, to feel

A-Stem
Avaj [əˈvaj] - to love, to like

II-Stem
Scií [ʃɪi] - to be educated, to have learned something, to teach (passive)

E-Stem
Chiéj [kjɛj] - to believe in (with indirect object), to trust someone/thing

Nouns
ex:  (1) aqua, rosa; (2, -us) mūrus, (-er) ager, (-um) bellum; (3, consonant) homō, (neuter) nōmen, (I-stem) turris, (I-stem II) animal, (mixed) nox; (4, -us) manus, (4, -ū) cornū; (5) diēs, speciēs aqua > gua Sing   Plur Nom   gua     guï Gen   guii    guá Dat   guii    guï Acc   gua     gua Abl   gua     guï rosa > roza Sing  Plur Nom   roza   rozï Gen   rozii  rozá Dat   rozii  rozï Acc   roza   roza Abl   roza   rozï –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– mūrus > muru Sing  Plur Nom   muru   murï Gen   murii  murú Dat   muru   murï Acc   muru   muru Abl   muru   murï ager > giar Sing  Plur Nom   giar   guï Gen   guii   gu Dat   gu     guï Acc   gu     gu Abl   gu     guï bellum > bell Sing  Plur Nom   bell   bell Gen   bellii bellú Dat   bellu  bellï Acc   bell   bell Abl   bellu  bellï

Personal Pronouns
(*) Oblique = dative, ablative, prep + accusative

Most forms come directly from their Latin equivalents. The third person pronoun comes from Latin, ille. The genitive third/reflexive pronouns began to come closer together semantically; now, they are both third person but with different usages: liu/lia is for a person whereas su/sa is for an object and semantic mass nouns.

The fifth person pronoun came from a simplified form of Latin homō. It then further split into individual (as in, each) and universal (as in, any): the universal is unmarked whereas the individual is a combination of quisque + homō. The fifth person conjugates to the third person in verbs.

The genitive, or possessive, declines to the gender of the owned.

Articles
All forms are unstressed (although not written, all I's are [ɪ] except for lii and dii where they are [lɪi] and [dɪi]). The definite article comes from Latin ille, the indefinite comes from ūnus, The paritive comes from dē + ille, and the universal comes from aliūs. Note that the plural indefinite is from the combination aliūs + ūnus.

Table of Correlatives
The interrogative pronouns qui and quu come from Latin quī and quod respectivally: they function as relative pronouns as well. The demonstrative pronouns come from the Vulgar Latin combination ecce + ille. Quantifiers have a base of qual- from the Latin qualis which attaches various pseudo-affixes to change its meanings: alliu/ajl comes from aliūs; qui/quă/qu' come from Latin quī; quis comes from Latin quis. Um acts here as "-one" or "-body." Qualqui / qualquă and qualqui'um / qualqu'um are the nominative/oblique forms.

There are two prefixes that can be put on the existentials: tu- and ni- which represent the universal and negatory quantifiers respectively (ex: qualqui'um - someone , tuqualqui'um - everyone, niqualqui'um - no one) which come from totus + _ and nē + _ respectively.

Proximal and distal pronouns can be made (although not obligatorily) through the suffixes -i and -si on demonstratives and quantifiers (ex: sci'um - this/that person , sci'um-i - this person here , sci'um-si - that person there ; quiscalqui - someone else , quiscalqui-i - someone else over here , quiscalqui-si - someone else over there). -i comes from hic, and -issi comes from iste.

Sound Changes
Legend:  V = vowel | C = consonant | I = {i j}, palatalized consonant | N = {m n ŋ} | acute/grave = stressed / unstressed | O = open syllable | Ɵ = closed syllable | $ = syllable | Ọ̇ = before or after | A = alveolar | V = velar | Ob = obstruent | F = fricative | P = plosive

/e o eʲ oʲ/ will equal [ɛ ɔ e o] respectivally --Grammar: Loss of passive. Replaced by intransitive verb and prepositional phrase. Futher explained in Verbs. Regularization of most nouns except common ones. Form simplification and moderate regularization of verbs. Deponent verbs from latin become active, but required to be reflexive. --Sound Changes: h > ∅ V: > V y > u w > v / V_V, #_ {pʰ tʰ kʰ} > {f t: k:} V̀ > ∅ / intertonic ∅ > n / _F if the following syllable ends in [n] {ɪ eʲ}, {ʊ oʲ} > i , u ; V̀ > ∅ / #_CC aɪ > i {s t m} > ∅ / _# V{n m} > Ṽ ! _#, _N , _V {k g} > {ts dʒ} / _{i e} s > z / V_V IC, CI > ICʲ CʲI ps > s pt > t: sts > s: ŋn > ɲ: / V_V ! _i > nʲ: sk, ks > ʃ: kt > tʲ: s > z / _#, V_V -new stress- t > ts / _I r > ∅ / _#, V_V̀ V{i e} > Vj {e o} > {i u} / _# ! V_ Ve > Vj ; Vé > Ví Cʲ > Cj ! _i, _# {p t k t͡s} > {b d g d͡z} / V_V̀ a > e / Ọ̇I ! $́ Old High German Loans tʲ > ts / _# j > ʝ / #_V lj > ʎ: ; l > ʎ / I_# nʲ > ɲ ! _#, _V# > n ts > s: / $̀_# , #_ {b d g d͡z} > {v ð ʒ z} / V_V ! _w {l r} > ∅ / V_V̀ V > Ṽ / _{m n ŋ}P {i a e} > ɪ / #Ò ; {o u} > ʊ / #Ò ; {a e} > ə / ( ( Ò_#, Ò#_ ) ! _C ) ʝ > ʒ {in ĩn} > {eɲ ẽɲ} ; ũn > ɔ̃n N > ∅ / Ṽ_P ɲ > ( n / _A ), ( ŋ / _V ) ! _j {nr lr rl} > r: e > je / #_, Ɵ́ o > ɒ / #_, Ɵ́ V̀ > ∅ / _# ! bisyllabic, post-stress èr > ɪi ; ér > jar r > ∅ / _# o > u / $̀ Cw > C z > dz / $́_, #_ i > ɪi / _#, ̩O ù > ∅ / _# Cʲ > C {t d j} > ∅ / _# {v ð} > ∅ / V_V l > z / _Ob ; ʎ > ʒ / _Ob (devoices to [s/ʃ] before devoiced consonants) {ɔu ɪV èV ʏ Və à{ɪ j e}V au} > {u jV jV ʊ V jV ɔ} m > v / V_V {s z d͡z t͡s t d} > {ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ} / _jV r > ∅ / #P_ French Loans ð > d aì > ɪi C: > C / #_, _# , _C C [+voice] > C [-voice] / Ob {ʊ ɪ} > ∅ / #_ English Loans --New Stress Stress is moved from the penultimate or antepenultimate to another in various situations: •Bisyllabic - ultimate •Bisyllabic, initial closed - penultimate •Multisyllabic, open - penultimate •Multisyllabic, near-penult closed - on the closed syllable •Ending in [CVn], [j_] - ultimate prepositions and articles are intrinsically unstressed

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––