Dfenshigian

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...

fat flev knot chhi flev byuj fat kre flev el kra få tso

Pronunciation: /fat flev knot ʧhi flev bjuʝ fat kre flev el kra fɑ ʦo/

Dfenshigian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Lug /lug/

Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v z ɕ ʃ ʑ ʝ ʦ ʧ ʨ

Click IPA symbols for audio Vowel inventory: a e i o u ɑ Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C) ?

Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?

Word initial consonants: bj bn d df dj dl dn dr dz f fl gj gl gr h hj j kl kn kr l ml nr p ps r rj s sj t tj ts v vj vn z zl zr ɕ ʃ ʃm ʃn ʑ ʝ ʦ ʧh ʧl ʨ

Mid-word consonants: b bd bl bm br bt bv bʃ d dd dl dm dn dr dʃ f ff fh fj fk fl fʨ g gd gk gl gm gn gs gz gʃ gʧ h hb hd hl hm ht hv j jb jd jf jj jm jr jt k kd kf km kn kt kv kz kɕ kʃ kʧ l lb lf lg lk lm ln lr lz lʃ m mf mg mh mj ml mm mɕ mʝ mʧ n nb nd ng nh nk nl nm nn np nr ns nz nʃ nʦ nʧ p pf pl pm pt pz pɕ pʃ r rd rg rh rk rl rm rp rr rt rʧ s sb sd sh sl sn sp sr st sv sʧ t tf tk tn tv tz v vd vj vn vr z zh zk zn zr zt zv zz ɕ ʃ ʃh ʃj ʃk ʃm ʃn ʃp ʃr ʃs ʃt ʃv ʃʧ ʑ ʝ ʝj ʦ ʦn ʦr ʦs ʧ ʨ ʨj

Word final consonants: b d f g k l n r s t v z ɕ ʃ ʑ ʝ ʦ ʨ

Spelling rules:

Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.

Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.

Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns
Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Verbs
Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.

Dfenshigian uses a standalone particle word for progressive: Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).

Dfenshigian uses an affix for habitual:

Numbers
Dfenshigian has a base-20 number system:

1 - krak

2 - žåchy

3 - fe

4 - dza

5 - tsež

6 - ži

7 - fleš

8 - mlo

9 - div

10 - e

11 - tåvnori

12 - åbo

13 - jeke

14 - druv

15 - tsålka

16 - yarge

17 - hyanke

18 - alfål

19 - klår

20 - gregid

21 - gregidkrak “twenty-one”

400 - krak rudma “one fourhundred”

401 - krak rudma krak “one fourhundred one”

800 - žåchy rudma “two fourhundred”

8000 - krak gleb “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -uʨ

Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -u

Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b

Else: Suffix -eb

Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r

Else: Suffix -or

Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v

Else: Suffix -ev

Noun to verb = Suffix -o

Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix pu-

Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-

Else: Prefix re-

Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix dzi-

Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix hj-

Else: Prefix hji-

One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b

Else: Suffix -ob

Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -u

Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r

Else: Suffix -er

Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧl-

Else: Prefix ʧle-

Dfenshigian - English Dictionary
Key: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech. definition(s)

adj. adjective | adv. adverb | art. article | conj. conjunction | det. determiner | interj. interjection | n. noun | num. numeral | prep. preposition | pron. pronoun | v. verb


 * a /a/ prep. of
 * ad /ad/ n. moment
 * ågsa omo /ˈɑgsa ˈomo/ n. dagger
 * al /al/ n. corpse
 * an /an/ n. lot
 * arka /ˈarka/ adv. barely, hardly
 * ash /aʃ/ det. any
 * astu /ˈastu/ n. tea
 * åytal /ˈɑjtal/ n. music, melody, tune
 * aznabli /azˈnabli/ v. catch, capture, seize, arrest
 * åznospeuchy /ˌɑznosˈpeuʨ/ adv. especially
 * bnasev /ˈbnasev/ adj. natural
 * bno /bno/ v. meet
 * bnuj /bnuʝ/ v. argue, testify, debate
 * byar /bjar/ n. belt, strap
 * byikek /ˈbjikek/ adj. quick, swift
 * byot /bjot/ v. visit
 * byukcha dfi /ˈbjukʧa dfi/ n. nostril
 * chhår /ʧhɑr/ n. sin
 * chhe /ʧhe/ n. cat, vagina
 * chho /ʧho/ adv. away
 * chlamfa /ˈʧlamfa/ n. coal, charcoal
 * chletsuchy /ˈʧletsuʨ/ n. trunk (large box)
 * chlot /ʧlot/ n. fool
 * chyadu /ˈʨadu/ n. health
 * chyåshe /ˈʨɑshe/ n. standard, average, model
 * chyil /ʨil/ n. interview
 * chyosho /ˈʨoʃo/ adj. blank, plain
 * chyuz /ʨuz/ n. excuse
 * dak /dak/ n. kid
 * daše /ˈdaɕe/ n. steel
 * dechyev /ˈdeʨev/ adj. academic
 * deshra /ˈdeʃra/ det. both
 * dfir /dfir/ adj. smart, intelligent
 * dfuž /dfuʑ/ v. rise, climb, lift, escalate
 * dla /dla/ n. system
 * dlok /dlok/ n. ash, coal
 * dnåv /dnɑv/ v. swim
 * dniž /dniʑ/ n. hour
 * dol /dol/ n. dish
 * drak /drak/ v. crash, collide
 * dre nroz /dre nroz/ n. geography
 * driffe /ˈdriffe/ v. doubt
 * dro /dro/ v. chase, stalk
 * drurmi /ˈdrurmi/ adj. awful, terrible
 * duts /duʦ/ n. answer
 * dyaslau /djaˈslau/ n. difference
 * dyif /djif/ v. fail
 * dyuj /djuʝ/ n. mint
 * dzer /dzer/ v. identify, point out
 * dzichhi /ˈdziʧhi/ n. retention
 * dzidzeš /ˈdzidzeɕ/ n. flight
 * dzigrivdu /dziˈgrivdu/ n. victory
 * dzilo /ˈdzilo/ n. discussion
 * dzishå /ˈdziʃɑ/ n. cost
 * dzitses /ˈdzitses/ n. exam
 * dzižet /ˈdziʑet/ n. reflection
 * dzuš /dzuɕ/ n. grave
 * egle /ˈegle/ n. shape, constellation
 * enzar /ˈenzar/ n. spoon
 * es /es/ adv. still
 * ež /eʑ/ adj. cool (slightly cold)
 * fåblij /ˈfɑbliʝ/ n. rank (position)
 * faptur /ˈfaptur/ n. desk
 * fats /faʦ/ n. horn
 * finkår /ˈfinkɑr/ n. fashion
 * flabli /ˈflabli/ n. impulse
 * flashmo /ˈflaʃmo/ v. find, detect, uncover
 * flelur /ˈflelur/ v. serve, provide
 * flid /flid/ n. tire
 * flob /flob/ det. your (pl)
 * flumu /ˈflumu/ v. shift
 * fu /fu/ adv. quite, rather
 * glats /glaʦ/ v. masturbate
 * glidlo /ˈglidlo/ v. emphasize, exaggerate
 * glontse /ˈglonʦe/ n. opinion
 * gra /gra/ v. drown, drench, suffocate, muffle
 * grer /grer/ n. girlfriend
 * gros /gros/ n. prey
 * gye /gje/ adj. big, large, huge
 * gyež /gjeʑ/ conj. than
 * hab /hab/ n. author, writer
 * hash /haʃ/ n. experiment
 * hen /hen/ adj. furious
 * hij shu /hiʝ ʃu/ n. brothel
 * hub /hub/ n. chef, cook
 * hyad /hjad/ n. network
 * hyatva /ˈhjatva/ n. plane
 * hyil /hjil/ prep. for (the purpose of)
 * hyižur /ˈhjiʑur/ n. elevation
 * hyuf /hjuf/ adj. frequent
 * if /if/ n. rock, stone, mountain
 * il /il/ n. copper, bronze
 * iš /iɕ/ det. whatever
 * iye /ˈije/ n. buttocks
 * jash /ʝaʃ/ v. save, rescue, liberate
 * jer /ʝer/ pron. nothing
 * jibri /ˈʝibri/ v. remove, take out, deprive, take away, evacuate
 * jochye /ˈʝoʨe/ adj. massive, immense, enormous
 * judo /ˈʝudo/ v. crack
 * kla /kla/ prep. like
 * klas /klas/ n. economy
 * klets /kleʦ/ adj. close
 * kluk /kluk/ n. file, folder, record, data
 * knaybuš /ˈknajbuɕ/ v. bake
 * knot /knot/ v. stand
 * kraf /kraf/ n. subject
 * krer /krer/ n. fear
 * kro /kro/ adv. maybe, perhaps
 * labmar /ˈlabmar/ pron. none
 * låmo /ˈlɑmo/ v. stretch
 * lavuf /ˈlavuf/ n. intervention
 * lelkug /ˈlelkug/ n. bottom (lowest part), buttocks
 * leshcho /ˈleʃʧo/ n. penis
 * lij /liʝ/ n. term
 * lod /lod/ n. trunk (of tree)
 * loka /ˈloka/ v. like, enjoy
 * lun /lun/ n. holiday, vacation
 * mlåv /mlɑv/ n. battle
 * mlis /mlis/ adj. round, blunt
 * mlužin /ˈmluʑin/ n. dress
 * nraž /nraʑ/ n. clock
 * nrishu /ˈnriʃu/ adj. gentle
 * nrozu /ˈnrozu/ n. laboratory
 * od /od/ n. chief
 * oknar /ˈoknar/ adj. smooth, sleek
 * oš /oɕ/ n. nut
 * oz /oz/ v. bite, chew
 * pachy /paʨ/ v. suggest
 * pån /pɑn/ n. jungle
 * parga /ˈparga/ v. brake
 * pegun /ˈpegun/ n. media
 * pi /pi/ adv. down
 * pij /piʝ/ n. dog
 * pishachyu /piˈʃaʨu/ n. cloud, mist
 * pož /poʑ/ prep. without
 * pser zlå /pser zlɑ/ n. notebook
 * psov /psov/ v. burn, cook (heat food), simmer
 * pudufob /puˈdufob/ n. liar
 * pusviku /pusˈviku/ n. beauty
 * ral /ral/ v. request
 * re lul /re lul/ n. footprint
 * remšog /ˈremɕog/ v. struggle, wrestle
 * riž /riʑ/ adj. stiff, sturdy
 * ruchy /ruʨ/ n. percent
 * ryash /rjaʃ/ n. man
 * ryil /rjil/ n. star, celebrity
 * så /sɑ/ n. time, age, tense
 * šag /ɕag/ n. beast
 * šanguž /ˈɕanguʑ/ n. harbor
 * sats /saʦ/ prep. except, besides
 * segeb /ˈsegeb/ n. prisoner
 * sepla /ˈsepla/ n. metal
 * shaksha /ˈʃakʃa/ n. seat, chair, saddle, stool
 * shesh /ʃeʃ/ n. leaf, sheet, foliage
 * shma /ʃma/ v. should
 * shmedra /ˈʃmedra/ n. experience
 * shmochy /ʃmoʨ/ n. look
 * shni /ʃni/ n. seed, grain, semen
 * sho /ʃo/ v. drive, ride, steer
 * shusub /ˈʃusub/ n. gardener
 * šin /ɕin/ adj. private
 * sofa /ˈsofa/ n. second
 * šorpi /ˈɕorpi/ n. right, entitlement, privilege
 * sua /ˈsua/ v. employ
 * syåd /sjɑd/ n. source, well, resource
 * syåv /sjɑv/ n. plate, disk
 * syoshyå /ˈsjoʃjɑ/ n. mess, clutter
 * tadus /ˈtadus/ n. present (time)
 * tasha /ˈtaʃa/ n. property
 * tåz /tɑz/ n. industry
 * tesvi /ˈtesvi/ n. sponge
 * tova /ˈtova/ n. knee
 * tsagcha byuj /ˈʦagʧa bjuʝ/ n. helmet
 * tsan /ʦan/ det. enough
 * tsau /ˈʦau/ n. height
 * tses /tses/ v. check, examine, confirm
 * tsij /tsiʝ/ n. pencil
 * tsok /ʦok/ n. employee
 * tsud /ʦud/ v. snow
 * tuduru /tuˈduru/ adj. wise
 * tyaj /tjaʝ/ v. record
 * tyav nroz /tjav nroz/ n. psychology
 * tyet /tjet/ v. be (exist), be (permanent state)
 * tyu /tju/ adj. sudden, abrupt, swift
 * udlagå /uˈdlagɑ/ conj. though
 * umyo /ˈumjo/ n. wall, barrier
 * uš /uɕ/ n. effect
 * va /va/ n. space (outer)
 * vastiv /ˈvastiv/ n. hospital, ward
 * vi /vi/ n. servant
 * vnao /ˈvnao/ n. chain
 * vnir /vnir/ adj. direct
 * vnus /vnus/ n. upper class
 * vog glul /vog glul/ n. lens
 * vya /vja/ n. medicine
 * vyamechya /vjaˈmeʨa/ n. wolf
 * vyij /vjiʝ/ det. that
 * vyur /vjur/ adv. yet
 * yåmla /ˈjɑmla/ v. wave (salutation)
 * yåt /jɑt/ n. greed
 * yekša /ˈjekɕa/ n. wood, pole
 * yit /jit/ n. politics, diplomacy
 * yor /jor/ n. cord
 * yubshe /ˈjubʃe/ v. accept, pardon
 * ža /ʑa/ v. live, exist
 * zanchanguts /zanˈʧanguʦ/ n. chest
 * žåž /ʑɑʑ/ n. column
 * zeš /zeɕ/ n. volume, capacity
 * zir igchik /zir ˈigʧik/ n. lipstick
 * zlish /zliʃ/ n. wave (ocean)
 * zlur /zlur/ n. reward, award, prize, medal, profit
 * žok /ʑok/ v. tear, rip
 * zra /zra/ adj. fat, big
 * zrash /zraʃ/ n. fin (of fish)
 * zrishya /ˈzriʃja/ conj. either
 * zruk /zruk/ n. recipe
 * žut /ʑut/ v. regret, lament