Oñ Fruwi

Entire Lexicon, Example Texts, Pro-Forms

Classification

 * Nouns
 * [PREP - ART] - [DET.INDF - DET.DEF] - NUM - CL - ADJ(s) - NOUN
 * compound adj : all over six feet tall trees
 * either articles or determiners, cannot have both
 * no relative clauses
 * Verbs
 * ADV - MODL - [VOICE-VOLITION] - [ASPECT-STEM-TENSE-PER-NUM]

Vowels

 * Diphthongs are phonemic
 * Diphthongs can only be closing (ai, au, ʌi, ʌu, ei, eu, oi, ou, ae, ao, ʌe, ʌo)

Phonotactics
In Fruwi, the syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C), its better defined (C)(A)V(V)(A)(C) or GV(V)(A)(C)


 * A=any Approximant
 * G=any Glottal Consonant
 * C=Any Other Consonant

Example: Frailm*/frailm/ or Àilm*/hailm/

Stress
Stress is not currently defined in Fruwi, and depending of the dialect or even person, it can change completely.

Allophony
Vowels(et Diphthongs ) Become nasalized next to nasals, or even if there is an approximant between them

- /en.e/→[ẽn.ẽ],/eɹn/→[ẽɹn],/nje/→[njẽ]

If there is a labial in a syllable, all sounds become compressed

- /fɹu/→[ɸɹᵝɯᵝ], But /twi/→[tɰi]

vowels and semivowels become "rounded" If right next to a labial (and high enough)

- /uf/→[ɯ̹ᵝɸ], But /wu/ → [ɰɯ]

Approximants have same voicing as the closest consonant ONSET or CODA

- /sɹ/[s̺ɹ̺̥],/zɹ/→[z̺ɹ̺]

if the pronunciation is ambiguous :ex =/kaf.ja/ vs /ka.fja/, then the coda steals the consonant if it is not guttral nor approximant (/kaf.ja/)

ROUNDING != Compressing

Writing System
Oñ Fruwi may use any writing system, Unicameral or not (but determiners and pronouns are differentiated by capitalization in written form), but I use the Latin Version. You could use any system if it works.

Punctuation - the comma
Serial comma - comma between each item in list


 * The (and) red, blue, green dogs
 * the (and) dogs, cats, parrots

Joining two independent clauses - before cöordinating conjunction


 * Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.

Grouping numbers (by 3)

Interjection - Comma before interjection
 * 131,131,131,123;12,122,12


 * My father ate the muffin, gosh damn it!

Aside - around the aside


 * My father, if you don't mind me telling you this, ate the muffin.

Parenthesis (rhetoric) - Wikipedia maybe???

Capitalization

 * Nouns
 * Pronouns
 * Numbers
 * NOT Start of sentence

Articles
unlike most other words starting with vowels; articles don't have acute accent ō, because they combine with anything not a noun or verb & end with -o

ART - means article

Collective Nouns/Classifiers
CL -   means collective for modern, classifier for future (V=Maybe classifiers will develop???)

word "kal" (will be in Lexicon)

for example:


 * kal mano: a group of people
 * kal kal mano: a group of group of people

MAY STACK INFINITELY

Mass Nouns
All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish, is also plural.

For example:


 * Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
 * The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
 * The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"

Cöordinating conjunctions (Independent - Independent)
goes before the subject and needs COMMA


 * Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.

Subordinating conjunctions (Independent - Dependent)
goes after the subject and needs multiple SENTENCES


 * I fed the cat. I after brushed my teeth. FRU


 * after I fed the cat, I brushed my teeth. ENG
 * I brushed my teeth after I fed the cat. ENG


 * I slept. I because was sleepy. FRU

also used for subjunctive mood with word for "if" - WORD GOES HERE
 * because I was sleepy, I slept. ENG
 * I slept because I was sleepy.  ENG

Dual Conjunctions (and, or, nor, xor...)
(...) = first item

Serial Conjunctions
(...) = first→ second-last items

Moods
Imperative


 * Instruction
 * “Go”
 * At start of Sentence always
 * Warning
 * N/A(Use Infinitive of verb)

Interrogative


 * Yes/No
 * just put "Or not" at the end of a normal sentence
 * "Wh" Interrogative
 * “Ger/Gerañ” as Stative Case; dO or iO, dO -> S in passive. “Ber/Berañ” as Active Case (use inplaceof x in Indicative clause)
 * before or after verb add -thing EX: “Ger-Yukeni” means What=time- STAT
 * tojho Īmi ítte Ger (Your name is X -> Your name is what -STAT )  ACT STAT(dO) S
 * tojho Īmi ítte Gerañ (Your name is X- P -> Your name is what- P-STAT )  ACT STAT(dO) P
 * Ger fe yisʌ To (X PASS eat you- ACTI -> what -STAT PASS eat you- ACTI ) PASS STAT(dO) S
 * Gerañ fe yisʌ To (X- P eat you- ACTI -> what- P-STAT PASS eat you- ACTI ) PASS STAT(dO) P
 * To slipta áro Ger-Yukeni (You- ACTI sleep at X -> You- ACTI sleep at what=time -STAT )  ACT STAT(iO) S
 * To slipta áro Gerañ-Yukeniñ (You- ACTI sleep at X- P -> You- ACTI sleep at what=times- P-STAT )  ACT STAT(iO) P
 * Ber-Mano doyisʌdi Ōgge (X HAB -is=eating- ?S-PAST this- O-STAT -> who HAB -is=eating- 0S-PAST this- O-STAT )   ACT ACTI S
 * Berañ-Manoñ doyisʌdiñ Ōgge (X- P  HAB -are=eating- ?P-PAST this- O-STAT -> who- P  HAB -is=eating- 0P-PAST this- O-STAT )     ACT ACTI P
 * Ōgge fe doyisedi Ber-Mano (X HAB -is=eating- ?S-PAST this- O-STAT -> who HAB -is=eating- 0S-PAST this- O-STAT )  PASS ACTI S
 * Ōgge fe doyisʌdiñ Berañ-Manoñ (X- P HAB -are=eating- ?P-PAST this- O-STAT -> who- P  HAB -is=eating- 0P-PAST this- O-STAT )     PASS ACTI P

Verbs

 * Root:
 * has to start with C where C=any consonant
 * has to end with CV where V=<ʌ>
 * cannot end with VCV where C= Rest:
 * Modality is separate words (auxiliary)
 * Aspect is Prefix
 * Tense, Person, Number are Suffixes

Modality

 * Just shown as an auxiliary/another word
 * don't have syllable constraints
 * Can Have Duplicates/synonyms
 * Lexical/Free

VoVo

 * Just shown as an auxiliary/another word
 * Grammatical/Set

Conjugation Depending on Pronoun (Pronoun - Conjugation)

 * 1S - 1S, 2S - 2S, 1P - 1P, 2P - 2P,
 * Demonstrative - 3S/3P
 * Unknown Person - 0S/0P
 * 0S - 0S, 0P - 0P
 * Topic - 0S/0P
 * Indefinite - (Universal and Existential - 0P) (Negatory and Alternative - 0S)
 * Comparative/Superlative - 0P
 * Impersonal in Active/Intransitive in Active - 0S

4 types of Verbs:

 * Transitive Personal [A and O]
 * Active
 * I- ACT eat- ACT coffee- STA (i eat coffee)
 * Passive*
 * coffee- STA eat- PASS I- ACT (coffee eat i)
 * Volative/Unergative Personal [SA Only]
 * Active
 * I- ACT VOL resign- ACT (i resign)
 * Passive*
 * VOL resign- PASS I- ACT (i resign)
 * Avolative/Unergative Personal [SO Only]
 * Active
 * It- STA AVOL fall- ACT (it falls)
 * Passive*
 * AVOL fall- PASS It- STA (falls it)

* here, passive doesnt mean O->A, A->∅; it means O->A,A->O
 * Impersonal/Avelent (Free)
 * CANNOT HAVE PASSIVE* VERBS
 * rain- ACT (rain)

What do those things above mean? (alignment!)
(A=SA, O=SO )

Participle (Verb -> ADJ)
add a  to the end Ex:  /vekʰot͡ʃeɣa ɣoitʰa/ "cooked goat"

Possessive /Genitive
(use as seperate words with nouns ; go to pronouns page for use with pronouns)