Dorian

Dorian is a Slavic language spoken by the Dorian peoples in the country of Dora. Although it is related to common Slavic languages such as Russian or Bulgarian, Dorian is different in its grammar and phonology. Dorian is known by its neighbors to be a very odd language, partly because the phoneme /ʃ /, which occurs very often in words.

Classification and Dialects
Dorian is one of the Anigarsko-Dorian languages, one branch of the Martino-Dorian languages spoken in the confederate state Martinia. Its ancestor was the first language to break from the common language of all Martion-Dorian languages, Proto-Martino-Dorian, and because of its proximity to Saanaimaa, a country which speaks the Uralic Saanain, it has engaged in two-way exchange with Saanain, resulting in many Uralic loanwords in Dorian and Dorian loanwords in Saanain.

Writing System
Dorian uses the Cyrillic alphabet.
 * Because there is not enough space to fit all variations of these letters, they are shown in the section below.

Vowels with Diacritics
The vowels a, e, i, and o have four forms, three of which are with diaereses.

The second form of these vowels is the vowel with a macron above (ā ē ī ō) which shows that the vowel is stressed in a word. For example, the word oч ш ī (/ɔ't ʃ i/), meaning "let go!", must be written with the macron above i, showing that the stress falls on the syllable containing i.

The third form is the vowel with a tilde above (ã ẽ ĩ õ) which shows that the vowel is pronounced long. For exampe, the word гp ẽг  (/ ɣp ɛ ː ɟ /),  meaning "wrong", must be written with the tilde in order to not be confused with the similar гp eг ,  meaning "he burns". Any two adjacent vowels that are the same must be combined into that vowel with a tilde unless one of the vowels has a tilde already, one of the vowels has a macron, or one of the vowels has an accent.

The fourth form is the vowel with an accent above (á é í ó) which shows that the vowel is to be pronounced "shallow" rather than "deep". This means that /a/, /<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɛ /, /i/, /<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɔ /, are moved backwards, resulting in /<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɐ /, /<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʌ /, /<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɨ /, /<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɤ /, respectively. For example, this is how the word <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">мe <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">з ē<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">  (/m<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɛ 'z<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɛ /), a Bulgarian loan meaning "food eaten with alcohol", is distiguished from <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">м é<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">з é (/m<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʌ's <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʌ /), the first person reflexive pronoun. In all cases, vowels after <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">г and x become shallow vowels. This is always marked.

Furthermore, the word <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">мo <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ (/m<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɔ <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʒ'di <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:center;">ː /), "powers", is distinguished from <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">м ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ (/m<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɤ <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʒ'di <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:center;">ː /), "a dream", <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">м ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ī (/m<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɤ <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʒ'di /), "dream!", and <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">м o<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ī (/m<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ɔ <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ʒ'di /), "control!"

Nouns
Nouns are declined for case, gender, and number. There are six cases, the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, vocative, and locative. There are three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Finally, there are two numbers, singular and plural, though in some cases, the dual case (as a remnant of Proto-Martino-Dorian) has been fossilized.

Cases
The six endings for the cases in the first declension are:
 * 1) nominative: zero ending. Examples include <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp, storm; <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">м ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ, a dream.
 * 2) accusative: zero ending. Examples are the above.
 * 3) dative: ending -y (u), -<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ю  (yu) after vowels. Examples include <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp y , to the storm; <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">м  <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"> ю   , to the dream.
 * 4) genitive: ending -o<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">г  (oh) after consonants and single vowels; -<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">г  (h) after diphthongs. Examples include <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp o<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">г  <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">,  of the storm; <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">тiē<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"> г  <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">,  their.
 * 5) vocative: ending -iy (iu) after consonants and single vowels except for <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">г and x; -íy (íu) after diphthongs and <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">г and x. Examples include <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp iy , oh storm; <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">пa<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">лiā íy   , oh stick.
 * 6) locative: ending -a<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">в  (av) after consonants; -<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">в (v) after vowels. Examples include [ ] <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp a<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;">в  , [preposition] the storm; [ ] <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">тiē<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"> в   , [preposition] them.

Genders
There are three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Masculine nouns always end in consonants or low vowels (o, y). Examples are <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бo pp  and <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">гp ẽ<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;"> г .

Feminine nouns always end in vowels except for é, e and ó. Examples are <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">м <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д  ĩ  and <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">вy<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">л<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ь ā    .

Neuter nouns always end in either é, e or ó. An example is <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">вc<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">з e <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">.

Number
There are two numbers, singular and plural. Singular nouns do not have any endings. Examples are <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">вy<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">л<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ьā    and <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp.

Plural nouns end in -i. If the singular form of the noun ends in -i  as well, following the rules for the tilde, the ending will be -ĩ. However, words like <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">м <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ already have a long vowel on the end, so the ending becomes -<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">я . Also, for nouns ending in vowels, the final vowel is removed (except for i, ī and ĩ) and -i is added. Examples are <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp  > <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">бopp i , cepi > cep ĩ , <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">м <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ > <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">м  <span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">ó<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">ж <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;text-align:center;">д ĩ<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"> я   , and <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">вy<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">л<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ь ā      > <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14.98px;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(37,37,37);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">вy<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">л<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ь ī    .

Some nouns have irregular plurals, like <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">кo <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ң > <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">кo <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;">ң<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;text-align:start;"> я .

Declensions
Nouns follow three declension patterns based on their gender. These declensions differ in their endings for case and number.

First Declension
The first declension is for masculine nouns.

Second Declension
The second declension is for feminine nouns with some neuter nouns

Third Declension
The third declension is for neuter nouns.

Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are not changed to reflect the gender or the number of the possessed object. The object is always a neuter object in the pronoun, though it can be any gender.