User:Elector Dark/Sandbox/6

Phonology
Nasalisation on vowels is indicated with a tilde if short and circumflex if long, for example  and < sǫ̂pa >, or in the runic script with a low vertical line regardless of length, for example <> and <>.

Umlaut
The language features two forms of productive umlaut: i-umlaut which fronts non-front vowels and u-umlaut which backs or lowers non-back vowels. Where i-umlaut is triggered by the presence of /i/ in the following syllable, u-umlaut is triggered by the presence of /u/. The table below demonstrates the effects of both umlaut types:

When /a/ is followed by the triggering vowels but is outside the first syllable, it does not undergo classic umlaut and instead acquires the quality of said triggering vowels. The vowels /u i/, on the other hand, do not change their quality outside the first syllable.

The umlaut is applied mostly regularly: it is more-or-less consistent when there is only one intervening consonant, but is sometimes blocked by a cluster or long consonant. Long vowels can also avoid umlaut. Unstressed vowels can optionally be umlauted

Morphology
Nouns can be strong, weak or mixed. Verbs can be strong, weak, reduplicating strong or weak, present-preterite, preterite-present, deponent or defective. Adjectives can be dependent or independent as well as strong or weak. Adverbs can be strong or weak. Articles can be strong or weak.

Nouns and Articles
Nouns decline for three numbers (singular, dual and plural), five cases (nominative, vocative, dative, genitive and accusative) and have a distinction of definiteness. They can be strong, weak or mixed and come in three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter). Articles match the nouns in terms of case, gender and number. They can further be strong (suffixed) or weak (free).

Nouns can be in three masculine, two feminine and two neuter strong declensions, and one each for mixed and weak per gender. There are additional declension patterns that are not fully regular. Weak nouns are those with an identical genitive and dative singular and either the nominative and accusative singular or an accusative identical with the genitive and dative. They also have a plural that ends in <-uʀ>. Strong nouns have distinct genitives and datives. Mixed nouns have a plural in -uʀ but otherwise have some non-weak properties.

Masculines
The three classes of strong masculine nouns are:
 * Nouns ending in -(u)ʀ (askuʀ, áss (**ásʀ), løkuʀ) in the nominative
 * Nouns without a nominative suffix (Bjǫrn, heð)
 * Nouns ending in -uʀ that have a deleted /**(ð)v/ (byguʀ, gǫ́ʀ)

First and second class strong nouns can have a genitive in either -aʀ or -s. Their nominative plural can be either -aʀ (I), -ar (II) or -iʀ (III). They are indicated as "1m". An example such noun is  (snake, worm, dragon):

Second class nouns usually have irregular elements. Nouns with a fractured vowel (such as "Bjǫrn") undergo extensive umlaut, where the vowel shifts as if it were /**a/. An example such noun is going to be  (sheet, woolen cover, blanket):

An example noun with a smaller extent of umlaut is  (marshlands, mire, bog):

Third class nouns are fairly straightforward despite their partially opaque stem alternation. Their genitive can either be in -aʀ or -as, but their nominative plural is always marked with -iʀ. An example such noun would be  (feather):

Verbs
Verbs are inflected for two tenses and three voices: the present and past tenses, and the active, mediopassive and passive voices.