Idoburgish/Sound Changes

Bleh.

The sound changes
No specific order, though.

Here P = plosive, O = obstruent, J = /n t d s k g x/ (Consonants which may be palatalized. There's a shitload of fuss over them, so they'll be explained later.) -Umlaut- The umlaut is greatly reduced, with only the i-umlaut left in widespread use. {a o} e > e i /_$i ! {a: o:} {ai oi} ei > e: ei i: /_$i (stadiz > stediz ! ailidaz > ailidaz) - Stage 1 - z > 0 /_# (ailidaz, niftiz > ailida, nifti) z > r (betizô > betirô) awj > aij (awjō > aijō) wj > j: /V_V (niwja > nij:a) wj > j (if exists) ai > e: (ailida > e:lida) au > u: (kaupo:na > ku:po:na) h > 0 /_C ! /V_C (hrinþa > rinþa ! tahrą > tahrą) ą > 0 /_# (je:rą > je:r) ō ô ǭ > a /_# (e:jō > e:ja) þ > d (þurp > durp) VC:a > V:Cə (nij:a > ni:jə > !ni:wə) s > ə /C_# (e:ks > e:kə) a > ə /_# ! /C:_# (rinda, e:ja > rində, e:jə) ə > ʲ /J_# (rində > rindʲ) i > ʲ /J_C l_C (e:lidʲ > e:lʲdʲ) ə > i /_# ! /j_# (betʲrə > betʲri; ni:wə > ni:wi ! e:jə > e:jə) i > ʲ /_# (nifti > niftʲ) si > ʃ /_# (hesi > heʃ) tj > tsʲ (matjan > matsʲan) g > j /#_V (gaskaftʲ > jaskaftʲ) ja jo > je (jaskaftʲ > jeskaftʲ) Jji Jjə > Jʲ /C_# (nidjə > nidʲ) ji jə > j /_# (e:jə > e:j) j > xʲ? /_# (e:j > e:xʲ ! e:jo:i > e:jo:i) P[+voiced] > P[-voiced] /_# (rinʲdʲ, elʲdʲ > rinʲtʲ, elʲtʲ) << only in speech C1C2ʲ C1ʲC2 > C1ʲC2ʲ (rindʲ > rinʲdʲ) << SAP Cʲ > C /_C (betʲri > betri; e:lʲd > e:ld) << only in writing P[+voiced] P[-voiced] > P[-voiced] P[+voiced] /#_V (durp > turp) w > m /#_V sk > ʃ /_V[+front] (skind > ʃind) sP > ʃP (stetʲ > ʃtetʲ) - Stage 2 - eu > ö (sceutan > scötan) oi > ö (ējōi > ējo /e:jø/) iu wi (> y) > ø ! /#_ (swimsl > sömsl) jV[+front] wV[+back] > V: (jitsj > ītsj; wundr > ūndr) j > 0 /#_V[+front] (jescötj > escötj) w > 0 /#_V[+back] è > ə (e'ʃøc > ə'ʃøc) << only in speech PF > FP /_# (ītsj > īstj /i:ʃc/) p > ff /V_V (sēpe > sēffe) V: > V /_C1C1 _$[+long] (sēffe > seffe) t tj d dj > 0 /O_# (lehdj /leçc/ > lech; īstj > !īstj) {t d} {tj dj} > p i /m_# (gemtj > gemp; !gemdj > gemi) {t d} {tj dj} > k hj /n_# (gind > gink) {t d} {tj dj} > s {sj j} (wartj > wars) hj > h(h)i /_# (ēch > ēh(h)i /e:çi/) << the  here counts as long in sound changes and this has a lot of irregularities Cl > Cle /_# (sömsl > sömsle) s > sc /_V[+front]V _ø (sömsle > scömsle) Vn V:n > Ṽ Ṽn /_C _# ! /#_# (wrecan > wrecą; warōn > warǭn; tagān > tagą:n; farjen > farję ! in > in) << distinguished in writing only partially ję > į /_# (farję > farį) tr dr > tsj /_C _# (ūndr > ūntsj) d > j /V_#[+front] ! /V_#[+front, nasal] (pirid > pirij) Vj[+front] Vw[+back] > V: (pirij > pirī) hC > C /_C _# (tahr > tar) << Just to mess things up: in nom. but in dat. (merged with instrumental) {i u} [+stressed] > ö (gink > gönk} J(J)(J) > Jʲ(Jʲ)(Jʲ) /V[+front]_# (gönk > gönch /gøɲç/) {e ē} [-stressed] > i /C_# (ēldē > ēldi) i[-stressed] > ʲ /J_# (ēldi > ēldj) ī[-stressed] > e /_# (pirī > pire) Vji > Vi > /C_# (just in case) f > p /_# (ölf > ölp) V > V: /_J _Jʲ (tödisj > töödisj) i > 0 /C_C (ējpörgisj > ējpörgsj; töödisj > (töödsj >) töötsj) w > p /#_r (wrecą > precą) c > h /V_V[+front] (precą > prehą) tsj sj > ss /V_V[+back] (ītsjǭn > īssǭn) V:[+high] V:[-high] > V:˦˨ V:˦˨˧ (ų:ntsj > ų:˦˨ntʃ; ēhi > ē˦˨˧hi) << pathetically cribbed (c) from Limburgish and not indicated in writing FʲPʲ > FP /_# (īstj > īsc) sc > sj /_# (īsc > īsj) wa > (ō >) o /_# (swa > so) Uses of any additional umlaut will be marked respectively, with the paradigms presented on page. Orthography: Stage 2: <-j> for palatalization;  for /ʃ/ before front vowels and /sk/ elsewhere;  for /ʃ/; macrons for long vowels;  for /x/ and /ç/ before  ;  for /ç/ elsewhere; <ö> for /ø/ except after , where /ø/ is denoted by ;  for /k/ everywhere.

Stage 3 (modern):  for all /ʃ/,  for /k/ everywhere, <ö> for all /ø/;  for hard /g/ and word-final /g/ after /n/. Irregular tonality: acute and grave accents for rising and falling tones respectively.

Grammar changes
Here, grammar changes of certain and uncertain origin will be listed. - Development of definite suffix - eenj > -en -en takes the same declensions as eenj, which are regular. - Tonality in verbs - V[+stressed] > V˦˨˧ in non-imperative jussives. Pretty self-explanatory, really (c). Taken from Limburgish, further origin unknown. A notable exception is monosyllable verbs, e.g.  with 1sg indicative  or <!eengk>. Those are always irregular: the 1sg jussive-2 is <égengk>, formed through irregular reduplication of.