Rikutsaren

Classification and Dialects
The Řicūts̆reb language is an a priori conlang, and the last remaining member of the Asermian language family. There are 3 extinct main dialects of the Asermian family; Rakuietrab, Rakjiehrab, and Rakwiktrab. Of these, Rakwiktrab had 3 sub-dialects.

Rakuietrab
Rakuietrab was the original language of the Asermian family. It was created out of a substitution cipher and an alphabet based on the Immajer Simlish Alphabet. Initially, it used the original Immajer Simlish script, with the addition of lowercase letters created separately by Netwafekzră Vrokă, the creator of the Asermian language family. In an attempt to create a cursive variant, Vrokă found an appealing style of lettering, so he abandoned the original script and created what would eventually become the Old Řicūts̆reb script.

Late Transitional Rakuietrab
''Late Transitional Rakuietrab is a possible version of Rakuietrab that shares many aspects with Early Rakwiktrab. It is unofficial and is still under investigation.''

Early Rakwiktrab
Old Rakwiktrab was merely Rakuietrab, except this time it had a newer substitution cipher where no letter occurred twice or corresponding to its mirror (such as H becoming H, or A and L both becoming R). Old Rakwiktrab had no verb conjugation system or definite grammatical structure.

Transitional Rakwiktrab
Transitional Rakwiktrab was a variety of different revisions to Old Rakwiktrab. Transitional Rakwiktrab was more of a time period than a sub-dialect, and it saw the addition of the original “TVZ” verb conjugation system (which was replaced later in the same period by the “NTK” system and then the later “NVK” system), the implementation of the modern two-class alphabet, and the complete overhaul of the Rakwiktrab syllabary. This transition also saw the foundations of the modern grammatical structure of Řicūts̆reb take form.

Rakjiehrab
Rakjiehrab, formerly called Dezisabek Rakwiktrab, was a relatively unused dialect of the Asermian language family. It was created in October of 2013, while Vrokă was still attempting to memorise his own language. He found himself without the sheet that allowed him to translate his words into Rakwiktrab. In response, he reconstructed the cipher as best he could using words he remembered in Rakwiktrab. However, this cipher was not exact, and upon realising this, Vrokă named it Faouarese Asermian. This name was later changed to Dezisabek Rakwiktrab, and then finally to Rakjiehrab. The Rakjiehrab Alphabet was very small compared to the Rakwiktrab alphabet at that time, just 30 or so letters. It was originally intended for scientific use, then for residents of Dezisab, then for scientific use again. It was never used for any of those purposes though, aside from a vague sheet of paper outlining the structure of DNA. Rakjiehrab never expanded as Rakwiktrab did during the transition, and even by then, it had faded into disuse.

Late Rakwiktrab
Late Rakwiktrab was a result of the Transition Period, and possessed a nearly modern alphabet. It also used the Later “NVK” system, at least to the extent of the present and preterit tenses. It was from Late Rakwiktrab that Řicūts̆reb would come to be.

Early Řiküçreb
Early Řiküçreb was created in late December of 2014. Its major difference from Rakwiktrab was that it now used a complicated translation system that restructured the spelling of certain words, and no longer used a cipher to create new words. However, many words were unchanged between the two languages, especially ones used commonly.

Expanded Řicūts̆reb
Expanded Řicūts̆reb is the most recent variant of Řicūts̆reb. It is currently in use and constantly being tweaked. Expanded Řicūts̆reb sees the addition of 4 new persons in the conjugation scheme, and a complete overhaul of the Řicūts̆reb Script. Expanded Řicūts̆reb is unique in that it now has a definite grammatical structure and a finalised verb conjugation system. Expanded Řicūts̆reb also sees the addition of a new grammatical concept not seen in any other language or conlang; the Juiscal Mood. In addition, the Orthography has been completely reconstructed. Information on these new concepts can be found elsewhere on this page.

Allophony

 * 1) the [æ] rule: [æ] occurs when "/ɑ/" is stressed, but ONLY when between the start and end of a word, & when followed by /b/,/s/,/k/,/d/,/g/,/ʒ/, or /p/ (unless preceded by /w/ or /j/*). [æ] ALWAYS occurs when between the start and end of a word & followed by /z/. This is an allophone of /ɑ/.
 * 2) the [ɑː] rule: [ɑː] occurs before a consonant and after the phoneme /dʒ/, but ONLY when in syllable coda. [ɑː] also occurs at the end of a word. This is an allophone of /ɑ/.
 * 3) the [χ] rule: [χ] occurs in syllable coda when the next syllable begins with a vowel. This is an allophone of /x/.
 * 4) the [eɪ] rule: [eɪ] ALWAYS but NOT only occurs when "/ɛ/" at the end of a word is stressed. This is an allophone of /ɛ/.
 * 5) the [ʒ] rule: [ʒ] (which is an allophone of /dʒ/) occurs if preceded by a vowel while either of the following are also true:
 * 6) It is before a consonant and is in syllable coda.
 * 7) It is at the end of a word.
 * 8) the [ɹ] rule: [ɹ] occurs only in syllable onset when preceded by a consonant, and ONLY if it is also followed by a vowel.
 * 9) the [r] rule: [r] occurs at the beginning of a word. Also occurs in a case when R would occur if the consonant preceding it is the phoneme /h/. This is an allophone of /r/.
 * 10) the [ɾ] rule: [ɾ] occurs in syllable onset, and ONLY if preceded and followed by a vowel. Also occurs when NOT at the beginning of a syllable and preceded by a consonant
 * 11) Unless that consonant is /ʃ/, /k/, /d/, or /v/, in which case it becomes [ɹ]. This is an allophone of /ɹ/.

Stress Rules

 * 1) The second vowel in a word is stressed, with the following exceptions:
 * 2) /uː/ and /ø/ are stressed no matter where they fall in a word unless another vowel overtakes them (see Overriding Vowels)
 * 3) If the first two vowels are /ɛ/ or /uː/, the first is stressed.
 * 4) If /ɪ/ comes before /ʒ/ in the same syllable, it is stressed
 * 5) If the second vowel is /ɛ/, and the third vowel is /ɑ/, then the /ɑ/ is stressed.
 * 6) If the first two vowels are the same, and the third is NOT the same, that vowel is stressed.
 * 7) If the first vowel is /ɑ/, and the second is /ɪ/, the /ɑ/ is stressed (unless adjacent to said /ɪ/)
 * 8) Unless followed by another /ɪ/, in which case the 2nd vowel is stressed.
 * 9) /iː/ is NEVER stressed at the end of a word
 * 10) When /ɛ/, /ɪ/, or /iː/ occur after a /w/ that is preceded by another consonant, it is stressed.
 * 11) If a word contains two vowels, and the second vowel is at the end of the word, the first vowel is stressed.
 * 12) Overriding Vowels:
 * 13) /eɪ/ overrides /ɑː/, /ɝ/, and /uː/
 * 14) /æ/ overrides /uː/, /ɑ˞/, and /iː/
 * 15) /ɝ/ overrides /uː/
 * 16) /ø/ overrides /uː/ (unless /ø/ is at the end of the word)
 * 17) /ɪ/ (when before /ʒ/) overrides /uː/ (unless /uː/ is the second vowel)
 * 18) /ɪ/ (when before /ʒ/) is overridden by /ɒ/
 * 19) /u˞ː/ overrides /ø/ and /uː/

Writing System
This list contains the Latin version of the Řicūts̆reb Alphabet until a proper typeset can be made.

Spelling
The Řicūts̆reb language has many rules that dictate the placement of phonemes. They are listed below. [note: this section is a work in progress, and may be re-formatted later on.]
 * 1) Definition of a "word" as used in this section: A term that has no additions (such as conjugations, suffixes, prefixes, etc.)
 * 2) the UJ rule: When forming an agent noun that describes an inanimate object, "-uj" is used instead of "-wī". This replaces any vowel that falls at the end of the base.
 * 3) the 2nd Ř rule: Ř occurs when in an infinitive.

Nouns
Nouns are the base unit of Řicūts̆reb grammar. Various suffixes and prefixes are added onto the noun to form various different words. When forming count nouns from mass nouns, -z is added to the end of the mass noun. If the mass noun ends in another consonant, the appropriate vowel is placed between said consonant and the z. Řicūts̆reb nouns decline only to number. They have 2 forms; Singular and plural. The plural is formed by taking the singular and adding the word "cū" before it. To represent a plural that is also a definite, the word "ec" comes before the word.

Personal Pronouns
Řicūts̆reb has standalone pronouns. Unlike in other languages, there is no distinction between subject and object pronouns. Instead, they occur in either case. However, similar to the Proximate and Obviate persons in Řicūts̆reb verbs, personal pronouns are also split into Proximate and Obviate variants. The Personal Pronouns used in Řicūts̆reb are listed below.


 * The indirect 1st plural personal pronoun, ts̆az, is used to refer to "each one of us" as opposed to "all of us collectively".
 * The indirect 2nd plural personal pronoun, baz, is used to refer to "each one of you" as opposed to "all of you collectively".

Adjectives
Adjectives are formed by adding the suffix -nav to the end of a noun. When conjugating into the degrees of comparison, the adjectival suffix is shortened to -n, thus forming the adjectival root. The comparative suffix is then placed onto the end of the adjectival root.

Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -gev to the end of a noun. When conjugating into the degrees of comparison, the adverbial suffix is shortened to -g, thus forming the adverbial root. The comparative suffix is then placed onto the end of the adverbial root.

Degrees of Comparison
The Řicūts̆reb language uses 6 Degrees of Comparison, as opposed to the 2 used in English. The prefixes that are added onto the adjectival or adverbial root when using the Degrees of Comparison are listed in the chart below. Comparatives and Contraries do not use "e" before them unless the subject uses it anyways (ex. "The better man" > "E jasūnezlū cin". All other degrees of comparison do use "e" unless they are referring to a possessive (ex. "My best friend" > "Na jasūnezlūg džitwebū").

The comparative degrees that are unique to Řicūts̆reb are described in detail below.


 * 1) The Contrary is the opposite of the Comparative, and is used to represent the shortage of something or the lack of a certain quality.
 * 2) The Proclivitive is the opposite of the Superlative, and is used to represent the complete absence of a thing or quality.
 * 3) The Hyperlative and the Inferlative refer to the absolute most or least amount of something possible, respectively (ex. "The best possible thing" "E jasūnezlūgø eþbī"). These forms can also be used in exaggerations (ex. "The best day ever!" E jasūnezlūgø narv!").

Adverbs of Comparison
The Adverbs of Comparison correspond to "so" and "not so [much]" or "very" and "not as" in the English language. They are, respectively, ezūn and ezonen.

Quantity
When referring to a specific number of something (ex. "I have more"), the adjective Enav and its comparisons are used. (ex. "I have more." "Drefôn enezlū.").

Verbs
Verbs are formed by adding the infinitive -řī to the end of a mass noun, if there is a corresponding mass noun. Verbs are conjugated into the following conjugation table.

Proximate and Obviate Persons
In the Řicūts̆reb language, the singular 3rd person, the plural 1st person, the plural 2nd person, and the plural 3rd person, all have direct and indirect variants. The Proximate Singular 3rd person is used in the following cases:
 * 1) In the present indicative when addressing a 2nd party and referring to a 3rd party that is present (ex."He was not speaking to you." "Ba ox tŕôgiẘo re vaz.").
 * 2) In any tense when referring to an absent 3rd party verb that affects a non-absent 3rd party personal pronoun. (ex. "They (Those things) cause them (these people) to (verb)..." "Cŕedūsef laz...")

The Obviate Plural 1st person is used in the following cases:
 * 1) In any tense when addressing a 2nd person and referring to a group that you are a part of but whose other members are absent.
 * 2) In any tense when relaying a message to a 3rd party that is absent at the time but will be present at a time that you and your group are absent. In this case, the absent 3rd party is referred to in the direct plural 2nd person. (ex. "We are sorry that we were not able to attend, but we have brought to you this gift." "Ots̆ calanav nedas ba ots̆a erbênav řektâkeřī, ozê dots̆ ojatbaẘa es laz edo idžijiŕegez.")

Perfect
The perfect is created by conjugating Do'řī and adding that before the past participle of the verb in question. Do'řī is conjugated into the Past Indicative to form the Present Perfect, Present Indicative to form the Pluperfect, Future Indicative to form the Future Perfect, and the Conditional to form the Conditional Perfect.

Continuous
The continuous is created by conjugating O'řī and adding that before the gerund of the verb in question. O'řī follows the same conjugation procedure as Do'řī follows when conjugated into the Perfect. However, O'řī is only conjugated into the Indicative, and therefore the Continuous only has 3 tenses.

Syntax
This section is A MAJOR WORK-IN-PROGRESS Řicūts̆reb is a head-initial language, and all modifiers precede the words the modify. It has the basic word order Subject-Verb-Object. Řicūts̆reb is a null-subject language.

Lexicon
A comprehensive dictionary of the Řicūts̆reb can be found at the Řicūts̆reb/Dictionary page.

Example text
This is the entry for constructedlanguages's Conlang Challenge on deviantART, which was to translate the preamble of the United States Declaration of Independence into one's conlang.

Řicūts̆reb
Nidū tâba e pizicūz sū ežīrcinenav cū apiziz, natemteg būpūctenav džasī abū edžīrcin ūbūřī e habets̆ebnav cū jasbūz netac dof ts̆ebedeẘo maz neþ abseddžī, ñ natemtřī tabneþ ec lapnūl sū e edžīr, e řegeŕonav ñ džezreginav cigerghesâb es neda ec Gren sū Edžīŕat e sū Edžīŕaten Gôd jiŕebef maz, ab nūpūcenav idžiclāpâdeẘa es ec altâbaz sū edžīrcin džatic nedas êgem nūpraŕižřī ec cředūz netac taclūgif maz es e řegeŕo.

English
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.