Troll

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THE ALPHABET & PUNCTUATION







'9. Pronouns'


 * 1) PERSONAL PRONOUNS These are the words used in place of someone's actual name. The standard pronouns in Troll are all declined as nouns:

 MASCULINE FEMININE COLLECTIVE

amyes amyas [ Note 1 ] I, me

agyes agyas agyos  You [ sing. or pl.]

asyes He, asyas She asyos  It

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">vi  vyes vi  vyas vivyos We

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">astes astas astos They

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">vanyes vanyas vanyos Who ? Which ? [ Person(s)]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">vantos Which ? What ? [ Thing(s) ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">v  asyos -self *[ reflexive pronoun '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">quenyes quentas quentos Someone, Anyone

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">elt  es eltas eltos Everyone'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">liquentos No-one

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">NOTE 1 The Collective gender is used for inanimate subjects, or when the gender of the subject is unknown or mixed ]

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">vantos is declined as an example :

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">Sing. Pl.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">Nominative vantos  vantosi What ?

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">Genitive vantosam vantosamizi Of What ?

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">Prepositional vantoko vantokozi [ By, To, etc ] what ? 

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;"> The personal pronouns also have Possessive forms, which are adjectives :

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">My, mine amya [sing.] amyazi [pl.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">Your, yours ag  ya agyazi '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">His/ Her/ Its asya asyazi [ or asyesya/ asyasya / asyosya *]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;">Our, ours viv  ya vivyazi '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Their  asta astazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Whose ? vanya vanyazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Of What ? Of Which ? vanta vantazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-self's* v  asya vasyazi '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Someone's, Anyone's quanta quantazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Everyone's [ All ] e  lta eltazi  '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">No-one's liquanta liquantazi

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">*The reflexive pronoun v  asyos [ vasya, vasyazi ] is used to refer to the subject of the phrase or sentence. e.g mingasem   vasya shikal = I saw [my own] destiny

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( mingasem= I saw, v  asya  = my own, shikal = destiny ). In most contexts the general third person possessive asya [ = His / Her / Its ] refers to the subject of the sentence. When it is necessary to differentiate between more than one of these possibilities, the possessive adjectives asyesya (= asyes vasya ) / asyasya (= asyas vasya ) / asyosya ( = asyos vasya ) [ = His own, Her own, Its own ] or astesya / astasya / astosya (= astes vasya / astas vasya / astos vasya ) [ Their own ] are used. The emphatic pronouns amyasya [ = My own ], agyasya [ = Your own (s. or pl. ) ], vivyasya [ = Our own ] are sometimes used, and vanyasya [ = Whose own ? ], quantyasya [ = One's Someone's / Anyone's own ], eltyasya  [ Everyone's own ] are used rarely.'

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">[Nouns - M / F / C ] [Adjectives]
 * 1) <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 * 1) <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">These are as follows : Independent Singular Plural
 * 1) <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">This j  intes / jintas / jintos jinta jintazi '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">[ This other ] That [ by you ] thantes/ thantas thantos thanta thantazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">[ That other ] That [ remote ] ya  ntes/ yantas/ yantos yanta yantazi '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">[ At that time ] Then yanos yana yanazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Which, that  *   yes / yas / yos ya yazi 

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">[ Anything ] Some[thing] quantos quanta quantazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">No [thing] liquantos liquanta liquantazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Every[thing],All  eltos elta eltazi

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Sometime quanos quana quanazi

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> * The relative pronoun, as in the sentence “ I read the book   which    [ or   that    ] you wrote “.This is   not    the same meaning as in “   Which    book have you read ?”, where   which    must be translated by the interrogative  vanta .

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 * 1) <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">9.3 OTHER RELATIVE PARTICLES AND PHRASES

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">MANNER

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi jintoko / jintokozi = Thus(ly), in this way, so / in these ways

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi yantoko / yantokozi = In that way / in those ways

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi quantoko / quantokozi = Somehow, anyhow, in some way / in some ways

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi eltoko / eltokozi = In every way / in all ways

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi liquantoko = In no way, [“nohow”]

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PLACE

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki jintoko = Here, in this place vu jintoko = Hither, to this place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki jintokozi = In these places vu jintokozi = Hither, to these places

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki yantoko = There, in that place vu yantoko = Thither, to that place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki yantokozi = In those places vu yantokozi = Thither, to those places

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki quantoko = Somewhere, anywhere, in some place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki eltoko = Everywhere, in every place miki eltokozi = in all places

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki liquantoko = Nowhere, in no place miki quantokozi = in some places

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">REASON

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara jintoko = Because, for this reason fara jintokozi = For these reasons

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara yantoko = Therefore, for that reason fara yantokozi = For those reasons

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara quantoko  = For some reason fara quantokozi = For some reasons

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara liquantoko= For no reason

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">TIME

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za yamako (= yanta skamako ) = Then, when, at that time [ Relative ]  

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za   yamakozi (= yantazi skamakozi ) = At those times'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za quamako ( = quanta skamako ) = At some time

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za quamakozi (= quantazi skamakozi )= At some times

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za   elmako ( = elta skamako )  = Always, at every time '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za elmakozi ( = eltazi skamakozi ) = At all times

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za   liquamako ( = liquanta skamako ) = Never, at no time '

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">po yamako ( = yanta skamako ) = From then on

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vu yamako ( = yanta skamako ) = Up until then

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'10. Interrogative Particles'

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The following words are used to ask questions.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'ingviva ? 'How ? [ By which means ? ] ( = ingvi vanoko ?)

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vanyos ? 'Who ?

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vantos ? 'What ?

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'mikiva ? 'Where ? [ In which place ? ] (  = miki vantoko ? )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">farava ? Why ? [ For which reason ? ] ( =  fara vantoko ? )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pova ? Whence ? [ From which place ? ] ( =  po vantoko ? )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vuvako ? Whither ? [ Towards which place ? ] ( = vu vantoko ?)

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'zavako ? ' When ? [ At which time ? ] ( = za vanta skamako ? )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'pozava ? 'From when ? ( = po za vanta skamako ? )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vuzava ? Up until when ? ( = vu za vanta skamako ? )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">11  Numerals <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Ordinal numerals are given, Cardinal numerals are formed by the addition of the suffix -va

0	nayid 	10	yinja		20	binja

1	yini		11	yinjayin	21	binjayin

2	bini		12	yinjabin	22	binjabin

3	drini		13	yinjadrin	23	binjadrin

4	fini		14	yinjafin		24	binjafin

5	shini		15	yinjashin	25	binjashin

6	mini		16	yinjamin	26	binjamin

7	thrini		17	yinjathrin	27	binjathrin

8	sorini		18	yinjasrin	28	binjasrin

9	volini		19	yinjavlin	29	binjavlin

30	drinja		100	yinbinja	1000	yindrinja

40	finja		200	binbinja	2000	bindrinja

50	shinja		300	drinbinja	3000	drindrinja

60	minja		400	finbinja		4000	findrinja

70	thrinja		500	shinbinja	5000	shindrinja

80	sorinja		600	minbinja	6000	mindrinja

90	volinja		700	thrinbinja	7000	thrindrinja

800	sorinbinja	8000	sorindrinja

900	volinbinja	9000	volindrinja

10,000	yinfinja		20,000	binfinja		30,000	drinfinja

40,000	finfinja		50,000	shinfinja	60,000	minfinja

70,000	thrinfinja	80,000	sorinfinja	90,000	volinfinja

100,000	yinshinja	200,000	binshinja	300,000	drinshinja

1,000,000	yinminja	2,000,000	binminja, etc.

10,000,000	yinthrinja	100,000,000	yinsorinja

1,000,000,000	yinvolinja	10,000,000,000	yinja yinvolinja, etc.

4,973	findrinja volinbinja ima thrinjadrin

125th 	yinbinja binjashinva<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

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Nouns
1. Nouns<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Nouns are the names used to talk about things, animals, people, or abstract concepts. Nouns end in either consonants or vowels.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">marjeb ( king ) -> marjebizi  ( kings )
 * <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Those ending in vowels add the  ending -zi in the plural
 * <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">e.g :
 * <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">
 * <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">retto ( horse ) -> rettozi ( horses )
 * <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">If the noun ends in a consonant then -izi is added in the plural
 * <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">e.g

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">These forms are what is known as the Nominative cases of the noun, ie the " name " of the thing you are talking about. Troll also has two other cases of nouns, which are described in a later paragraph.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'2. Adjectives'

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Adjectives are words used to qualify the type of thing we are talking about, for example, we speak of a " rich king ", or a " pretty bird ", or a " fast horse ". The adjectives describe the qualities of the nouns they are connected with. In English, and in Troll, the adjective precedes the noun it describes in most sentences. But sometimes we can use the adjective as the main object of a sentence, for example " The horse was fast " is a complete sentence consisting of a noun ( the horse ), a verb ( was ) and an adjective ( fast ). In this type of sentence the adjective usually follows the verb, which itself follows the noun. Of course there can be other adjectives in this kind of sentence as well : " The grey horse was fast " is an example.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Adjectives in Troll usually end in a or e ( rarely in  ) when  they refer to a singular noun. If the noun to which the adjective refers is plural, then the a changes to azi ( e -> ezi,  or  + azi ) in the plural : e.g

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa rigya marjeb zhes medsha -> The great king was wise

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( sa = the, rigya adj. = great, zhes = [he] was, medsha = wise )

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa rigyazi marjebizi zhesti medshazi -> The great kings were wise.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( zhesti = [they] were )

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Adjectives can also be used in a comparative sense, eg “ The king is wiser than his son “, or a superlative sense ; “ The king is wisest of all men “. Troll expresses these meanings by use of the preposition sang, and the suffix  -ba,   meaning more, as   in the following examples.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> COMPARATIVE DEGREE [ A one - to one comparison ]

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa marjeb zhas medshaba sang asya sirako = The king is wiser above his son ( zhas = he is,  medshaba = more wise, sang = above, asya = his, sirako , from sira = son ; Prepositional Case, see below )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Rettozi zhasti sirunaziba sang tantukozi = Horses are faster than bulls

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( zhasti = [they] are, sirunaziba = more fast [ pl ], tantu + kozi = bulls )

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">SUPER-COMPARATIVE DEGREE [ A comparison of one to many ]

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa marjeb zhes medshaba sang quantokozi asyazi siramizi = The king was wiser above some of his sons (  quantokozi = some,  asyazi = his own [pl.] siramizi = of sons )

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">SUPERLATIVE DEGREE [ A comparison of one to all others ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa marjeb zhes medshaba sang eltazi simadakozi = The king was wiser above all people ( eltazi = all, simadakozi   = people )

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Comparisons can also be made where the subject is less endowed than the others,

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa marjeb zhas medsha zatsan asya sirako = The king is wise below his son ( zatsan = below, under )( ie, the king was less wise than his son ; note that the incremental suffix -ba is not used here ) ( The same idea could also be expressed as sa sira marjebam zhas medshaba sang asya harbishoko = The son of the king is wiser above his father )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Declension of Nouns

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">In Troll the various ways a noun is used in a sentence require different endings to be applied to the noun's Nominative form, which is the form listed in the dictionary. Troll has three cases, each indicating a different meaning. We have already seen the use of the Nominative case, this refers to the name of the thing which is the subject or object if the sentence. So in both of the following sentences, the Nominative case is used :

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa rigya marjeb zhes medsha = The great king was wise

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">[ marjeb > Nominative ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Pareltin zhes rigya marjeb = Pareltin [ a person's name ] was a great king.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The second sentence differs from the first in that marjeb is the object of the verb zhes  [was], while in the first it is the subject. Troll uses the same case ending for both meanings, but the subject of the sentence precedes the verb, and the object follows it.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">4.1 POSSESSIVE CASE

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The Possessive case indicates either the source of something, or possession of something. It corresponds to the English construction " ... of [ the king ] " or " the [ king's ] ...". In Troll the Possessive case is formed by adding -m  to the Nominative form if the noun ends in a vowel,  or -am if the noun ends in a consonant. The plural endings are -mizi  or –   amizi.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa retto marjebam zhas dikara = the horse of the king [ the king's horse ] is white.(  zhas  = [it] is, dikara = white, marjeb + am = king's )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa sikra rettom zhas dikara = The hair of the horse is white. ( sikra = hair - can be singular or plural, as in English, retto + m = horse's )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa sikra rettomizi marjebam zhas dikara = The hair of [the] king's horses is white.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( ie the hair of several horses belonging to a ( = the) king is white )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( retto + mizi = horses' )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Note that the word order in Troll has the possessor or source in the Possessive following the object referred to. In the third sentence, the object(s) referred to ( the horses ) are also in the Possessive case because they are the possessors of the hair, which is the subject of the sentence. Note also that the article sa is really only needed before the subject noun, unless there is some reason to make it clear that the possessor is not any king, but the king !

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">4. PREPOSITIONAL CASE

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The Prepositional case is used when a noun is governed by a preposition. The Prepositional is formed by adding -ko to the end of nouns ending in vowels in the singular. If the noun ends in a consonant, -ako is added. The plural is formed by adding -zi to the Prepositional singular. e.g:

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa sengi nyamasessho marjeb ingvi kronako= The lion had injured the king with a claw ( sengi = lion, nyamanessho = [ he ] had injured, ingvi = by means of,  kron + ako = claw)

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa rettozi prulasesti sebla sa beshinakozi  = The horses walked between the oak trees (  prulanesti   = they walked,  sebla  = between,   beshin + akozi   = oak trees )

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Verbs
3. Adverbs<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">An adverb ( as can be deduced from its name ) is an addition to a verb. It qualifies how an action is performed, and therefore has some strong similarity to an adjective. In fact, almost all adverbs in Troll are derived from the corresponding adjective, by adding va to the end. There is no plural form. The incremental suffix  -ba  can also be used with adverbs.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">e.g : sa rigya marjeb debansas medshava-> The great king rules wisely.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">( debansas = [he] rules, medshava [ from medsha + va ] = wisely )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Asya sira debansases medshavaba >  His son ruled more wisely.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> (  debansases   = [he] ruled,  medshavaba [ from medsha + va + ba ]  = more wisely

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">4.

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 * 1) <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Verbs

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Verbs are the words which describe the action in a sentence. They have a fundamental meaning, which is modified by various endings to signify when the action takes place, and who is doing it. The timing of the action is called the tense, and there are four tenses in Troll: Present , Future , Past , and Perfect.

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 * 1) <p style="margin-bottom:0cm">THE BASIC FORM OF THE VERB

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">This is given in the vocabularies in the Infinitive form, as in the following examples :

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulare = to walk ;  nyamare   = to wound ;  debansare   = to rule

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The “stem” of the verb is found by removing the re ending of the infinitive form. Thus the stems of the above verbs are prula-, nyama- , and debansa- .

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">5.2 PRESENT TENSE

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">This corresponds to the English continuous present tense; ... is reading, ... are writing, etc. It is formed from the verb stem if this ends in a,i,o  or  u.  If the stem ends in  e,   then the present tense ending is  ea.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">5.3 FUTURE TENSE

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">This is equivalent to the English ... will be reading, ... will be writing, as well as the indefinite future tense, ... will read, ... write, etc. There is no distinction between these meanings in Troll. The Future tense is formed by adding

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-fi to the verb stem.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">5.4 PAST TENSE

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Again this corresponds to two English tenses, for example ... was reading, ... was writing, and also ... read, ... wrote, etc. The Past tense is formed by adding -se to the verb stem.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">5.5 PAST PERFECT TENSE

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The Past Perfect tense indicates that the action has already been completed and is no longer occurring. It corresponds to English ... has read, ... have written, etc. It is formed by attaching the suffix -  sho   to the Past tense.

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">5.6 PRONOMINAL ENDINGS

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">All of the above tenses of the verb have pronominal suffixes attached after the tense endings, to indicate who is performing the action. The pronominal suffixes are as follows :

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-m = I ; 1st Person sing.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-g  = You ; [2nd p., sing. ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-s = He/ She/ It ; [ 3rd p. sing].

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-vi  = We ; [ 1st p. pl.]]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-gzi  = You ; [2nd p., pl. ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-sti = They ; [ 3rd p. pl.]

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Thus, the full endings are :

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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> PRESENT FUTURE PAST PAST PERFECT

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> -  m -fim    -sem -semsho   I ; 1st Person sing.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-g -fig -seg -segsho  You ; [2nd p., sing. or pl ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-s -fis -ses -sessho  He/ She/ It ; [ 3rd p. sing].

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-vi -fivi -sevi -sevisho  We ; [ 1st p. pl.]]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-gzi -figzi -segzi -segzisho  You ; [2nd p., pl. ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">-sti -fisti -sesti -sestisho  They ; [ 3rd p. pl.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;font-weight:normal">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'6. Conjugation of Verbs'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Some typical verbs are conjugated below to illustrate the application of the above endings:

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">INFINITIVE prulare to walk, go nyamare to injure, harm debansare to rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> STEM   prula- nyama-  debansa-

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">I* = m   You (s)* =  g   He* = He/ She/ It = s   We* =  vi   You (pl)* =  gzi   They* =  sti

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PRESENT

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulam I* am walking   nyamam   I* am injuring   debansam   I* am ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulag You* are walking   nyamag   You* are injuring   debansag   You* are ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulas He* is walking nyamas  He* is injuring debansas He* is ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulavi We* are walking   nyamavi   We* are injuring   debansavi   We* are ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulagzi You* are walking  nyamagzi  You* are injuring  debansagzi  You* are ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulastI They* are walking nyamastI They* are injuring debansastI They* are gruling 

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">FUTURE

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulafim I* shall w walk nyamafim I* shall injure  debansafim I*  shall rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulafig You* will walk nyamafig You* will injure  debansaf ig You* will  rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulafis He* will walk nyamafis He* will injure  debansafis He* will  rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulafivi We* shall walk nyama fivi We* shall injure  debansafivi We* shall  rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulafigzi You* will walk  nyamafigzi  You* will injure  debansaf igzi   You* will rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulafisti  They* will walk nyamafisti They* will injure  debansafisti They* will  rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PAST

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasem I* walked nyamasem I* injured  debansasem I*  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulaseg You* walked nyamaseg You* injured  debansaseg You*  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulases  He* walked nyamases He* injured  debansases He*  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasevi  We* walked nyamasevi We* injured  debansasevi We*  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasegzi You* walked  nyamasegzi   You* injured  debansasegzi   You* ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasesti They* walked nyamasesti They* injured  debansasesti They*  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PAST PERFECT

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasemsho I* had walked nyamasemsho I* had injured  debansasemsho I* had  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasegsho You* had walked nyam asegsho You* had injured  debansasegsho You* had  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasessho He* had walked nyamasessho He* had injured  debansasessho He* had  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasevisho We* had walked nyamasevisho We* had injured  debansasevisho We* had  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasegzisho You* had walked  nyam asegzisho   You* had injured  debansasegzisho   You* had ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasestisho They* f had walked nyamasestisho They* had injured  debansasestisho They* had  ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PAST / PASSIVE PARTICIPLE [ADJECTIVES] eg sa nyamasha retto - the injured horse

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulasha [sing.]   walked  nyamasha [sing.] injured debansasha [sing.] ruled

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulashazi [pl.] nyamashazi [pl.] debansashazi [pl.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PRESENT / ACTIVE PARTICIPLES [ADJECTIVES] eg sa debansara marjeb – the   ruling    king

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulara [sing.] walking nyamara [sing.] injuring debansara [sing.] ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prularazi [pl.] nyamarazi [pl.] debansarazi [pl.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">GERUND [NOUNS][ exist only in the singular ] eg prulavyo zhes zinda fara rettokozi -  walking   is good for horses

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulavyo  walking  nyamavyo   injuring  debansavyo ruling

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'7. Irregular Verbs'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The verbs  zhire = to be, and lizhire = not to be, have irregular conjugations :

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">INFINITIVES zhire being lizhire not being

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PRESENT

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zham I* am, I* do lizhim I* am not, I* do not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhag You* (s) are, you do lizhig You* (s) are not, do not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhas He* is, he* does lizhis He* is not, does not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhavi We* are, do   lizhivi  We* are not, do not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhagzi You*(pl) are, you do  lizhigzi  You*(pl) are not, do not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhasti They* are, do   lizhisti  They* are not, do not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">FUTURE

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifim I* shall be/ do   lizhifim  I* shall not be/ do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifig You*(s) will be/ do   lizhifig  You(s) will not be/ do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifis  He* will be/ do   lizhifis  He* will not be/ do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifivi  We* shall be/ do   lizhifivi  We* shall not be/ do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifigzi You*(pl) will be/ do   lizhifigzi  You*(pl) will not be/ do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifisti  They* will be/ do   lizhifisti  They* will not be/ do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PAST

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhem I* did, I* was   lizhem   I* did not, I* was not   zheg  You*(s) did, you were   lizheg  You*(s) did not, were not   zhes  He* did, he* was   lizhes  He* did not, was not   zhevi  We* did, We* were   lizhevi  We* did not, were not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhegzi You*(pl) did, you were   lizhegzi  You*(pl) did not, were not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhesti They* did, they* were lizhesti They* did not, were not

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">FUTURE PERFECT

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifimsha  I shall have been /done   lizhifimsha  I* shall not have .....

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifigsha You*(s) will have been /done   lizhifigsha  You*(s) will not have ....

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifissha  He will have been / done   lizhifissha  He* will not have ...

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifivisha  We shall have been/ done   lizhifivisha  We* shall not have .....

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifigzisha You*(pl) will have been /done   lifzhiigzisha  You*(pl) will not have ....

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhifistisha  They will have been/ done  lizhifistisha  They* will not have ...

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">These verbs do not have Past Perfect tenses. They are used with the Present Participles of other verbs to form a Future Perfect tense. eg zhifissha prulara = He will have walked, ( literally, he will have done walking ), lizhifistisha nyamarazi = They will not have injured ( literally, they will not have done injuring ). The Present Participle agrees in number with the subject of the verb.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">These verbs can also be used in an auxiliary mode with the Present Participle of another verb to express emphasis :

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">eg,

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Sa sengi zhes nyamara asta tantu = The lion DID injure their bull.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PARTICIPLES : PASSIVE PARTICIPLES [ADJECTIVES]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhisha [sing.] having been lizhisha [sing.] not having been

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhishazi [pl.] lizhishazi [pl.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">PRESENT/ ACTIVE [ADJECTIVES]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhira [sing.] being lizhira [sing.] not being

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhirazi [pl.] lizhirazi [pl.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">GERUNDS [NOUNS] zhivyo being, existence lizhivyo non-being, non-existence

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'8. Other Verbal Constructions'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">NEGATION can be implied by placing the article li before the verb.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">:eg linyamafivi = We shall not injure

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The particle zhai expresses the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, ie may ..., let ..., [followed by a verb in the Future tense ] The negative subjunctive is expressed as zhaili ...( let it not...)

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">: eg zhai prulafivi = Let us walk,  zhaili prulafivi Let us not walk

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The IMPERATIVE is formed from the stem of the verb by adding the suffix -stig (s), -stigzi (pl) : eg 'prulastig ! ''Walk ! (s) ; ''lizhistigzi pyimazi ! 'Don't be late ! (pl)

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">The PASSIVE MOOD ( as opposed to the INDICATIVE MOOD, which is the normal meaning of the verbal forms given above ) is expressed by means of impersonal constructions. For example, the sentence “ I was injured “ can be reworded as “ [It] injured me “ : nyamases amyes. Or “[They] injured me “ : nyam'asesti amyes. 'If the context does not imply otherwise, the Third person singular would normally be employed in this construction.

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm"> Paradigm : Prulare = to walk ; stem Prula-

Irregular Verbs : Zhire = to be, to do ;

Lizhire = not to be, not to do

Lexicon
TROLL ENGLISH<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miskavo n ability

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miska adj able, capable

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sang prep above, over, than

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pozedavo n acceptance, reception

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">rikyen n accident

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">rikyena adj accidental, chance

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">predi prep across

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">damivo v advice, warning

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ladna prep after

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yanba conj again

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nadi n air, atmosphere

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">elta adj all, every

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">arra prep along

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">aska conj also

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za elmeko adv always

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nang adv among, amidst

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ima conj and

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sarog n animal

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zanma adj another

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">gremog n ant

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asparpo adv apart from, away from

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ajivo n appearance, aspect

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">lagso n arm

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">skarimedshavo n astronomy

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za prep at [ time ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">stonka n autumn

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">aspar prep away

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prigu n baby

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pazhniva adv backward

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyeshka adj bad

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">rindi n ball

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pagas n bark ( of a tree )

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pavang n bat (animal)

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">krid n bath

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dored n bear

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">smarz n beard

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">smarza adj bearded

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">midaza adj beautiful

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">midaz n beauty

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara jintoko conj because

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyiziki n bed

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">jang n beer

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">snyama prep before

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">paro adv behind

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zatsan prep below, under, beneath

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sebla prep between, among

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">panja prep beyond

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">gyasa adj big, large

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dabje n bird

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nagya adj black

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zinopa adj blue

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">grut n boat

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">luso n body

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">lepjos n book

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tham n boot

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyisa adj both

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">bumpa n bottle

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zatis n bottom, base, foundation

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">bishtik n boy

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sparda adj brave

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">bagleb n bread

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ambishtik n brother

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tantu n bull

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsam adv but, although, however

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pussi n cat, kitten

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sugam n chest, box, container

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prugje n chick, baby bird

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">serpik n child

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kron n claw, talon

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prin n cloud

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ranga adj cold

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yag n cow

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kumbirra n crocodile

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">griba adj dark

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sirazma n daughter

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">borog n desert

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sobka n dog

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tenla prep down

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">skelma adj dry, arid

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhurji n duck

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">lagje n eagle

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kung n ear

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhinyavaba adv earlier

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhinya adj early

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhinyava adv early

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sorid n Earth

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">orva adv even, indeed

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">elyes / as / os pron everyone

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">elya adj everyone's

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">eltos pron everything

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki eltoko dem everywhere

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">migo n eye

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">misanza n face

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">siruna adj fast, quick, rapid [movement]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">harbisho n father

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsalavo n fear, dread

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zomin adj female

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">linyena adj few

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pyangik n finger

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyaji n fish

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsulog n flood, torrent

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zalzas n food

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhabs n foot

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara prep for

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dorju prep for, on behalf of, in order to, so that

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">mat n force

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za zhinyaba quameko adv formerly, once, previously

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prasik n fragment, part, bit

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">po prep from

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'pozava interr. from when ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">soridmedshavo n geology

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zomak n girl

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">simadavo n the Troll race

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">margoz n goat

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zinda adj good

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">rigya adj great, eminent, important

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">rigyava adv greatly, mainly, chiefly, largely

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sikra n hair

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pyang n hand

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asyes pron he, him

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">karid n head

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">po jintoko adv hence, from this place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asyasya adj her own

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">birramedshavo n herpetology

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asya adj His / her / its

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asyesya adj his own

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vu jintoku adv hither, to this place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">retto n horse

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'ingviva interr. How ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi yoko adv how [relative], by which means

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">amyes / yas pron I, me

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyajimedshavo n ichthyology

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sirunava adv immediately, quickly

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki prep in, into

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nagja n ink

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">mikiza prep inside, within

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asyos pron it

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asyosya adj its own

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">marjeb n king, ruler, monarch

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pyima adj late

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pyimava adv later

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kangpa n leg

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">mazhavo n life

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zondu adv like, as

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yalgo n limb, branch, bough

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sengi n lion

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">mazhara adj live, living

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">thusrin adj long

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">bishta adj male

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">bishto n man, male

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyena adj many

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">imaskaba conj moreover, as well

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zanzom n mother

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zalo n mouth

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">amya adj my

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyeba adj near, about, by, beside, around, next to

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyebava adv nearly, almost

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyizo n nest

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">serpa adj new, young

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">liquanyos pron No-one

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">liquanya adj No-one's

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sanya n nose

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">lizhire v not to be, not to do

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">liquantos pron nothing

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za jiko adv now

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki liquantoko adv nowhere

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">beshin n oak tree

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vanta adj of what ? Of which ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prithas prep off

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za nyenakozi adv often, frequently

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">gaska adj old

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">karu prep on, onto

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">diranga adj opposite, anti, counter, contra

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dabjamedshavo n ornithology

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vivya adj our

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">payir prep out, from

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">payirza prep outside

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">hisha n owl

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">daspa adj past, former, previous

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ramje n peacock

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">simada n person

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dripavo n question

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">krampa adj quick, short, brief [time]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsarbab n rain

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za linyenakozi adv rarely, infrequently

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prasava adv rather, quite, slightly, somewhat, a little

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pazhin adj rear, back

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">birra n reptile, lizard

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">grutpa n sailor, boatmen

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vasyos pron Self [ reflexive ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vasya adj of itself, own

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kodpa n shape, form, pattern

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asyas pron she, her

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">halug n sheep

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">thamik n shoe

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zatsa adj short, low

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">mina n sister

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">anzomak n sister

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">namik n sky, heaven

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prasa adj small, little

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tuksi n smoke

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">quanta adj some

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">quanyes / as / os pron someone, anyone

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">quanya adj someone's, anyone's

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">quantos pron something, anything

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za quameko adv sometime

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki quantoko n somewhere

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sira n son

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">krampava adv soon, shortly

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">skari n star

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">slada n story, account, tale

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">falda adj stupid, foolish

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sanya adj tall, high, lofty

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">thanes / as / os pron That [ near you ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yantes / as /os pron That [ remote ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sa art the

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asta adj their

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">asta vasya adj their own

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">astyosya adj their own [ coll.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">astyasya adj their own [fem.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">astyesya adj their own [masc.]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yanos pron then

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">za yamako adv then, when [relative], at that time

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miki yantoko adv there, in that place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fara yantoko adv therefore

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">astes / as / os pron they

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">jintes / as / os pron this

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vu yantoko adv thither, to that place

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">fer prep through

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">Ingvi jintoko conj thus, and so, thusly, in this way

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">stig n tiger

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">skama n time

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">pozedare v To accept, receive

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dangore v to accompany

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">smidare v to accuse, blame

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">damire v to advise, warn

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nangare v to allow

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ajire v to appear

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsavare v to approach, arrive

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dripare v to ask, query, question, enquire

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">rashkare v to attack

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sponire v to avoid

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sobkare v to bark

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kridare v to bathe

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">miskare v to be able, can

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhire v to be, do, act

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhaspore v to begin, start, commence

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dodire v to believe

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kumere v to bite, chew

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nadimare v to blow, puff

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">morkare v to break, destroy

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kyefire v to bring, carry, fetch

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kolpare v to bubble, boil, churn

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">lebare v to come, arrive

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tenilare v to descend, go down

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsalare v to fear, dread

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vuvare v to go up, climb, ascend

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kungare v to hear

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yibire v to hide, conceal, shroud

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyamare v to injure, harm

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">mazhire v to live, exist

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">migare v to look, see

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">debansare v to rule

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nyizire v to sleep

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sanyare v to sniff, smell

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zalire v to speak

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">soladire v to tell, relate

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tigrimare v to twist, swirl

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">prulare v to walk, go

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nagire v to write

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vu prep to, towards

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zhabsek n toe

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kum n tooth, fang

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yalgik n twig

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vuzava interr. until when ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vuyameko adv up until then

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">gyava adv very

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nayid n void, emptiness, vacancy, vacuum

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">merekto n volcano

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">merektomedshavo n vulcanology

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">tsab n water

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vivyes / as / os pron we

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vantos interr. What ? Which thing ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'zavako interr. When ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'pova interr. Whence ? From which place ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'mikiva interr. Where ? In which place ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">yes / as /os pron which, that [ relative ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dikara adj white

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vuvako interr. Whither ? To which place ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vanyos interr. Who ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'vanyes / as / os pron Who ? Which person ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">vanya adj Whose ?

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">'farava interr. Why ? For which reason ?'

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nadimat n wind

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">medshavo n wisdom, science

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">medsha adj wise

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">dango prep with [ together with, in company with ]

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">ingvi prep with, by means of

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">kronsaba n wolf

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">zoma n woman

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">nagivo n writing, script

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">agyes / as / os pron you

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">agya adj your

<p style="margin-bottom:0cm">sarogmedshavo n zoology

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