Taurahe

Taurahe refers to the native languages spoken by the Tauren from the Warcraft universe. There are numerous dialects of Taurahe, as most tribe retain their own version of the language. The most common dialect by far is Bloodhoof Taurahe, the native tongue of High Chieftain Baine. Bloodhoof Taurahe has supplanted ceremonial Taurahe in areas of trade and tribal politics.

Consonants
There are 18 consonants. Symbols in parenthesis indicate where orthography differs from that of the phonemic symbol.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! Labial!! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal !Nasal !Plosive !Affricate !Fricative !Approximant
 * m || || n || || || ||
 * p b || || t d || |||| k ||
 * || || || || tç (ch) dʝ (j) || ||
 * v (f/v)|| ð (th) || s || || ç (sh)|| || h
 * w || || lˠ (l)|| ʐ̞ (r)|| j (y)|| ||
 * }

Allophony
Voiced fricatives /v/ and /ð/ are voiceless except as the final consonant of a word.


 * /vira/ > [fəɪʐɐ] fira - hinterland
 * /ðodʝa/ > [θoʊdʝɐ] thoja - troll

/n/ is pronounced as [ŋ] in the syllable coda.

The sequence /nj/ is pronounced as [ɟ].

When two identical syllables appear in sequence, the first /k/ becomes [t]:
 * /ko komi/ > [to koʊmɪ] - water
 * /ki kila-ni/ > [təɪ kɪlaɔnɪ]

Vowels
There are four vowels, superficially written as /a i o u/. These vowels appear have 2 allophones, depending on stress.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! /a/ !! /i/ !! /o/ !! /u/ !Stressed !Unstressed
 * aɔ̯ || ə̯ɪ || oʊ̯ || y̯ʉ
 * ɐ || ɪ || o || *
 * }


 * /taka/ > [taɔ̯kɐ] hold
 * /piki/ > [pə̯ɪkɪ] spark
 * /kodo/ > [koʊ̯do] kodo
 * /nuka/ > [ny̯ʉkɐ] milk

/u/ does not appear in unstressed position.

Phonotactics
Syllable structure is limited to (C)V(n).

Stress
Stress is trochaic. The penultimate syllable of a word always takes main stress, and secondary stress falls on the first syllable and every odd syllable thereafter. A syllable will not have secondary stress if the following syllable has main stress.

Sentence Structure
Clause structure is verb-subject-object.

Noun Phrase
The noun phrase consists of 5 parts: adjective phrase, class marker, quantity marker, noun, thematic particle.

Class
In Taurahe, nouns are considered to fall into 4 groups or classes: divine, animate, inanimate, and construct. Each class

Divine nouns are the most spirited of phenomena, like magic, fire, weather, and celestial bodies.
 * ha anshi - the sun
 * ha kahi - the rain
 * ha Halo - ''the Earthmother
 * ha musha - the moon

Animate nouns refer to living persons, animals, and also some personified things like some trees and mountains.
 * eth' akalake - the man
 * etha fiji - the child
 * etha fithiyi - the hunter
 * etha kodo - the kodo

Inanimate nouns are objects that can be found in nature without the influence of architecture or agriculture or engineering etc.
 * ko mochi - the tree
 * ko pake - the blood
 * ko anyavi - the berry
 * ko lapo - the stone
 * ko ume - the fish

Construct nouns are objects which do not occur naturally.
 * o hakaji - the arrow
 * o kude - the shield
 * o kolobi - the jar
 * o hapenyi - the clothing

Person
There are two other class markers, an and chi. These replace the class markers (usually etha), and they indicate that the noun is in first or second person, respectively.


 * Ki tachora-tiki eth' akalake sa etha thoja. - The man was hitting the troll.
 * Ki tachora-tiki an akalake sa chi thoja. - The man (me) was hitting the troll (you).

Quantity
Singular nouns are unmarked.
 * ko sheni - bone

The plural marker is mu.
 * ko mu sheni - bones

The zero marker is taa.
 * ko taa sheni - ''no bones

The plural marker is not required when an explicit number adjective modifies the noun.
 * echi ko sheni - a white bone
 * echi ko mu sheni - white bones
 * suha ko sheni - two bones
 * suha ichi ko sheni - two white bones

Thematic particles

 * sa - active subject which performs the action or with which the action is performed.
 * Ki tabo-ki eth' akalake sa teleyowa to komi. - The man drinks the fresh water.
 * Ki hacha-ki eth' akalake sa o norkimi sa ko korsi. - The man shoots a deer with a bow.


 * (unmarked) - subject which experiences or feels something
 * Ti keye-ki etha thalo. - The woman laughs.
 * Ki peyeso-ki eth' akalake  chepa ko mu kodokorbi par. - The man hears the loud grunts of the kodos.


 * (unmarked when appearing with sa), par - object which undergoes the action
 * Ki tabo-ki eth' akalake sa ahamuna ko anyavipumo. - The man drinks the delicious berry juice.
 * Ki tefo-ki etha mu fiji tenka ko yaki par. - The children see the dark cloud.


 * ni - where and when the action occurs
 * Ko tenyo ni ko tarajo ni ki fu mun an mu fiji sa fira ko anyavi. - Yesterday at the campsite we the children ate wild berries.


 * to - associated motion of the action; recipient or beneficiary of the action
 * Yela yela ko rohi to ki tertera-ki mura eth' akalake sa o kolobi. - The sad man buries the jar in the cold, cold ground.
 * Etha thalo to ki katha-ki etha akalake sa ko keleki. - The man picks flowers for the woman.

Compound Nouns
A productive way to form new words is via compounding. The hyphen between the combining words is not obligatory.


 * ko hakaji-atho - fletching
 * o komi-kolobi - water jug
 * ha torpori-kahi - winter rain

Verb Phrase
The verb phrase consists of 4 parts: adverb space, modal particle, verb, and tense-aspect.

Modality
There are 3 modal particles, ki, he, and do.

The particle ki is used to mark the realis mood.
 * Ki lalota-ki etha mu fiji li. The children are playing.
 * Ki fu mun eth' akalake sa ko moanyi. The man ate the fruit.

He marks the epistemic mood.
 * He lalota-ki etha mu fiji li. The children might be playing.
 * He fu mun eth' akalake sa ko moanyi. The man may have eaten the fruit.

Do marks the deontic mood.
 * Do lalota-ki etha mu fiji li. The children ought to be playing.
 * Do fu mun eth' akalake sa ko moanyi. The man ought to have eaten the fruit.

Tense-Aspect
There are 5 tense-aspects: past perfective, past imperfective, present, future perfective, and future imperfective. With the exception of fu, which appears before the verb, tense-aspect markers must attach directly to the verb because they affect its stress pattern.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * + Conjugation for regular verbs
 * fu
 * -tiki
 * colspan=2|-ki
 * -ni
 * -niki
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * + English gloss "do"
 * did
 * was doing
 * colspan=2|does/is doing
 * will do
 * will be doing
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * +Regular verb: towa- walk
 * fu towa
 * towa-tiki
 * colspan=2| towa-ki
 * towa-ni
 * towa-niki
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * +Irregular verb: luk go to
 * fu yun
 * luhi
 * colspan=2| luhi
 * lunyi
 * lunyiki
 * }

Numbers

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Digit !Cardinal !Ordinal
 * 1
 * u
 * enure
 * 2
 * suha
 * suhama
 * 3
 * koba
 * kopama
 * 4
 * tone
 * tonema
 * 5
 * u ko tone ni
 * enure ko tone ni
 * 6
 * kude
 * kutema
 * 7
 * u ko kude ni
 * enure ko kude ni
 * 8
 * shatuji
 * shatuchiji
 * 9
 * u ko shatuji ni
 * enure ko shatuji ni
 * 10
 * suha ko shatuji ni
 * suhama ko shatuji ni
 * }
 * shatuchiji
 * 9
 * u ko shatuji ni
 * enure ko shatuji ni
 * 10
 * suha ko shatuji ni
 * suhama ko shatuji ni
 * }
 * suhama ko shatuji ni
 * }

Colors

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"


 * black
 * tenka
 * brown
 * ruja
 * white
 * eche
 * }
 * eche
 * }