Vong

= Vong: A Tonal Language by Nonong = First published in 2001

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Like Singing
Inspired by tonal languages like Chinese and Vietnamese, I have created an art language that is tonal. In Vong, there are three tones: the even tone, the rising tone, and the falling tone. The rising tone is indicated by an acute accent (like vóng), and the falling tone is indicated by a grave accent (like vòng). The even (mid-level) tone has no accent (like vong). The tone changes the meaning.

Phonology
The consonants (C) are: b, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, sh, t, th, v, z. These are close to English sounds; however, see the Phonological Chart, which explains more exactly the pronunciations of letters. The vowels (V) are: a, e, i, o, u. These are pronounced as in English "father, bet, tot, machine, lunar." The diphthongs (D) are: ai, au, ei, oi, ou, ia, ie, io, iu, ua, ue, ui, uo. The nasal consonants (N), which can occur finally in a syllable, are: m, n, ng. A syllable can have the structure: V, D, CV, CD, VN, DN, CVN, or CDN. There are 4536 possible syllables with the three tones.

In Vong, each native morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit of language, is a single syllable.

Grammar
The Vong sentence is of the SVO type (Subject Verb Object). No words are inflected. Vong has no grammatical tense, but it has a system of aspect markers. Time reference is given by context or by placing adverbials, which are optional, anywhere before the verb:  cháim (future), kiò (recent past), guam (far past), mái (yesterday), vèim (tomorrow), ron ruim (last year), and others. Adjectives, like dèm ('yellow', 'to be yellow'), can stand as stative verbs:  Sóung dèm. ('The sunflower is yellow.') The particle 'e' ends an imperative phrase:  Sóung dèm e! ('Let the sunflower be yellow!') The particle 'a' ends a question phrase:  Sóung dèm a? ('Is the sunflower yellow?')

The distinction between plural and singular nouns is not usually made. Placing tín (many) or ting (few) before a noun can indicate the plural. Or reduplication of the word can also show plurality:  sóung sóung (sunflowers). There are no words for 'the', 'a', and 'an'.

The pronouns are:  nong (I, me), viong (you), fueng (he, she, it, him, her), ting nong (we, us), ting viong (plural you), ting fueng (they, them).

Words may be compounded to form new terms wherein the attributes come before the element being modified:  tì shú ('bird cage', birdcage), lèm zò ('guess calculate', estimate), sué ngí ('sword man', swordsman), Suà be ('bright religion', Buddhism).

Borrowings or loanwords, which may be polysyllabic, from other languages like English are possible with the condition that they follow the phonology of Vong:  ká-mè-ra ('camera'), bài-ió-lò-ji ('biology').

My Poetry
by Viktor "Nonong" Medrano

Tín lè sóung nie thá

suè vong, ping, sim díng vì zàin

—tín dèm rìng ù zá.

Tall sunflowers stand funnily

in the big, wide, country field of green

—yellow faces to the sun.

Hè bua min tín kóm

ang chó muon á tín lè tuàng

—sui, hàin zá, hú liang.

Strong wind blows leaves

from the grassy earth between tall pine trees

—cold, but sunny, winter day.

Poems submitted by Allan Doodes
Shiong ngài suè duon.

Fueng shiong zuén hòm.

Lè ning lím kìm,

Tín tiom dim tiam.

Seeking the master in the forest.

He is looking for simples.

The mountains are high, the clouds low,

Many questions unanswered.

Ngáin méi vì hió ngí

Shuim ang rong To-kio.

Sué ngí vio tha kèm.

Nèi vì ngàin méi vio.

A merchant has two daughters

Beauties from Tokyo city.

A swordsman kills with his sword.

The two girls slay with their eyes.

Poem submitted by Joey Hartline
ngáin sué ngí

kèm ve

puí

rum sué ngí

two swordsmen

blade's edge

red

one swordsman

Poem submitted by Kevin Bello (in Vong, English, and Esperanto)
Rièm shòu fién lé

Suè nèi vì fùng.

Bua min ié vòm

Jìn rièm fién duom.

The dragon soars so high

In the eyes of the skies.

The wind blows with myst'ry

and the dragon, away it flies!

La drako flugas alte

En la okuloj de l' ĉiel'.

Kun mistero la vento blovas

Kaj la drako flugas en hel'!
 * }

= Vong: Phonological Chart = Phonemic equivalents in CXS are given within slashes.

Diphthongs
= Vong: Verbal Aspect = Vong grammar lacks distinctions of tense as such: that is, the notions past, present, and future are not encoded grammatically by forms of the verb. However, there is a relatively complex system of verbal aspect, distinguishing notions such as events, states, and processes. Unlike tense in English, aspect markers are grammatically optional. Aspect markers are placed immediately after the verb.

uang perfect (retrospective) uim experiential oin continuous iong habitual aun iterative ieng contemplative uong simultaneous

Fueng léng diám. He eats fish. He ate fish. He will eat fish.

Fueng léng uang diám. He has eaten fish. He ate fish.

Fueng léng uim diám. He has eaten fish before. He had the occasion to eat fish.

Fueng léng oin diám. He is eating fish. He is in the process of eating fish.

Fueng léng iong diám. He eats fish all the time. He usually eats fish.

Fueng léng aun diám. He eats fish regularly. He eats fish, then something else, then fish again.

Fueng léng ieng diám. He intends to eat fish. He will eat fish.

Fueng léng uong diám cháung. While eating fish, he talked.

It must be stressed that aspect markers are not indicators of tense. For example, a perfective action may take place in the past or future.

Mái ngàum fueng léng uang diám, fueng kú. Yesterday after he had eaten fish, he slept.

Vèim ngàum fueng léng uang diám, fueng kú. Tomorrow after he eats fish, he will sleep.

= Vong: Vocabulary = As Vong is an isolating language, words are not inflected or do not change form, so if you are searching for a word that is not in the vocabulary, but there is another close word, then use that word. For example, if you cannot find the Vong word for "beauty," a noun in English, then use the Vong word for "beautiful," an adjective in English.

1600 Words
about (pertaining to; on the topic of) ló  above, over gùm  across (at / to the other side of) òi  after (later than; in the future of) ngàum  around, encircling, surrounding bàu  at (in the same location as) chiun  because of, due to uo  before, in front of, ahead of (spatially) nó  before, prior to, earlier than kò  behind, in back of, to the rear of fàn  between, among, amidst, inter- á  beyond, farther than, exceeding jang  by means of, via, per, with (using; through instrumentality of) tha  during uò  except for, besides, apart from, other than, excluding thú  for (to benefit; destined for; for the purpose of) ua  for (in exchange for) siung  from, out of, away from ang  in (located inside of) suè  instead of, rather than kiòn  like, similar to iù  near, close to shu  of (owned by; belonging to; associated with; = genitive) vì  of (containing the measured quantity: "two liters of water") ò  on (resting on; touching the top or other surface of) iu  outside of, exterior to chèn  than, compared to vià  through au  to, towards, at (moving toward) ù  under, below, beneath chì  whether eing  with (accompanied by) ié  without, with no ..., lacking no  be (intransitive predicative copula) suo  be (passive marker; "be X-ed") aung  exist bùn  become (begin to be; acquire the quality...) nuè  cause (induce something to be/happen) sòu  make, render (impart quality X to Y; e.g. "I make you happy") ta  do, perform, engage in (specified activity) mo  have (possess / be furnished with) giom  can (is/are able to ...) fù  should, ought to (is/are expected/advised to ...) vúng  this (demonstrative) zien  that (demonstrative) fú  and, plus jìn  but, however hàin  if (on condition that...; supposing that...) giòn  or shiù  that (e.g. "I know that you are right") luèm  also, additionally, too nguám  apart, separately uá  here (in/to this place) ziùm  how? (in what manner?) shíng  how much/many? ueng  maybe, perhaps, possibly ziè  not dim  only, solely, exclusively óng  there (at/to that place) vè  together buí  what? uam  when? (at what time?) è  where? (at/to what place?) thiè  which/who? uom  why? (for what reason?) búng  any (no particular one of) mau  every, each ngà  person, human being ou  self eim  baby, infant ai  child nió  boy uèn  girl méi  man (adult male person) ngí  woman (adult female person) kím  family o  father sun  mother lom  marriage (spousal relationship) tou  husband ia  wife ué  son giun  daughter thuèng  brother ien  sister shí  chief, leader oing  king choi  queen kòing  president nguá  prime minister àm  dictator, tyrant ió  master, lord ngài  slave kiúng  soldier vìm  ambassador na  member (of group/organization) pong  friend thí  enemy ing  Mister, Mr. juo  Ms., Miss/Mrs. tue  Miss gùn  Mrs. éi  club, society (voluntary association re: a common interest) bàm  committee (group appointed to do a task) thái  community (individuals sharing space / culture) zuè  culture (the customs and beliefs of a people) miòng  individual (one considered separately from one's species) kàn  people (a people), folk, the members of an ethnic group / nation dong  public, populace, the people (as in People's Republic) ue  race (group of people with similar characteristics) sháu  team, crew, squad po  abdomen í  anus dòng  arm (shoulder to hand) rùm  back (dorsal area) iò  beard ói  blood vió  body hiù  bone ui  brain bò  breast, mammary ú  buttock chi  cheek (side of face below eye) dún  chest (upper front of torso) uà  chin pie  ear lòng  egg chò  eye nèi  face rìng  feather vò  feces, dung, excrement bíng  fetus (foetus), embryo soi  finger thùng  fist tai  foot (on which something stands) zàm  forehead léi  gene shò  hair (a strand of fibrous material growing from the body) liú  hair (the hairs atop one's head thought of as a collective entity) ngi  hand muem  head ì  heart (coronary muscle) téng  heel juí  hip siòn  horn (bone-like growth from animal's head) sàng  intestines, gut(s), viscera ngei  iris (of eye) hóu  kidney bóu  knee shi  leg io  lip áu  liver pùng  lung eng  meat, flesh kó  mouth gà  muscle mióng  nail (fingernail) jié  navel chai  neck mè  nerve tuang  nose ngiàn  organ (of body) uó  palm (of hand) viù  penis mi  shell chen  shoulder huè  skeleton shoim  skin jèi  spine, backbone gièng  stomach cha  sweat, perspiration zè  tail làng  tear(drop(s)) liùn  testicle hì  throat vìn  thumb iá  toe fì  tongue (body-part) gúng  tooth tòm  urine sén  vagina fém  vein, blood vessel pin  waist lèng  wing (of bird etc.) kein  wound tié  wrist nià  berry (small pulpy fruit) do  bud (of flower/leaf) ngèin  flower hio  fruit súm  leaf kóm  nut (hard-shelled fruit/seed with separable shell and kernel) gung  pod (seed pod) nion  root (of a plant) ruing  seed òu  sprout (young shoot of plant) ku  alive le  dead ngom  birth lì  mature, adult puin  healthy tiung  disease, illness, sickness ròi  fat, obese, plump záng  sex, gender hoi  female dei  male niú  neuter (neither male nor female) fin  sense (ability to perceive a given kind of stimuli) vé  pain vóm  pleasure kon  tired, weary shòn  refreshed, zesty, perky shé  sleep kú  awake tuàn  fever sà  bite zuà  breathe kaing  catch (stop the motion of and seize in the hands) ké  climb fuá  copulate, have sex (with) bam  crawl jì  cry out, shout, yell kiam  cry, weep vié  dance piong  die kí  drink hiùm  drown (die/kill via immersion) pón  eat léng  feel (perceive with the tactile sense) la  gesture èi  hold, grasp kié  hunt, pursue (with intent to capture and/or devour) he  jump, leap thiùm  kick sì  kill vio  kiss chuá  laugh mon  lie (recline horizontally) pi  live (be alive) pù  run thuim  shave thùm  sit (be in a sitting position) ngian  smile uí  sneeze zem  spit shang  squat più  stand thá  swallow góing  swim kin  taste (perceive the flavor of) gù  throw, toss thuón  touch diè  vomit fúng  walk jèm  wrestle váu  animal (non-vegetable creature) shian  ant (insect of family Formicidae) giá  bear (animal of Ursidae family) zuó  bee (member of genus Apis) ngiu  bird (egg-laying feathered animal with wings) tì  butterfly buáng  cat (Felis catus) gám  chicken nám  cockroach (insect of order Blattaria) di  cow/bull, cattle (bovine animal of either sex) fói  deer (animal of family Cervidae) u  dog (Canis familiaris) óu  donkey, ass (Equus asinus) hiá  dragon (winged serpent with crested head and large claws) rièm  fish diám  fly (small winged insect) vám  fox (member of genus Vulpes) mong  frog (web-footed tailless leaping amphibian) thèn  goat (animal of genus Capra) kìng  grasshopper lù  horse (Equus caballus) rión  insect guóng  lion (Felis leo) mèn  lizard dién  lobster zà  mammal miu  mantis (insect of order Manteodea) hueng  monkey, small primate ngeng  mosquito fiá  mouse kiém  pig, swine (omnivorous mammal of family Suidae) kuè  rabbit (animal of family Leporidae) zoi  reptile muò  sheep (Ovis aries) bú  snake, serpent (reptile of suborder Serpentes or Ophidia) tam  spider, arachnid suóng  squirrel (rodent of family Sciuridae) ei  tiger (Felis tigris) féing  turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) kuon  turtle (reptile of order Testudinata) chué  virus kòng  whale (large marine mammal of order Cetacea) záim  wolf (Canis lupus) nio  worm shue  apple (tree/fruit of genus Malus) geing  bamboo (plant/stem of genera Bambusa / Arundinaria / Dendrocalamus) bòi  banana (plant/fruit of genus Musa) fiú  bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar) chiém  cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata) ra  carrot (plant/root of sp. Daucus carota sativus) rue  coffee (plant/seeds of sp. Coffea arabica) chòum  cork (tree/elastic tissue of sp. Quercus suber) fu  corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays) vù  cotton (plant/fibers of genus Gossypium) jáing  cucumber (Cucumis sativus) nau  date (tree/fruit of sp. Phoenix dactylifera) fèng  fig (tree/fruit of genus Ficus) záing  flax (Linum usitatissimum) sem  garlic (herb of sp. Allium sativum) rám  ginger (plant/rhizome of genus Zingiber) lué  ginseng (plant/root of genus Panax) rian  gourd (plant/hard-rinded fruit of genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita) hé  grape (plant/fruit of genus Vitis) vòng  grass (monocotyledonous plant of family Gramineae) chó  hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa) gen  kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales) luíng  lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris) é  lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca) luà  mandarin, tangerine (tree/fruit of sp. Citrus reticulata) sáing  mint (plant of family Labiatae) ná  mushroom (a complex aerial fleshy fruiting body of a fungus) fei  mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea) liém  oak (tree of genus Quercus) bui  oat (plant/seed of genus Avena) jóm  olive (tree/fruit of sp. Olea europaea) kuím  onion (plant/bulb of sp. Allium sepa) vèn  orange (tree/fruit of Citrus sinensis / related spp.) fa  pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum) thém  peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea) fen  pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum) pí  pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum) lèi  pine (coniferous tree of genus Pinus) tuàng  plum (certain trees/fruits of genus Prunus) bo  potato (plant/tuber of sp. Solanum tuberosum) jòm  rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa) zang  rose (plant/flower of genus Rosa) pio  safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) thué  sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum) bùng  soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max) thón  spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea) je  squash, melon (plant/fruit of genus Cucurbita grown for edible fruit) guè  sunflower (plant/bloom of sp. Helianthus annuus) sóung  tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis) chiè  tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum) tèm  tomato (plant/berry of genus Lycopersicon) jèng  wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum) jèin  bush, shrub miam  garden sèn  grain(s), cereal crop(s) and their seed(s) kè  harvest, reap jàim  plant (a vegetable life-form) hòm  tree pia  bay (small body of water offset from lake or sea) róing  beach, shore vàng  cave iè  cliff ruàn  cloud kìm  desert ngòu  earth (terra firma contrasted with sea and heaven) muon  earthquake nìm  eclipse gó  field (unbroken expanse of land) díng  flood, deluge shìm  fog bun  forest duon  hail thuì  hill (smaller than a mountain) vái  island koin  lake té  lightning làn  moon (natural satellite of a planet) the  mountain ning  nature (that which occurs spontaneously; the non-artificial world) chuàm  planet tà  rain rùn  rainbow kom  river piá  sea, ocean chìng  sky fùng  snow gue  star siè  storm ding  sun zá  swamp, marsh luè  thunder kúm  tide fiu  tornado ngu  universe, cosmos rián  valley ià  volcano shìn  weather biú  wind bua  world shèn  arrow (sharp-tipped shaft shot from a bow) ru  axe fièn  balloon zái  bar, rod sí  barrel, cask fòi  basket nuíng  bed fou  bell lam  blade kèm  blanket (large piece of soft material used as a cover) fau  board bu  bomb biò  bottle noi  bow (for arrows) káung  bowl (deep round dish) chie  box (rigid rectangular receptacle) tiá  brake meng  brick (hard clay block) kón  broom iú  brush thàn  bucket, pail so  bullet chuéng  button (on a shirt etc.) tè  cage shú  can (presealed metal container) {British: tin} zuèng  candle jói  cannon rói  chain (connected series of rings or links) shà  chair (furniture for one person to sit on) thói  cigarette vuìng  clock vin  club, cudgel kùn  coin miám  comb shai  computer (electronic instruction-obeying information-handler) nán  container shiòm  cord, cable (thicker than wire) de  cover (thing put onto or extended over something else) ha  cup (small bowl with handle) rim  curtain thié  dial (circle marked with numbers/symbols) siúm  dish (any shallow concave container) poim  doll, effigy heng  dome (anything shaped like an upside-down bowl) nóm  drain (device that removes unwanted liquid) kuì  drill hièm  drum (hollow musical instrument beaten with sticks or hands) ngèi  envelope (folded paper covering a letter) viá  fan (device to create air current) pòu  fence (outdoor barrier supported by posts) mé  file (tool for abrading) roum  flag, banner jaum  fork (instrument with >=2 prongs for picking up something) me  frame (structure supporting or surrounding something) kín  furniture rua  gear (toothed wheel) jóum  guitar (stringed instrument played with the fingers) zio  gun (ballistic weapon) fí  hammer thòing  handle (part of tool by which it is held) fi  hinge ngè  hook fiom  horn (makes noise when blown) vuà  hourglass siun  jar, jug (big wide-mouthed bottle) nem  key (metal device for operating lock) rem  knife ngóng  knob ze  ladder dá  lamp ái  lens sàm  lever shuó  lock (device for securing doors) goum  machine (device with moving parts) choum  match (little fire-stick) king  microscope thòun  mirror hèm  motor, engine zéi  nail (pointy fastener) góu  needle tàn  net gí  oven riù  package, packet, parcel ngú  paddle, oar (stick with broad end) shou  pan (broad shallow cooking dish) shia  patch (a piece used to cover/repair a flaw) nuàng  pedal ngóun  pen (writing tool that uses ink) há  pencil, crayon (writing tool that uses semi-solid substance) fó  pillow, cushion guom  pipe (a hard tube for transporting liquid) thiúng  plate (shallow dish, usually round) póu  plow (plough) ché  pocket vén  pole, stick (long bar) vín  post (vertical pole anchored in ground) zón  pot (deep round vessel) naum  pulley pà  pump sha  rack (framework of bars for storage) jéi  radio apparatus, wireless set shì  rail (usually horizontal bar for restraining/supporting things) háu  rake ài  razor tiú  rope vàu  rug, mat pueng  sack, bag bù  sail ngoum  saw (tool) tho  scale (device to measure weight) bie  scissors fe  screen, mesh vìng  screw (threaded fastener) nèin  sign (board with public notice written on it) gén  shelf shaum  shield (a protective implement) jìng  shovel hém  spear, lance huì  sponge (real/synthetic corpse of animal of phylum Porifera) puà  spool, reel (cylinder onto which something is wound) thám  spoon guò  spring (metal helix) luón  staple (fastener) viém  strap shuà  string (thicker than thread and thinner than rope) nia  stylus nging  sword sué  syringe rein  table (piece of furniture with flat top) duóm  telephone lio  telescope reng  television set kuèng  toilet, water closet vuom  tool, utensil, implement buòn  tongs nèng  towel váung  toy, plaything mu  trap veim  tray (shallow rectangular dish) chàun  umbrella hén  valve (flow-controller) baung  weapon dio  wheel rien  wire (long thread-like piece of metal) ngon  wrench {British: spanner} gan  apron sáun  belt piú  coat (heavy outer garment with sleeves) hàng  collar chú  eyeglasses mén  garment (item of clothing) káu  glove vuàn  harness gún  hat, cap kèi  helmet pué  jacket (a short and/or lightweight coat) dió  necktie biom  pants, trousers shèm  shirt ki  shorts, trunks (trousers extending no lower than knees) fóin  shoe duí  skirt, kilt, dress (any torso-garment open at the bottom) mì  sock, hose, stocking zuá  uniform (special garments worn by members of a group) hò  veil rì  building, edifice (structure with walls and roof) buè  attic, garret pì  ceiling fáu  cellar, basement chan  chimney vèin  door rú  elevator {British: lift} rù  fireplace, hearth deim  floor (bottom of room) muà  roof sua  room, chamber fo  stair(s) puèm  wall rá  window hàn  church (building or institution of public worship) jion  factory chóm  hospital siém  hotel, inn ngiú  house (a free-standing man-made dwelling-building) jei  library pai  mill (place where raw materials are processed) fuè  prison, jail fiù  school chuam  store, shop, boutique hió  tavern, bar, pub shom  theater dò  university hìng  bridge don  farm tóin  park (public outdoor area) lói  market (place where goods are bought/sold/traded) rái  tower páim  agency, bureau tém  army sho  authority (the right/power to command) huón  campaign (for political office) chin  constitution (charter of an organization) diún  control píng  court (of law) chiò  crime pion  elect (select by voting) suòng  free (at liberty) pói  government zió  independent ban  international da  jury hi  law (a rule enforced by a government) zùm  military von  nation, state (political entity) puám  obey shóm  official (issued with authority) huóng  organize (bring X's together to perform a task) lin  parliament, congress (legislative body of elected officers) vuam  party (political), sect (religious) dí  permit, allow, let vú  police (organization to enforce laws) chuà  politics níng  prohibit, forbid, contra-permit zui  province (of Canada etc.), prefecture, state (of USA etc.) chueng  resign thi  rule, regulation pu  submission, surrender ràing  tax bià  trial (in court) chéi  unite ngóin  vote juèng  war kiom  accept (willingly receive) dú  account (record of money received/paid/owed) zóum  bank (monetary institution) thúm  bill, invoice (statement of money owed) gu  borrow tàung  business, commerce thù  buy, purchase thiá  cheap, inexpensive shim  check (written order directing a bank to pay from an account) shuèn  company (a business organization), firm ráu  contract (agreement-document) ge  credit (permission to borrow money) jè  debt, obligation to pay chùng  exchange, trade, swap hiú  expensive, costly ji  frugal, thrifty nguén  generous, charitable vó  get, acquire, gain, obtain bóng  give nuí  insurance (protective contractual arrangement) roim  invest fiò  job, employment sóm  keep, retain, go on having (e.g. "you should keep this book") chù  lack (be without) tàing  lend niúng  lose (cease having; contra-acquire) vam  merchandise, goods, wares chim  money ní  offer (present for acceptance or rejection) chèng  own (possess according to law or custom) pò  pay pè  poor, impoverished thò  price, cost kià  private (contra-public) che  prize, award báu  profit, gain má  provide, supply, furnish sai  public (available to most or all persons) teng  punish chài  receive niong  reject, refuse (contra-accept) luem  responsibility, liability, accountability ging  reward giò  rich, wealthy dém  sell seim  steal (take in a criminal way) bém  store, cache, reserve, reservoir pou  take (in the sense of E-o "preni", G "nehmen", Sp "tomar") né  ticket, coupon zong  value (the quality of being useful and/or desirable), worth fuéng  angel, fairy (supernatural flying humanoid) hàing  bless (wish good upon) ni  curse, damn (wish evil upon) làung  ghost (manifestation of dead person's soul) mèm  god, diety gòi  heaven, celestial realm, Valhala etc. féi  hell, Hades ngiòn  holy, sacred shòu  magic, sorcery vang  pray (communicate with god(s)) lien  priest, clergyman máin  religion be  revelation, mystical vision thiòn  ritual, rite, ceremony theng  soul, spirit (believed to outlive the body) shuì  admire mù  alert sòn  angry zàn  approve (of) zìn  art (creative craft; productive use of talent) bó  attention (active perception) ziung  behavior, conduct liún  believe (accept as true) bong  blame shuin  boring, tedious ngùm  calculate, reckon zò  care, concern (about someone / something) báing  caution, prudence, carefulness luòn  celebrate, rejoice thó  choose, pick (out), select one of many possibilities lium  comfort (freedom from pain and/or worry) gém  compare hón  conscious, aware chuòn  courage, bravery gom  dear, precious, cherished lìn  decide ziéng  disappointment fuím  distinguish, differentiate, tell one from another nuóm  doubt chià  dream tìm  embarrassment kiáng  enthusiasm, zeal gèm  expect, anticipate (believe that X will come/happen) thín  experience (consciously live through an event) uì  favor, prefer dì  fear (be afraid of) hia  feel (experience an emotion/sentiment) dán  foolish lín  forget (contra-remember) gi  forgive, pardon dum  funny, comical nie  grateful, thankful pió  greedy thóing  guard, monitor, watch over zú  guess, conjecture lèm  guide, lead chìm  guilty, blame-worthy ngón  habit, custom, routine practice móu  happy lei  hate shèi  hope niùm  humble, modest kuém  idea, concept (thought-bundle) zei  imagine bóim  important sún  innocent, contra-guilty ba  insane, crazy, mad rí  intelligent zùn  intend, mean to, do deliberately, have as a purpose lám  interest (desire to pay attention to something), fascination bàin  invent (plan something which has never been made before) dè  jealousy, envy lán  judge (compare something to criteria), form an opinion about kui  know te  knowledge ko  learn lèn  like, enjoy (derive pleasure from) kio  logic (formalized process of reasoning) róm  lonely (feeling undesirable solitude) kión  love pé  loyal pòm  mercy heim  mind róu  mystery vòm  neglect, negligence, apathy dé  nice, kind, affable nian  notice, observe ruò  opinion féng  patience ngé  peace (freedom from fighting or turmoil) leing  perceive, detect ziúm  pity, feel compassion toward, feel sorry for luó  plan, design foin  play (performed by actors on stage), drama lan  pretend, act, feign tí  pride (proudness; self-respect) muìng  reason, explanation, justification, rationale fè  reasoning, rational thought pen  recognize nga  regret gá  remember hum  respect, venerate, esteem juò  revenge, vengeance, retribution, getting even shuè  sad, unhappy, melancholy zoung  satisfaction va  seek, search (for), look for shiong  seem, appear to be, give the impression of ngaung  serious, earnest, grave chuèng  shame kuòm  study pe  stupid nàu  subject, topic of discussion shiùm  suppose, presume hà  surprise, startle tham  talent, skill, knack gò  teach chéng  tempt ráng  theory shuèm  think siù  trust bán  understand, comprehend róin  want, wish, desire shau  whim, caprice zu  wise péim  worry, anxiety shong  address (postal co-ordinates) thiú  admit, confess juó  advertisement ri  advice chóum  alphabet pàung  announce, proclaim mung  answer, reply to a question or argument tiam  article, essay (piece of text about one topic) ján  ask, inquire móung  book jung  call, summon hám  chapter (main division of book) she  chart, diagram ráum  claim, assertion (statement of unknown accuracy) kài  code (cryptographic system) nìng  command, order, directive shím  communication (exchange of information) tiò  consonant (non-vowel) shá  criticize luìng  deny (say that X is not true) jíng  describe pàu  dictionary sum  discuss, talk about luí  document chà  emphasize, accentuate, stress gòng  fact (undisputed datum) jí  fiction kuo  file (dossier; loose bundle of data) mua  grammar (rules and structure of a language) là  history (organized account of past events), chronicle tium  indicate huéng  information bai  insult liá  invite ke  issue, edition (of periodical etc.) péng  label niàng  language (the verbal communication technique of a people) tau  letter (a message written and mailed) vièn  lie (utter a known falsehood) mai  list ráim  magazine (periodical publication) biòm  mail (transmit postally) hó  map (drawing of planet's surface) pem  meaning (semantic content of a word) zéng  message (batch of transmitted information) fun  movie, motion picture buìng  name ngóu  news, tidings bòm  newspaper kau  noise (confused/randomized sound/stimuli) nguen  note, annotation thom  page (one side of a sheet of paper in a book) sù  photograph liòng  poem hué  praise, compliment, laud re  print (to copy marks by pressing inked objects on paper) maim  promise (a claim about one's future actions), pledge fuo  protest, objection kèng  question, query hoim  quote, cite vuè  read sá  record (a cache of information) niu  request, ask for sú  say, tell, express in words chòm  secret thìn  sentence (of words) huá  sing àu  speak, talk cháung  story, report li  suggest, propose (offer an idea) siùng  syllable hù  symbol, sign, token pàng  thank (express gratitude toward) vai  vocabulary (sum of words available to a person/people) thàin  voice guén  vowel chá  warn joi  word ruáng  write jiàn  game (a rule-governed system of competitive amusement) thió  game, match (one particular encounter between competitors) dóin  athletics (games involving physical skill), sports bì  score (the tally of points in a competition) puó  umpire, referee, official tháim  ball (spheroidal plaything) tùn  bat, stick, racket/racquet (any ball-hitting tool) sáng  ski hím  baseball vaim  basketball tháng  football (association f~), soccer vún  football (American/tackle f~) lun  gymnastics fá  hockey bím  pool, billiards dóim  tennis pùm  chess song  play, recreate, frolic dòm  same, identical góum  similar sín  different miùm  other, another shó  change (become/make different), vary kúng  imitate, mimic zuong  original, non-imitative hí  prototype, exemplar, archetype, model (for all Xs) nòun  copy (a duplicate) sie  zero thòi  one rum  two ngáin  three jà  four sue  five gé  six dièng  seven biá  eight daun  nine ngàm  ten jui  hundred cheing  thousand juíng  million go  half (1/2) ruàng  quantity (amount / number / magnitude) puìng  number, numeral (a word or symbol indicating quantity) jú  count, enumerate siò  measure nueng  ratio, rate, proportion kòung  add, append, join so as to cause an increase thì  remove, subtract, take away, delete luì  increase (become or make greater in quantity) shuòng  decrease (become or make lesser in quantity) kíng  multiply juóm  divide púng  total, sum, aggregate ngù  rest (of ...), remainder, leftovers, remnant mòim  whole, entire, complete thuá  all (the whole number or entire sum of) sò  many (a large number of) tín  few (a small number of) ting  much (a large quantity of) tèi  more (a larger quantity of) thang  most (the largest quantity of) thuán  little (a small quantity of) fem  less (a smaller quantity of) dué  least (the smallest quantity of) jué  part kie  piece (a part broken/cut/separated from something larger) shiún  section, segment (a part somehow different/separated from others) shuèng  allocation, allotment, portion (someone's share of X) shoi  group ju  batch (quantity of things done/produced at one time) tièm  bundle, bunch (group of things tied or grouped together) móm  majority jiúng  minority zèim  density shuòm  dense (of much density), concentrated, thick, intense ruòn  rarefied, tenuous, diffuse, dilute, sparse, wispy gie  full, filled dúng  empty tóm  degree (the extent/intensity/scope of an action/condition/relation) kún  at least, not less than (>=) cho  at most, only, just, merely, not more than (<=) sáu  much, very (to a large degree; with great intensity) zàun  more (to a larger degree) ním  most (to the largest degree) chiu  little (to a small degree; with almost no intensity) shìng  less (to a smaller degree) fón  least (to the smallest degree) zòi  enough, sufficiently nóu  almost, nearly thio  too much, excessively fóung  too little, insufficiently rím  size (degree of largeness or smallness) juang  huge, enormous, gigantic shen  big, large (of much size) vong  small (of little size) zìng  tiny, minuscule nè  expand, grow chún  shrink, contract zaung  distance (amount of space from X to Y) shóng  far (at / to a great distance) póun  near (at / to a little distance) vuím  present (existing in the indicated place; contra-absent) rúm  absent jou  place, location shiu  length (distance from one end to the other) juim  long (of much length) lóin  short (of little length) shiúm  width (degree of wideness or narrowness) mí  wide, broad (of space between objects) ping  narrow, of little width (of space between objects) jùn  thickness (of a solid object, etc.) dòum  thick, fat (large from one surface to the opposite surface) hom  thin, slender (small from one surface to the opposite surface) fuìng  height (distance from ground / baseline to top) toing  high, tall (of much height) lè  low, short (not tall; of little height) lím  depth (distance from ground / baseline down to bottom) nòu  deep, profound (of much depth) rúng  shallow (of little depth) jò  horizontal juá  vertical thu  diagonal, slanted ngia  sloped, inclined/declined (not horizontal) diàng  angle (the relation of two lines radiating from a point) tie  position (location relative to others) sòm  region, area (a quantity of space within boundaries) véng  space, room, void zun  connection, joint, junction mán  environment, surroundings, context mio  front jió  rear, back part of thia  side, flank, lateral area lò  middle, center móim  top, peak, summit giùng  bottom puang  edge ve  inner, internal, interior zaing  outer, exterior, external tièng  limit, boundary jeng  find (discover the location of) jài  misplace (lose; become unable to find) gia  direction (orientation of motion) giàn  up dáum  down mió  north ne  south hùn  east rau  west tiù  right(-hand) mò  left(-hand) chaung  away (from this or that place) duom  back (to previous place / condition) zue  inverted, upside-down thin  backward (in reverse order) moing  direct, immediate (with no intermediaries or obstacles) hiu  serpentine, meandering, convoluted muí  city rong  land, country, territory oim  village zuòng  rural area, countryside sim  source, origin ram  route, path, course liòn  destination gáing  aim (to point/direct X toward Y) múm  attract bí  avoid, evade, keep away from gau  barrier, obstacle kue  base, node, station (point from which things go or are done) séim  bring (cause something to come along with one toward a place) tóing  capture, seize sang  carry (move while supporting) lui  come, arrive (at indicated place) mà  drift, wander chón  drive, impel, propel zuám  emit (to send out any form of matter/energy in any manner) shàm  enter, go into fuò  escape, flee from tím  fly (move through the air) fién  forward, ahead nuà  gather, collect (bring or come together) lòm  go (move from starting point to elsewhere) nò  journey, trip, voyage thióm  leave, depart, go away from jé  load, burden diem  meet, encounter, come across lóim  miss, fail to hit/reach/see etc. thei  move (engage in motion / cause to engage in motion) liam  put, place, translocate gú  reach, extend as far as hin  release (quit keeping/restraining) fóing  remain, stay nguím  repel shièm  restrain, inhibit, hold back guó  retrieve, fetch (go to X and bring it back) zòm  return (go or send back to previous place/condition) ngém  ride (sit/perch in/on a vehicle/horse/etc. and travel) tù  roll (move like a ball/cylinder by turning over and over) tiè  send, dispatch, transmit chuìng  slide, slip, glide gué  stretch, extend bà  turn, divert (send in a different direction) vuì  turn, rotate, revolve déng  visit piúm  airplane, aircraft kòu  bicycle fai  boat kuen  bus vèing  canal, channel, ditch jàun  car, automobile (wheeled motor vehicle) se  cart, carriage, wagon (wheeled vehicle; not self-propelled) jua  motorcycle sé  port giè  railroad zing  road nuo  rocket ngói  ship buà  street thìng  train (of railroad) to  truck {British: lorry} (motor vehicle for cargo-carrying) shuìn  vehicle gàu  age (degree of oldness / youngness) zíng  young (of little age; having existed/lived for a brief time) pieng  old (of much age; having existed/lived for a long time) théi  new, novel, recent (having been known for a brief time) hong  old (of long standing; having been known for a long time) gian  permanent, perpetual lái  constant, invariant, stable sio  temporary, transient jiang  interval (quantity of time between events X and Y) ngòm  irregular, sporadic, intermittent puo  regular, periodic (at uniform intervals) gai  rhythm và  time (e.g. "do it 3 times"), occasion, instance, iteration ngou  again, once more, re- giú  alternate, take turns (do X then Y then X then Y) roi  cycle (one complete performance of a periodic process) kèin  frequency (degree of oftenness or seldomness) mòn  frequently, often pau  seldom, rarely puè  duration (amount of time consumed) ví  long (of much duration) húm  short, brief (of little duration) ren  gradual léin  sudden, abrupt zain  begin, commence, start tói  continue, keep on doing/being chàu  pause, hesitate, suspend action temporarily vá  end, conclude, finish tài  cease, stop doing, quit ming  delay, retard, tarry, postpone nàin  rush, hurry, hasten chei  period, era, epoch thui  moment, an instant zí  always (at all times) vòn  ever (at any time) ngum  never ngìng  time (the dimension/continuum of past-present-future) bum  past (the p~), earlier time shòum  present (the present time; the now) véi  future (the f~) cháim  already (prior to the time mentioned) béi  still, yet (even until the time mentioned) dóng  yesterday mái  today zai  tomorrow vèim  long ago (in the far past) guam  recently (in the near past) kiò  now (at this time) vuing  soon (in the near future) liàm  eventually (in the far future) niò  early, premature thuo  timely, prompt, on time miàn  late, tardy shuí  speed, velocity (degree of fastness or slowness) kòn  quickly, rapidly, swiftly (with much speed) fòm  slowly (with little speed) za  series (a number of similar things following one another) jù  sequence, order (temporal arrangement of events in a series) dun  last, final (after all others) ron  prior, preceding, previous, contra-next zòn  next (coming immediately after; "tomorrow" = the next day) hàum  season shòin  spring (the season) zi  summer puòng  autumn, fall bing  winter hú  century thaim  year ruim  month nà  week pái  day (24-hour period) gèim  date (coordinates of a day given in some timekeeping system) ngoi  day (daytime -- as opposed to night), diurnal period liang  night veng  morning (dawn to noon) gaum  noon chiùn  afternoon (noon to dusk) nguàn  evening (dusk to midnight) kuò  midnight ziu  graveyard shift, middle of the night (midnight to dawn) ríng  hour (60 minutes) siàm  minute (60 seconds) guòng  second (1/60th of a minute) nen  holiday dan  sabbath (day of week with religious significance) réi  wait (for), await dìng  air dàng  alcohol róum  ash fuón  brass (copper-zinc alloy) bá  carbon puín  chalk gáu  chemical (substance made by or used in chemistry) fiun  clay ngiùm  cloth, fabric (material made of threads) bè  coal ngó  copper pàn  dirt, earth (tangible), soil miá  dust táng  element (substance of irreducible simplicity) bung  fat (oily/greasy material from animal adipose tissue or plant seeds) jéin  fuel pín  glass zo  gold (the precious metal) zì  ice diom  ink thài  iron mié  jade (the tough green gemstone) bén  jewel, gem siú  lead (the metal) jiám  leather (prepared hide) muen  medicine (substance that makes one healthy) zuén  metal ngá  mineral, ore gum  mud bim  neon daung  nitrogen ga  oil (a combustible fatty liquid that will not mix with water) vu  oil (crude oil), petroleum duán  oxygen gin  paint puì  paper sàing  plastic (synthetic/processed moldable material) guá  poison, toxin lian  potassium ràun  quartz vóng  rock, stone zen  rubber huám  salt tong  sand jiú  silk néi  silver (the metal) zín  soap viò  sodium guàm  steam nun  steel ngun  sulfur fòng  tar (dark viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation) tú  tin (the metal) ngì  water voi  wax ngo  wood (the substance) jáu  wool thim  beer dom  bitter lai  bread bòn  butter chúng  cheese chùn  chocolate nàn  flavor, taste ngáng  flour (grain-powder) zèn  food huím  honey hiè  milk jiù  pasta, noodles luáng  pizza giàm  salad tén  sandwich chìn  sausage viám  soup jin  sour pei  spice, seasoning shein  sugar gòin  sweet fuìm  vinegar lúng  wine vùng  arch puén  band, tape, flat strip kam  block (solid flat-surfaced mass of material) mùn  branch (small part going out from main part) fuòm  bump, protrusion dèing  card (stiff rectangle of material) fóu  circle piùng  coil dàin  cone jueng  crack, fissure chòi  cross (perpendicular intersection of linear items) foi  crystal kuam  cube dang  curve zù  cylinder lùng  dent, nick, indentation ngiong  disk, disc déing  drop (of liquid) pang  film (very thin layer) vuon  flared (opening up or spreading out from axis) shè  foam, froth fiàn  form, shape sau  furrow, rut, groove ngai  garbage, trash, rubbish ruèng  gas chió  helix (any corkscrew-shaped object) sià  hole thóu  jelly (gelatinous semi-solid material), gel thóum  juice (fluid extracted from something) jùng  layer ruè  line (series of contiguous points) houn  liquid ruem  loop, circuit, closed curve thòm  lump, clod, blob, piece of no particular shape luo  mark (visible traces left behind) chàim  matter, material, substance hòn  object (concrete tangible thing) zuìm  opening, orifice duó  oval, ellipse riùn  parallel chiàng  paste (any thick soft dough-like material) lieng  pattern (apparent systematic interrelationship) duim  pile, heap, stack of things or of a substance shiám  plane (flat surface) jan  plug, seal, stopper fum  powder tuéng  pyramid tua  ray ká  rectangle zuìn  ring, torus jóu  rust, corrosion lon  scratch sin  sheath chong  sheet (thin rectangle of paper/cloth/etc.) kuàn  shower, sprinkle dèn  smoke thèm  solid (not a gas or liquid) tuì  sphere rún  spike, barb, cleat, thorn vi  spiral, whorl máng  square dói  stripe chio  surface suó  swelling, inflation mòi  tapered (becoming narrower toward an end) muìn  thread, filament niè  triangle chém  wave jièm  wedge gíng  wrinkle, crease sùm  flat, planar zoim  level, even (on the same level) séin  smooth chiem  rough, coarse, contra-smooth lum  straight (not bent) gài  bent ngau  pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated màu  clean pó  dirty, contra-clean ruíng  open (not shut) ran  closed, shut guo  wet sám  dry chuém  sharp, keen, pointy, acute gón  dull, blunt (of little sharpness) chuè  soft, malleable, yielding to pressure chióng  hard, firm, resistant to pressure ròing  flexible (easily able to bend) sòi  stiff, rigid sháum  elastic (able to regain shape/size after deformation) hùng  durable, resilient, robust, strong (in this sense) hè  fragile, delicate feim  weight (degree of heaviness or lightness) nú  heavy (of much weight) kìn  light (of little weight) fuong  solid (contra-hollow) tuin  hollow paing  snug (just large enough to contain X), tight (in this sense) shòi  loose (contra-snug), baggy béing  taut, tight, tense, strained zié  loose (contra-taut), slack diáng  viscous, thick (of high viscosity) cham  runny, thin (of little viscosity) piò  absorb men  adhere (hold tightly to / stick to something) long  beat (repeatedly hit), batter pèn  blow (move/cause to move as a current of gas) min  boil rèing  bounce, rebound zuém  break (into pieces) mui  build (join materials to create), construct sei  burn gèn  burst kòi  consume, deplete, expend, exhaust, use up jàin  contain zùng  crush (press on so as to break or re-shape) jó  cut shúng  dig suang  dissolve réng  evaporate ngèn  explode ngung  float fán  flow (travel in a current) fà  fold lóum  freeze jie  grind shié  hang, suspend, dangle jòi  hit, strike fàin  melt thou  mix, blend nguò  pollute, contaminate ziong  pour (cause to flow) jòng  preserve, maintain (keep X in good condition) búm  press (do pressure to; push upon with weight or force) juín  pry {British: prize} (raise/open/move with a lever) púm  pull (draw something toward oneself) fiám  push (press on something in order to move it) tuèm  rot, decay fia  rub, abrade ho  sew hùm  shake pú  shoot (cause to rapidly go forth) miòn  sink suì  spill (accidentally emit liquid) puèn  spread (begin to cover or cause X to cover more area) kiám  stab, jab lie  stir, agitate koim  suck thàng  sweep chéing  tear, rip rán  tie, bind màn  trim, prune (cut off ragged edges) hài  wash thòn  weave zó  wrap sham  acid(ic) záu  alkaline riu  atom fé  balance, equilibrium duáng  basis, foundation (part which supports the rest) ti  electricity tòu  energy bòun  fire báun  force kueng  gravity ròm  magnet zuo  molecule leng  power fèim  smell, odor, aroma ruéng  strength (ability to exert physical power) kien  stroke, jolt, blow of force hen  vacuum hiám  vapor, mist béng  polarity (electric, magnetic, etc.) shèin  positive sion  negative zia  gentle, mild jue  violent, harsh goi  see tiòm  light (visible electro-magnetic radiation) thàim  color fan  shadow, shade làun  shine (radiate light) shiò  picture, image dù  bright (with much light present) suà  dark, dim (with little light present) bié  black jián  gray {British: grey} kiú  white ngium  red puí  orange (having a hue between red and yellow) lòn  yellow dèm  green zàin  blue thue  purple liù  brown jàng  beautiful shuim  ugly duòn  ornament, decoration shun  blemish, blot dià  hide, conceal zan  reveal, disclose faim  examine, inspect guà  show, exhibit, display chian  sound (audible waves in the air) gì  silent vùn  quiet, soft, faint (of little sonic intensity) ka  loud (of much sonic intensity) shéing  hear hing  music chem  tone, pitch (frequency of sound waves) ngión  whistle liun  temperature (relative amount of heat present) chuáng  heat, warmth chè  cold, chilly, frigid sui  cool hie  warm luá  hot shúm  bake (cook or harden by means of dry heat) duong  cook (prepare by applying heat) choim  happen, occur hàun  accident (unintentional and unexpected event) ruá  miracle thiom  disaster, catastrophe chiùng  act, deed chói  activity, bustle, ado máu  result, consequence ngám  agree buám  fight, combat bìng  protect, defend rín  attack chùm  good kum  bad núng  category, classification pióng  kind, sort, type, variety (of...) huang  certain, sure màim  probable (likely to happen/be) rià  cooperate, collaborate kùng  compete, strive, vie rióng  help, assist, aid shum  interfere, hinder ziàng  succeed zóm  fail jàn  simple fuóng  complex shiàm  condition, state, status nián  create, make (bring into existence) ngàun  destroy (contra-create; cause to cease existing) shiè  safety, security ngià  danger (situation in which harm is probable) diù  easy pén  difficult, hard mión  true rè  false, untrue mom  famous riú  obscure, unheard of diú  injure, damage, harm kém  repair, fix shòng  flaw, defect, imperfection dóu  native (naturally belonging to a given realm) chon  chief, main, primary, principal ngén  auxiliary roung  normal, ordinary, usual vàm  strange, weird, unusual, peculiar shán  trouble, difficulty kei  real, actual kuí  trick, chicanery nom  right, correct shù  wrong, incorrect sien  reside, dwell, live fien  camp, bivouac, temporary shelter nu  nest, den, lair (an animal's self-made house) mòin  represent (act as a substitute for) biòn  substitute, surrogate (temporary replacement) shòm  replacement (permanent substitute/substitution) neng  common, general (shared by all members of a group) kuáng  specific, special, particular mum  ability, capacity (to do something) guém  artificial (deliberately made by humans) gín  automatic chái  chance, randomicity, luck dà  civilization chiam  clear, plain (easy to see/understand) ngòng  compromise feing  consist of, be composed of kuan  depend on, rely on nuim  deserve, merit, be worthy of váum  detail chua  entitle uing  equal méin  evil zàim  exact, precise fóng  example, sample kuén  exercise, practice (effort made to improve skills/health) zìm  experiment puón  fertile ròu  harmony (pleasing combination of stimuli) siùn  just, fair, equitable táu  match (a thing suitably associated with another) kong  method, manner, way (of doing), technique thaung  mutual, reciprocal thua  naked, nude, exposed (without the usual cover) boim  necessary, needed, required póm  need, require ngòing  possible (able to happen or be done) tuam  prevent (keep from happening) thàu  process, procedure huìn  program rióm  progress, advancement vuóm  project, undertaking, venture thuáng  proof, evidence mú  quality, trait, attribute, characteristic fèi  ready, prepared for a task / event mieng  relationship, association bei  right (a right to do/be ...) hua  role (an individual's function) théng  save, rescue jàm  species chui  suitable, proper, fit(ting), appropriate chun  system tàm  task, chore, job, assignment fuíng  technology múng  tendency, propensity, inclination fuòng  try, attempt, endeavor vom  use, utilize keim  vogue, trend, fad, fashion chòng  waste, misuse fung  wild, feral, untamed hiùng  work, effort, labor, toil sìm  riot sèng  science kóin  serve (provide service to) toi  set (complete group of similar items) gáung  strike (work stoppage as protest) tiùm  support lá  test, check ja  torture, torment lé