Pkalho-Kolo 2

On Pkalho-Kolo 2 : Phonology/Phonotactics, a sample text, and a brief English to Pkalho-Kölo Word-List. (Back to Grammar on Pkalho-Kolo ) (A longer text on Pkalho-Kölo/A. )

I. A. Consonants
Pkalho-Kölo has 24 consonants, as follows: p - m - ph - pk - v - fh - pkw - pw - pr - rl - t - lh - th - c - l - cw - y - fw - kw - w - hw - k - n - h. Unfortunately they look a mess on a table, and also need explanation:

pk is a sound peculiar to the city of Pkalho, double-articulated, a simultaneous implosive p and plosive k. Form the lips to pronounce a p and the back of the tongue to pronounce a k. The lips open with a pop, and at the same moment the k is released. pkw is the labialised version. fh is the corresponding fricative, which could be written /fç/

lh is an interdental lateral, close in sound to /ð/ Compared to "l" it sounds "dark" i.e. velarised.

cw is not simply labialised c. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue should press against the back of the bottom teeth while the the top of the tongue touches the hard palate. fw is the corresponding fricative: it could be written /çw/ but the tongue should be in the same position as for cw. Why do I write "fw"? I was trying to avoid diacritical marks, I didn’t like sw, chw or xw, and I couldn't think of anything else except fw

n is /n/ between vowels and before t, c, y and n. Before or after any other consonant it is /ŋ/

hw is the voiceless fricative w that we used to have in English in words like “hwæt"

Missing from the chart, which is already too big:

v is self-explanatory

rl at the beginning of a word, at the end of a syllable or after a consonant is /ɭ / the post-alveolar lateral of Dravidian and Australian Aboriginal languages. Between vowels it is /r/ an alveolar flap; I write "r" at the end of a syllable for brevity. Rl- retains its word-initial sound even if a prefix or aspectual extension is added.

pr could be written /pɭ / Native speakers regard it, like pk, as a single sound. The tongue should press against the back of the alveolar ridge, and release as the lips open.

I. B. Vowels
ä is the low rounded back vowel in British English “swan,” written with an upside-down a. ë is a mid-central vowel, similar to the vowel in British English "her" but with the tongue drawn further back.)

There are twelve diphthongs, six “like” (rounded + rounded, unrounded + unrounded) and six “unlike” (one rounded, one unrounded.)

II. Phonotactics
1. All root words end in a vowel

2. Syllables can end only in a vowel or the consonants m, n, rl, lh, or l.

3. A syllable can contain a diphthong or a final consonant, but not both. The exception is when a one-syllable word containing a diphthong takes the relative suffix in its reduced form -n, or the -n of n-conjunctives.

4. Words do not begin with a diphthong, though three words, au, ea and ui consist of a diphthong.

5. Words beginning with a vowel have glottal onset. Elision occurs only when the neutral demonstratives e and o follow the suffixes -la, -rë or -pë. Thus iturë en, (someone) said the following, becomes itur'en.

(Also, the word erä, person, human being, loses its first vowel in compound words: velya (to play music) - velyarä (musician), kaulo (garden) - kaulorä (gardener). The word for ten, thilä, also loses its last vowel before ea, one: thil'ea, eleven; heru thil'ea, forty-one, etc.)

6. When a word beginning with a vowel takes a directional prefix, or is extended by aspectual stem-modification, an epenthetic r is inserted. Thus olkwela (it resembles) - pkärolkwela (they resemble each other); ilurë (a light shone) - yërilurë (a light flashed for a moment). Word-initial rl keeps its pronunciation /ɭ / even after a prefix, as noted above.

Minor points: after m, the consonants k and kw are realised as pk and pkw. The sequences m+kw and m+pkw I always write mkw, regardless of the original script. After m, r and l the consonant hw becomes the labialised form of the bilabial fricative, /ɸʷ/, an allophone that occurs only in this context. The sequence l+hw I write lphw, to distinguish it from the sequence lh+w. The double consonants mm, nn, rll and ll occur frequently: doubled lh ought also to occur, but it seems to have been replaced by the rather rare sequence lh+th, which I write lth.

III. Intonation.
Unlike English, Pkalho-Kölo does not have word-stress: each syllable is pronounced with equal weight, allowing for natural variation. It does however have pitch accent: accented syllables are pronounced at a higher pitch. Three rules roughly cover this:

I. Directional prefixes have an accent which they never lose.

II. One-syllable root words do not normally have an accent.

III. Two and three-syllable root words have an accent on the first syllable, which they lose when immediately preceded by a directional prefix.

Actually it’s a little more complicated than that, but that’s enough to be going on with.

IV. Sample Text
A brief sample text, in Latin letters (Pkalho-Kölo has its own writing system, alphabetic and written from top to bottom and right to left, though a few of the literate prefer left to right.) This is the beginning of a translation of the Grimm Brothers story called "The Seven Ravens":

'''Täthumä atäla lemäi tonun lamo niköli akäto teina eali. Cimekoäkuto cwëllen e wöhela icwiyi löipë nörövafhanela eto iturë ölvu thena-mäyupiela yuli.'''

There was once a man who had seven sons, and last of all one daughter. although the little girl was very pretty, she was so weak and small that they thought she could not live but they said she should at once be christened.

'''Oto cwinli pintörë eali lamovon atähi kwellapkwe poucahwali ewan, eyi valarikurë lumphë nälmen. Epkëväiloto nöweiwë poucamöli, e hëfworë nilneripë fhampon nömäihi kovo nälhmulemä. Waweto äpkäkwearë lhaun kanlöla vayi haulato emäin thopala muriphili.'''

So the father sent one of his sons in haste to the spring to get some water, but the other six ran with him. Each wanted to be the first at drawing the water, and so they were in such a hurry that they all let their pitchers fall into the well, and they stood foolishly looking at one another, and did not know what to do, for none dared go home.

'''Vakuito hauvela atäwë yoähauyi ephiun alwä-nänala lupka-prëmon. Mëula, itur’on, thounölela nikö nömäin rlui yakerëvo; mipko nouma lankwäherëto haunöla murirën lhaun, phouvö värurë, vihwëp’en, fwapehwa fhalhkotopë lhau nömäin.'''

In the mean time the father was uneasy, and could not tell what made the young men stay so long. “Surely,” said he, “the whole seven must have forgotten themselves over some game of play.” And when he had waited still longer and they yet did not come, he flew into a rage and wished them all turned into ravens.

'''Ituhöiherëto oraun, nila luncarë kälhkarën nökwärë keipë kaprokalerën fhora-cëlhmu fhalhvo nikön. Yohwekuto e vihwën keila kounarën, hunyëla epwean thonukwä nirë-tekan, ela houri rlöhwala lhöyepkwe lamo nikön cwälu teinavo, ilva voprälel’on vali-prëlli nilkwe-kwörorëyi.'''

Scarcely had he spoken these words when he heard a croaking over his head, and looked up and saw seven ravens as black as coal flying round and round. Sorry as he was to see his wish so fulfilled, he did not know how what was done could be undone, and he comforted himself as well as he could with his dear little daughter, who soon became stronger and every day more beautiful.

A longer text now on Pkalho-Kölo/A

I'm going to try to upload a couple of scans of Pkalho-Kölo in its own writing system. These were written a few years ago and the language has changed slightly since then, but they still give an idea of what the script looks like. (Oh bother they're in the wrong order and I have no idea what to do about it.)

V. English - Pkalho-Kölo:
OK. I'm going, I hope, to add a brief word-list.

C.
a cabinet            preina a cage               cäki cake                 cöme calm, still          tulwa a canal              thölwe candle               cilpe carpet               thälvo carnation            kwölmi a carrot             nimhi carry, bring         tou cat                  mimwe catch (ball etc)     napke caterpillar          wulumpri cautious, wary       nöho a cave               louku cease, stop          kwento ceiling              limcö centre, middle       kunu certain, sure        unne a chain              pkilpa a chair              phapre chalk                pkëlki chase away           kwärva cheap (price)        yekwo cheerful             hwöi cheese               hennä (wooden) chest       këlta a child              uno chin                 nuopi to choose            kweru a chronicle          thentä cinnamon             pkwillu circle, ring         kamyo circumference        aro clap hands           päkwa clay                 lämi clear, bright        cäyu clever               nilvë a cliff              wäntu to climb             lanti to cling to          limyë a cloak              lhalwe a clock              kälkwo to close, shut       pkire close, near          mawe close, tight         cwipë cloth, fabric        täivo a cloth, towel       miho

clothes              kwoma cloud                uphe clover               äphi clumsy               konla coal                 fhora a coat               palko coffee               tavä a coin               premo to coincide          prope cold (to touch)      lhëfwa cold (weather)       ëfwu collide with         pronkwa colour               kwëra a comb               neiva common               mauro to compare           hwate to compel            promu to complain          rlocwe to complete          lhapi complicated          minlö to compromise        pkwolla confess, admit       kwalpë confident            kehwo console, comfort     lhönya contain, hold        otu container, jar       piuve contempt             yaupë contented            hwamo continual            nanti continue, remain     näna to convince          yencu to cook              mahe cool                 thafwä copper               melprä to copy out          preivë coral                kiula correct, true        prea a corridor           pkieva couch, sofa          tancu to cough             pkähe to count             yummo a country            wale countryside          täina courteous            nelko (female) cousin      vehwa (male) cousin        tuhwa

to cover; covered    pëu cream                cenyö a crime              rlako crowd                cumo crumb; grain         öku to crumble           phuprë to cry; tears        yölli (rock-)crystal       käicwe cucumber             lumpkä a cup                tuphe cupboard             pano curious, intriguing   viulo a current            tiuphe curtain              cephu curve                meto cushion              mëlpha a cut, wound         vicu to cut, sever        ciko

D.
a daisy              cëpwe a daffodil           pruma damage, harm          mati damp, moist          ömle to dance             hwäivo danger               thalfhi dark-coloured        tänyu daughter             teina daunting             wölpha dawn                 pkela day                  vali deceit, guile        lhëmu to decide            tencu decorate, adorn      prulkwe delicious            nölu deep                 tolphu deep, low-pitched    lälhu deer                 tilwe to delay             louri deliberately         leicwa delicious            nölu delight              mölli to demolish          prampë depart, leave        nacwi to describe          prouphe to despise           yaupë desolate, bare       kwähu deter, dissuade      lhencë dew                  nehwi difficult            tälna

to dig               thumo dim, faint           hwemho to dip               lëpku direct, straight     tëlvi disappear            walhu disappointed         vamyo to disapprove        venlo to discuss           pkweina dishonest            wiefhi to display           prallu distant              rloä distinguish between  kwiulo distribute           paumi ditch, trench        thorllu to dive              tupre diverse, various     lëmpa to divide up         palte dizzy                wauhu a dog                rlupe a doll               kimpro a door               kwalo dot, spot            töi to doubt             thavo down, below          nälhmu dragonfly            kwëlkwe to draw              kiene a drawer             prënu dreadful, terrible   rloku dream                nephö dress, robe          prayu to dress, put on     kwoma to drink             nuo to droop             hwolë a drop               vöi drop, fall           neri drunk                vipwä dry                  hiya dusk                 prepho dust                 pethu to dye               louvi

E.
ear                  lufhi earlier; before      norlla early                hwëlo earth, ground        malu earthworm            welwi east                 heipha easy                 ëphu to eat               mui echo                 kwauho edge                 puhi (make an) effort     pwora eight                vähi eloquent             kwilko embarrassed          rlampwe embers               tholce emerald              pwälho emerge; take out     luce emotion; mood        wönä empty, hollow        vaho end, tip             tëu endure, undergo      lhälu enjoyable            kelphwa enough               mötu to entertain         pkwiuva enthusiastic         pwikwä to envelop           phoru to envy              volce to erase             fwipe errand, task         petä equal to             puyö escape from          ilpka evening              vielo exact, precise       pikwe

to exceed; too much   priu exchange, barter     yäpre (make) excuses       pruipi expensive            pöne expert at            tielu explain; clear       yoä extinguish, put out  väfwe extra                hwëno eye                  löme eyelid               lömki

F.
the face             cwea faint, dim           hwemho fair, just           kämo to faint             fwäiko fairy-tale           pölye to fall over         täpu to fall, drop        neri famous               kweinö far away             rloä far side; beyond     pelha fast, quick          hikö fasten, tie          puce father               atä to fear; afraid      yafhë a feather            peivo fee                  taphi feeble, weak         wöhe feel, touch          fwiu a fence              pkanta fern                 rluphë a few                phënu a field              kolta to fight             rlukwi to find, be found    këu fine, good           lawe fine (weather)       nahe finger               mëcu finish, complete     lhapi fire                 ifhë fireplace            procu firm (not soft)      kinno fish                 ilho fish (with a line)   prulhi fit together         hine five                 pkaru a flag               phampru to flare, blaze up   fhuvi flat (surface)       häpwa flit past            prihi floor                phalma flour                luphe a flute              hifwe to fly               lalpe follow, walk behind  pkuhe following, next      lilyë foolish; nonsense    wawe

foolish, stupid      yempa foot                 pkino to forbid            lhampe forcefully           pkalli forehead             kämrle forest, wood         wiprä to forget            thulo to forgive           hwale a fork               cankwe fort, stronghold     tarkä fortunate            hweva four                 heru a fox                lhëphi fragile              cwehwi fragrant             nifhe fresh; recent        pkwewe friend               cäilo (in) front           torö frost                fwimë to frown             rlulka fruit                perö frustrating          tönlo to fry               cifho full; to fill        pkulho (to have) fun        päye a funnel             pkuye funny, amusing       yömwi a furnace            rlafho furniture            tëmpre futile, useless      phulë

G.
to gamble            rlomle game, match          wempru a gap, space         vihu garden               kaulo gate                 palmo generous             move gentle               milu get out of bed       nimpwä gift, present        prawe ginger               kënla give/receive         kwea (pane of) glass      hwinya gloomy, dark         rläwa gloves               nämpri to glow              kwömlu go to bed            nöhwa gold                 kërllu good, fine           lawe good-looking         lelpha gossip, rumour       thähe to govern            lhiemä grapes               cärmo grass                rliwa grateful             tautho greedy               yömle (dark) green         veima (light) green        lefha grey                 hithä to grieve            lilhpwä to grind             kwënme to grope about       mäkwo ground, earth        malu guard, watch over    pkulma to guess at          wilyo guess (correctly)    nalyo (be a) guest         kwamo to guide             hilpko guilt, blame         vëlhu to gush out          pofwä

H.
hairbrush            phiepru half                 pkavi hall                 paphe hammer               lampro hand                 näke a handle             pkopa to hang up           wolte happy                leha a harbour            tanve hard, rigid          tilke harm, damage         mati a hat                phumo to hate              fhayo the head             poä headache             neilho healthy              fhape to heap up           pumhwe to hear; a sound     licwe heart                coä hearth               procu heavy                kumlho the heel             kompe a helmet             lhulpä help, aid            källe a hen                kolci heroic               kalvo to hesitate          këmhwe to hide, hidden      hweca high; tall           käho high-pitched         lelya hill                 pälu to hinder            cwopë to hint              thohwe a history            thentä hit, strike          tepku hold, contain        otu hold, take hold of    pkoä hole, pit            tuko hollow, empty        vaho honey                leimo hope                 waphë horse                fhëvu hot (to touch)       uvi

hot (weather)        vöra house	             tämo hummingbird	     pkwëlpa a hundred	     elphu hungry		     fwëva to hunt		     kwilvo hurry, run	     lari to hurt; pain	     rlëvu a hut		     hepra hyacinth	     leihwe

I. J. K.
ice		     cwihä ideal, perfect	     pköwe to ignore	     vope illness; sick	     yälme to imagine	     phanyö immediately	     ölvu indoors		     wäru inform, tell	     cei infuse; make (tea)   vahwä ingredient	     primu to inherit	     rliphe (be) injured	     völka ink		     lhilmi innocent	     ceiphi inside		     ulka to insult	     fhärha intact, whole	     mulle intelligent          nilvë interesting	     wöla to interfere         velpkwä intriguing	     viulo to invite	     yuco iris (flower)	     liukwa iron		     lhäkwu irrelevant	     thëlpwe island		     phimö to jab, poke	     tëmpki jar, container	     piuve jasmine		     cillö to join, fit	     liwe journey		     cwallo joy		     mölli a jug		     pwëku juice		     pwöle to jump		     pkupä just, fair	     kämo a kettle	     lhäpke a key		     kilwe to kick		     pkenco kind-hearted	     nöi to kiss		     pwöma knife		     kilvi knock in (nails)     pwentu a knot		     rlipu know (facts)	     loä know (how to)	     täne know (a person)	     pame

L.
to lack	             hau a ladder             kepwä a lake		     hwela lamp		     celma a land, country	     wale large, big	     kapu later; after	     neto to laugh	     yehwa law, rule	     alhu lawn		     fwalo a layer		     perllo lazy		     hälle lead, go first	     pkahi lead (metal)	     thënwe leaf		     phëya learn/teach	     phea leave, depart	     nacwi left (side)	     thali left over; remnant   lumphë leg		     thuya a legend	     kallu lemon		     mölme lend/borrow	     hoä let go, release	     hoce lettuce		     elhwa a lid		     nëpra (to tell) a lie	     phëu to lie down	     neiwe to lift		     cohwi light (not heavy)    weiha light; to shine	     ilu lightning	     hwico to like, want	     phöi likely, probable     kwulvo

lilac		     öhwa to limp		     tante to line up; a row    cwema linen		     malwi lion		     pkalo a list		     cäime the liver	     rlamlö to load with	     lhahu a lock		     cëmpka to loiter	     teilë lonely		     wahwe long (time)	     nouma long ago	     teilho to look at	     pkwea a loom		     tiuve loose, unattached    meiwa lose (a game etc.)   mulha lose (a thing)	     yallu loud		     lhouwe to love		     mela low-pitched	     lälhu loyal		     kwova

M.
a magnet	     lhäco a man		     tonu a map		     pënna mark, trace	     inyo to marry	     nalphe marsh, bog	     phamlo a mask		     cauphë match, game	     wempru to match, be like    vupke meadow, pasture      lemyo to measure	     coha medium, moderate     illä to meet		     pkuo to melt		     nömyu mend, repair	     prina mercury 	     prullë message 	     wome metal		     lhenko middle, centre	     kunu milk		     omi miniature	     tölmi mirror		     thilko misfortune	     lhauko mist		     hwëlme moist, damp	     ömle mood; emotion	     wönä money		     cepro the moon	     hälu more or less	     proha morning 	     elma moss		     fhöpha the most	     miya a moth		     lelwä mother		     anä motionless	     lona mottled		     pärmo mountain	     tännu a mouse 	     nimkë mouth		     kölo mud		     lulya muddy (water)	     prämla (to play) music	     velya mysterious	     cwalphë

N. O.
a nail		     tënle (finger-)nail	     cinwë name		     thena narrow		     pkömi near, close	     mawe the near side	     käli the neck	     mille (flower) nectar	     cwölu needle		     pwilö a net		     uthe new		     hea news		     nömi next, following	     lilyë next to		     alvi night		     mälho nightmare	     fhuilho nine		     ämme noisy		     kwämpko nonsense; foolish    wawe north		     thihu notice, observe	     elvö numb		     wämwë oak-tree	     kwalto an oar		     thilpë to obey		     kove obtain, acquire	     vea obvious		     näpre ocean		     kuphi odour, smell	     iphe oil		     yöne old (not young)	     härpu old, former	     huivä old man		     tourä old woman	     neirä olive-green	     pkwölpha one (1)		     ea  to open		      utä oppress; tyranny     rlurkwe an orange	     märkwa orange (colour)	     rlohu an orchard	     cwomprä ordinary	     mora out; away	     alwä outside		     äkwa an oval		     homya to overflow	     rluiwe owl		     hwuru

P.
page, sheet	     phica pain; to hurt	     rlëvu paint (a wall etc.)  tepra palace		     prulphe pale-coloured	     hewa palm (of the hand)   kwape a pancake	     cimmë paper		     niphu to pass by	     tewa pass through	     pkille passage, corridor    pkieva pasture, meadow      lemyo path, road	     cwavo to pause	     woltu paving		     talphu to pay for	     cöyo peace		     hwenyo peaceful, quiet	     lalkwä a peach		     phëmyo peak, summit	     tipkwi a pear		     pkenyä a pearl		     cömyo peas		     löpwi pebble, stone	     pelto peculiar, bizarre    cömwe a pen (writing)	     temwi perfect, ideal	     pköwe to persevere	     valtu a person	     erä to pick up	     toka to pierce	     këlphi to pile, stack	     temce a pillar	     tulpä a pillow	     mëlpha to pinch	     cimpë pine-tree	     heikwä pink		     cöhwä pit, hole	     tuko to pity		     fweimi plain, ordinary	     mora to plan		     phote a plant		     miphö a plate		     toulo to play (games)      yake pleasant, enjoyable  kelphwa plum		     cumpë poetry		     kwelma to point at	     piko poison		     kwëlna to poke, jab	     tëmpki

pole, post	     läpe pollen		     philyu a pond		     tapwe poplar-tree	     pkwilö poppy		     mömkwe popular		     yolpa a porch		     prentu potatoes	     homlö to pour		     rlapwi powder		     cepha to practise at	     pkura to praise	     pkäya precious	     nipro precise, exact	     pikwe to prefer	     phari prepare for	     prellë present, gift	     prawe to pretend	     yope to prevent	     lhanno previous	     mulyë probable	     kwulvo promise 	     hurkwo prone to	     yäi to protect	     talkwi proud of	     phölku to prove	     täipri to provide	     mälo to punish	     vaulhe purple		     märvu to pull		     prëu pumpkin		     koume pure		     kwiyö to push		     pkäre to push into	     cempa to put, place	     hëu put on (clothes)     kwoma

Q. R.
to quarrel	     hamkwä question; to ask     cwiu quick, fast	     hikö a quilt		     pampho quiet, peaceful	     lalkwä radiant		     kwömlu rain		     vui rainbow	             pkwelpo rare		     phëha raspberry	     kumpre to read		     wëla receive/give	     kwea recent; fresh	     pkwewe recently	     elna recover, get better  pkwanu (bright) red	     kerhwö (dark) red	     kafhu to refuse	     hanco to relax	     luome release, let go	     hoce reliable	     tulme reluctant	     rlëmpu remain, continue     näna remember	     mathö

remnant; left over   lumphë repair, mend	     prina to repeat	     kwiepo replace, substitute  luitë request		     kwalwe rescue, save	     laukwe resemble	     olkwe reservoir	     cemwä rest, settle	     wëma retreat, turn back   thämkwe to reveal	     kwäice to reward	     pkume ribbon		     lävi rice		     yepë rich, wealthy	     pkwoma right (side)	     mita rigid, stiff	     fhëlka the rim		     töre ring, circle	     kamyo to rip, tear	     këfhe ripe		     melpë to risk		     veca river		     linwe road, path	     cwavo to roll up	     piumo roof		     vimä a room		     pwahe robe, dress	     prayu rope		     hiwa a row; to line up    cwema rowdy		     pruivu ruby		     fhiru rude, impolite	     hëva rule, law	     alhu rumour, gossip	     thähe run, hurry	     lari run away from	     pkarpi rust		     ofha

S.
(to be) safe	     talme a sail		     kelca salmon		     kwimu salt		     cithä save, rescue	     laukwe a saw		     hëcwa to say		     itu a scarf		     phelkwa school		     pherma scold, tell off	     nafhi to scrape	     cwäke a screen	     käina scissors	     cimkwä the sea		     kuphi seahorse	     pkapri seashell	     cälo a secret	     fwöli see; be visible	     kei sell/buy	     proä serene, calm	     heilu serious		     kietä to serve	     wipha set out (journey)    paurë settle, rest on	     wëma seven		     nikö sever, cut	     ciko to sew		     pwilte shadow		     thäpho shallow		     nihä shape		     häpa to share with	     kweyu sharp (not blunt)    pecwi to shave	     thöpke sheet, page	     phacë shelf		     entë to shelter	     malvu shirt		     cimpu to shine; light	     ilu shiny, bright	     luili a ship		     vakwo shoes		     pëwi shore, bank	     velta to shout	     yauko shut, close	     pkire shy		     kouhwe sick; illness	     yälme

the side	     kwatho a sieve		     theicä silence		     lillä silk		     cimhö simple		     tehu sing (birds)	     pöllu sing (people)	     cännu to sink into	     tumpwä to sip		     prölpe (older) sister	     venya (younger) sister     vini to sit		     nallu six		     nalme skilful		     pehwa the sky		     weho to sleep; asleep     möi to slice	     fwice slim		     hwilta slow		     munwa small		     icwi smash, shatter	     pkalcë smell, odour	     iphe to smile	     milmë smoke		     rluhe smooth (to touch)    cilvo snow		     cäfwi soap		     cäme to soar		     fholu sofa, couch	     tancu soft (not hard)	     mefwi soft (not loud)	     huhwa son		     lamo soon, shortly	     ilva soot		     tëlhu to sort out	     hwäiri a sound; to hear     licwe soup		     louma sour		     cufwo south		     rlomö a spade		     thärpu a spark		     töfhi to sparkle	     cinle to speak	     kwila (magic) spell	     rluilö spider		     thuikwi to spill	     pwamë spin round; whirl    fwëri

the spine	     kwinvä a spoon		     tolku spot, dot	     töi spring (season)	     kwanyö to squeeze	     cëmwi to stab		     kalpki to stand; standing   tulle a star		     cwilë stare at	     pwalo starfish	     cumya start, begin	     keri a statue	     tölkwa steal (things)	     rlëpka steam		     mapho steep (slope)	     tiekwe step, stair	     lenta still, calm	     tulwa to sting	     vëcwi stir (a pot etc.)    tipu stone, pebble	     pelto a stool		     tävi stop, cease	     kwento storehouse	     rleiwa storm		     wolvö a story		     vëllu a stove		     karho straight, direct     tëlvi strawberry	     kölla a stream	     pkwiri a street	     cähe stretch, draw out    vieri strike, hit	     tepku striped		     pkwiphe stubborn	     kwäncu substitute, replace  luitë sudden		     hölki sugar		     pkane summary		     phäiyo summer		     torllu summit, peak	     tipkwi surprised	     pwahwe the sun		     elko sure, certain	     unne to swallow	     pkolkwe a swan		     pkweno to sweat	     fhömi sweet (taste)	     likwe swim (fish)	     wëlphe swim (people)	     kelphu sympathy	     rlahwä

T.
table		     tälli take (medicine)	     pkolkwe take care of	     kwällo take out; emerge     luce tall; high	     käho to tap, rap	     pakë task, errand	     petä a tax		     themca tea		     phikwa teach/learn	     phea to tear, rip	     këfhe tears; to cry	     yölli to tease	     pkwäri tedious		     numwa tell, inform	     cei tell (what to do)    tawe a telescope	     kwëlwu ten		     thilä a tent		     warho terrible, dreadful   rloku thick (book etc.)    ummë thin (not thick)     hwöpe think (about)	     phëlu think (opinion)	     löi thirsty		     hafwe thorough	     lietä a thousand	     mauko a thread	     hiphë three		     pali throat		     fhopa to throw	     tauhwe thumb		     mulpo thunder		     lhurko to tidy up	     prelko tie, fasten	     puce tie up, bind	     lelhko tiger		     läcwa tight, close	     cwipë timid		     kwähwe

to tingle	     kwönle tip, end	     tëu tip over	     prëpa tired		     yëpha today		     ecwa a toe		     pköi tomato		     yampho tomorrow	     lincwa the tongue	     vilpa too much 	     priu a tortoise	     cerpa touch, feel	     fwiu a toy		     wapri a tower		     tolva trace, mark	     inyo transparent	     cahi travel		     cwallo a tray		     täpha to tremble	     pkwemwë trench, ditch	     thorllu trip, stumble	     pkintë trivial		     cëwa trousers	     kulte true, correct	     prea to try out	     veho a tulip		     mulvä a tunnel	     pköllo turn around	     ulya (take) turns	     pkolte a turtle	     pholkwa twilight	     prepho two		     lëmo tyranny		     rlulkwe

U.V.
ugly		     lhuca (maternal) uncle     tovo (paternal) uncle     cëvi undergo, endure	     lhälu unnecessary	     nauthu unripe		     mipwä (turn) upside-down   pkulpri usual, ordinary	     mora to use		     cëu to use up	     uhe useless, futile	     phulë valley		     lunyä vanish		     walhu various, diverse     lëmpa vase, urn	     thoä a veil		     ceihu to vibrate	     kinme view, vista	     wimyu violet (flower)	     hwilwe visit		     kurwe voice		     yalhe

W. Y.
to wade		     taupko wages		     taphi waist		     kwöpa wait for	     lankwä to walk		     tilta a wall		     pahä walnut		     mikwö want; like	     phöi warm		     ämrlo to warn		     vauro wary, cautious	     nöho wash (clothes)	     ciwe waste, squander	     vanö watch over, guard    pkulma water		     ewa waterfall	     wiukwe water-tank	     cemwä (sea) wave	     pule wax		     himya weak, feeble	     wöhe wealthy		     pkwoma weary		     yëpha to weave	     thape a well		     kovo west		     tarvo wet, moist	     ömle a wharf		     touvi wheat		     cwëlwa wheel		     coru whirl; spin round    fwëri to whisper	     hwuhe to whistle	     fwikö white		     hino whole, intact	     mulle

wide, broad	     pkoula wildflowers	     wephö willow-tree	     ipwa to win		     möhi the wind	     hwiri a window	     këlyu wing		     pkëlvi wine		     rluco winter		     fhina to wipe		     lëfhi wire		     virvo woman		     läkwe wonder about	     phoure wood, forest	     wiprä wood, timber	     leprä wool		     lhärllu a word		     itu to work, toil	     fharu workshop	     timkwä the world	     anta to worry	     fhöce wound, cut	     vicu wrap up		     tompru wreath		     kammuli to wrestle	     rlipwo wrist		     tölve to write	     pelu (house) yard	     tauna yellow		     pilpe yesterday	     mucwa young		     lenya young man	     lupka young woman	     nulpe