씬국어

Classification and Dialects
씬국어 /ɕɪn'guge/ or Shin'guge is a Koreanic aggluttinative language...

Consonants
* Unvoiced consonants in Shin'guge are heavily aspirated, much more so than in English. It is disputed among linguists whether consonants contrast between voiced and unvoiced or the unusual voiced vs aspirated.

Writing System
{| class="fandom-table article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 650px; text-align:center" ! scope="row" |Letter ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription ! scope="row" |Letter ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription ! scope="row" |Letter
 * ㅂ
 * ㅍ
 * ㄷ
 * ㅌ
 * ㄱ
 * ㅋ
 * ㅈ
 * ㅊ
 * ㄴ
 * ㅁ
 * ㅇ
 * ㅎ
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/b/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/p/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/d/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/t/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/g/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/k/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/dʑ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/tɕ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/n/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/m/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ŋ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/h/
 * b
 * p
 * d
 * t
 * g
 * k
 * j
 * ch
 * n
 * m
 * ng
 * h
 * ㄹ
 * ㅅ
 * ㅆ
 * ㄲ
 * ㅓ
 * ㅏ
 * ㅣ
 * ㅡ
 * ㅜ
 * ㅗ
 * colspan="2" |ㅔ
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ɾ~l/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/s/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ɕ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/χ/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/e/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/a/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/i/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/y/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/u/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/o/
 * colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ø/
 * r~l
 * s
 * sh
 * kh
 * e
 * a
 * i
 * ü
 * u
 * o
 * colspan="2" |ö
 * ㅕ
 * ㅑ
 * ㅛ
 * ㅠ
 * colspan="8" rowspan="3" |

Digraphs
ㅝ, ㅘ, ㅞ, ㅢ

we, wa, wö, üi ! scope="row" |Sound !Transcription
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/je/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ja/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/jo/
 * style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" |/ju/
 * ye
 * ya
 * yo
 * yu
 * }
 * }

Nouns
The case markers in Shin'guge are the following:

Verbs
Shin'guge verbs are conjugated. Every verb form in Shin'guge has two parts: a verb stem, plus a sequence of inflectional suffixes. Verbs can be quite long because of all the suffixes that mark grammatical contrasts.

A Shin'guge verb root is bound, meaning that it never occurs without at least one suffix. Grammatical categories of verb suffixes include voice (active or passive), tense (past, present, or future), aspect (of an action – complete, experienced, repeated, or continuous), and clause-final conjunctives or sentence enders chosen from various speech styles and types of sentences such as interrogative, declarative and imperative.

Infinitive form
The infinitive form is the lemma form of a Shin'guge verb which ends in da 다. For example, 테다, 만아다, 화다.

Finite verb endings
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Shin'guge. Their structure when used as the predicate of a clause is prefix + root + up to six suffixes, and can be illustrated with a template: * The negative prefix is an 안 "not".

Examples: Cho gwaga mogriesümnida 초 과가 목리엇음니다 (I made him eat). Nim, gwa gügi isesdo 님, 과 그기 잇엇도 (Sir, he was here.)

I Voice may be causative or passive. If omitted then it is the active voice. Causative is ri 리, passive is hi 히.

II Present tense gets no suffix. Future tense is gyo-s 굣, past tense is -es/as 엇/앗. If there is no intervening consonant at the end of the stem, the vowel reduces: i.e. the verb o-da 오다 "to come" is becomes wa-s 왓 in the past. The verb ha-da 하다 "to do" is an irregular he-s 헛 in the past.

III The formal suffix is -m ㅁ after a vowel (it is normally written in the same block as that vowel), -üm 음 after a consonant.


 * This shows deference towards the audience of the conversation, for example when speaking to one's elders. If speaking to one's elders, one would use the formal suffix.

IV The syntactic moods, other than the default indicative, are: the imperfective -di 디, or d ㄷ; the subjunctive (i.e. imperative and volitive) -shi or sh ㅆ. The former are used for the formal polite and the informal polite forms, the latter for the familiar and neutral forms of speech.

V The pragmatic moods, are the declarative:

...the interrogative:
 * -do (neutral) -nida 니다 (formal polite), and e/a 어/아 (informal polite, familiar)


 * -go 고 (neutral), nikha 니까 (formal polite), ya 야 (informal polite), and 가 -ga  (familiar)

...the propositive:


 * -bo (neutral), -niba 다 (formal polite), -ja 자 (informal polite), and -gö 게 (familiar)

...the imperative:


 * -de (neutral), -o 오 (formal polite), -ra/ara 라/아라 (informal polite), and -ge 거 (familiar)

VI The polite suffix yo 요 (-iyo 이요 after a consonant) appears in the informal polite style. It expresses one's relationship to the audience.