Wexalian

General Information
The English name for this language is Boyait which is taken from French (which itself is a loan from the Gaulish word Boii). The native name, Cīvls [ˈkiːvl̩ʃ], comes from the Latin loan word cīvīlis with which the native speakers of Boyait named their language as they prided themselves on being a "civilized" group who were educated (though, this was mainly through the fact that they were a very small group of people in a relatively small, noncrucial location where they could live peacefully). The language is taken from Old High German with many French and Czech loan words as well as those from German later on.

Sound Changes at the bottom of the page

Phonology
​All vowels are allophonically nasal in the cluster /Vnt/ which is pronounced [Ṽʔ] (V = vowel)

Alphabet
(1) Used in loans (C - Latin, French, English; Q - English; X - Latin, French, English; Y - Greek, Latin; Ç - French); (2) L is [ɰ] before another consonant except if there's one preceding it; (3) More often spelt Uu uu, but this is growing to be more common with the spread of computers; (4) Used in Old French loans to denote the [t͡s]; (5) ß is used for an intervocalic or final [s] while ſ is for a pre-consonantal or initial [s]. They're considered two forms of the same letter. (6) final and pre-N T

Digraphs and Diacritics

 * Uu uu - [w] (as stated before, W w is taking over this multigraph due to the spread of computers)
 * Pf pf - [p͡f]
 * Sʒ sʒ - [ʒ] (note that ʒ is considered another form of z; it's often typed as sz)
 * Ei ei - [iː] that came from [eɪ̯]
 * Ai ai - [ɛ] in native words
 * Au au - [ɔ] in native words
 * É é, È è - used in loans and some native words ([e] and [ɛ]; from French influence)
 * Ó ó, Ò ò - used in loans and some native words ([o] and [ɔ]; from French influence)
 * Ü ü - [yː]; from German influence (most common in native words)
 * Ö ö - [øː]; from German influence (most common in native words)
 * Ä ä - [ɛː]
 * Äu äu - [ɔː]
 * Œu œu, Eu eu - [øː]; from French influence (mainly in loans)
 * Qu qu - [k] from French ([kw] would be Quu quu or Qw qw)
 * Dʒ dʒ - [dʒ] (often typed as dz [look at the note under sʒ])
 * Tʒ tʒ - [tʃ] (often typed as tz [look at the note under sʒ])
 * Te te - [t]: this is only used finally to represent a final t that's [t] rather than [ʔ]
 * Vnt - (where V = vowel) is [Ṽʔ] (ex: daint [dɛ̃ʔ] - with the _)
 * Tn tn - [ʔn̩]
 * Nn nn - this is where there are two N's: one in the preceding syllable and the syllabic N in it's own ([nˈn])
 * Ph ph, Th th, Ch ch - [f], [θ], [x] from Greek or Latin from Greek
 * Ā ā, Ī ī, Ē ē, Ū ū, Ō ō - [aː], [iː], [eː], [uː], [oː]

General Information
Counter to most germanic languages, all declensions were lost in Boyait. Instead, a more complex article based system was formed to represent case, gender, definitiveness, and plurality.

Cases
Note that these definitions are not the technical definitions, but the grammatical terms used in Boyait to describe them. Also note that the prepositional cases can be expanded with additional prepositional clitics.

Plural Nouns
To denote plurality (either mass or plural) in Boyait, there is a clitic. This clitic changes according to the type of noun the proceeds it. This is determined by the declension class in Old High German. For example: tak's plural is tak'e. Since there is no way to know this other than the Old High German plural (to which there are still irregularities), the plural form will be written with the word. The lexical standard form is «-'n» for use in this article meaning the raw clitic form (this is because «-'n» is the most common form of this clitic and used in articles).

Articles
Usually, the inessive, ablative, locative, and comitative cases come from a simplified, grammaticized contraction of the Old High German DAT  + in, DAT + ūz, GEN  + inna, and DAT  + mit respectively.

Definite
Near Comes from der, the. Away

Comes from jenēr, that.

Sound Changes
C - consonant; V - vowel; grave accent - unstressed; acute accent - stressed; L - [l, w, j, r]; J - [i, iː, e, eː]; F - fricative i > j/_V (except below diphthongs)  *morganlioxt > morganljoxt –  – n. morning light eɪ̯ > i:                       *klein > kli:n –  –  –  –  –  – n. small io̯ > ø:                       *niosan > nø:san –  –  –  –  –  v. sneeze iu̯ > y:                       *liudōn > lydōn –  –  –  –  –   v. hum ou̯ > u:                       *ubarloufan > ubarlu:fan –  –   v. run across, traverse sk > ʃk!_# > ʃ                *skūfala > ʃkūfala  –  –  –  –  n. shovel sx > ʃ                        *daxsxūt > daxʃūt –  –  –  –  – n. beaver skin x > θ/V_J                     *xōxspāxi > xōxspāθi –  –  –  – n. to be a master Geminates were simplified and their preceeding vowel took the stress *gimitten > gimiten  v. halve w > v/_J                      *grāwī > grāvī –  –  –  –  –  – n. gray V > V:/_xC                    *rixt > rīt –  –  –  –  –  –  – n. right V:x > V:/_C                   *xōxspāʃi > xōspāʃi –  –  –  –  n. to be a master Vrl > V:d                     *wuntarlīx > wuntādīx –  –  –   adj. admirable s > x/V_V                     *bilōsen > bilōxen –  –  –  –   v. behead, take away CV̀L > CL                      *ʃkūfala > ʃkūfla –  –  –  –  – n. shovel C(V, V:)n > Cn̩                *bilōxen > bilōxn̩ –  –  –  –  – v. behead, take away CVl > Cl                      *wexsal  > vēsl̩  –  –  –  –  –  n. change, exchange, bill CV:l > CVj                    *mūl > muj –  –  –  –  –  –  –  n. mule V:(θ, f)V > V:(ð, v)V         *xōspāθi > xōspāði –  –  –  –   n. to be a master V̀ > ∅/_#                      *ʃkūfla > ʃkūfl̩ –  –  –  –  –   n. shovel V̀: > V/_#                     *grāvī > grāvi –  –  –  –  –  – n. gray V:F > V:F̬/_#                  *pfīfa > pfīv –  –  –  –  –  –  n. flute final obstruent devoicing     *lodo > lot –  –  –  –  –  –  – n. coarse woolen cloth t͡s > s/_#                     *diz > dis –  –  –  –  –  –  –  n. this p > f/_#!C_                   *griobo > grjof –  –  –  –  –   n. firewood bf, bw, bv > p͡f               *unselbwaltīg > unselp͡fl̩tīk – – adj. dependent t > θ/(C, V:, i)_#            *ebanalt > ebanl̩θ –  –  –  –  – n. of the same age k, t, p > ʔ/_#                *lot > loʔ –  –  –  –  –  –  –  n. coarse woolen cloth tn, dn > ʔn                   *gimiten > gimiʔn̩ –  –  –  –  – v. halve V̀ > ə/closed, primary syllable *bilōxn̩ > bəlōxn̩ – –  –  –  –  v. behead, take away V: > V/if the preceding syllable already has a long vowel (except ū and ī), but if the long vowel is ultimate preceding a voiced fricative, the long vowel preceding that one is simplified to a diphthong*               *xōspāð > xu̯ospāð –  –  –  –  – n. to be a master o > ɔ                         *loʔ > lɔʔ –  –  –  –  –  –  –  n. coarse woolen cloth e > ɛ                         *bero > bɛr –  –  –  –  –  –  – n. bear ì > e                         *sinwelbī > senvɛlbe –  –  –  – n. bale ù > o                         *daxʃut > dāʃot –  –  –  –  –   n. beaver skin ɛ´ > ɛ´: (only in mono- or bisyllabic words) *bɛr > bɛːr –  – n. bear ɔ́ > ɔ́:  (only in mono- or bisyllablic words) *lɔʔ > lɔːʔ –  – n. coarse woolen cloth è > ə/_#                      *senvɛlbe > senvɛlbə –  –  –  – n. bale l > ɰ/_C                      *wolf > woɰf  –  –  –  –  –  –  n. wolf l > ɰ/V_#                     *smal > smaɰ –  –  –  –  –  –   adj. small Vnt > Ṽʔ/_#                   *abgrunti > abgrũʔ –  –  –  –   n. deep, profound tj, dj > tʃ, dʒ/_V            *skaltjar > ʃkaɰtʃər –  –  –  – n. leap year Loan words ɲ > nj ʎ > lj z > t͡s y > y: ø > ø: e > ɛ ĩ, ỹ, ẽ, õ, ã > i, u:, ɛ, ɔ, ɛ (*) ō, ē, ā, ī, ū  > u̯o, i̯e, i̯ə, i̯ɛ, u̯ɔ

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