Kossian

Vowels
Kossian has a total of 12 vowels out of which 7 are considered phonemes (marked as bold in the table above). The vowels /e i o u/ are pronounced [ɛ ɪ  ɔ ʊ] in closed syllables. The vowel /ɛ/ is reduced to [ə] in final position. An i-umlaut can affect the vowel /u/ and change [ʊ u] to [ʏ y].

Vowel length is not phonemic in Kossian. However, there is a tendency to lengthen stressed vowels.

There are no phonemic diphthongs in Kossian. However, there is a tendency to realize certain phoneme combinations as diphthongs. These combinations are:
 * /p/ between a vowel other than /i u/ and a nasal is realized as [ʊ̯]; the distinction between /ɔ o/ is lost and both are pronounced [o]
 * /k/ between a vowel other than /i u/ and a nasal is realized as [ɪ̯]; the distinction between /ɔ o/ and /ɛ e/ is lost and they are pronounced [o e]

Consonants
Kossian has a total of 22 consonants out of which 16 are considered phonemes (marked as bold in the table above). Consonant length is phonemic in Kossian for all consonants. They can be either short or long.
 * /n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velar consonants
 * /p k/ in coda postition are pronounced either [ʊ̯ ɪ̯] (see above) or like /f x/
 * /f θ x/ are pronounced [v ð ɣ] in clusters with voiced consonants or between vowels
 * /x/ is pronounced [h] in the beginning of a word
 * /r/ can be pronounced [ɾ r] in free variation