Dongbuzenytihach

Dongbuzenytihach is the language spoken in the Dongbuzenytihav, an ocean located on the planet Baltus (known natively as Bältuse). The primary speakers are Encephalopods, inhabitants of the planet.

Consonants
There is an undefined sound that is most similar to the "sj-sound" and is commonly considered a co-articulated [x] and [ɕ]. It is a relatively rare sound in the language.

/j/, /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are only seen in loanwords from nearby languages which have these sounds.

Vowels
/ɤ/ is silent when in unstressed position and not in the first syllable of a word.

/ø/ appears in loanwords and interjections.

Historical sound changes
Dongbuzenytihach's phonological inventory used to have a single palatal consonant, /j/, and had many more hiati than it does today. Unusually, the /θ̠/ sound was present in the language from the beginning.

Writing system
Dongbuzenytihach, like many other Encephalopod languages, use a sophisticated combining script, referred outside of the planet as "Encephalopod script", but called in the language "Lapore Kapurafete".

Glyphs


Words with more complex consonant clusters than CV, usually CVN or CVL, are written with the ë glyph following the sonorant.

Phonotactics
Thanks to the null glyph and ë, the phonotactics are slightly more variable than the script could suggest. Some of the most common formations include CV and V.

Sound Changes and Allophony

 * /ɤ/ becomes [o] when stressed and after /w/.
 * /k/, /g/, /x/ shift to [c], [ɟ], [ç] respectively before /i/, /y/.
 * /ɹ/, /ɫ/ become [j], [ʎ] respectively before /i/, /y/.
 * /i/, /y/ shift to [ɨ], [ʉ] after /w/, /s/, /z/.
 * /a/ becomes /ɛ/ before a sonorant followed by a front vowel, which is reflected in the orthography.

Morphology
Dongbuzenytihach grammar is relatively complex, as the language is fusional.

Verbs
Verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number and aspect. Each verb can have one of two endings, -oti and -iti. The vowels in the conjugation depend on the infinitive form's suffix and ending.  is often substituted by , while  is replaced by  in the same positions. Verbs have an indicative mood with present, past and future tense, the latter two of which can have a perfective and an imperfective form, an interrogative mood, an imperative mood and a subjunctive mood with present, past and future tense. Verbs can also assume a negative mood by adding the prefix će- if the verbs starts with a consonant, and ćed- if the verb starts with a vowel. When combined with the optative mood, the verb assumes the meaning of "may not". In -iti verbs whose roots end in -ar-, -al- or -aw-, a turns into ä if a front vowel follows the approximant, as such vubäliti => vubalu. All verbs are accented on the vowel following the root.

Nouns
In nominative singular, nouns can have three suffixes: -a, -e, and -o. To create a possessive noun, one replaces the final suffix with itself preceeded by -äh-. These can be interpreted as adjectives. There are two cases, Nominative, describing the subject which performs the action, and Oblique, which describes the object which takes the action done by the subject.

Adjectives
Adjectives form the same declension pattern as their respective nouns. The following table declines the root "wiśos-", "slimy". Adjectives are post-nominal, meaning that they come after the noun they are referring to. Possessives are treated as adjectives as well, as such they are declined identically to the adjective in the table.

Articles
There are no indeterminative articles. Determinative articles have 6 forms, depending on the noun referred to, and come after the referred-to noun.

Adpositions
Adpositions in Dongbuzenytihach are postpositions. They are inflected and agree with the head.

Word order
The word order is commonly SVO.

Interrogative particles
Dongbuzenytihach uses interrogative particles to denote quesitons. One such particle is ki, which is used to confirm a statement. If the statement is agreed upon, the listener responds "ki" as well, while in the opposite case, the listener responds "će", which assumes the value of "no", or negation.

Another particle is a, which is used after information-seeking questions. In case the answerer is not aware of the answer, they respond "ćewäri", which roughly translates as "I don't know".

Lexicon
See Dongbuzenytihach/Vocabulary.

Numerals
Dongbuzenytihach uses a base-4 number system. Each number is a monosyllabic word. The quantity of groups of numbers is always indicated, as such 4 would be "one four" (1x4), the closest equivalent in English being "one hundred`one thousand". This allows for the order of numbers to be free, however it is never used in formal speech and might even be seen as a sign of a chaotic personality.



The North Wind and the Sun
Ruźo-ro tońo zo sa fëna-ra fäimake wigođi-ki oźeme kari-re rypi ćambi. Du fäimaki lehone athëhe giwe zoćesa hi vubälyme kaćimi sa do oźemire gelđa rodë će sa himiri këlokë. Fëna-ra atuvimi eńa kare-re rype ćambe oźe kare-re eńa dëly këlokë-rë vubälymi-re zi. Ruźo-ro tońo zo atuvimi eńa do oźe däźa sa do somuneme hi ruźe athëhe sa omazege vubälymi-re ći. Iśeti ruźo-ro hin hueme thefu-ru këlokë zë rësavake zuvydo ćo vubälymähi-re. Iço do luheme de gelđa sa iśeti ruźo-ro huemire ćambelemi giwi do luhemire ćambelemi giwi. Ruźo-ro tońo zo hueme sa hueme iço uru ćoźe däźo. Zoćesa fena-ra feseśeme. Lehono däho oźemaki zäba iśeti hin di sa vubälyme-re dëlimi oći këlokähë-rë feseśygemi-re çalamäti di zoće omazegemi-re ruźähe ze tońo zo. Zoćesa lehono-ro fena-ra za durneme feseśygo. Ćëfulo-ro dëlimi capë sa gywe këlokë ńë. Thefe-re de do feseśimi sa dëlimi këlokë-rë däho sa kaćimi cire arëborähe će kaćirä lenohe-re fenäha-ra ńe.

Subarctic Dongbuzenytihach
This variant of Dongbuzenytihach is spoken in northern colonies of the Dongbuzenytihav. It is characterized by lowering of central vowels, somewhat conservative liquids and nasals, post/alveolarization of alveolar fricatives and a v/w merger into ʋ.

Kifekutulan Dongbuzenytihach
Heavily influenced by neighbouring languages, Kifekutulan Dongbuzenytihach is most notable for its removal of unstressed high vowels in unstressed positions after sonorants. It also demonstrates partial de-palatalization of palatal consonants and voiced stop lenition intervocalicaly.