Sã

=Sã Language=

As mentioned before Sã is the first daughter language of Sangi. Several main features of this language are the collapse of the declension system due to sound changes, the ending of productive vocalic and consonantal plural mutations with the plural stems taking on a purely collective meaning (also leading to the disappearance of the dual form). The definiteness in nouns also drops out of use and size suffixes no longer remain productive. As a result of sound change, a human vs non-huamn distinction is found in nouns, the verbal system has collapsed meaning an increased use of postverbal particles are used to distinguish now lost meaning, etc. The phonology is incredibly simplified and many sounds have merged into single sounds while others have split. Older basic forms have increasingly been replaced by formerly poetic forms as a result of the phonological collapse with has futher led to increasing homophony.

=Phonology=

As said above, as a result of sound changes, the phonological system is incredibly simplified. The retroflex consonants are almost entirely gone, apart from a few rare instances of the voiced palatal nasal, the vowels are also simplified and many of the fricatives have collapsed into a single form.

Vowels
Each form may also have a nasal variant, which is written using a tilde over short vowels and an  after long vowels.

As you can see, the vowels system has collapsed considerable. Rounded front vowels and unrounded back vowels as well as the schwa have disappeared and the length distinction in [a] and [o] has fallen away.

The main diphthongs, arising as a result of sound changes are [iu], [uo], [au], [eu], [ai] and [ie]. This is considerably smaller than the ones in Sangi, but these few diphthongs arose as a result of merging older diphthongs or a diphthongisation process affecting monophthongs.

Phonological Changes
The processes of phonological change from Sangi to Sã are much less complex and much more natural (as a result of it being a now spoken language and not one that was created). Disappearance and devoicing of final sounds is a common occurence with other sound changes causing these lost final sounds to reappear. Final [i] and [e] are commonly lost, causing palatalisation of the previous consonant and the restraints on final sounds have been lifted.

=Morpho-Phonology=

Sã morpho-phonology is much simpler to that of Sangi. Nouns stems only weaken and there is no plural mutation for either vowel or consonant. I-affection and A-affection of consonants as well as initial consonant mutations have been lost from the language, as has A-mutation among vowels. Only vocalic I-Mutatation and consonat stem gradation exist in Sã.

Stem Gradation
h> p > b

t > d > j

c > g > j

m > mp

n > nt

ŋ > ng

l > ld

r > rd

s > t > d > j

sp > sw > sl > st > s > t > d > j

sc > ś

As you can see, the gradation series for nasals, trills and lateral is much shorter as a result of the 3rd position becoming equal to the 1st due to the C:>C rule, which eventually led to circular gradations, i.e. 2nd position was equal to 4th, 6th, etc. The h and pp gradations collapsed into a single shorter gradation series while the sp and st series merged into one long one. Overall, the stem gradation process is much much simpler than in Sangi.

I mutation
The I-Mutation form of vowels is onlu used in verbs to form the future tense stem, which is used among the prefix "shall".

=Morphology=

Verbs
Sangi verbs have changed quite a bit over time. The modality preixes have merged with the auxiliary verbs, with a smaller conjuagation, while the main verbs have collapsed, resulting in the need for adverbs to mark differing meanings amongst once different suffices.

Nouns
The declension of nouns in Sã is much simpler than in Sangi due to a collapse in the case marking, the disappearance of a productive plural stem formation. Due to mass amounts of analogy and the regularity of sound change, the declension of all nouns has become regular, to a degree.

Postpositions have also begun to be used as a result of case-collapsing. For example, the suffix -l with the weak stem now marks the genitive and the instrumental. Unmarked it is the genitive but with the instrumental postposition "sant" (originally from the verb "stand") it marks the instrumental.

Numbers
The numbers can easily be seen to have derived from English as many of them have the same general sounds.

1 - [an]

2 - [ʃu]

3 - [di]

4 - [ʍo]

5 - [ʍoʍ]

6 - [dziga]

7 - [dzewen]

8 - [e:]

9 - [non]

10 - [ken]

Numbers 11 to 19 are built up on the system "10+number", e.g. ancen (11), woken (14) and so on. Numbers 20 to 99 are built on the system "number-multiplicative[n]-10-number", e.g. ʃunken (20), e:nke-non (89) and so on. Higher numbers are built up in this manner, attaching the multiplicative suffix to the number and placing the multiple of ten after it.

The words for higher multiples of ten are:

100 - [enʃes]

1000 - [tu:ʃen]

10000 - [kendzen]

100000 - [enʃestsen]

1000000 - [mijen]

An example of a higher number is dikrantmijjen-suntaņțes-wontćen-su (142)