Kostish

General information
Sheadisk (Modern English "Shadish", also known as "Shadow English", and "Evanish") is a West-Germanic language immediately descended from Old English with no interruption of French, but is is also related to Dutch, English, German, and Swedish. The idea behind it is that it might have been a hypothetical language to develop from Old English if some of the Anglo-Saxons had traveled to an island more northward and thus had their language more influenced by North-Germanic rather than Latin and French influences.

At the moment
Shadish is massively inflectional, but despite the syntax being complete, there aren't many words(so far), and at the moment, it is being carefully constructed, along with prefixes and suffixes to be used in compound words that are in place of Romance words. The first plan was to make a perfect germanic language, but the gender system in Shadish has long killed that dream. Many things may still change, but as it develops more, the updates might become less frequent.

Definite Plans

 * change the name of the language


 * add conjunctions


 * add interjections and sayings


 * add all letter names


 * more words


 * irregular noun declensions

Indefinite Plans

 * adjective declension


 * possibly a subjunctive mood conjugated for verbs

Phonology
There is a simple alphabet, which includes 14 vowels, and 19 consonants(4 of which are represented by digraphs). Making a total of 33 differently pronounced sounds. There are common occurences from the development of Old English:
 * irregular syncopes of vowels were lost, e. g. the plural of engel is engelas, not englas.
 * many ancient F sounds have developed to Vs (same as in modern English).
 * The Old English Gs which were not distinguished from Ys mostly became hard Gs as seen in the gh digraph, with the exception of the second person plural pronouns.

Alphabet
It's a modified Latin alphabet with 29 characters, including: æ, ð, ȝ, œ, þ, ƿ, and an optional character w
 * A, Æ, B, C, D, Ð, E, F, G, Ȝ, Y, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, Œ, P, R, S, Z, T, Þ, U, V, Ƿ, (W)
 * a, æ, b, c, d, ð, e, f, g, ȝ, y, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, œ, p, r, s, z, t, þ, u, v, ƿ, (w)

Vowels
the official pronunciation of vowels is maintained as so: note that y is optionally used as a character to replace the ei digraph, and is not considered slang, both spellings are perfectly suitable

Symbols
The names of the letters in Shadish use the sounds shown to the right of them to sound them out. These are the official pronunciations, dialectal pronuncaitions are not taken into account. 'A' is the only letter with multiple pronunciations.

'''For the sake of ease, the optional character will be used in place wynn. However wynn should be used in proper writing.'''

Digraphs
These "double letters" are very important, the language won't truly make sense without them.
 * dh - optional replacement for Ð, ð
 * ea - long a
 * ee - long e
 * ei - long i
 * eo - long o
 * eu - long u
 * ey - ou in route
 * gh - pronounced as a simple g, symbolized the unclear distinction of g and y in Old English, most words in Shadish ended with a hard g sound while most in English ended in a y sound(or no sound at all). One great exception to this general rule is that the second person plural became a y in Shadish as in English.
 * ng - velar nasal(same as English "ng")
 * sc - English "sh", German "sch" Old English "sc"
 * zj - Voiced sc, an example in the English word fi ss ure
 * th - optional replacement for Þ, þ
 * ts - ts

Gender
There are 3 genders, masculine, neuter, feminine, and plural has its own particles in certain cases. Nouns are not inflected to show their gender, however articles, possessive pronouns, demonstratives, and other particles are inflected for the gender of their noun. If a noun is inflected for singular, yet has the plural particle, the nouns is technically in a fourth "common" gender.

Punctuation
Punctuation is the same as English with the only exception that, like German, all nouns are capitalized, not just proper nouns.

Sentence Structures
This is a basic guide for the word order, but it is not very necessary because words are declined for case.

The indirect object may be placed after or before the direct object, so long as it is declined for case.

Nouns
This is the regular noun declension, although there are irregular nouns. Nouns may change, since Old English, two genders have melded into one, and weak and strong verbs have mixed together. Nouns which follow prepositions are used in the dative case.

Articles
Articles come before all nouns and gerunds except proper nouns and pronouns, the articles gender agrees with its noun, there is no negative definite article, once simply negates the verbs and uses the definite article. Articles aren't random, there is a way determining which gender a noun is. If the noun is a foreign (non-germanic) word, the noun is neuter. Else if the noun begins with a vowel or an h, it is feminine, if it begins with a consonant other than h, it is masculine.

Pronouns
The only table shown here for pronouns is the demonstrative pronouns, for the rest, see Sheadisk nouns. This makes it easier for updates and the length of this page because it's better formatted and easier to find.

Personal pronouns
There are:


 * 4 cases and one marked by a preposition(Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, and Instrumental)


 * 3 Genders (Masculine, Neuter, and Feminine) for third person singular


 * 3 persons(first person, 2nd person, and 3rd person)


 * 2 numbers(singular and plural)

Resulting in 36 personal pronouns, with the addition of 9 more marked by prepositions. For the full table of personal pronouns, see Sheadisk nouns.

Possesive pronouns The table above shows the genitive case used with a masculine(the most common kind) noun. For the full table of possessive pronouns with the other two genders, see Sheadisk nouns.

Reflexive prounouns The reflexive pronouns for all pronouns are only Self and Selves, for singular and plural respectively. That's it, there is no table!

Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns are a special set of pronouns declined for the appropriate case straight from Old English. There are eleven relative pronouns which can be found at the Sheadisk nouns page.

Negation
When negating a verb "neit" is added before the verb as a seperate word. This is generally done for the definite article, while one would use the negative indefinite article otherwise. See the link below for more information.

Verbs
Verbs are highly inflectional. See the Sheadisk verbs page

For an example of the English verb "to wander" and "to be"...see Sheadisk verbs.

Describing Words
'''All describing words and phrases come before what they describe, which might sound strange in English. '''Many end in -ish. Adjectives are never written post-positively.

Comparative
After the comparative adjective/adverb, next is the particle "ðæn" meaning and pronounced the same as"than". It can then be followed by a word in the nominative and the accusative, each with a specific meaning, If the word is in the nominative, it is being compared to the subject, if in the accusative, it is being compared to the object. To understand exactly, follow this example.

NOMINATIVE
"He jumped the fence quicker than I" would mean "He jumped the fence quicker than I [jumped the fence]"

ACCUSATIVE
"He jumped the fence quicker than me" would mean "He jumped the fence quicker than [he jumped] me"

Adverbs
They generally end in -leik. The grammar is the same as adjectives.

Never post-positively
Adjectives and Adverbs cannot be written post-positively, that is, they never follow nouns. An example of post-positive in English would be "tell me something interesting " which would have to be written as "tell to me an interesting something", note that an article (an) is used, articles must follow every noun, including gerunds,with the exception of pronouns and names.

0 - 9

 * Neon - zero
 * Eon - one
 * Twean - two
 * Þree - three
 * Feor - four
 * Fimf - five
 * Siks - six
 * Seven - seven
 * Akht - eight
 * Negen - nine

10 - 19

 * Teen - ten
 * Eonlef - eleven
 * Twealef - twelve
 * Þreeteen - thirteen
 * Feorteen - fourteen
 * Fifteen - fifteen
 * Siksteen - sixteen
 * Seventeen - seventeen
 * Akhtteen - eighteen
 * Negenteen - nineteen

20 & 21

 * Tweantigh - twenty
 * Tweantigheon - twenty one

30 - 90 (by 10s)

 * Þreetigh - thirty


 * Feortigh - forty


 * Fiftigh - fifty


 * Sikstigh - sixty


 * Seventigh - seventy


 * Akhttigh - Eighty


 * Negentigh - ninety

100, 101, & 121

 * Ean hund ond Eon - a hundred and one


 * Ean hund ond Eonlef - a hundred and eleven


 * Ean hund ond Tweantigheon - a hundred and twenty one

1,000, 1,100, & 1,000,000

 * Æn Þazend - a thousand


 * Æn Þazend hund - a thousand hundred


 * Æn Þazend Þazend - a million

Oridinal
-ða continues as the suffix for the rest of the numbers except those with the digit in the one's place that is 1, 2, or 3, which in those cases will be furst, anðer, or þrid respectively.
 * Furst - first
 * Anðer - second
 * Þrid - third
 * Feorða - fourth
 * Fimfða - fifth

A

 * a- forming many prepositions [from Old English "an" ann]
 * -ar one who has to do with

E

 * -ir forms comparative adjectives

F

 * feir - of or pertaining to fire [from OE "fyr"]

G

 * ga- together/with (cognate with syn) [CG]

I

 * -ish (pronounced as amer. eng. "ish")added to the end of nouns to form adjectives to mean "ways of or similar to".
 * -ist suffix forming superlative adjectives
 * -iy added to mean "full of or characterized by" [CG]
 * -isk is the older form from which isc derives added now only to the end of languages (e. g. Evan isk )

L

 * -leik added to the end of words generally to form adverbs cognate "Eng -ly"[from Old Frisian "-lik"]
 * -lond forming place names, e. g. "neðerlonds"

M

 * -man added to verb stems to form workers of the task [from German "mann"]
 * mund- of or pertaining to the mind [common germanic]

U

 * ur- proto [from Ger "ur"]

W

 * -werd - ward meaning direction [from Old English "-weard"

A

 * asunder - apart [ann + sunder, compare Modern English "asunder"]

E

 * english (adj) - english (big suprise there)

G

 * Galeik - similar [from Ga + liek]

L

 * lyft - clumsy [common germanic sharing the same roots as the word left, in the sense of the more clumsy hand, Evanisk has a strange confusion of euphamisms for the left side, Old English "lyft" weak, foolish, Dutch "loof" weak, worthless

N

 * Neðerlondish - dutch
 * norþ - north(as an adjective) [from Old English "norð"]

S

 * sækhsunish - german (adj)
 * strang - strong [from Old English "strang", Modern English "strong"]

W

 * walisc - foreign
 * warm - warm [from Old English "wearm"]

Prepositions
prepositions tend to have only one single meaning and cannot be easily translated therefore from Modern English.
 * abut - about [from ann + by + ut, same construction as Modern English "about"]
 * aff - off [from Old English "of" compare Modern English "of"]
 * afftir - after [comparative form of "aff" meaning "more off", same occurence happens in English "after"]
 * aleight - in light of [from "ann" + "leight"]
 * amidd - amid [from Old English "on middan"]
 * anehsta - next to (inside the immediate physical area) [from Anglian nesta, Modern English anext]
 * ann - on [common germanic, Old English, German "an", Gothic "ana"]
 * areud - across [from ann + reud "cross"]
 * sunder - without [common germanic, Old English "sundor"]
 * æt - at [common germanic, Old English "æt", Old Norse, Gothic "at"]
 * bei - by [common germanic, Old English "be" and "bi", ect]
 * beitween - between [from bei + twean]
 * eover - over [common germanic, from Old English "ofer", Old Frisian "over"]
 * frum - from [from Old English "from, fram"]
 * for - fore, afront(in time, positions, or rank, ect) [common germanic, Old English "fore", German "vor"]
 * fur - for, on account of [from Old English "for"]
 * heind - behind [from Old English "behindan", "hindan"]
 * in - in [from Gothic, German, Old English, "in"]
 * mid - with [Old English "mid"]
 * neeu, neer, nekst - three forms of near, being the normal, comparative, and superlative respectively, each from the same roots as English "nigh, near, next" which were a single word with those three forms
 * reightwerd - rightward of [from reikt "right" + werd]
 * teu - to [common germanic, from Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon "to"]
 * þureu - through [from Old English "þurh", Old Saxon "thuru"]
 * under - under [common germanic, Old English, Old Frisian "under"]
 * ut - out [from Old English, Old Norse, Old Frisian, Gothic "ut" common germanic]
 * uv - of [from Old English "of", Swedish av]
 * fœn - of, belonging to [from German "von"]
 * winstwerd - leftward of, [from Old English euphamism "winestra" left + Evanisk "-werd" ]
 * wiþ - near, against [from Old English "wiþ" cognate with English "with"]

Example text
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