Novoslavski

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Novoslavski – Novoslavski

by Robert F. Hancock



Novoslavski is a constructed language intended for communication between speakers of different Slavic languages. It is derived from other constructed languages including Slovianski and Neoslavonic, as well as native Slavic languages like Russian and Serbian. The grammar has been simplified considerably by reduction in the number and complexity of inflections in nouns, verbs and adjectives. It is hoped that this has not reduced the resulting language to an Esperanto-like state where a great number of words have become unrecognisable and sound ridiculous to the ear of a native Slavic speaker, but that the sound of the language remains reasonably recognisable to them.

This short course attempts to present the grammar in logical stages, building on the previous sections. It is expected that someone wishing to learn Novoslavski already has some knowledge of one or more Slavic languages, but this is not essential. Throughout the text, all Novoslavski words are given in both Latin and Cyrillic characters, to assist persons who are unfamiliar with Cyrillic texts. Some brief exercises are included as illustrations of the grammar outlined in each section, but it has not been intended to provide a comprehensive vocabulary, as there are excellent dictionaries of Slovianski and Neoslavonic available on the Internet. Novoslavski uses these dictionaries, with some occasional differences in spelling, etc.

 It is possible to utilise either Latin or Cyrillic to write Novoslavski, although Cyrillic is the preferred option as it does not require accented characters. Minor variations in orthography are possible if certain characters are not available on particular word processors, such as the substitution of y,    j, ja   and   j'u'   for Cyrillic  ы ,    й, я   and  ' ю. ' The alphabets and writing conventions are detailed in the next section.





















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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">ALPHABET & ORTHOGRAPHY

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Novoslavski is written in two alternative alphabets, Latin and Cyrillic. These are shown in the table below :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">NOTES : <p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Cyrillic й is used for Latin j, except between two consonants, or following a consonant with no vowel, when Ý is used, or before a or u, when ® or ¥ are used. If the font does not have й , then Latin j may be used.
 * 2) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Words which end in consonant +  '  are written in Cyrillic with Ý ( soft consonant ).
 * 3) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> In handwriting, a bar is written above  t and below ¡ to distinguish them from p  and i. 
 * 4) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Handwritten l and m begin with a small hook, this is important to distinguish them from i.

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> <p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 1'・ 'лекция 1

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">GENDER AND DECLENSION OF NOUNS 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">In Novoslavski, as in most Slavic languages, nouns have grammatical genders ( masculine, feminine,

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">neuter ) and number (singular & plural, and in some cases dual plural). Nouns are also declined in six cases. These are Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental and Locative ( or Prepositional ). The ending of the noun is modified to produce each of the cases, in the singular and plural. Thus every noun can potentially exist in 12 forms, although usually several of these forms are identical. The meaning and use of the cases is described below.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Masculine declension

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Nouns ending in a consonant are usually masculine.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">For animate beings ( humans and animals ), the Accusative is the same as the Genitive. All other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Examples: brat / 'brat = brother, muž / 'mu` = husband.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom brat brat braty bratì  muž mu`  muži mu`i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen brata brata  bratov bratov muža  mu`a mužev mu`ev

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat bratu bratu bratam bratam mužu  mu`u mužam mu`am

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc brata brata bratov bratov muža'   mu`  a mužev  mu`  ev'

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins bratom bratom  bratami brat  ami mužem  mu`  em mužami  mu`  ami

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc brate brat  e bratah  brat  ah muže  mu`  e mužah  mu`  ah

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Feminine declension

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Most nouns ending in -a  or a soft sign ( -t' / -'t'Ý',',  etc  )  are feminine. T he declensions of feminine nouns ending in -a and nouns ending in -ja / -'a are very similar.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Examples: žena / '`ena = wife, du'ša / du ¡ a  = soul.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom žena `ena ženy `en  ì  du š a du ¡ a    du   š  i    du   ¡  i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen ženy `enì žen  `en     du   š  i    du   ¡  i   du   š  ej    du   ¡  eй

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat žene `ene ženam `enam du   š  e    du   ¡  e   duš  am    du   ¡  am

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc ženu `enu ženy `en  ì     du   š  u    du   ¡  u   du   š  i    du   ¡  i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins ženoju `en  o¥ ženami  `en  ami  du   š  eju    du   ¡  e¥      duš  ami    du   ¡  ami

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc žene `en  e ženah  `en  ah  du   š  i    du   ¡  i   du   š  ah    du   ¡  ah

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Example: kost' / 'kost'Ý = bone ( Declension pattern for feminine nouns ending in -t' / -'t'Ý,  etc. )

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom kosť kost  Ý kosti  kost  i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen kosti  kost  i  kostij  kost  iй

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat kosti kost  i  kostim  kost  im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc kosť kost   Ý  kosti  kost  i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins kostju kost  ¥  kostimi  kost  imi

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc kosti  kost  i kostih  kost  ih

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Neuter declension

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Nouns ending in -o or -e are neuter. After a soft consonant, the Locative singular ends in -u instead of -e.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Examples: selo / 'sel o = village ”, polje / pol й e =  field  ” and ime / 'ime = name ”.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom selo selo sela sela polje polйe polja pol®

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen sela sela sel sel  polja pol®   pol      pol  Ý'''

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat selu selu selam selam polju polÓ  pol  jam pol®m

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc selo selo sela sela polje polйe polja pol®

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins selom selom  selami  sel  ami poljem  pol  йem   pol  jami    pol  ®mi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc sele sel  e selah  sel  ah polju  pol  Ó   pol  jah    pol  ®h 

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> This group also includes words like  ime  = name and  vrjeme   = time. They are declined regularly as though their Nominatives were *imeno*  and  *vrjemeno*.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom ime (*   imen o *   )  ime  imen  a imena

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen ime  na imena  imen   imen

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat imen  u imenu  imen  am imenam

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc ime     ime     imen  a    im  ena

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins imen  om imenom    imen  ami  imen  ami

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc imen  e  imen  e  imen  ah  imen  ah

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Irregular nouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Some nouns, eg oko / oko (n.) =eye, and uho / uho (n.) = ear, which refer to natural pairs of objects, have a dual plural ie, oči / 'o~i (f.) = eyes, uši / 'u{i (f.) = ears. Note that the dual is considered as a feminine noun. The normal plural of neuter nouns can also be used, but the dual is more commonly heard in colloquial speech.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Declension of nouns : Irregular oko / oko ;  eye

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Case Singular Dual Plural Regular Plural

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom oko oko  oč  i  o~  i  oka oka

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen oka oka oč  i   o~  i ok ok

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat oki oku oč  im    o~  im okam okam

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc oko oko oč  i     o~  i   ok  a    ok  a 

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins okom ok  om    oč  imi    o~  imi    ok  am    ok  ami 

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Loc     ok  i     ok  u    oč  ih    o~  ih   ok  ah    ok  ah 

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The following nouns are declined as a feminine noun of the kosť type:

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Declension of nouns : Irregular mati /mati =  mother;  tele /  tele =   calf;  dete / dete =  child

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Case Singular

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom mati mat  i  tele  t   e   l  e dete  d   e   t  e

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen matere mat  ere  teleta  t   e   l  eta detete  d   e   t  ete  

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat materi  mat  eri  teleti  t   e   l  eti detete  d   e   t  eti

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc mati mat  i   tel  e    t   e   l  e   det  e    d   e   t  e    

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins materju mat  erÓ    tel  etom  t   e   l  etom    det  etom  d   e   t  etom

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Loc     mat  eri    mat  eri   tel  eti    t   e   l  eti   det  eti    d   e   t  eti 

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Uses of the Cases

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Nominative

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The Nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence : eg :  Pes spi / ' Пес спи  ''' = T he dog is sleeping.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Note that Novoslavski does not require an article ( a, an, the ) before the subject noun.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Genitive

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The genitive is used to denote possession : eg  Pes brata spi/ ' ' Пес брата спи =  The brother's dog is sleeping.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> It is also used with certain prepositions : eg  Pes spi blizko brata / ' Пес спи близко брата  ''' = The dog is sleeping close to the brother. Here brata / brata is governed by the preposition  blizko / blizko ( =  close to, nearby ), which takes the Genitive case.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> It is used to indicate a lack of something : eg  Brat ne imeje psa / ' Брат не имейе пса ' =  The brother does not have a dog. Here psa / psa is in the Genitive case, meaning literally the brother does not have    of a dog  . ( ne imeje / ne imeйe =  does not have )

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Dative

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The Dative is used to express an indirect object : eg My davali psa bratu / Мы давали пса брату = We gave a dog to the brother. Here bratu / bratu is in the Dative case = to the brother.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The Dative is also used in expressions such as materi jest hladno /' 'матери йест хладно = mother is cold. Here hladno / 'hladn'o is an impersonal adjective, and the sentence literally translates as it is cold to mother.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The Dative also used with prepositions : eg My 'š'li k bratu / Мы шли к брату = We went to(wards) the brother. Here bratu / 'bratu is governed by the preposition k /'k ( = to, towards), which takes the Dative case.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Accusative

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The Accusative is used to denote the direct object of a transitive verb : eg  My davali psa bratu /  Мы давали пса брату  = We gave a dog to the brother. Here psa / psa'  is   in the Accusative case, meaning that the dog is the object of the verb davali / davali  = they gave  .'

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">It is also used with certain prepositions ; eg Pes spal 'č'rez no'ču / 'Пес спал чрез ночу' =' The dog slept through the night. Here no'č'u /no'Ë'u ( = night ) is governed by the preposition  'č'rez / Ërez ( = through ), which takes the Accusative case.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">It is used with prepositions such as v / v ( = in ) and na / na ( = on ) to indicate motion towards a location.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Instrumental

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">This is used to indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed : eg Ž'ena pi'š'e perom / 'Жена пише пером = The wife writes with a pen.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">It is also used with the preposition s / 's' to indicate association or mutual participation. Eg Ž'ena 'šla s bratom / Жена шла с братом = The wife went with the brother. Here  bratom /bratom is governed by the preposition s / s, which takes the Instrumental case.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Locative

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">This is used with prepositions such as v /v ( = in ) and na /na ( = on ) to indicate where something is situated ( semi-permanently, ie it is not going anywhere in the short term ) : eg Pes spi na podloge / 'Пес спи на подлоге' = The dog is sleeping on the floor.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">The vocative

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Some Slavic languages also have a Vocative, used for addressing a person or object directly, while many other Slavic languages have no Vocative. Novoslavski uses the Nominative for this purpose.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Vocabulary

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dom dom  house, home (m) pes pes  dog (m)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">brat brat  brother (m) most most  bridge (m)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pristan pristan  port, harbour (m) dvor dvor  courtyard (m)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vrba vrba  willow (f) trava trava  grass (f)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">država dræava  country (f) žena æena  wife (f)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">roza roza  rose (f) duša du{a soul (f)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">polje polйe  field (n) morje morйe  sea (n)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pero pero  pen (n) pal'to palÝto  overcoat (n)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> spiti   spiti  to sleep (   on spi / on spi     he sleeps   on     spal / on spal   he     slept *)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> davati   davati  to give (   my / oni davali / m ì / oni davali   we / they gave )

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> idti idti  to go, walk (   on     šel,     o na šla / o n {el / o na { la   he went /she went )

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> pisati pisati  to write (   on /ona pi š e / on /  ona pi { e   he /she writes )

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> človek Ë lovek  man, human (m)   prijateľ pri Ô tel Ý    friend (m)

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> muž mu`  husband (m)   ono  jest ono й est   it is

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">( * oni spali / oni spali  = they slept )

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Exercises LEKCIJA 1'・ 'лекци® 1

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">1 Translate the following into Novoslavski

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(1) The husband went to the country.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(2) We gave the wife an overcoat.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(3) The brother walked through the fields.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(4) The dog is sleeping in the courtyard.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(5) She went to the harbour with a friend.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(6) The brother writes to a friend with a pen.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(7) We gave roses to mother.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (8) The soul of the wife slept. ( ona spala /  ona spala   = she slept )

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(9) The harbour is close to the sea.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(10) The man does not have brothers.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">2  Translate the following into English

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (1) Vrba jest blizko mosta. Vrba    й   est blizko mosta.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (2) Č   lovek pi   š   e bratam perom. «  lovek pi   {   e bratam perom.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (3) Prijateli davali pera deteti   Pri   Ô   teli davali pera deteti.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (4) Mati     š   la   č   erez travu. Mati  {   la   ~   erez travu.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (5) Roza jest v polju, blizko vrb'. Roza  й   est v pol   Ó  , blizko vrb   Í.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (6) Ž   ena   š   la k pristanu. ¤  ena   {   la k pristanu.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (7) Deti davali tvaru teleti. Deti davali tvaru teleti.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (8) Pes spal v dome. Pes spal v dome.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (9) Dete pi   š   e   č   lovekam. Dete pi  {   e   ~   lovekam.

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (10) Dom ne imeje dvora. Dom ne imeйe dvora.

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 2・  лекци ®  2

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">ADJECTIVES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Adjectives in Novoslavski agree with the noun they qualify in number, case and gender. The declensions are very similar and can be illustrated by the following examples :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Hard stem adjectives :  krasny / krasnì  = pretty, beautiful

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">masculine feminine neuter (all genders )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom  krasn y krasn ì krasn a  krasn a  krasn e  krasn e krasn y  krasn ì

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen  krasn ogo † krasn ogo †  krasn oj krasn oй krasn ogo †  krasn ogo †  krasn yh krasn ìh

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat  krasn omu krasn omu krasn oj krasn oй krasn omu krasn omu krasn ym krasn ìm

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc  krasn ogo * † krasn ogo * †  krasn u krasn u  krasn e  krasn e krasn yh krasn ìh

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins  krasn ym krasn ìm krasn oju krasn oю krasn ym krasn ìm krasn ymi krasn ìmi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc  krasn om krasn om krasn oj  krasn oй krasn om krasn om krasn yh krasn ìh

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">* Adjectives qualifying animate masculine nouns have the Accusative identical with the genitive, other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">† These endings are normally pronounced as -'ovo / -'ovo instead of -ogo / -ogo.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Example of adjective with soft stem : starši / star¡i  = older, senior

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">masculine feminine neuter (all genders )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom  star š i star ¡ i star š a star ¡ a  star š e star ¡ e star š i star ¡ i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen  star š ego  † star ¡ ego †  star š ej star ¡ eй star š ego †  star ¡ ego †  star š ih star ¡ ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat  star š emu star ¡ emu star š ej star ¡ eй star š emu star ¡ emu star š im star ¡ im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc  star š ego * † star ¡ ego * †  star š ej star ¡ eй star š e  star ¡ e star š ih star ¡ ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins  star š im star ¡ im star š eju star ¡ eÓ star š im star ¡ im star š im i star ¡ imi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc star š em star ¡ em star š ej star ¡ eй star š em star ¡ em star š ih star ¡ ih

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">* Adjectives qualifying animate masculine nouns have the Accusative identical with the genitive, other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">† These endings are normally pronounced as -e'vo / -e'vo instead of -ego / -ego.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Degrees of comparison can be formed by replacing the endings with -ej'š'i / '-e'й'{'i. Examples are :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">krasny / krasnì = pretty >

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">krasnejši / krasneй{i, krasnejša / krasneй{a, krasnejše/ krasneй¡e  = prettier

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">sveži / sve`i  = fresh >

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">svežejši / sve`eй{i, svežejša  / sve`eй{a, svežejše  / sve`eй{e = fresher

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ( Note  starši / star¡i =  older is an irregular comparative of stary / starì  = old )

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">It is also possible to use compound comparative forms with the following prefixes :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">više- / vi{e-  = more, naj- / naй- = most, mene- / mene - = less, najmene- / naйmene-  = least

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">When a direct comparison is being made between two things, the object of comparison is in the Genitive case, following the conjunction č'em / '~em = than

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Eg '' Star ' š ' a dev ' č ' inka jest krasnej ' š ' a ' č ' em matere. / ' Старша девчинка йест краснейша чем матере  ' = The older girl is prettier than the mother. ( literally, “than of the mother”).

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">SUPERLATIVES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Superlatives are formed from the comparative by addition of the prefix naj- / naй-,  examples are : naj-krasnejši / naй-krasneй{i, naj-krasnejša / naй-krasneй{a, naj-krasnejše/ naй-krasneй{e =

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">prettiest ( literally, most prettier )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">naj-svežejši / naй-sve`eй{i, naj-svežejša  / naй-sve`eй{a, naj-svežejše  / naй-sve`eй{e  = freshest.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Colloquially, expressions like  ona jest naj- ' krasnej ' ša vsih / она йест най-краснейша всих   = she is the prettiest of all” are commonly used.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">ADVERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Any of the above adjectival forms can be made into an adverb by replacing the declination ending with -o.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Adverbs are not declined. Examples are : krasny/ 'krasn'ì > krasno / 'krasn'o = prettily, beautifully

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">sve'žejšo ' / 'sve`e'й'{'o = more freshly

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Some very common words have irregular comparatives, which are as follows :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">veliki / veliki  big velikši / velik{i  bigger največi / naйve~i biggest

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">maly / malì  small menši / men¡i  smaller najmenši / naйmen¡i  smallest

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">dobry / dobrì good lučši / lu~¡i  better najlučši / naйlu~¡i  best

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">loši / lo¡i bad gorši / gor¡i worse najgorši / naйgor¡i worst

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">stary / starì old starši / star¡i  older, senior najstarši / naйstar¡i  oldest

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">mladi / mladì young mladši / mlad¡i  younger, junior najmladši / naйmlad¡i  youngest

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">nizki / nizki low nižši / ni`¡i lower najnižši / naйni`¡i lowest

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">vysoki / 'v'ì'soki high vy'š'i /'v'ì¡i higher najvy'š'i / 'na'й'vì¡i highest

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Use of adjectives in sentences

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Adjectives may be used as qualifying words by placing them before the relevant noun, and agreeing with it in number, case and gender, as in the following examples :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Mladi hlapec vide ' č ' rnogo psa v malom dome / ' Млады хлапец виде чрного пса в малом доме . ''' = The young boy sees a black dog in the small house. Here mladi hlapec / mladi hlapec  = young boy ( Nominative singular, masculine ),  črnogo psa / ~rnogo psa  = black dog ( Accusative singular, masculine animate ), and v malom dome / v malom dome  = in the small house ( Locative singular, masculine ).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">'' Stari ' ž ' eny ' šli ' s krasnymi dev ' č ' inkami v zelene polje / ' Стари жены шли с красными девчинками в зелене полйе '. ''  = The old wives went with pretty girls to the green field. Here s tari ženy / stari `enì  = old wives ( Nominative plural, feminine ), s krasnymi devčinkami / s krasnìmi dev~inkami  = with pretty girls ( Instrumental plural, feminine ), v zelene polje / v zelene polйe  = to the green field ( Accusative singular, neuter ).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">An adjective may also be used in place of a noun as either the subject or object in a sentence. Examples :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Stari ' ž ' ivut v malom dome / ' Стари живут в малом доме  ''' = The old ones live in a small house.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Brat jest vy ' š ' i / ' Брат йест выши  ''' = The brother is taller.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">'' Sut veliki i mali domy. Oni ' ž ' ivut v malom. /  Сут велики и мали домы.Они живут в малом '' = There are big and small houses. They live in a small one.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Vocabulary

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">mnogi / 'mnogi many, numerous mnogo / 'mnogo much, many

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">nemnogi / nemnogi  few nemnogo / nemnogo few

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">dobry / dobrì  good dobro / dobro  well, good

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">maly / malì  small malo / malo  few, little

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">novy / novì  new novo / novo  newly

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">prjamy / prÔmì  straight, direct prjam / prÔmo  directly

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">povratny /povratnì  backward, reverse povratno /povratno  conversely, backwardly

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">levy / levì  left levo / levo  to the left

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">pravy / pravì right pravo / pravo to the right

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">krivy / krivì  false, wrong krivo / krivo  falsely, wrongly

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">popravy / popravì  correct, right poprav / popravo  correctly

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">CONJUNCTIONS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">i / i  and ili / ili or no / no but ibo / ibo because

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">NOUNS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">zemja / 'zem'Ô (f) earth reka / reka (f) river

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">otec / 'otec (m) father ptica / 'ptica (f) bird

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">ulica / 'ulica (f) street dev'č'inka / 'dev'~'inka (f) girl ( young girl )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">hlapec / 'hlapec (m) boy stol / 'stol (m) table

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">stul / 'stul (m) chair okno / 'okno (n) window

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">vrata / 'vrata (f) door podloga / 'podloga (f) floor

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">pokryv / 'pokr'ì'v (m) roof stena / 'stena (f) wall

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">komnata / komnata (f) room drevo / drevo (n) tree

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">ADJECTIVES 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">črveny / ~rvenì red bely / belì white

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">žolty / `oltì yellow modry / modrì blue

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">črny / ~rnì black zeleny / zelenì  green

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">VERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">žiti / `iti  to live ( on, ona žive / on, ona `ive = he, she lives oni živut / oni `ivut = they live )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">videti / videti to see ( on, ona vide / on, ona vide  = he, she sees oni vidut / oni vidut = they see )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">idti / idti  to go ( on, ona ide / on, ona ide  = he, she goes oni idut / oni idut = they go )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ( oni šli / oni ¡li  = they went )

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">EXERCISES <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(1) A tall ( high ) young girl is near the window.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Translate into Novoslavski :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(2) They see black birds on the left street.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(3) The new house does not have a red roof.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(4) A red table and black chairs are in the larger room.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(5) A willow and a taller tree are in the smallest field.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(6) The older boy went towards the blue door.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(7) The black and white dogs went through the streets.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(8) The green chairs are older than the blue table.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(9) The oldest man in the house is sleeping in the newest room.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(10) The good boys gave the best roses to the pretty young girls. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Translate into English

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (1) Sut mnogi beli domy v ulice Sut mnogi beli dom ì v ulice.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (2) Ona spi blizko žoltogo stola i modroj Ona spi blizko `o ltogo stola i modroй

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> steny. sten ì.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (3) Črny pes jest velikši č em belogo. « rn ì pes йest velik ¡ i ~ em belogo.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (4) Mnogi devčinki sut krasnejši č em ih* Mnogi dev ~ inki sut krasneй ¡ i ~ em ih* materi. materi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (5) Otec jest starši matere, no ona jest Otec йest star ¡ i matere, no ona йest mnogo krasnejša. mnogo krasneй ¡ a.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (6) Najvy š i dreva ž ivut blizko reki. Naйv ì¡ i dreva ` ivut blizko reki.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (7) Naj-krasnejši rozi sut črveni. Naй-krasneй ¡ i rozi sut ~ rveni.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (8) Žena šla prjamo k velikomu črvenomu ¤ ena ¡ la pr ® mo k velikomu ~ rvenomu domy. dom ì.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (9) Najmladša devčinka spala v menšoj Naйmlad ¡ a dev ~ inka spala v men ¡ oй komnate. komnate.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (10) Hlapeci vidut oči mnogih malih ptic'. Hlapeci vidut o ~ i mnogih malih ptic Í.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">*'ih / 'ih = of their ( Genitive plural possessive pronoun )

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 3・  лекци ®  3

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">PRONOUNS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Personal pronouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">The personal pronouns are declined in six cases in the same way as nouns. The following table shows how they are declined

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Singular 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">1st person ( I, Me ) 2nd person ( You ) 3rd person ( He, Him / She, Her / It )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">masculine feminine neuter

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Nom ja ® ty tì on on ona ona ono ono

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen  m enja m en® t ebja t eb® j ego †   й ego  †   j ejo й eйo j ego  †   й ego  †

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat  m ne m ne t ebe t ebe j emu й emu j ej й eй j emu й emu

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc  m enja m en® t ebja t eb® j ego †   й ego  †   j ejo й eйo j ego  †   й ego  †

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins  m noju m noÓ t oboju t oboÓ j im й im j eju й eÓ j im й im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc  m ne m ne t ebe t ebe j em й em j ej й eй j em й em

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Plural 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">1st person ( We,Us ) 2nd person (You) 3rd person ( They, Them ) all genders 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Nom my mì vy vì oni oni

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen  n as n as v as v as ih ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat  n am n am v am v am im im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc  n as n as v as v as ih ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins  n ami n ami v ami v ami imi imi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc  n as n as v as v as ih ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> † These endings are normally pronounced as - ovo,  -e vo / - ovo, -evo instead of - ogo, -ego / - ogo, -ego.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> When a 3 rd person pronoun ( on, ona, ono, oni / on, ona, ono, oni is preceded by a preposition, n / n is   added between the preposition and pronoun, eg s nim / s nim = with him / it, sred nih / sred nih = among them, u njego / u nйego = by him, na njom / na nйom = on it, etc.)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> There is also a reflexive pronoun, sebe / sebe  = (one)self, which refers to the subject of the sentence. It has no Nominative, but is otherwise declined like ty / tì ( sebja – sebe – sebja – soboju – sebe / seb® - sebe - seb® - sobo¥ - sebe )  Example :  On vide sebja v zerkale ' / ' Он виде себя в зеркале ' ' =   He sees himself in the mirror.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> In most Slavic countries,   ty / t ì   and its derivatives are only used in addressing persons in a familiar manner, while   vy / v ì   are used in polite and respectful conversation with people who are not close acquaintances.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Possessive Pronouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> The possessive pronouns are moj /  mo й = my, tvoj /  tvo й  = your (s), svoj /  svo й  = own ( reflexive ),

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> and na š  /  na ¡ = our, va š  /  va ¡ = your (pl) They are adjectives, declined as follows :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> masculine feminine neuter plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Nom  moj mo й moj a  mo ®  moj e  mo й e  moj i  mo й i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Gen moj ego † mo й ego †  moj ej  mo й e й  moj ego † mo й ego †  moj ih  mo й ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Dat moj emu mo й emu  moj ej  mo й ej  moj emu  mo й emu  moj im   mo й im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Acc moj ego * † mo й ego * †  moj u  mo ¥  moj e  mo й e  moj ih * mo й ih *

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Ins moj im mo й im  moj eju  mo й e ¥  moj im  mo й im  moji mi   mo й imi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Loc moj em mo й em  moj ej  mo й e й  moj em  mo й em  moj ih  mo й ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">masculine feminine neuter plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Nom  na š na ¡  na š a  na ¡ a  na š e  na ¡ e na š i  na ¡ i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Gen na š ego † na ¡ ego †  na š ej  na ¡ e й  na š ego † na ¡ ego † na š ih  na ¡ ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Dat na š emu na ¡ emu  na š ej  na ¡ e й  na š emu  na ¡ emu na š im  na ¡ im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Acc na š ego * † na ¡ ego * †  na š u  na ¡ u  na š e  na ¡ e na š ih *  na ¡ ih *

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Ins na š im na ¡ im  na š eju  na ¡ e¥  na š im   na ¡ im na š imi  na ¡ imi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Loc na š em na ¡ em  na š ej  na ¡ e й  na š em  na ¡ em na ših  na ¡ ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">† These endings are normally pronounced as -'ovo, '-e'vo / -'ovo, -evo instead of -ogo, -ego / -ogo, -ego. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The 3 rd person possessive pronouns are jego / йego = his or its, jejo / йeйo = her, and ih /ih = their. These are the Genitive cases of the 3 rd person pronouns and are not declined. When these are used as possessive pronouns, they do not have n / n  inserted after prepositions.
 * <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The Accusative of inanimate masculine subjects is the same as the Nominative.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Demonstrative Pronouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> These are sej, sa, se /  se й , sa, se = this, toj, ta, to /  to й ,ta,to = that, vsej, vsa, vse / vse й , vsa, vse = all.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">They are adjectives and are declined as follows :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> sej /  se й  &  vsej /  vse й

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">masculine feminine neuter plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Nom  s ej s e й  s a  s a  s e  s e  s i  s i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Gen  s ego †  s ego †  s ej  s e й  s ego †  s ego †  s ih  s ih

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Dat  s emu  s emu  s ej  s e й  s emu  s emu  s im  s im

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Acc  s ego * † s ego * †  s u  s u  s e  s e  s ih * s ih *

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Ins  s im  s im  s eju  s e ¥  s im  s im  s imi  s imi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Loc  s em  s em  s ej  s e й  s em  s em  s ih  s ih

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> toj / to й

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> masculine feminine neuter plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Nom  t oj t o й  t a  t a  t o  t o  t i  t i

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Gen  t ogo †  t ogo †  t oj  t o й  t ogo †  t ogo †  t eh  t eh 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Dat t omu t omu  t oj  t o й  t omu  t omu  t em  t em 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Acc t ogo * † t ogo * †  t u  t u  t o  t o  t eh * t eh *

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Ins t om t om  t oju  t o ¥  t om  t om  t emi  t emi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Loc  t em  t em  t o j  t o й  t em  t em  t eh  t eh

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">† These endings are normally pronounced as -'ovo, '-e'vo / -'ovo, -evo instead of -ogo, -ego / -ogo, -ego.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Since Novoslavski uses no articles, sej /  se й  &  toj / to й  are often employed where English would use “the”, but unless there is some need to so distinguish the subject of discussion, they are usually not necessary.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Relative pronoun

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> There is only one relative pronoun kotory /  kotor ì = which. It is an adjective and follows the normal declension for a hard stem adjective ( like krasny /  krasn ì  ). It is used in a subordinate clause to refer to something from another clause, eg ''Oni vidut dom, na kotorom jest 'č'rveny pokryv. / 'Они видут дом, на котором йест чрвены покрыв' '' = They see the house, on which is a red roof. Here  na kotorom /  na kotorom = on which ( Locative masculine singular, agreeing with dom /  dom  in number and gender).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Note that in English, the relative pronoun is often omitted, as in “ They see the house with a red roof “.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">This is not possible in Novoslavski, the pronoun must be used in a subordinate relative clause.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Emphatic pronoun

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> The emphatic pronoun is   i ž e / i`e   = the one, the very same. It has the same form in the Nominative for all genders and numbers. In the other cases, it is declined as the 3 rd  person pronouns with -   ž e / - `e   suffixed.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">masculine feminine neuter plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Nom i ž e i `e    i ž e i `e   i ž e i `e i ž e i `e

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Gen j e go ž e й e go `e j e j ž e й e й `e j e go ž e й e go `e j ih ž e й ih `e

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Dat j e mu ž e й e m y `e j e j ž e й e й `e j e mu ž e й em y `e j im ž e й im `e

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Acc j e go ž e* й e go `e* j u ž e Ó `e j e ž e й e `e j e ž e ᴥ й e `e ᴥ

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Ins j im ž e  й im `e j e ju ž e й e Ó `e j im ž e й im `e j imi ž e й imi `e

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Loc  j e m ž e й em `e j e j ž e й e й `e j e m ž e й em `e j ih ž e й ih `e

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> (ᴥ A ccusative for inanimate subjects. Animate subjects use the Genitive ending.)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> i ž e /  i`e is used to refer more emphatically to something from the main clause, eg Toj dom, v njem'ž'e 'ž'ivut moji braty, imeje 'č'rveny pokryv.' / 'Той дом, в нйемже живут мойи браты, имейе чрвены покрыв  = That house, the one in which my brothers live, has a red roof. Note that n- /  n- is inserted between the preposition and je m ž e / й em`e, as is done with the 3 rd person pronoun.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Questions

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">In oral conversation, questions may be indicated simply by an higher intonation of the appropriate word. Since this is not possible in written communication, the interrogative particle li / 'li '= does it ? Is it ? Is used immediately following the verb in the question. Eg ''Va'š' dom jest li veliki ? / 'Ваш дом йест ли великы ?' = ''Is your house large ?

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Vocabulary

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ADJECTIVES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> bystry /  b ì ctr ì fast medly /  medl ì  slow

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> prijatny /  pri ® tn ì pleasant, nice zly / zl ì  evil

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> teply /  tepl ì warm hladny /  hladn ì  cold

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> čisty /  ~ ist ì clean, pure brudny /  brudn ì  dirty

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">š'iroki / '¡'iroki wide vuzki / 'vuzki narrow

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">sovremenny / sovremennì  modern, contemporary davny / davnì ancient

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">težki / te`ki heavy, difficult legki / legki light, easy

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">NOUNS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">mladec / mladec (m) youth, youngster starec / starec ( m ) old timer

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">kniga / kniga (f) book dožd' / do`dÝ § (m) rain

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">sneg / sneg (m) snow solnce / solnce ( n ) sun

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">mraz / mraz (m) frost voda / voda ( f) water

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">budka / budka  (f) hut, cabin les / les (m) forest

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">koza / koza (f) goat kon' / kon√  § (m) horse

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">svinja / svin® (f) pig ovca / ovca  (f) sheep

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">led / led  (m) ice selo / selo (n) village

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> § Masculine nouns ending in  -' / -√ are declined as follows :

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">singular plural 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom do   ž   d    do`d  Ý  do   ž   d  ji    do`d  й i'''

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen do   ž   d  ja    do`d  ®    do   ž   djev     do`d  й ev

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat do   ž   d  ju    do`d  ¥    do   ž   d  jam    do`d  ®m

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc do   ž   d      ᴥ     do`d  Ý    ᴥ     do   ž   d  ji    ᴥ     do`d  й i '''  ᴥ

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins  do   ž   d  jem    do`d  й em    do   ž   d  jami    do`d  ®mi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Loc do   ž   d  je    do`d  й e    do   ž   d  jah    do`d  ®h

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(ᴥ Accusative for inanimate subjects. Animate subjects use the Genitive ending.)

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">VERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">čitati / ~itati  to read ( on čitaje / on ~itaйe = he reads, oni čitajut / oni ~ita¥t = they read )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">begati / begati to run ( on begaje / on begaйe = he runs, oni begajut / oni bega¥t = they run )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pasti / pasti to fall ( on pade / on pade = he/it falls, oni padut / oni padut = they fall )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> ( on padel, ona padla, ono padlo, oni padli / on padel, ona padla, ono padlo, oni padli = he, she, it, they fell )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">leskati / 'leskati to shine ( on, ona, ono leskaje / 'on, onh, ono leska'й'e = he, she, it shines )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">kazati / kazati to tell. ( on, ona, ono ka'ž'e / on, ona, ono ka`e = he, she, it tells )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">imeti / imeti to have, to possess ( on, ona, ono imeje / on, ona, ono imeйe = he, she, it has )

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXERCISES <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(1) My old horse lives in the wide green field, which is near the river.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Translate into Novoslavski :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(2) Their houses are much nicer than ours.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(3) Heavy snow fell in your (tvoja) country.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(4) You (pl) gave us many big white sheep.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(5) The old timer lives in his own small hut in the cold forest.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(6) The pigs which live in this field are dirtier than his.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(7) Is there frost on the wide river ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(8) That goat, the one that has black ears, went with the pretty girls to the courtyard.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(9) Our father reads many big heavy books.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(10) The sun shines warmly and the young girls run through your (pl) fields.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Translate into English :
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Translate into English :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(1) Starec medlo čitaje mnogi davny knigi v svojem budke.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(2) Sovremennì mladeci živut legkejšo čem ih otci. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(3) Mnogi črveni rozi živut blizko steny našego starogo doma. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(4) Žena šla so† svojim mužem k hladnomu pristanu. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(5) Naš stary črny kon' begaje bistrejšo čem jejo belih psov. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(6) Jejo brat spal v tem dome, kotorì jest v vuzkoj ulice. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(7) Devčinki pišut svojemu otcu žoltìm perom, kotore ty daval im. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(8) Tvoj prijatel' daval tebe to črne pal'to, kotore jest na modrom stole. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(9) Vidut li oni more črez se buzke okno ? <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">(10) Sneg, kotorì padl na naš pokrìv, jest hladnì i belì. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Starec medlo ~itaйe mnogi davnì knigi v svoйem budke.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Sovremennì mladeci `ivut legkeй{o ~em ih otci.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Mnogi ~rveni rozi `ivut blizko stenì na{ego starogo doma.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Æena {la so† svoйim mu`em k hladnomu pristanu.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Na{ starì ~rn∫ konÝ begaйe bistreй{o ~em йeйo belih psov.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">йeйo brat spal v tem dome, kotorì йest v vuzkoй ulice.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dev~inki pi{ut svoйemu otcu `oltìm perom, kotore tì daval im.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Tvoй pri®telÝ daval tebe to ~rne palÝto, kotore йest na modrom stole.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Vidut li oni more ~rez se buzke okno ?
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Sneg, kotorì padl na na{ pokrìv, йest hladnì i belì.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">† When a preposition before a word produces a cluster of similar consonants, o is inserted to aid pronunciation.

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 4・  лекци ®  4

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">PRONOUNS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Interrogative, definite & indefinite pronouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">These are an important group of words which occur frequently in the language. Two of the commonest are

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">kto / kto = who? and š'to / '{to = what'''? '''They are declined as follows :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Nom k  to   kto  što {to

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Gen k  ogo  †     k  ogo  †     č  ego  †     ~  ego  †

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Dat k  omu    k  omu    č  emu      ~  emu

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Acc k  ogo    k  ogo    š  to    {to

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Ins  k  imi    k  imi    č  imi    ~  imi

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Loc kom kom čom ~om

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">† These are pronounced as kovo, čevo / kovo, ~evo.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The other indefinite and relative pronouns are summarised in the following table : <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">§ nekto / 'nekto = someone, is less vague than kto-nibud / 'kto-nibud = anyone. The person named as “someone” may be a particular person known to the speaker, or they may have a partial knowledge of who they are referring to. “Anyone” implies that the speaker hasn't the vaguest idea who it could be. The same applies to the other some- and any- categories.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">‡ These forms have the first part inflected as required, followed by -nibud / '-nibud, eg komu-nibud / 'komu-nibud = to anyone.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">PREPOSITIONS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Some more common prepositions and their meanings are given below :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">do / do  + Genitive to, until

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">iz / iz “ from, out of

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">iz-za / iz-za  “ from behind

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">krome / krome  “ except

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">od / od  “ away from, since,

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">posle / posle “ after

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">posred / posred “  amidst, among

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vnutri / vnutri + Genitive  inside, within

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">za / za “ during

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Accusative because of, behind ( movement ), per, in favour of, due to

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Instrumental after, behind ( location )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">nad / nad + Accusative  on, onto, over ( motion )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Instrumental on, onto, over ( location )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pod / pod + Accusative  under, below ( motion )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Instrumental under, below ( location )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pred / pred + Accusative  before, ahead of   ( motion )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Instrumental before, ahead of ( location, time )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">v / v + Accusative  in, into   ( motion )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Locative in ( location, time )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">na / na + Accusative  on, onto   ( motion )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">“ + Locative on ( location )

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dnjec / dnÝec today

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">zautra / zautra tomorrow

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">včera / v~era yesterday

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">poslezaytra / poslezautra  the day after tomorrow

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">preduvčera / preduv~era  the day before yesterday

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">sejčas / seй~as now

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vtogda / vtogda  then

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">skoro / skoro  soon

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pozdnej / pozdneй later

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">inogda / inogda  some other time

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">davno / davno  long ago

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">nedavno / nedavno  recently

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vreme / vreme  time

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">VERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Present Tense

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Some of the present tense forms of verbs have already been given, eg on, ona, ono č'itaje, oni 'č'itajut / 'on, ona, ono ~ita'й'e, oni ~ita'¥'t = he, she, it reads, they read.  The verbal expression in the present tense is made from a combination of the personal pronoun plus the verb stem with a personal ending. The verb is č'itati / '~itati, which is the infinitive form of the verb as listed in a dictionary, meaning to read. From this is taken the verb stem, which in this instance is simply the part '''č'ita- / '~ita-. '''The personal endings are added to this as follows :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">1st person ( I ) -ju / '-¥ 1st person ( We) -jeme / '-'й'eme

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">2nd person (You) -je'š' / '-'й'e{ 2nd person (You) -jete / '-'й'ete

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">3rd person ( He,She, It ) -je / '-'й'e 3rd person (They) -jut / -'¥t

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Thus the full paradigm of č'itati / '~itati in the present tense is :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">ja č'itaju / '®' ~ita'¥ = I read my č'itajeme / m'ì' ~ita'йeme = We read

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">ty 'č'itaje'š' / 't'ì' ~ita'й'e{ = You read vy 'č'itajete / 'v'ì' ~ita'й'ete = You read

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">on, ona, ono č'itaje / 'on, ona, ono ~ita'й'e = He reads, etc oni 'č'itajut / 'oni ~ita'¥t = They read

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">This is the pattern for verbs of the first conjugation. Some other verbs which follow this pattern are delati / 'delati = to do, znati / 'znati = to know,  and davati / davati = to give.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Imperative

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Verbs also have an imperative form, as in č'itaj, '~ita'й' = read !( 2nd person singular ) and č'itajte, '~ita'й'te = read !( 2nd person plural ). These forms are used to give an order or an instruction to someone to carry out the action, and as with the use of ty – vy / t'ì - 'v'ì', the plural form is used in respectful conversation.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The imperatives are formed by dropping -e'š' / '-e{ from the 2nd person singular of the present tense ( if this ends in a consonant, -i / '-i is inserted ) giving the singular imperative. To this is added -te / -te to form the plural.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Subjunctive

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The subjunctive expresses a desire for an action to occur, as in “ Let us go to the forest “. In Novoslavski this would use the subjunctive particle nehaj / 'neha'й = let it be, may it be.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Thus  “ Let us go to the forest “ is ''Nehaj my ideme k lesu / 'Нехай мы идеме к лесу'. ''( ideme /' ideme is the present 1st person plural of idti / 'idti = to go ).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Negation

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The negative of a verb is formed with the particle ne / '''ne. eg, on ne znaje / ' on ne zna'йe '''= he does not know. However, when the subject or object is also a negative, Novoslavski uses a double negative construction. For example, Nikto ne znaje togo 'č'loveka / Никто не знайе того чловека = Nobody knows that man.( Literally, “ Nobody doesn't know that man “, which would actually means the opposite in English ). Likewise On ne znaje ni'č'to / Он не знайе ничто means “ He knows nothing “, not “ He doesn't know nothing “, which is the literal English translation.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXERCISES <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Write out the conjugation of the verb delati / delati in the present tense and imperatives.
 * 2) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Translate the following into Novoslavski :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(1) Where did rain fall yesterday ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(2) Does anyone know a man who has these ancient books ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(3) To whom did they give their young white horse ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(4) Tell me, where did her husband go yesterday ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(5) He went away from the big house with his old black goat.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(6) The sheep run out from behind the tallest tree in the field.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(7) The smaller birds slept under the roof of the house close to the harbour.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(8) I know the girl to whom somebody gave a new blue overcoat.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(9) Let us go to the sea tomorrow with the girl's older brother.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(10 Whose dogs are those, the ones which are running into the street ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal"> <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Translate into English :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (1) Kaku knigu vy   č   itajete dn'es ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Kaku knigu v   ì   ~itaйete dn   Ý   es ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (2)   Si sut nekaki knigi, kotori va   š   brat daval mne v   č   era.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Si sut nekaki knigi, kotori va{ brat daval mne v~era.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (3)   Nehaj inokto ka   ž   e nam kuda ona   š   la preduv   č   era. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (4)   Š   to jest pod tom brudnom starom stule, kotory jest vo va   š   ej budke ?
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Nehaй inokto ka`   e   nam kuda ona {la preduv~era.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> [to йest pod tom brudnom starom stule, kotor   ì   йest vo va{eй budke ?

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (5)   Pozdnej, my   š   li nad most, pod nego   ž   e begaje bystra   š   iroka reka.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Pozdneй, m   ì   {li nad most, pod nego`e begaйe b   ì   stra {iroka reka.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (6)   On pi   š   e svojemu mlad   š   emu bratu, jego   ž   e vy ne znajete.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> On pi{e svoйemu mlad{emu bratu, йego`e v   ì   ne znaйete.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (7)   Kogda-nibud solnce leskaje, mì idejeme k morju so svojimi prijateljami. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (8) Vse   kto znaje kakih   č   lovekih   ž   ivut tam. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (9)   Nekak, dev   č   inka padla   č   rez led v hladnu vodu. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (10)   V sem sele   ž   ivut mnogi psi, kotori begajut kuda-nibud i vsekuda.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Kogda-nibud solnce leskaйe, m   ì   ideйeme k mor   Ó   so svoйimi pri   ®   tel   ®   mi.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Vsekto znaйe kakih ~lovekih `ivut tam.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Nekak, dev~inka padla ~rez led v hladnu vodu.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">V sem sele `ivut mnogi psi, kotori bega¥t kuda-nibud i vsekuda.

<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 5・  лекци ®  5

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">VERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Present Tense – verb stems

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Many verbs in Novoslavski have a verb stem which is slightly different to the infinitive, and verbs to which this applies are shown in dictionaries with the present tense after the infinitive. The changes which occur are summarised below :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Infinitive stem ending ( less -ti / -ti ) changes to example 2nd person sing

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">-k / '-k -'č / -'~ 'vlekti / 'vlekti > 'vle'češ' / vle~e{

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">-'g / '-g '-'ž' / -'` 'mogti' / mogti > 'mo'ž'e'š' / 'mo`e{

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">-s / -s -d / -d klasti / klasti > kladeš / klade{

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Present Tense - 2nd conjugation

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">There is a second pattern of conjugation of verbs which has endings as follows in the present tense ;

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">eg govoriti / 'говори'ti = to speak

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">ja govorju / 'Ô' 'говорию' I speak my govorime / 'm'ì' 'говорime We speak

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">ty govori'š' / 't'ì' 'говор'i{ You(s) speak vy govorite / 'v'ì' 'говор'ite You(pl) speak

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">on, ona, ono govori / 'on, ona, ono 'говор'i He, etc speaks oni govorjat / o'ni 'говоря't They speak

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Dictionaries indicate when a verb is of the second conjugation by showing the present tense after the infinitive. There is no rule which can be applied to identify all 2nd conjugation verbs, this needs to be learned. Most verbs which have the infinitive in -ati / -'ati  are 1st conjugation, and most with -iti / -'iti are 2nd conjugation, but there are many exceptions.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Some common verbs with their 2nd person singular present tenses are as follows :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">kazati / 'kazati > ka'ž'e'š' / 'ka`e{  to tell.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pisati / 'pisati > 'pi'šeš / 'pi{e{  to write

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">mogti' / mogti > 'mo'ž'e'š' / mo`e{ to be able

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">klasti / 'klasti > 'klade'š / 'klade{ to put, to lay down

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pasti / 'pasti > 'pade'š' / pade{ to fall

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">jedati / йедати > jedeš / йede{  to eat

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">idti / idti > ideš / ide{ to go

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vlekti / vlekti >  vlečeš / vle~e{  to drag, haul

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">brati / brati > bereš / bere{ to take

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">žiti / `iti > živeš / `ive{ to live

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">hoteti / hoteti > hočeš / ho~e{ to want, to wish for

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">spati / spati > spiš / spi{ to sleep

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">prositi / prositi > prošiš / pro{i{ to please

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">poteti / poteti > potiš / poti{ to perspire

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">stojati / sto®ti > stojiš / stoйi{ to stand

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Imperative

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The imperative of 2 nd conjugation verbs is formed by dropping the š / { ending of the present 2 nd person singular and adding - j / -й in the singular and - jte / -йte  in the plural.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Past Tense

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The past tense of a verb is formed from the stem of the infinitive by adding -(e)l, la, lo, li / -(e)l, la, lo, li , which correspond with a masculine , feminine, neuter or plural subject. An e /e  may be inserted in the masculine ending if the stem ends in a hard consonant or group of consonants. For the above verbs, this gives the past participle forms as below ( with several irregularities ). These are used with the appropriate personal pronoun   to form the past tense. The endings are the same for both 1 st and 2 nd conjugations.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">kazati / 'kazati > kazal, kazala, -lo, -li' / kazal, -la, -lo, -li  ( he, she, it, they ) told.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pisati / 'pisati > 'pisal, pisala, -lo, -li / ' pisal, -la, -lo, -li' ( he, she, it, they ) wrote

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">mogti' / mogti > 'mo'gel, mogla, -lo, -li' / mogel, -la, -lo, -li ( he, she, it, they ) could

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">klasti / 'klasti > 'kladel, kladla, -lo, -li' / 'kladel, -la, -lo, -li ⌖ ( he, she, it, they ) put, laid down

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pasti / 'pasti > 'pade'l, padla, -lo, -li' / 'padel, -la, -lo, -li '⌖ ( he, she, it, they ) fell

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">jedati / йедати > jedal, jedala, -lo, -li / йedal, -la, -lo, -li  ( he, she, it, they ) ate

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">idti / idti > šel, šla, šlo, šli / {el, {la, {lo, {li § ( he, she, it, they ) went

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vlekti / vlekti >  vlekel, vlekla, -lo, -li / vleкel, -la, -lo, -li ⌖  ( he, she, it, they ) dragged, hauled

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">brati / brati > bral, brala, -lo, -li / bral, -la, -lo, -li ( he, she, it, they ) took

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">žiti / `iti > žil, žila, žilo, žili / `il, `ila, `ilo, `ili  ( he, she, it, they ) lived

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">hoteti / hoteti > hotel, hotela, -lo, -li / hotel, hotela, -lo, -li  ( he, she, it, they ) wanted

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">spati / spati > spal, -la, -lo, -li / spal, -la, -lo, -li  ( he, she, it, they ) slept

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">prijati / pri®ti > prijal, prijala, -lo, -li / pri®l, -la, -lo, -li  ( he, she, it, they )   pleased

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">poteti / poteti > potel, potela, -lo, li / potel, -la, -lo, li  ( he, she, it, they ) perspired

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">stojati / sto®ti > stojal, -la, -lo, -li / sto®l, -la, -lo, -li  ( he, she, it, they ) stood

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">⌖ These verbs retain the present stem in the past tense, instead of the infinitive stem.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">§  These are irregular forms. All compounds of iti / iti ( verbs of motion ) are of the same pattern.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">The Verb To Be : byti / bìti

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">This is an irregular verb which is part of some tenses of every other verb. Its full conjugation is as follows :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Present tense

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ja jesu / ® йesu  I am my jesme / mì йesme We are

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ty jesi / tì йesi You(s) are vy jeste / vì йeste You(pl) are

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">on, ona, ono jest He, She, It is oni (je)sut* / oni (йe)sut*  They are

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> / on, ona, ono йest Imperative jesij/  йesiй, jesijte/ йesiйte  Be !

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> ( * optional forms – the short form is more common in spoken language.)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Past Tense 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">on byl / on bìl [ He ] was oni byli / oni bìli [They ] were

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ona byla / ona bìla [  She ] was

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ono bylo / ono bìlo [  It ] was

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Future Tense

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ja budu / ® budu  I will be my budeme / mì budeme We will be

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ty budeš / tì bude{ You(s) will be vy budete / vì budete  You(pl) will be

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">on, ona, ono bude He, She, It will be oni budut / oni budut  They will be

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> / on, ona, ono bude

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Conditional

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ja buh / ® buh  I would my byhom / mì bìhom We would

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ty bys / tì bìs You(s) would vy byste / vì bìste  You(pl) would

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">on, ona, ono by He, She, It would oni buhu / oni buhu  They would

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> / on, ona, ono bì

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> The simple future and conditional tenses are unique to byti / bìti, all other verbs form their compound future and conditional tenses using the byti / bìti  tenses as an auxiliary verb '''. '''

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The verb nebyti / 'neb'ìti = not to be is conjugated similarly.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Compound Future Tense

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The future tense of byti / 'b'ìti is followed by the second verb in the infinitive. Examples are :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Ja budu pisati / '®' budu pisati = I will write

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">My budeme 'čitati / 'm'ì' budeme ~itati = we will read, etc

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Conditional Tenses

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The conditional can be formed in two ways, giving different meanings. When the past particle of a verb like delati / 'delati is combined with the conditional of byti / 'b'ì'ti , it refers to a state that would exist under some set of conditions.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Vy delal byste / 'v'ì delal bìste = You (pl) would do ( if some condition now or in future were to be true )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">There is also a past conditional, formed from the past tense of byti / 'b'ì'ti , the 3rd person singular conditional by / 'bì, and past particle of another verb.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Vy byli by delal / 'v'ì bìli bì delal = You (pl) would have done ( if some condition in the past had been true )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Examples :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">''Ja buh pisal jemu, jestli ja znal gde on žive. / я бух писал йему, йестли я знал где он живе. '' =

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> I would write to him, if I knew where he is living. ( jestli /  й estli  = If )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">''My byli by 'š'li k domu, jestli oni kazali nam 'š'to vy byli tam. / 'Мы были бы шли к дому, йестли они казали нам што вы были там.' ''= We would have gone home, if they told us that you were there.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The past conditional is more commonly formed with a perfective verb, however, rather than an imperfective one. Refer to Lekcija 7 for more details.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The main verb in the conditional clause is in the past tense, even if it refers to the present or future. (  ja znal / '®' znal = I knew,  oni kazali /  oni kazali  = They told, in the above examples )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">English also uses conditional expressions like “ I may write..” etc, indicating a possibility that a conditional action will take place, rather than a definite action. In Novoslavski, this can be expressed with the adverb

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">može / mo`e = maybe, perhaps and a conditional. Eg, '' Mo ' ž ' e oni buhu videli jejo, jectli ona byla tam. /  Може они буху видели йейo, йестли была там. '' = Maybe they would see her / They may see her, if she is there.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXERCISES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">1. Write out the conjugation of the following verbs in the tenses indicated: <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal"> <p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">mogti / mogti - present tense
 * 2) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pasti / pasti - future tense
 * 3) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">jedati / йedati - past tense
 * 4) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">hoteti / hoteti - conditional
 * 5) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> vlekti / vlekti – past conditional
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Translate the following into Novoslavski :
 * 2) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Yesterday, when the sun was shining, the boys were able to go to the harbour with their father.
 * 3) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Tomorrow we will eat inside your brother's house, and soon he will be able to eat with us..
 * 4) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Whenever I told him something, he would want to know more.
 * 5) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">When there is snow in the village we are cold and we eat all the time (always).
 * 6) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">We may have gone somewhere else, if someone gave us a nicer house.
 * 7) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Will you (ty) write to your old father soon ?
 * 8) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">You(pl) can sleep some other time, somewhere else.
 * 9) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The day before yesterday someone took the old horse away from the field.
 * 10) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The old timer dragged the table and the heavy books towards the window of his cabin.
 * 11) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">After that, he fell on the floor and perspired heavily.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 6・  лекци ®  6

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">VERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Passive Voice

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> So far verbs have been discussed in the   active   voice only, that is, when a subject carries out an action, sometimes on an object, and sometimes on no object. When an object is involved, the verb is described as  transitive  , for example   on videl psa / on videl psa   = he saw a dog. Here the subject is  he   and the object is  '' a dog. '' Some verbs do not have an object on which the action is performed, for example   pes spal / pes spal   = the dog slept, here the verb has only a subject but no object. This is an example of an  intransitive   verb.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Taking the first sentence, it is possible to reverse the sense of action, as in   pes byl viden jim / pes b ì l viden й im    = The dog was seen by him, but the second sentence can not be reversed in this way, because the verb   spati / spati   =   to sleep is intransitive. This reversal of the action is described as the  passive   voice. The verb  videti / videti   appears as its   past passive participle,  viden / viden . This is a short form adjective,    masculine singular, agreeing with  ''' pes / pes.  There are of course corresponding feminine, neuter and plural forms,   videna / videna, videne / videne, videni / videni. ''' They agree with the subject in gender and number, but are not declined for case.  

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The passive voice can be applied in any of the tenses, as in these examples :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ja byl vleken v reku / ' ' я был влекен в реку  = I was (being ) dragged into the river

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ja jesu vleken v reku / ' ' я йесу влекен в реку  =   I am (being) dragged into the river.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ja budu vleken v reku / ' ' я буду влекен в реку  =   I will be dragged into the river.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ja buh vleken v reku / ' ' я бух влекен в реку  = I would be dragged into the river. *

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ja byl by vleken v reku / ' ' я был бы влекен в реку  = I would have been dragged into the river*

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(* Note that the passive conditionals have the past passive participle instead of the normal past participle. )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Here    vleken / vleken   (   vlekena / vlekena, vlekene / vlekene   )     is the past passive participle of   vlekti / vlekti   = to drag.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Generally, the past passive participle is formed by replacing the infinitive ending     of transitive verbs   -ti / -ti   with   -en / -en   ( for the masculine singular ), or   -n / -n    if the infinitive stem ends in a vowel. If the present tense stem differs from the infinitive stem, then the participle is formed by adding  -en / -en    to that. Some verbs have a past passive participle ending in ''' -t / -t. ''' ( obviously intransitive verbs can not have a passive participle )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Some examples follow :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">First conjugation

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">kazati / 'kazati > ka'ž'e'n' / 'ka`en  told

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pisati / 'pisati > 'pi'šan / 'pi{an  written

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">klasti / 'klasti > 'kladen' / 'kladen placed, laid down

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">jedati /йедати > jeden / йeden  eaten

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vlekti / vlekti >  vleken / vleken  dragged

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">brati / brati > beren / beren taken

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">videti / videti > viden / viden  seen

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">delati / delati > delan/ delan  done

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">znati / znati > znan / znan  known

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">čitati / ~itati > čitan / ~itan  read

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Second Conjugation

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">govoriti / govoriti > govoren / govoren spoken

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">stojati / sto®ti > stojan / stoй®n stood

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> The past passive particle can also be used without the auxiliary verb   byti / b ì ti,   as in the following example :  '' Knigi davani sut v dome. /  Книги давани были в доме. ' ' = '' The given books were in the house. Here  dav ani / davani   is a short form adjective agreeing with   knigi / knigi,   meaning that the books have been given ( at some previous unspecified time ). Normally the participle follows its subject. Because the past passive particle is not declined, this construction can only be applied to the subject of a clause. ( A long adjectival form of the participle could always be used in other situations which require a declination ending, but this would rarely occur in conversational usage. A relative clause with the pronoun  kotory / kotor ì   would be more usual.)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Present Active Participle

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> Another participle can be derived from the present tense stem of a verb, indicating that the subject is doing the action at the present time. Eg  ''spiju'č'i pes ject pod stole. / спиючи пec йест под столе''. = The sleeping dog is under the table. Here spiju č i /  spi Ó ~i  is the present active participle of spati /  spati,  formed from the present tense stem  spi- /  spi - by the addition of -ju č i / - Ó ~i  , to form an adjective ( in this case masculine singular Nominative ). Both transitive and intransitive verbs can have an active participle. The present active participle is a fully declined adjective and is not used in a short form. For this reason, the noun to which it applies does not need to be the subject of the clause. For example, we can have  Hlapec videl spiju'čego' psa pod stole / хлапец видел спиючего пса под столе. = The boy saw the sleeping dog under the table.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Vocabulary

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Conjunctions

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> a /  a and, but č i /  ~i  whether, if

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> poka / poka  while, meanwhile   za to ž e / za to `e   because

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> kak by / kak b ì   as if   ali / ali   however

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> hotja / hot ®  although   č esto / ~esto   often, frequently

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> ne č esto / ne~esto  not often, infrequently   potom / potom   then, next

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Prepositions

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">u / у  ( + Gen.) at ( motion ) u / у  ( + Loc.) at ( location )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Nouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pismo / pismo  (n ) letter sestra / sestra  (f) sister

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">kreslo / kreslo  (n) armchair jeda / йeda (f) food

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">meso / meso (n) meat kartofel' / kartofel√ (m) potato(es) †

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ovoč / ovo~  † (m) fruit(s) zelnje / zelnйe  (n) vegetable(s) †

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">† The singular is used to refer to the plural also. Thus kartofel' / kartofel√  can mean a potato or potatoes, the plural is not used.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXERCISES <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(1) The new books were placed on the green table and were read often.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Translate into Novoslavski :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(2) The birds living in the roof would be seen by the youths if they went out of the house.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(3) She was pleased to see her old friend, because she sees him infrequently.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(4) That old chair stood by the window yesterday, but tomorrow it will be placed in this smaller room.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(5) While everything is being done, they will read some books.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(6) The younger girl saw some horses running towards the river.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(7) The books are being written by an old timer known by everyone in the village.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(8) Her father saw the old goat sleeping under the big willow.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(9) When the rain was falling yesterday, we could not go out of the house.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(10) We might have seen you, if you were here later.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal"> <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Чловек потиючи стоял в улице пока мы казали ему где живе наш брат. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Йестли мы знали што младеци не йедали, мы не были бы делати то. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">То старше кресло буде влеkене в су комнату заутра. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Си современни книги были читани младшею сестрою вчера. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Старшa белa коза била видена йедeюча некаки зелени овоч в дворе. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Он може были бы казал нам што они делали, йестли мы писали ему. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Йего сестра всегда бы йедати картофель с йейо месом и зелнйем, йестли он был свежи. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Йест приятно нам имети писма из свойих приятелйев. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Было бы лучше йестли овоч давани ими был свежейши. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Пес хоче йедите месо, но мы не имейеме никаки.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Translate into English
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Človek potijuči stojal v ulice poka my kazali jemu gde žive naš brat.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Jestli my znali što mladeci ne jedali, my ne byli by delali to.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">To starše kreslo byde vlekene v su komnatu zautra.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Si sovremenni knigi byli čitani mladšeju sestroju včera.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Starša bela koza byla videna jedejuča nekaki zeleni ovoč v dvore.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">On može byli by kazal nam što oni delali, jestli my picali emu.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Jego sestra vsegda by jedati kartofel' s jejo mesom i zelnjem, jestli on byl sveži.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Jest prijatno nam imeti pisma iz svojih prijateljev.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Bylo by lučše jestli ovoč davani imi byl svežejši.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Pes hoče jedite meso, no my ne imejeme nikaki.

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 7・  лекци ®  7

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">VERBS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Perfective and Imperfective Aspects

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> All Slavic languages have the feature of verbs with two different aspects. The basic difference in aspects is that the perfective refers to an action which has been completed, while the imperfective does not imply whether the action is ongoing or not. Taking as an example the verb  čitati '・ 'читати  = to read, this is an imperfective verb. The statement  ja ' č ' ital knigu/ ' я читал книгу '  can mean either “ I read a book“ or “ I was reading a book “, moreover it does not convey any suggestion whether or not I finished reading the book. I could have finished it, or I could still be reading it. But when one says  ja pro ' č ' ital knigu/ ' я прочитал книгу ',  it means “ I read the book ( and have finished reading it )”. The verb pročitati '・ 'прочитати  = to read is the perfective equivalent of the verb '''čitati '・ 'читати. ''' In dictionaries, verbs are usually given in pairs like this, as in the following list :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Imperfective Perfective

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''čitati '・ 'читати pročitati '・ 'прочитати. ''' To read

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">videti '・ 'видети uvideti '・ 'увидети  To see

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> spati  ・  спати  prespati '・'преспати  To sleep

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">pisati '・ 'писати napisati '・ 'написати . To write

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">davati '・ 'давати dati '・ 'дати  to give

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">idti - идти pojdti '・ 'по'й'дти  To go

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">ž'iti - ' жити dožiti '・ 'дожити  to live / live out

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">begati '・ 'бегати begti '・ 'бегти  To run

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">kazati '・ 'казати skazati '・ 'сказати  To tell

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">klasti '・ 'класти položiti '・ 'положити To place

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">pasti '・ 'пасти upasti '・ 'упасти  to fall

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">jedati '・ 'й'едати  sjedati '・cйедати to eat

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">mogti '・ 'могти  smogti '・ 'смогти to be able

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">brati '・ 'брати vzeti '・ 'взети  to take

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">delati '・ 'делати sdelati '・ 'сделати  To do

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">prijati '・ 'при'я'ти' zadovoliti '・ задоволити  To please

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">poteti '・ 'потети  vspoteti '・ 'vspотети to perspire, sweat

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">stojati '・ 'сто'я'ти stanuti '・ 'станути  To stand

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">For many verbs, the perfective aspect is formed by use of a prefix, eg spati > prespati  ・  '''спати > преспати. ''' Some perfective verbs are derived from different roots, and some verbs are not commonly used in both aspects. The meaning of the perfective may differ slightly from the imperfective, as in ž iti /   жити & dožiti / дожити   ; here the perfective aspect usually implies that the subject has finished living, whereas the imperfective includes the possibility that it is still alive. Non-Slavic speakers will probably find these two aspects confusing, but it is not a major error to use the “wrong” aspect, and by adding some further explanation the desired meaning can still be made clear. Native speakers may prefer one aspect over the other, but both will be understood.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Tenses of Perfective Verbs

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Because perfective verbs convey the idea of an action being completed, their tenses have different meanings to imperfective verbs. There is no present tense, only the past perfect and future perfect, with the corresponding conditional aspects. The past perfect corresponds with the past tense of an imperfective verb, and the future perfect corresponds with the imperfective future. Examples are as follows :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Past perfect'' : oni svideli mnogi ptici 'spiju'č'i v' drevah / ' оны свидели многи птици спючи в древах '. ''  = they had seen many birds sleeping in the trees.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Past perfect conditional : vy pro ' č ' itali by knigy, jestli vy ne byli spiju ' č ' i /  Вы прочитали бы книгу, йестли Вы не были спиючи = You would have ( read / finished reading ), the book if you were not sleeping.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">This refers to an event which would have occurred and concluded in the past.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Future perfect :  mladeci budut pojdti k domu otca / ' ' младеци будут пойдти к дому отца  =  The boys will have gone to their father's house.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Future perfect conditional :  mladeci buhu po šli k domu otca, jestli oni zadovolili / младеци буhу пошли к дому отца, йестли они задоволили =   The boys would go to their father's house, if they pleased.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">This refers to an event which would occur and be concluded in the future ( including the immediate future ).

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Participles 

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Perfective verbs have no present active participle, only the past passive ( if they are transitive ).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">'' Sej stari most, sdelan davno, mo ž e by upadel v reku skoro / Сей стари мост, сделан давно, може бы упадел в реку скоре. = '' this old bridge, made ( done ) long ago, may ( maybe would ) have fallen into the river soon.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Reflexive verbs

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">These are verbs which have as their object the person or thing which performs the action, that is, the subject and object are the same noun. This is indicated by the particle se / 'се' ( a contraction of sebe / себе = self ) following the verb. No other object noun is used. Examples are :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">bojati se / бо'я'ти се = to fear, be afraid  ja boju se / 'я' бо'ю' се = I am afraid.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">začrvenjati se / зачрвеняти се = to blush  ona začrvenjaje se  /  она ' зачрвен ' яйе  се =  she is blushing

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">smejati se / смеяти се  = to laugh  my smejali se /  мы смeяли се  = we laughed.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Many of these verbs are used in the reflexive form only.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Verbal Nouns

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> To complete the conjugation of verbs, there is the verbal noun, which is simply the noun which describes the action. From čitati  ・  читати  comes čitanje  ・  чита н йe , meaning reading. In most cases, the -ti /  -ti ending of the infinitive is replaced with -nje / -  n й e, or -enje /  - en й e  if the stem ends in a consonant. Some examples are :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">begati '・ 'бегати beganje '・ 'бег'an'й'e'  (n) running

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">skazati '・ 's'казати skazanje '・ 'сказ'а'n'й'e'  (n) telling

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">upasti '・'у'пасти upasenje '・ 'уп'ас'en'йe  (n)   falling

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">jedati '・ 'једати  jedanje '・'cйед'а'n'й'e  (n ) eating

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">These are neuter nouns and are conjugated as such when necessary. They are used in sentences such as

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">beganje jest moj omil'eny sport / беганйе йест мой омильены спорт  = running is my favourite sport.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Note that although both end with -ing in English, the verbal noun and the active participle have different meanings, one is a noun which stands for an action, and the other is an adjective describing the action of another noun.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Vocabulary

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Verbs : imperfective (v.i) perfective (v.p)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''sedeti (sedješ) '・ 'седети (седйеш) vi.  To sit  sesti (sediš) '・ 'сести (седиш) vp.  To sit down  '''

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">piti '・ 'пити vi.,  to drink  vypiti '・ 'выпити vp. To drink up

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> letati ' ・ ' летати vi.,  to     fly.   poleteti (poleti  š )/ полетети (полет иш ) vp . to fly

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">uletati '・ 'улетати vi., § to fly away uleteti '・'улетети vp. § to fly away

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> prihoditi  ・  приходити vi. To come, arrive prijdti (prijde š , prišel)/ при й дти (при й д еш , пришел) '''vp. ''' To come, arrive

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> voziti  ・  возити vi., to carry nesti '・ 'нести vp to carry

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">§ Note the use of the prefix u- / -u here indicates “away from”, rather than forming a perfective verb from the imperfective.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXERCISES
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Translate into Novoslavski, using perfective verbs where appropriate :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal"> <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(1) After they had seen the big dogs running towards them, the birds flew away quickly.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(2) We had arrived at your house yesterday, but nobody was there.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(3) The girls had eaten all the fresh fruit.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(4) After we had told you that, you laughed.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(5) The boys would have sat down at the table, but they did not have chairs.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(6) She is afraid that she will fall into the river.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(7) The old man was pleased that he was able to sleep.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(8) Because she had read the letter, his sister blushed.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(9) The books had been placed on the old table the day before yesterday.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(10) They would give us food, if we wanted it.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal"> <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(1) Mladši kon' begal k reky, potom on upadel blizko vysokogo dreva.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Translate into English :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Mlad{i konÝ begal k reku, potom on upadel blizko vìsokogo dreva.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(2) My buhom zadovolen, jestli ty prišel s tvojeju ženoju zautra.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Mì buhom zadovolen,  й estli tì pri{el s tvo йe Ó `enoÓ zautra.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(3) Posle jejo otec sjedal nekol'ko jedu, on sedil v staršom kresle, kotory byl v dvore.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Posle й e й o otec s й edal nekolÝko й edu, on sedil v star{om kresle, kotorì bìl v dvore.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(4) Deti bojali se idti k tomu domu, za to že veliki psi žili tam.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Deti bo й ali se idti k tomu domu, za to `e veliki psi `ili tam.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">(5) Posle ti pticy uleteli, my uvideli inyh prohodijučih. <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (6) Najstar ša kniga v sem domom, kotora byla napisana očen' davno, ject matere.
 * 1) <p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Posle ti ptic ì uleteli, m ì uvideli in ìh prohodi ¥£ ih.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Na й   star{a     kniga v sem dom, kotora b   ìla napisana oËenÝ davno,   й   est matera.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (7)   Jestli Vy ne byl begaju   č   i, Vy ne upastili by lo   š   o.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Й   estli   Vì   ne b   ì   l bega   Ó~   i,   Vì ne upastili bì lo{o.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (8)   Za to   ž   e oni ne mogli   č   itati Neoslavski, oni dali vsi ih knigi mne.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Za to `e oni ne mogli ~itati Novoslavski, oni dali vsi ih knigi mne.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (9)   Hotja on   často piše k sestre, oh nečesto vide jejo.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> HotÔ on ~asto pi{e k n   й   e   й   sestre, on ne   ~   esto vide   й   e   й   o.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (10)   Preduvčera starec byl viden s nego malym črnym psom sedejči v nego budke.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> Preduv   ~   era starec b   ì   l viden s nego mal   ì   m   ~   rn   ì   m psom sede   й   ~   i v nego budke.

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 8・  лекци ®  8

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">NUMBERS

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Cardinal Numbers :  These are given below :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">jedin / йедин §  one   1  jedinadset' / йединадсеть  eleven 11

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dva / два ♠ two 2 dvanadset' / дванадсеть  twelve 12

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">tri / 'три three 3 trinadset' / 'тринадсеть thirteen 13

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">četyri / четури four 4 četyrnadset' / четурнадсеть fourteen 14

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pet' / петь five 5 petnadset' / петнадсеть fifteen 15

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">šest' / шесть six 6 šestnadset' / шестнадсеть sixteen 16

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">sedem / седем seven 7 sedemnadset' / седемнадсеть seventeen 17

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">osem / осем eight 8 osemnadset' / осемнадсеть eighteen 18

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">devet' / деветь nine 9 devetnadset' / деветнадсеть nineteen 19

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">deset' / десеть ten 10 dvadeset' / двадесеть twenty 20

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">§ jedin / йедин is an adjective, its feminine form is jedna / йедна  & neuter forms is  jedne / йеднe

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">jedin / йедин  is followed by a noun in the singular, eg jedin stul / йедин стул = one chair, jedna komnata / йедна комната = one room, jedne selo / йеднe село  = one village. The appropriate declination endings are used as with a normal adjective.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">♠ dva / два  is an adjective, its feminine & neuter form is '''dve / две. ''' It is followed by a noun in the plural.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> eg dva stuly / два стулы  = two chairs, dve komnaty/ две комнаты  = two rooms, dve sela / две села  = two villages.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dva / два has a special declination as shown below :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">masc. fem & neut.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Nom dva два dve две

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Gen dvuh двух dvuh двух

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Dat dvum двум dvum двум

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Acc dvuh двух dve две

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Ins dvumja двумя dvumja двумя

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Loc dvuh двух dvuh двух

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> eg  vy davali rozy dvum devčinkam / вы давали розы двум девчинкам  = you gave roses to two girls.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The remainder of the numerals are indeclinable, the noun following them is declined in the plural, eg

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">My videli sedem konjev / Мы видели седм конйев  = we saw seven horses.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-weight: normal">Pismo bylo čitano četyrnadset' devčinkami / писмо было читано четурнадсеть девчинками = The letter was read by fourteen girls.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Cardinal Numbers (Cont)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The numbers above 20 are formed as follows :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dvadeset' jedna / двадесеть йедна  twenty one 21 sedemdeset' / седемдeсеть  seventy 70

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dvadeset' dva / двадесеть два  twenty two 22 osemdeset' / осемдeсеть  eighty 80

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dvadeset' tri / двадесеть три  twenty three 23 devetdeset' / деветдeсеть  ninety 90

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> : sto / сто  100

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dvadeset' devet' / двадесеть деветь  twenty nine 29 dvesta / двестa  200

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">trideset' / тридесеть  thirty 30 trista / триста  300

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">trideset' jedna / тридесеть йедна thirty one 31 četyrista / четыриста  400

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">trideset' dva / тридесеть два  thirty two 32 pet'sot / петьсот  500

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> : šest'sot / шестьсот  600

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">četyrideset' / четуридeсеть forty 40 sedemsot / седемсот 700

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pet'deset' / петьдесеть fifty 50 osemsot / осемсот 800

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">šest'deset' / шестьдeсеть sixty 60 devet'cot / деветьсот 900

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">tysječ / тысйеч  one thousand 1000 milion / милион  million

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dva tysječa / два тысйечa  2000 dva miliony / два милионы 2 million

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">tri tysječa / три тысйечa  3000 miliard / милиард billion*

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">nula / нула zero 0 (1 billion = 1,000,000,000

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">= 1,000 million )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> Numbers such as 3,456 are written  tri tysječa četyrista i pet'deset' šest' / три тысйечa четыриста и петьдесеть шесть =  three thousand four hundred and fifty six.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Ordinal Numerals

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">These are all adjectives referring to the order of items in a list. They are shown below :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">prvy / првы  first  jedinadsety / йединадсеты  eleventh

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vtory / вторы second dvanadsety / дванадсеты  twelfth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">trety / треты third trinadsety / тринадсеты thirteenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">četvrty / четврты fourth četyrnadsety / четурнадсеты fourteenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">pety / петы fifth petnadsety / петнадсеты fifteenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">šesty / шесты sixth šestnadsety / шестнадсеты sixteenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">sedemy / седемы seventh sedemnadsety / седемнадсеты seventeenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">osemy / осемы eighth osemnadsety / осемнадсеты eighteenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">devety / деветы ninth devetnadsety / деветнадсеты nineteenth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">desety / десеты tenth dvadesety / двадесеты twentieth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th, 80th and 90th are formed similarly to 20th.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">sotny / сотны  100 thtysječny / тысйечны  1000 th

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dvesotny / двесотны  200 th dva tysječny/ два тысйечны  2000 th

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">trisotny / трисотны  300 th milionny / милионны  1,000,000 th

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">četyrisotny / четырисотны  400 thmiliardny / милиардны  billionth

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">pet'sotny / петьсотны  500 th etc. nulny / нулны  zeroth, 0 th

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> In compound ordinal numerals, only the final digit is in the ordinal form, eg 372 nd = '' trista sedemdeset' vtory / триста седемдесеть вторы. ''

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Expressing Times

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Times are expressed as an ordinal number + časina / часина = hour, as in the following examples :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">( Prepositions relating to time use the accusative, as do prepositions of motion. )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">na četvrtu  časinu / на четврту часину = on the fourth hour ( 4 o'clock ).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">deset' pred šestu  časinu / десеть пред шесту часину  = ten to six ( literally, ten before the sixth hour )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">dvadeset' četyri za osemu časinu/ двадесеть четури за осему часину = twenty four past eight ( literally, twenty four after the eighth hour ).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">polčasina osemoj ( časiny ) / полчасина осемой ( часины )= half past seven ( literally, a half hour of the eighth )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">( The word minuty / минуты = minutes is usually omitted, likewise časina / часина can be omitted also.)

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Time can also be expressed in the military fashion eg na četyrnadset' sta i pet'deset' časinu / на четурнадсеть стa и петьдесеть часину = at fourteen hundred and fifty hours (1450 hours );

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">na nulnu  časinu / на нулну часину = at zero hour.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> A duration of time is expressed with the preposition za / za  ( + Genitive ), eg. Ona žila za sedemdeset' tri let / Ona æila za sedemdesetÝ tri let  = She lived for ( during ) seventy three summers. Note the use of the noun leto / leto =  summer instead of god / god  ( = year ). This is normal when referring to the age of a living creature.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Dates

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Dates within a year are expressed in the following manner : ( using the Locative* case with the preposition v / в ) eg. v tysječ devet'cot i osemdeset' petom godu/ в тысйеч деветьсот и осемдeсеть петом году = in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty fifth year ( 1985 ) [* Note god / год = year has Locative godu / году, as do the days of the week, and vek / век = century ]

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">v dva tysječa i devetom godu / два тысйечa и деветом году = in the two thousand and ninth year (2009).

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Days of the week, Months ( these are not capitalised )

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">tydnjovi denja /тыдн¥ви деня week days

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">ponedelnik / понеделник  (m) Monday ( Locative in -u / -у )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vtornik / вторник  (m) Tuesday “

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">sreda / среда  (f) Wednesday “

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">četvrtek / четвртек  (m) Thursday “

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">petok / петок  (m) Friday “

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">subota / субота  (f) Saturday “

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">nedelja / неделя  (f) Sunday “

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">sedmica / седмица  (f) week

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">mesec / месец  (m) month

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">god / год  (m) year ( Locative in -u / -у )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">vek / век  (m)   century “

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">januar' / януарь  (m)   January jul' / юль  (m) July

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">fevruar' / февруарь (m) February avgust / август  (m) August

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">marec / марец  (m) March septjabr / септябр  (m) September

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">april' / априль  (m) April oktjabr / октябр  (m) October

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">maj / май ♦  (m) May novjabr / новябр  (m) November

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">jun' / юнь  (m) June dekjabr / декябр  (m) December

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> eg na subotu, četvrty (den') junja /на суботу, четврты (день) юня  = on Saturday, the fourth (day) of June. ( na / na + Locative )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">na dvadeset' prvom ( dene ) fevruarja / на двадесеть првом (дене ) феврuarя  = on the twenty first ( day) of February. (  na / na + Locative ).

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">♦ Masculine nouns like maj / май are declined as follows :

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">singular plural

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> Nom maj   ма й  maj i  ма йи

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> Gen   maj a  ма я  maj ev  ма йев

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> Dat   maj u  ма ю  maj am  ма ям

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal"> Acc   maj   ма й  maj i  май и

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Ins majem майем majami маями

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">Loc maje майе majah маях

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">EXERCISES

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">1 Translate into Novoslavski :

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (1) Tomorrow will be Wednesday, 19  th  September, 2007.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(2) We will be going at 7:15 tomorrow morning.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(3) This horse lived here for twenty six years.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (4) In January 2007 we saw the brightest comet  §   which had been seen for fifty years.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(5) This will be the old man's ninety-seventh year.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (6) I know that they have 450,000 dinars in the bank  ∆ .

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"> (7)     The girls had given eight big potatoes to their mother on Friday.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(8) Recently there were twenty two goats eating grass in this field.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(9) The time in Ljubljana is now thirty four minutes past five o'clock.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">(10) We have two green chairs and four blue chairs in our house.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">§ bright = jasny / Ôsnì; comet = kometa / kometa ∆ ( ...that = čto / ~to ); bank = bank / bank

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">LEKCIJA 9・  лекци ®  9

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">CONVERSATION

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">The following are phrases commonly used in conversation.

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<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''zdravejte ! / здравейте ! ''' Hello !

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''kak jeste ? / как йесте ? ''' How are you ? ( polite )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">mne dobro jest / мне добро йест  Good day ( Literally, it is good for me )

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dobre jutro / добре ютро  Good morning

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dobry den / добры ден  Good day, Good afternoon

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dobry večer / добры вечер  Good evening

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dobry noč / добры ноч  Good night

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">dosvidenija / досвидения  Goodbye

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">poka / пока  Until next time

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''na zdravije ! / на здравийе ! ''' Cheers ! Good health !

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">prošu / прошу  Please

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">hvala / хвала  Thanks

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">blagodarim / благодарим  Thank You

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">s radostju / с радостю  With pleasure, You're welcome.

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">izvinite / извините  Excuse me

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''moe ime jest …. / мое име йест....''' My name is ….

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">'''kak jest Vaše ime ? / как йест Ваше име ? ''' What is your name ?

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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Novoslavski – Novoslavski

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">LEKCIJA 10・  лекци ®  10

<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal">Grammatical Tables <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">