Line

Line or known as Hosuwa is the Standard language spoken in Linear Islands which is based on The Hosu Dialect spoken in Hosu Mountain. All contents written here is based on "Official Guide of Standard Line" by Standard Line Regulation Centre. The page may always have minor edits due to revisions done by SLRC. (P/S: Linear Islands, Line, Official Guide and SLRC is created and is not real) At here only records the grammar, alphabet, ortography, sounds and example text of this language, for Verbs, Adverbs or Nouns refer Line/Dictionary(not yet been created).

General information
Line(pronounced as l'i.n'ə) is a conlang that was created in a purpose of enhancing second language learning skills and as an hobby of it's creator, and later as a conlang for a conworld. It was also known as Hosuwa, Hosu Dialect, Standard Line or Linear Line. Line was commonly speaken and origins from a fictional universe known as Linear Islands. Line was derived from The Hosu Dialect speaken in Hosu Mountain. Line should be a easy to learn language except for it's complicated grammatical rules that uses about hundreds of grammatical components. The phonology of Line is mostly adopted from Asian Languages and can be easily stimulated using European Languages. Line uses Latin alphabet or English alphabet which includes all 26 except q,v,x. The Language of Line focus on the stress on the vowel and vowel plays a greater role compared to a consonant. The phonotactic is also based on Asian Languages. The vocabulary list of Line is also based on major languages, modified due to certain linguistics properties(known as Borrowing).

Phonology
Written here is the IPA of sounds used without proper spelling. For spelling please refer "Alphabet"

Consonants (For Secondary Syllable uses)
And also w(voiced labial-velar approximant)

To express IPA/sound of a syllable
i)Primary: Type the vowel and add a primary stress mark in front. eg:- a('ɶ) ii)Secondary: Type the consonant, then vowel and add a primary stress mark in front the vowel. eg:- ja(dʒ'ɶ) iii)Tertiary: Type the consonant, then vowel, add a primary stress mark in front of the vowel and then consonant. eg:-jar(dʒ'ɶr)

Alphabet
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u w y z

ɶ b tʃ d ə f g h i dʒ k l m n ɔ p r s t Y w j z

Phonotactics
Primary: V

Secondary: CV

Tertiary: CVC

where C is a consonant while V is a vowel.

Confusion Rules
To avoid confusion, some Confuson Rules is created, which is:- a) A Tertiary Syllable can't be followed by a Primary Syllable, but a Primary Syllable can be followed by a Tertiary Sllable. b) A Secondary Syllable can't be followed by a Primary Syllable with the same vowel, but a Primary Syllable can be followed by a Secondary Syllable with the same vowel.

Grammar
Note: x means a phrase, x- means a prefix, -x means a suffix, [x] means any specific word in x group.

Pronouns
I(me) You(yu) He(be) She(ge) We(we) They(wu) It(ne)

Variation of Pronouns
These acts as a suffix to the pronouns and slightly changes it's meaning. a) Possessive form([Pronoun]'s) (-wi)

b) Again form([Pronoun] also, [Pronoun]...too) (-do)

c) Contrast form([Pronoun] is/are/am) (-na)

Three Elements of Sentence
a) Contrast:- To represent is/are/am (na)

b) Posession:-

i) Type 1: Subject's Object

[Subject] gawi [Object]

ii) Type 2: Subject owns an(has/have an) Object [Subject] zuwi [Object]

c) Degree of Comparison/Emphasis

i) Level 1: Adjective/to stress that the statement is truth. (-lo or no suffix is attached)

ii) Level 2: Comparative/to describe the deed's of one. (-bi)

iii) Level 3: Superlative/to debate the statement is truth or when the statement is about a life or death matter. (-fo)

iv) When compare, we use the SAW rule. Let's say:- Mark is stronger than William (Mark strong-bi William). Contrast is not used while doing a comparison.

Tenses and It's Relationship with Sentence Order
a) Present Tense- SVO

b) Past Tense- O-ce VS

c) Future Tense- SO-ci V

d) Present Continuous- S-done V-ga O

e) Past Continuous- O-done V-ga S

f) Future Continuous- S-done O-ga V

Aspects and Frequency Terms
a) Performed at least twice per day. (cari)

b) Performed once per day. (dari)

c) Performed once per two days. (duri)

d) Performed once per week. (juni)

e) Performed once per two weeks. (duni)

f) Performed once per month. (yo)

g) Performed once per six months. (bano)

h) Performed once per year. (toyo)

i) Performed oce per two years. (duno)

To express other aspects which is done in a routine, use pa- to the interval of time. (eg: once per 6 hours, pa-6 hours)

To express a frequency which is not fixed:- j) Performed once or mostly once per finite number of minutes, hours, or days. (fika)

k) Performed once or mostly once per finite number of months. (sedo)

l) Performed once or mostly once per finite number of years. (rare)

m) Performed once per finite of time. (budi)

Numerals
One(yi) Two(ru) Three(si) Four(gu) Five(mu) Six(za) Seven(yu) Eight(zi) Nine(ju) Ten(su) Zero(ko) Hundred(he) Thousand(co) Million(hu) Billion(ye) Trillion(ti) Infinity(fi) Finite(zo)

To express ordinal numbers, 'da-' is added as a prefix to the number. (eg:6th daza)

Line Numerals Rules
a) Numerals is written from the biggest place to smallest place.

b) When the digit value of a place is 1, with the exception of the place value one itself, add an "a" in front the place value instead of "yi"

c) When expressing a value bigger than a specific place value, for an example 83 billion, you say 83 billion instead of 80 billion 3 billion.

d) Numerals can be written using Line alphabet provided or by the Modern Finger Count or Arabic numerals. Threee methods is accepted but in typing, Modern Finger Count is not used. Instead of Modern Finger Count, other methods is more easy and widely accepted.

Note: digit value is always in front of place value. if "0" occurs, just write a ko and the place value is not needed to be written.

Time Concepts
Year(yera) Month(matu) Day(rija) Hour(zoto) Minute(sibu) Second(sico) Minuteseconds(buco) Monday(yerija) Tuesday(horija) Wednesday(surija) Thursday(murija) Friday(jirija) Saturday(turija) Sunday(ririja)

[YYYY]-yera [MM]-matu [DD]-rija [HH]-zoto [MM]-sibu [SS]-sico [MS]-buco [Weekday(refer chart above)]

Tonal Expression
Tonal Expression is added in front the sentence to show the speaker's mood. a) To tell a happy truth. (ha)

b) To tell a sad truth. (gi)

c) To ask a question. (ze)

d) To exclaim. (ya)

For other tones not included above, no Tonal Expression is used.

Voices and It's Relationship with Sentence Order
a) Active Voice (neutral order)

-Subject is doing Verb to Object

b) Passive Voice (-bedo suffix was added behind Verb)

-Object is being done Verb by Subject

c) Reflexive Voice (replace Object with busi)

-Subject is doing Verb to Subject itself.

Postposition
Postposition greatly differs with English's preposition. Preposition come before the word but postposition come after the word. Preposition acts as a word but postposition acts as a suffix. A list of postposition is:-

in front of (-pe) behind (-ho) by (-fu) beside (-pabe) in, at, to (-to) left (-zobe) right (-yobe) on (-sabe) North (fabe) South (fibe) East (fobe) West (fube) NE (fope) SE (foho) SW (fuho) NW (fupe)

Note: For 8 wind directions, they still come behind words but as an individual words.

Interrogative Pronouns
Who/Whom (nuga) Whose (nugawi) Which (onu) Where (odi) What (moya) How (odo)

Positive, Negative and Ending Verbs
Note: All verbs in this section is grouped under "Ending Verbs"

a) To show the existence of a statement/truth of a statement

Positive:iso Negative:oso

b) To agree a statement

Positive:ina Negative:ona

c) To allow a request

Positive:igo Negative:ogo

d) To ask that if one has the ability to do something. (can)

Positive:hasu iso Negative:hasu oso

e) To ask that if one will be willing to do something. (will)

Positive:goya iso Negative:goya oso

f) To ask that if one had done something. (you did it, right?)

Positive:deyu iso Negative:deyu oso

g) To ask that if one can help you to do something. (may)

Positive:mebi iso Negative:mebi oso

h) To ask the need of doing something. (should)

Positive:bake iso Negative: bake oso

Note: "fe-" prefix can be attached to words to show an opposite meaning.

This, That, Those
alike with (roke) this (di) that (da) those (bu) alike with this (iroke) alike with that (guroke)

Order of Adjectives
Quantity-Appearance/Quality-Size/Shape-Colour-Material-Age-Item

As the order above, we say "five beautiful square read cloth old blankets."

Conjunctions
for(were) and(gori) but(haji or(hoja) so(kuli) although(amu) because(nika0

General Syntax
Tonal Expresion-Subject-Verb-Object-Aspect-Ending Verbs

This is for present tense, for other tenses, swap only SVO.