Old Shax

General Information
This is the long lost North African romance language. It manifested in the Maghreb: specifically in modern-day Morocco, the Roman Empire's Mauritania. Shax's country is of the same name, Mauritania, in Shax, Marráni ([mɐrˈani]). The East Roman Empire's side of North Africa was influenced by Greek and gave birth to coptic and other such languages. Though, influence from Western Romance languages, namely Iberian, have made it closer to those such languages phonetically. It's sister language, Vandalic, followed a much different path, though is still highly respected among the inhabitants of Mauritania.

("wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" <- for collapsible tables)

(*) In Verbial Phrases in Syntax

In the photo, Morrania (Shax's constate) is in blue taking the place of modern day Morocco and parts of western Algeria. The Vandal Kingdom (Vandalic's constate) in purple is taking the place of Tunisia, coastal Algeria, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Sardinia. Xarràña (Xarrano's constate) is in yellow taking the place of a conland around a volcano called Ezgo. Cirtania (Cirtanian's constate) is in dark blue next to Greece and is a fictional island that had been heavily influenced by Greece and Italy.

Consonant
​All phonemes except [w], [j], [ʍ], and [ŋ] can be geminate

Sound Changes
Can be found here

Stress
Stress falls on primarily on the closed syllable (except if it's ultimate) or a pre-rhotic syllable; if there isn't one of those conditions, the stress falls on the penultimate. Note that stress on the ultimate syllable is on an open syllable followed by a closed syllable in a two syllable word.

Alphabet

 * (*) Ų looks more like a ɥ written (U with descender). Basically the written Armenian Z, զ.
 * I and U are [j] and [w] respectially before and after another vowel except with an acute on it.
 * Stressed A and O are [a] and [ɔ] respectivally
 * N is [ŋ] before C, K, Q, and X

Diacritics

 * Very important to note that the acute is used on every word to mark stress except those with only one vowel since the stress is obvious :)

Grammar
pátsvûs fámli

Nouns
There are two cases: nominative and obliqe. The nominative is used in the nominative and most prepositional cases, and oblique in most other cases. Sometimes a certain preposition will require the oblique case.

2nd Declension
Note that the -òs stem in the singular nominative is used in certain nouns (ex: pats, father, only uses -s while cózos, method/way, uses -òs. There is no system to this. Though, in informal speech, many times the Ò will be dropped and simply pronounced -s, especially in the case of cózos which is often pronounced [ˈkɔsː] and misspelt cóss or cózs). Also, certain nouns like pats that naturally end in S don't add the -s or -òs but keep the stem.

(*) Note that words that have the nominative stem as simple -s geminate the previous consonant and those that use the -òs ending use the simple -s.

3rd Declension
The 3rd declension contains feminine nouns that follow the 2nd declension (ex: glacs, ice).

Declension
Adjectives have been heavily simplified. Feminine adjectives follow the first declension nouns. Masculine nouns follow the structure of stem for singular and stem-s for plural. Though, there are a relatively good amount of irregulars. The basic declension:

Personal
Emphatic corralates to the Latin vocative, the English marked-nominative, and the French stressed pronouns

Possessive
The top is what's being owner and the left is what is owning.

Morphology
Full article here.

Passive
Some verbs are intrisically "passive." Such verbs work like manquer, to miss, in French and gustar, to like, in Spanish where the verb works in the opposite way.

Postpositional
Being a head initial language, Shax puts its prepositions (or compound prepositions) after the noun. The noun take the Nom-Acc case. Sometimes, the noun will the Gen-Dat case. Note: the noun takes the appropriate article.

Nouns with adjectives
A nominal phrase has the noun at the head (which is the first word) with adjective following it. Adjectives follow it in a logical order of which descibes the noun best or which is the most important quality. Therefore, a change in the adjective can also change the semantic of the noun. Though in colloquial speech, the order is irrelevant and one would simply list to their whim.

Genitive Nouns
The owner takes the genitive case and turns into a modifier, but it is placed before the owned noun. mau fați lovu means "My father's wolf."

Word Order
A personal pronoun is necessary before every verb form in Shax. If the clause uses pronouns alone, it is SOV (ex: u me lu - I wash myself, u țe șuve - you confuse me, u elu dormiau - I'll sleep [over] there; but u su fezuã - I am a person). Note that interrogative sentences function as any normal verb would in Shax.

Negation
The general negation marker is a no before the main verb and after the main pronoun. Though, specific types of negation may be placed by using no as a prefix (i.e.: nobody, never, nobody ever, no where).

Other

 * Supine: gerund + fe (ex: "I went to the pool to swim" = «u amblavi nattuaia a nattuà fe», lit. I walked pool to swiming by means of)

Conditional Clauses
Conditional clauses where there is a requirement clause then a condition clause require the indicative then a subjunctive. But, sentences where there is only a condition (like I'd do that) require the verb to be able to in the subjunctive.

Subordinate Clauses
These are introduced with either cã or ce'. 'cã is that; ce means who/whom. The introductory words are necessary and almost never omitted except in very informal or uneducated speech. Subordinate clauses go after independent clauses and are separated by a comma before cã or ce. The verb conjugates to the person taking the nominative in the independent clause.

Copula
There are two auxillary verbs used for a copula: to be and to have. When it's a construction with a noun and an adjective, he is good, one would use to have and the adjective as a noun.

Time and Place
Time is written in order: year, day-month ẽxa time(hour-minute) a. Place goes: country, (state, province, etc) ẽxa (everything else in English's order with a postposition of a).

Lexicon
Standard Shax/Lexicon

The Tower of Babel
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