Kháubaḍų

General Information
I'm getting more experimental with this one. I want to make a language heavily based in connotation and word specificity.

Allophony
The voiceless, apirated liquid/approx.'s often fortify to fricatives (i.e., [l̥ʰ > ɬʰ], [ɭ̥ʰ > ꞎ̥ʰ] , [j̥ʰ > çʰ]). In unstressed syllables, the standard /a, a:, ã, ã:/ become /ɐ, ʌ:, ɐ̃, ʌ̃:/ or /ə, ʌ:, ə̃, ɐ̃:/ in respective open and closed syllables. Currently developing is the allophonic rendering of breathy-voice fricatives as implosives (i.e., [vʱ > ɓ̪], [zʱ > ɗ] , [ʒʱ > ʄ] , [ʐʱ > ᶑ] , [ɣʱ > ɠ]) and breathy-voice plosives to pharyngealized plosives (i.e., [bʱ > bˤ] , [dʱ > dˤ] , [ɖʱ > ɖˤ] , [gʱ > gˤ]).

Writing System
Kháubaḍu is written with devanagari (which functions as a kind of hiragana/katakana to the hanzi) and traditional hanzi characters. There is also an official romanization with and without diacritics.

Abugida

Each consonant symbol is assumed to have the vowel /a/ as its base. As a place-holder consonant, ह, ha, will be used. The list will have the order: 1, devanagari full vowel, 2, devanagari diacritic, and 3, romanization (consonant will just have 2 and 3, re-labled as 1 and 2).


 * Vowels


 * /a/ /a:/ /ã/ /ã:/
 * अ - आ - अँ - आँ
 * ह - हा - हँ - हाँ
 * a - aa - ą - aą
 * /i/ /i:/ /ĩ/ /ĩ:/
 * इ - ई - इँ - ईँ
 * हि - ही - हिँ - हीँ
 * i - ei - į - eį
 * /u/ /u:/ /ũ/ /ũ:/
 * उ - ऊ - उँ - ऊँ
 * हु - हू - हुँ - हूँ
 * u - ou - ų - oų
 * /ɛ/ /ɛ:/ /ɛ̃/ /ɛ̃:/
 * ए - ऐ - एँ - ऐँ
 * हे - है - हेँ - हैँ
 * e - ae - ę - aę
 * /o/ /o:/ /õ/ /õ:/
 * ओ - औ - ओँ - औँ
 * हो - हौ - होँ - हौँ
 * o - au - ǫ - aų
 * Consonants


 * /h/
 * ह
 * h
 * /p/ /pʰ/ /b/ /bʱ/
 * प - फ - ब - भ
 * p - ph - b - bh
 * /f/ /fʰ/ /v/ /vʱ/
 * फं - फ्हं - व - व्ह
 * f - fh - v - vh
 * /m̥ʰ/ /m/ /mʱ/
 * मः - म - म्ह
 * mħ - m - mh
 * /t/ /tʰ/ /d/ /dʱ/
 * त - थ - द - ध
 * t - th - d - dh
 * /s/ /sʰ/ /z/ /zʱ/
 * स - स्ह - ध़ - घ्ह़
 * s - sh - z - zh
 * /n̥ʰ/ /n/ /nʱ/
 * नः - न - न्ह
 * nħ - n - nh
 * /ʈ/ /ʈʰ/ /ɖ/ /ɖʱ/
 * ट - ठ - ड - ढ
 * ṭ - ṭh - ḍ -ḍh
 * /ʂ/ /ʂʰ/ /ʐ/ /ʐʱ/
 * ष - ष्ह - ड़ - ड्हं
 * ṣ - ṣh - ẓ -ẓh
 * /ɳ̊ʰ/ /ɳ/ /ɳʱ/
 * णः - ण - ण्ह
 * /k/ /kʰ/ /g/ /gʱ/
 * क - ख - ग - घ
 * k - kh - g - gh
 * /x/ /xʰ/ /ɣ/ /ɣʱ/
 * ख़ - ख्ह़ - घ़ - घ्ह़
 * x - xh - ƣ - ƣh
 * /ŋ̊ʰ/ /ŋ/ /ŋʱ/
 * ङः - ङ - ङ्ह
 * ŋħ - ŋ - ŋh
 * /tʃ/ /tʃʰ/ /dʒ/ /dʒʱ/
 * च - छ - ज - ध
 * č - čh - ǰ - ǰh
 * /ʃ/ /ʃʰ/ /ʒ/ /ʒʱ/
 * श - श्ह - ज़ - ज्ह़
 * š - šh - ž - žh
 * /ɲ̊ʰ/ /ɲ/ /ɲʱ/
 * ञः - ञ - ञ्ह
 * ňħ - ň - ňh
 * /ts/ /tsʰ/ /dz/ /dzʱ/
 * त्स - थ्स - द्स - ध्स
 * ć - ćh - ź - źh
 * /ʈʂ/ /ʈʂʰ/ /ɖʐ/ /ɖʐʱ/
 * ट्ष - ठ्ष - ड्ष - ढ्ष
 * ċ - ċh - j - jh
 * /l̥ʰ/ /l/
 * ल्ह - ल
 * lh - l
 * /ɭ̥ʰ/ /ɭ/
 * ळ्ह - ळ
 * ḷh - ḷ
 * /j̥ʰ/ /j/
 * य्ह - य
 * yh - y

Characters

As Japanese does with hiragana and kanji, Kháudaḍų uses traditional hanzi characters to represent full words.

Phonotactics

 * 1) Voiced consonants cannot begin a word unless they are breathy
 * 2) Voiced plosives cannot end words
 * 3) Consonants of contrasting voicing cannot be placed adjecent to each other
 * 4) Aspired and breathy-voice consonants cannot be the first in a consonant cluster
 * 5) All consonants can be in a double consonant cluster (given they follow the above restrictions)
 * 6) Liquid/Approx. can still follow a double consonant cluster as long as there is a following syllable with a vowel and that is an open syllable
 * {l, ɭ , n} can be syllabic

Alignment and Delcension
Nouns are slimly declined. Appellative I is when a noun has no relation to the verb and is simply being pointed out (although, this could be interpreted as the agent to a copula).
 * Appellative I: -ų
 * Transitive
 * Agent: -∅ (voiced consonants are unvoiced)
 * Patient: -az
 * Intransitive
 * Appellative II: -ųḷ
 * Nominative: -aḷṭuk

Agent and Patient in transitive verbs lables which noun is which as, being a fluid-S language, either noun could be the subject depending on tone and position in the sentence.

Intransitive verbs get more complicated. As intransitive clauses without a labled subject insinuate that anyone could have done the action or the action was accidental, Appellative II lables a noun in an intransitive clause that is related in some way to the action taking place but insinuates that the noun was not involved or did not cause the action taking place (the latter can also be a person). The Nominative is the subject and agent of the intransitive verb, insinuating intent of doing the verb and being the subject of it; conversely with Appellative II, the Nominative can also insinuate causative.

Plurality
From here, nouns are divided into three classes: Adjective-based nouns are those which have no plural form and require certain adjectives to express plurality.
 * 1) Adjective-based
 * 2) Form-based
 * 3) Alternate

Form-based nouns are those which change form depending on plurality, usually because their plural form can mean something different but are still recognizably similar.

Alternate nouns are those which have different stems for singular and plural forms. These are nouns which are understood as completely different from their singular counterparts. An example which is the same in English is the difference between I and We where I is considared a different word completely from We, although the latter is simply the plural of the former.

Verb
Verbs are significantly more simple. They do not conjugate to person or number, tense is adverbial or by particle, aspect is by particle, voice is marked on nouns rather than verbs, and mood are, too, by particle.

Tense
Tense is determined overall by adverbs which come after the verb. It is important to note that the past is considared the base tense, not needing an adverb, rather than the present as in English. Tense is not rigidly defined and new tenses can be created and synthesized from other adverbs.

Here are some examples:
 * "now", "present", "at this moment" : xe čhaha
 * "today" : xe vam
 * "yesterday" : ṇħe vam
 * "tomorrow" : umḍe vam
 * anterior past : ṇħe ṇħe čhaha
 * posterior past : umḍe ṇħe čhaha
 * anterior future : umḍe umḍe čhaha
 * posterior future : ṇħe umḍe čhaha
 * "[in the] far __", "a long time [ago / in the future]" : khōṇ
 * historical past : ṇħe khōṇ
 * historical future : umḍe khōṇ

Aspect
Various aspects are indicated via particle. Note that the difference between "continuous" and "progressive" here is that continuous means that the action is unevolving and stagnant whereas that progressive means that the actions is evolving and changing. "Since-a-while-ago" means that the actions had begun a while back, contrasting to "inchoative" which means that the action had begun at the moment of being said. "Near-finished" means that the action is close to being done at the moment of being said.
 * Perfect, Gnomic, Stative : pen
 * Inchoative Perfect (a.k.a., Momentane) : pokhe pen
 * On-going Continuous : sa
 * Near-finished Continuous : sat
 * Since-a-while-ago, on-going Continuous (a.k.a., Habitual) : ṇħe sa
 * Since-a-while-ago, near-finished Continuous : ṇħe sat
 * Inchoative, on-going Continuous : pokhe sa
 * Inchoative, near-finished Continuous : pokhe sat
 * On-going Progressive : sfay
 * Near-finished Progressive : sfet
 * Since-a-while-ago, on-going Progressive : ṇħe sfay
 * Since-a-while-ago, near-finished Progressive : ṇħe sfet
 * Inchoative, on-going Progressive : pokhe sfay
 * Inchoative, near-finished Progressive : pokhe sfet

Mood
Like Aspect, Mood is determined by particle. Each verb is required to have one.
 * Indicative: ∅
 * Obligatory/Imperative : ka
 * Optative/Desiderative/Volative : bḷo
 * Jussive/Hortative : bḷo ka
 * Potential/Epistemic/Permissive : yhę

Lexicon and Sentences
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