Avar

Nouns
Declension and cases :

Nouns in Avar are highly inflected by adding endings to the ground form of the word which is the singular form of the word in the nominative case.

The vocative case is translated by "oh ...!", e.g. emberó = oh man!

The topic case just marks the accentuation that the speaker puts to the word. The other case endings are added to the topic, e.g. emberúj (nominative), emberújev (genitive), emberújvél (instrumental)

The plural ending -ek is added to the ground form and followed by the case endings, if the word is declined, e.g. emberek = men (nominative), emberekev = of men (genitive), emberekvél = with men (instrumental)

Nouns ending in a vowel like kutja (=dog) or prá (=law) take -j-, if the noun is in the plural or the case ending begins with a vowel, e.g. kutjajek (nominative plural), kutjajet (accusative), prájek (nominative plural), prájet (accusative)

Definitiness :

In Avar the definitiness has to be distinguished into four categories :
 * 1) The "neutral" definitiness ending in -de which defines if a noun is definite or not. The ending is added after all other number and case endings, e.g. emberde (nominative) = the man, emberekújvélde (instrumental-topic plural) = with the men (I emphazise on)
 * 2) The "proximal" definitiness ending in -ne which defines that a noun is near to the speaker. The ending is added the same like the "neutral", e.g. emberne (nominative) = this man, emberekakne (dative plural) = to these men
 * 3) The "distal" definitiness ending in -ve which defines that a noun is far from the speaker. The ending is added the same like the "neutral", e.g. emberve (nominative) = that man, emberekújketve (prolative-topic plural) = for those men (I emphasize on)
 * 4) The "equal" definitiness ending in -ge which defines that a noun is equally far from or near to the speaker and listener. The ending is added the same like the "neutral", e.g. emberge (nominative) = yonder man, emberekújevge (genitive-topic plural) = of yonder men (I emphazise on)

Adjectives
The adjectives in Avar aren't declined to the cases or numbers like the nouns. The adjectives always come before the noun and don't take any definitiness ending. So you'll get : the beautiful man - úbav emberde (nominative), with those beautiful men (I emphazise on) = úbav emberekújvélve (instrumental-topic plural)

But an adjective can be nominalized and then takes all endings that an Avar noun may take, e.g. úbavde (nominative) = the beautiful one, úbavekújvélve (instrumental-topic plural) = with those beautiful ones (I emphazise on)

The comparative is formed by adding -töcj to the adjective, e.g. úbavtöcj ember = a more beautiful man. The comparision is made by the adjective in the comparative form followed by the compared noun in the ablative case, e.g. Kutjane vogj úbavtöcj kutjabelge. = This dog is more beautiful than yonder dog.

The superlative is formed by adding -tesz to the adjective, e.g. úbavtesz ember = a very beautiful man.