P'ar

=Introduction=

P'ar is a tonal language with three tones and each word is mono-syllabic, like Mandarin Chinese. The different between P'ar and Mandarin lies within the sounds of the language as well as the grammar and syntax.

=Phonology=

Consonants
P'ar has two kinds of consonant, initial and final. All consonants can be initial but only a few may be final.

{| class="wikitable" ! ! ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Velar
 * Plosive
 * Voiceless-unaspirated
 * p
 * t
 * k
 * Voiceless-aspirated
 * pʰ
 * tʰ
 * kʰ
 * Voiced-unaspirated
 * b
 * d
 * g
 * Voiced-aspirated
 * bʱ
 * dʱ
 * gʱ
 * Ejective
 * p'
 * t'
 * k'
 * Nasal
 * m
 * n
 * ŋ
 * Fricative
 * s
 * h
 * Lateral
 * l
 * Trill
 * r
 * m
 * n
 * ŋ
 * Fricative
 * s
 * h
 * Lateral
 * l
 * Trill
 * r
 * Lateral
 * l
 * Trill
 * r
 * l
 * Trill
 * r
 * Trill
 * r
 * r
 * r

Of these all of them can be initial consonants but only the nasals, voiceless-unaspirated plosives, the lateral and the trill can be syllable final consonant.

There are some initial consonant clusters which are allowed in P'ar, but very few. [h] may be followed by the nasals, the lateral and the trill while the unaspirated plosives may be followed by only [r].

{| class="wikitable" ! ! p ! b ! t ! d ! k ! g ! h
 * r
 * pr
 * br
 * tr
 * dr
 * kr
 * gr
 * hr
 * l
 * tl
 * dl
 * hl
 * m
 * hm
 * n
 * hn
 * ŋ
 * hŋ
 * m
 * hm
 * n
 * hn
 * ŋ
 * hŋ
 * hm
 * n
 * hn
 * ŋ
 * hŋ
 * hn
 * ŋ
 * hŋ
 * hn
 * ŋ
 * hŋ
 * hn
 * ŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ
 * hŋ

Vowels
P'ar has only three vowels [a], [i] and [u] which can carry one of 3 tones, low (marked by a grave accent) high (marked by an acute accent and mid-tone (unmarked). These vowels can also be long, at which point they may take two tones or diphthongs, [au] [iu] [ai] [ui] and [ua] which may also take two tones. The short vowels may be nasalised or take a final consonat, but not both. A long vowel may be nasalised or take a final [r] and diphthongs may only be nasalised. Nasal vowels are marked by <ñ>

The vowels would be as such in long and short forms:

Each diphthong will have one of the nine tones possessed by the long vowels.

Finals
As mentioned above, the final a word may take depends upon the vowel in the nucleus:

As you can see, the more vowels in the nucleus, the fewer choices available in ending a syllable.

Examples of Syllables
The basic syllable structure is(C)(C)V(V)(C) with the more complex rules described above

Vocalic Syllables
Single vowel - a

Single nasal vowel - íñ

Long vowel - ìí

Long nasal vowel - uúñ

Diphthong - aì

Nasal diphthong - ìúñ

Rhymes
Short vowel - ang

Long vowel - uúr

Initial+Nucleus
Single vowel - pa

Single nasal vowel - níñ

Long vowel - khìí

Long nasal vowel - buúñ

Diphthong - bhaì

Nasal diphthong - gìúñ

Closed syllables
Short vowel - pan

Long vowel - tuúr

=Grammar=

A lot of the grammatical information within a sentence is contained within word order and clitics. For example, case is marked through word order and postpositional clitics and tense and aspect are marked through verbal clitics. They are considered clitics as they are essentially toneless, but instead take the tone of the word it follows. So a clitic marking the past tense following a low, or a mid-falling tone and also a low-falling tone, will have a low tone.

Nouns
Nouns are not explicitly marked for case, as in Latin, but instead are marked using word order and clitics. The verb will come first in a basic sentence with the subject coming straight after, then the direct object and finally the indirect object, all of which are marked purely with word order.

The Genitive
The genitive is marked by use of a possessive clitic attached to the noun which is the possessor, which follows the possessed noun. The clitic marking this is "bu". This is also used to form possessive pronouns.

Plurality
When followed by a number, a noun will not be marked for plurality. In fact, unless context cannot shine any light upon the number of the noun, the plural marker will not be used at all. It is only used when introducing a new noun which must be known to be plural. The plural marker is "señ". This will precede any postpositions, so the genitive plural will be "bu-señ". The word "ours" will be "habuseñ" meaning "I=PL=GEN"

The Personal Pronouns
With number and case marked by clitics you may expect there to be only three pronouns. However, there are several more than this depending on how polite or informal the pronoun is and whether it is inclusive or exclusive.

1st Person Singular - ha

1st Person Plural Inclusive (1st person and 2nd person) - haseñ

1st Person Plural Exclusive (1st person and 3rd person) - t'íù

1st Person Plural All-Inclusive (1st, 2nd and 3rd) - díiñ

2nd Person Informal - kàm

2nd Person Formal - ghung

2nd Person Honorific - suúr

3rd Person Informal - thám

3rd Person Formal - ùár