Lenyara

Setting
Lenyara is spoken in the Baraneto Unity in world of Eno. It is one of the main scholarly languages across the globe, and is known to be an international auxilary language, as the Baraneto Unity is the only nation that has stayed neutral and peaceful during the Great War. As the language is so far spread, there are many variations of word usage and pronunciation on the different continents, as it has blended with the other languages of the world, though mutual intelligibility is still maintained.

Word Order
Word order tends to be SVO, though this has changed some in the various dialects and there are times when it tends to VS. It is an ergatie language, though the ergative is the only explicit case marking. The absolutive is marked by word order.

Transitive vs. Intransitive Word Order
In transitive sentences, the subject is marked with the suffix -k, and the object/s come after the verb. If the verb is ditransitive, the indirect object precedes the direct object, and it is always accompanied by a preposition.

In intransitive sentences, the verb comes first, and the subject comes after the verb.

Noun Phrase
Noun phrases follow a general pattern. The general pattern is: (possessive adjective or numeral), head noun, adjective, interrogative, relative clause.

Adverbial Phrase:
To create an adverbial phrase, the clause comes after the verb, and the suffix -vande (vowel-final words) or -avande (consonant-final words) is added to the final word of the phrase.

Agreement
In general, the agreement follows this table:

Questions
There are two types of questions in Lenyara: questions that require an extended response, and yes-no questions. In both forms of questioning, an interrogative word is fronted; however, in a yes-no question, the particle Vi is added before the verb or interrogative.

Intervocalic Alveolar Flap
[r]>[ɾ]/V_V

Alveolar trill changes to alveolar flap between vowels.

Final Trill Weakening
The alveolar trill becomes weakened at the end of a word.

Verbs
Verbs in Lenyara are interesting, as they are all conjugated periphrastically, except for the verb Ejare (to be/exist/do).

Infinitive
Infinitives end in -re and are almost never used in creating sentences.

Participle
The participle is used to conjugate every verb except for Ejare. To create a participle, the stem (-re) is removed and the suffix -nyo is added.

Conjugation
The only verb that actually gets conjugated inflectionally is Ejare. It is conjugated based on person, number, tense, aspect, and mood. To conjugate the other verbs, one must conjugate Ejare, and place the verb in its participle after.

Negation
To negate a verb add non before it,

Reflexive Verbs
To create reflexive verbs, a reflexive prefix is added to Ejare.

Polite Address
To politely address somone, the Li form of the verb is used.

Nominalizing Verbs
To nominalize a verb, the e in the stem is removed and an a is added. Therefore, lenyare (to speak/talk) becomes lenyara (language/speech/talking/speaking).

Creating an Animate Noun from a Verb
To create an animate noun assosciated with a verb, remove the stem. Therefore, lenyare (to speak/talk) becomes lenya (speaker).

Nouns
There is really nothing special about nouns in Lenyara. They don't have gender, and there is no articles. There is also no definitiveness.

Pluralizing a Noun
To create a plural noun, the suffix -m (or -um) is added.

Using Adjectives as Nouns
Adjectives can be used as nouns with changing form.

Creating a Person from a Place
To create a person from a place, the suffix -t (or -at) is added. Therefore, ingala (England/English language) becomes ingalat (Englishman/English speaker).

Adjectivizing A Noun
To create an adjective from a noun, the suffix -fra (or -afra) is added.

Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are rarely used in Lenyara, as their meaning is included in the verb.

Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives
These can be used as either adjectives or pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogatives are extremely important since they are not only used in forming questions, but also in forming noun phrases and adjective phrases. They are added as suffixes to nouns to create adjective phrases.

Numbers
Lenyara numbers above ten are formed by placing the word for ten (or twenty, or thirty, etc.) in front of a number one through nine. Numerals, when used as adjectives, are placed before the noun.

Possessive Adjectives
Like numerals, possessives are placed before the noun.

Negating an Adjective
To negate an adjective, the suffix -gu (or -agu) is added.

Babel Text
Here is a translation of the Babel Text into Lenyara. The first set is the modern English, the bold is the Lenyara, and the italic is the literal translation of the Lenyara. A gloss will be added eventually.

1. Once long ago, the world had only one language.

''' Muro andes, kadernyak ejat drendanyo solat ur lenyara. '''

'' Much before, world had only one language. ''

 2. While they were journeying from the East, they found a plain in the land Shinar and made there their home.

''' Allam tempor vrismovande send endre ejana varanyavande, ejana diskubranyo ternya en Shinar er ejana ztanyo vivare. '''

'' At same time from East they go, they found land in Shinar and they started living. ''

 3. And they said to each other: We should bake many bricks; and then they had bricks as stone and they had mud as mortar.

''' Er bejana lenyanyo: Ejam derenyo konstrare matinam muro; er ejan drendanyo matinam ko piet er ganga ko gindia. '''

'' And they said to each other: We should make bricks many; and they had bricks as stone and mud as binding. ''

 4. And they said to each other: We should make a city with a tower that reaches to the heavens.

''' Er bejana lenyanyo: Ejam derenyo konstrare zuda kit turake eja varanya aja. '''

'' And they said to each other: We should build city with tower that goes high. ''

 5. And they said to each other: We should make our name so that we do not become scattered throughout the world.

''' Er bejana lenyanyo: Ejam derenyo konstrare unos yamara erpra non ejam narajanyo pazkarafra en kadernya. '''

'' And they said to each other: We should make our name so we do not become scattered in world. ''

 6. And then the LORD came to there to see the city with the tower that they had made.

''' Er Diok ejat antvaranyo allam Shinar erpra ejapía podenyo miravare zuda kit turake varat ejana konstranyo. '''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">'' And God came to Shinar so he would be able to see city with tower that they had made. ''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;"> 7. Then He said: the people are united and they have only one language and of the deeds they can do, this is the beginning!

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">''' Ejat lenyanyo: ¡umbromak ejan ur er ejan drendanyo solat ur Lenyara er eztak eja ztara ke ejan podenyo ejare. '''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">'' He said: people are one and they have only one language and this is start that they can do. ''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;"> 8. Then He said: they will do anything that they can propose!

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">''' Ejat lenyanyo: ¡ejapan ejanyo ke ejan kejenyo! '''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">'' He said: they will do what they want! ''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;"> 9. Then He said: And I will go there and I will make confusion so that the understanding among them is finished.

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">''' Ejat lenyanyo: Er ejapo varanyo allam Shinar er ejapo konstranyo fundija erpra non bejapan komprendinyo. '''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">'' He said: And I will go to Shinar and I will make confusion so they will not understand each other. ''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;"> 10. And the LORD did this and they became scattered throughout the world and the building of the city stopped.

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">''' Er Diok ejat ezt er ejana narajanyo pazkarafra en kadernya er konstrarak ejat teraztanyo. '''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">'' And God did this and they became scattered in world and construction stopped. ''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;"> 11. Therefore their name is Confusion because there the LORD had made confusion of all languages.

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">''' Erpra ejan yamanyo Fundija erpra allam ulan zuda diok varat ejat konstranyo fundija du lenyaram kad. '''

<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal; font-size: medium;">'' For that reason they are named Confusion because in their city God had made confusion of languages all. ''

Dictionary
-afra, suffix, adjectivizes a noun that ends in a consonant -agu, suffix, negates an adjective ending in a consonant -ak, suffix, denotes subject if it ends in a consonant -at, suffix, turns a place into a term for a person if it ends in a consonant -avande, suffix, creates an adverb from an adjective ending in a consonant -fra, suffix, adjectivizes a noun that ends in a vowel -gu, suffix, negates an adjective ending in a vowel -k, suffix, denotes subject if it ends in a vowel -m, suffix, pluralizes nouns ending in a vowel -t, suffix, turns a place into a term describing a person if it ends in a vowel -um, suffix, pluralizes nouns ending in a consonant -vande, suffix, creates an adverb from an adjective ending in a vowel Abba, adv/prep, about Aja, adj, high Alga, adj/n, some/someone/something Algadov, adv/interrog, somewhere Algakua, adv/interrog, sometime Allam, prep, at/to Amij, n, friend Amijafra, adj, friendly Amijafragu, adj, unfriendly Andes, adv/prep, after Antvarare, v, to come b-, prefix, creates a reflexive verb for iti/eli Boana die, phrase, good morning/day/afternoon Boana nose, phrase, goodnight Boana, adj, good Derere, v, should/ought/must Des, adv/prep, before Die, n, morning/day/afternoon Dio, n, god Dis, n/adj, ten Diskubrare, v, to find Dov, interrog, where Drendare, v, to have Du, prep, of Dur, n/adj, two Durdis, n/adj, twenty Edre, n, right/east Ejara, n, being/entity/thing Ejare, v, to be/to do Eli, n, they En, prep, in er, conj, and Ero, n/adj, zero erpra, conj, so/for that reason/so that/because Ezt, adj, this Ezti, adj, these Eztio, adj, those Ezto, adj, that Fajore, please Feli, adj, happy Felivande, adv, happily Fundija, n, confusion Gan, adj/n, any/anyone/anything Ganga, n, mud Gindia, n, binding/mortar Gindire, v, to combine/to bind Grase, Thank you I, n, I Ingala, n, England/English language Ingalat, n, English person/English speaker Iti, n, you (plural) Kad, adj/n, all/every/everyone Kadernya, n, world/Earth Kadkua, adv/interrog, every time Kadov, adv/interrog, everywhere Ke, interrog, what Kejere, v, to want Ki, interrog, who Kit, prep, with Ko, interrog, how Komprendire, v, to understand Konstrara, n, construction/building Konstrare, v, to make/to build Kor, n/adj, four Kordis, n/adj, forty Kua, interrog, when l-, prefix, creates a reflexive verb for li/la La, n, She Lenya, n, speaker Lenyara, n, language/speech/speaking/talking/talk Lenyaram, n, languages/speeches/talks Lenyarat, n, Lenyarat speaker Lenyare, v, to speak/to talk Li, n, He/you (formal) m-, prefix, creates a reflexive verb for i Male, adj, bad Matina, n, brick Miravara, n, looker/watcher/sight/lookout Miravare, v, to see/to look/ to watch Mis, n/adj, one thousand Misor, n/adj, one million Muro, adj, many Nad, adj/n, none/no one/nothing Nada, You’re welcome Narajare, v, to become Nenya, n, girl Nenyam, n, girls Nenyo, n, boy Nenyom, n, boys nor-, prefix, creates a reflexive verb for nosi Nor, n/adj, nine Nora, n, north/up Nordis, n/adj, ninety Nose, n, night Nosi, n, we o, conj, or Oedre, n, left/west Ote, n/adj, eight Otedis, n/adj, eighty Pazkara, n, a random assortment Pazkarafra, adj, scattered Pazkare, v, to pull apart/to scatter Piet, n, stone Podere, v, to be able to Pra, interrog, why pro, conj, but Sao, n, hello/goodbye Se, n/adj, six Sedis, n/adj, sixty Send, prep, from Set, n/adj, seven Setis, n/adj, seventy Sien, n/adj, one hundred Sikit, prep, without Sin, n/adj, five Sindis, n/adj, fifty Solat, adj/adv, only Suf, adv/adj, enough/sufficient Sura, n, south/down t-, prefix, creates a reflexive verb for ti Tempor, n, time/clock Teraztare, v, to stop Ternya, n, land/earth/plain Ti, n, you (informal) Tra, n/adj, three Tradis, n/adj, thirty Trist, adj, sad Tristavande, adv, sadly Tura, n, tower Ulan, adj/n, their/theirs Uli, adj/n, his/her/hers/your/yours (formal) Umbra, n, woman Umbram, n, women Umbro, n, man Umbrom, n, men/people Umi, adj/n, my/mine Unos, adj/n, our/ours Ur, n/adj, 1/united Uti, adj/n, your/yours (informal) Varare, v, to go Vi, particle, denotes a yes or no question Vivara, n, house Vivare, v, to live Vrismo, adj, same Yamara, n, name/title Yamare, v, to be called/to be named Ztare, v, to start/to begin Zuda, n, city