Vong

= Vong: A Tonal Language by Nonong = First published in 2001 {|

Like Singing
Inspired by tonal languages like Chinese and Vietnamese, I have created an art language that is tonal. In Vong, there are three tones: the even tone, the rising tone, and the falling tone. The rising tone is indicated by an acute accent (like vóng), and the falling tone is indicated by a grave accent (like vòng). The even (mid-level) tone has no accent (like vong). The tone changes the meaning.

Phonology
The consonants (C) are: b, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, sh, t, th, v, z. These are close to English sounds; however, see the Phonological Chart, which explains more exactly the pronunciations of letters. The vowels (V) are: a, e, i, o, u. These are pronounced as in English "father, bet, tot, machine, lunar." The diphthongs (D) are: ai, au, ei, oi, ou, ia, ie, io, iu, ua, ue, ui, uo. The nasal consonants (N), which can occur finally in a syllable, are: m, n, ng. A syllable can have the structure: V, D, CV, CD, VN, DN, CVN, or CDN. There are 4536 possible syllables with the three tones.

In Vong, each native morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit of language, is a single syllable.

Grammar
The Vong sentence is of the SVO type (Subject Verb Object). No words are inflected. Vong has no grammatical tense, but it has a system of aspect markers. Time reference is given by context or by placing adverbials, which are optional, anywhere before the verb:  cháim (future), kiò (recent past), guam (far past), mái (yesterday), vèim (tomorrow), ron ruim (last year), and others. Adjectives, like dèm ('yellow', 'to be yellow'), can stand as stative verbs:  Sóung dèm. ('The sunflower is yellow.') The particle 'e' ends an imperative phrase:  Sóung dèm e! ('Let the sunflower be yellow!') The particle 'a' ends a question phrase:  Sóung dèm a? ('Is the sunflower yellow?')

The distinction between plural and singular nouns is not usually made. Placing tín (many) or ting (few) before a noun can indicate the plural. Or reduplication of the word can also show plurality:  sóung sóung (sunflowers). There are no words for 'the', 'a', and 'an'.

The pronouns are:  nong (I, me), viong (you), fueng (he, she, it, him, her), ting nong (we, us), ting viong (plural you), ting fueng (they, them).

Words may be compounded to form new terms wherein the attributes come before the element being modified:  tì shú ('bird cage', birdcage), lèm zò ('guess calculate', estimate), sué ngí ('sword man', swordsman), Suà be ('bright religion', Buddhism).

Borrowings or loanwords, which may be polysyllabic, from other languages like English are possible with the condition that they follow the phonology of Vong:  ká-mè-ra ('camera'), bài-ió-lò-ji ('biology').

Feedback
Poems submitted by Allan Doodes:

Shiong ngài suè duon. Fueng shiong zuén hòm. Lè ning lím kìm, Tín tiom dim tiam.

Seeking the master in the forest. He is looking for simples. The mountains are high, the clouds low, Many questions unanswered.

Ngáin méi vì hió ngí Shuim ang rong To-kio. Sué ngí vio tha kèm. Nèi vì ngàin méi vio.

A merchant has two daughters Beauties from Tokyo city. A swordsman kills with his sword. The two girls slay with their eyes.
 * Vong

My Poetry
Tín lè sóung nie thá suè vong, ping, sim díng vì zàin --tín dèm rìng ù zá.

Tall sunflowers stand funnily in the big, wide, country field of green --yellow faces to the sun.

Hè bua min tín kóm ang chó muon á tín lè tuàng --sui, hàin zá, hú liang.

Strong wind blows leaves from the grassy earth between tall pine trees --cold, but sunny, winter day.

Feedback
Poem submitted by Joey Hartline:

ngáin sué ngí kèm ve puí rum sué ngí

two swordsmen blade's edge red one swordsman

Poem submitted by Kevin Bello (in Vong, English, and Esperanto):

Rièm shòu fién lé Suè nèi vì fùng. Bua min ié vòm Jìn rièm fién duom.

The dragon soars so high In the eyes of the skies. The wind blows with myst'ry and the dragon, away it flies!

La drako flugas alte En la okuloj de l' ĉiel'. Kun mistero la vento blovas Kaj la drako flugas en hel'!
 * }

= Vong: Phonological Chart = Phonemic equivalents in CXS are given within slashes.

Diphthongs
= Vong: Verbal Aspect = Vong grammar lacks distinctions of tense as such: that is, the notions past, present, and future are not encoded grammatically by forms of the verb. However, there is a relatively complex system of verbal aspect, distinguishing notions such as events, states, and processes. Unlike tense in English, aspect markers are grammatically optional. Aspect markers are placed immediately after the verb.

uang perfect (retrospective) uim experiential oin continuous iong habitual aun iterative ieng contemplative uong simultaneous

Fueng léng diám. He eats fish. He ate fish. He will eat fish.

Fueng léng uang diám. He has eaten fish. He ate fish.

Fueng léng uim diám. He has eaten fish before. He had the occasion to eat fish.

Fueng léng oin diám. He is eating fish. He is in the process of eating fish.

Fueng léng iong diám. He eats fish all the time. He usually eats fish.

Fueng léng aun diám. He eats fish regularly. He eats fish, then something else, then fish again.

Fueng léng ieng diám. He intends to eat fish. He will eat fish.

Fueng léng uong diám cháung. While eating fish, he talked.

It must be stressed that aspect markers are not indicators of tense. For example, a perfective action may take place in the past or future.

Mái ngàum fueng léng uang diám, fueng kú. Yesterday after he had eaten fish, he slept.

Vèim ngàum fueng léng uang diám, fueng kú. Tomorrow after he eats fish, he will sleep.

= Vong: Vocabulary = As Vong is an isolating language, words are not inflected or do not change form, so if you are searching for a word that is not in the vocabulary, but there is another close word, then use that word. For example, if you cannot find the Vong word for "beauty," a noun in English, then use the Vong word for "beautiful," an adjective in English.

1600 Words
about (pertaining to; on the topic of) 	ló	 above, over 	gùm	 across (at / to the other side of) 	òi	 after (later than; in the future of) 	ngàum	 around, encircling, surrounding 	bàu	 at (in the same location as) 	chiun	 because of, due to 	uo	 before, in front of, ahead of (spatially) 	nó	 before, prior to, earlier than 	kò	 behind, in back of, to the rear of 	fàn	 between, among, amidst, inter- 	á	 beyond, farther than, exceeding 	jang	 by means of, via, per, with (using; through instrumentality of) 	tha	 during 	uò	 except for, besides, apart from, other than, excluding 	thú	 for (to benefit; destined for; for the purpose of) 	ua	 for (in exchange for) 	siung	 from, out of, away from 	ang	 in (located inside of) 	suè	 instead of, rather than 	kiòn	 like, similar to 	iù	 near, close to 	shu	 of (owned by; belonging to; associated with; = genitive) 	vì	 of (containing the measured quantity: "two liters of water") 	ò	 on (resting on; touching the top or other surface of) 	iu	 outside of, exterior to 	chèn	 than, compared to 	vià	 through 	au	 to, towards, at (moving toward) 	ù	 under, below, beneath 	chì	 whether eing  with (accompanied by) 	ié	 without, with no ..., lacking 	no	 be (intransitive predicative copula) 	suo	 be (passive marker; "be X-ed")	aung  exist 	bùn	 become (begin to be; acquire the quality...) 	nuè	 cause (induce something to be/happen) 	sòu	 make, render (impart quality X to Y; e.g. "I make you happy") 	ta	 do, perform, engage in (specified activity) 	mo	 have (possess / be furnished with) 	giom	 can (is/are able to ...) 	fù	 should, ought to (is/are expected/advised to ...) 	vúng	 this (demonstrative) 	zien	 that (demonstrative) 	fú	 and, plus 	jìn	 but, however 	hàin	 if (on condition that...; supposing that...) 	giòn	 or 	shiù	 that (e.g. "I know that you are right") 	luèm	 also, additionally, too 	nguám	 apart, separately 	uá	 here (in/to this place) 	ziùm	 how? (in what manner?) 	shíng	 how much/many? ueng	 maybe, perhaps, possibly 	ziè	 not 	dim	 only, solely, exclusively 	óng	 there (at/to that place) 	vè	 together 	buí	 what? uam	 when? (at what time?) 	è	 where? (at/to what place?) 	thiè	 which/who? uom	 why? (for what reason?) 	búng	 any (no particular one of) 	mau	 every, each 	ngà	 person, human being	ou	 self eim  baby, infant	ai	 child	nió	 boy	uèn	 girl	méi	 man (adult male person)	ngí	 woman (adult female person)	kím	 family	o	 father	sun	 mother	lom	 marriage (spousal relationship)	tou	 husband	ia	 wife	ué	 son	giun	 daughter	thuèng	 brother	ien	 sister	shí	 chief, leader	oing	 king	choi	 queen	kòing	 president	nguá	 prime minister	àm	 dictator, tyrant	ió	 master, lord	ngài	 slave	kiúng	 soldier	vìm	 ambassador	na	 member (of group/organization)	pong	 friend	thí	 enemy	ing	 Mister, Mr.	juo	 Ms., Miss/Mrs. tue	 Miss	gùn	 Mrs.	éi	 club, society (voluntary association re: a common interest)	bàm	 committee (group appointed to do a task)	thái	 community (individuals sharing space / culture)	zuè	 culture (the customs and beliefs of a people)	miòng	 individual (one considered separately from one's species)	kàn	 people (a people), folk, the members of an ethnic group / nation	dong	 public, populace, the people (as in People's Republic)	ue	 race (group of people with similar characteristics)	sháu	 team, crew, squad	po	 abdomen	í	 anus	dòng	 arm (shoulder to hand)	rùm	 back (dorsal area)	iò	 beard	ói	 blood	vió	 body	hiù	 bone	ui	 brain	bò	 breast, mammary	ú	 buttock	chi	 cheek (side of face below eye)	dún	 chest (upper front of torso)	uà	 chin	pie	 ear	lòng	 egg	chò	 eye	nèi	 face	rìng	 feather	vò	 feces, dung, excrement	bíng	 fetus (foetus), embryo	soi	 finger	thùng	 fist	tai	 foot (on which something stands)	zàm	 forehead	léi	 gene	shò	 hair (a strand of fibrous material growing from the body)	liú	 hair (the hairs atop one's head thought of as a collective entity)	ngi	 hand	muem	 head	ì	 heart (coronary muscle)	téng	 heel	juí	 hip	siòn	 horn (bone-like growth from animal's head)	sàng	 intestines, gut(s), viscera	ngei	 iris (of eye)	hóu	 kidney	bóu	 knee	shi	 leg	io	 lip	áu	 liver	pùng	 lung	eng	 meat, flesh	kó	 mouth	gà	 muscle	mióng	 nail (fingernail)	jié	 navel	chai	 neck	mè	 nerve	tuang	 nose	ngiàn	 organ (of body)	uó	 palm (of hand)	viù	 penis	mi	 shell	chen	 shoulder	huè	 skeleton	shoim	 skin	jèi	 spine, backbone	gièng	 stomach	cha	 sweat, perspiration	zè	 tail	làng	 tear(drop(s))	liùn	 testicle	hì	 throat	vìn	 thumb	iá	 toe	fì	 tongue (body-part)	gúng	 tooth	tòm	 urine	sén	 vagina	fém	 vein, blood vessel	pin	 waist	lèng	 wing (of bird etc.)	kein	 wound	tié	 wrist	nià	 berry (small pulpy fruit)	do	 bud (of flower/leaf)	ngèin	 flower	hio	 fruit	súm	 leaf	kóm	 nut (hard-shelled fruit/seed with separable shell and kernel)	gung	 pod (seed pod)	nion	 root (of a plant)	ruing	 seed	òu	 sprout (young shoot of plant)	ku	 alive 	le	 dead 	ngom	 birth	lì	 mature, adult	puin	 healthy 	tiung	 disease, illness, sickness	ròi	 fat, obese, plump 	záng	 sex, gender	hoi	 female 	dei	 male 	niú	 neuter (neither male nor female) 	fin	 sense (ability to perceive a given kind of stimuli)	vé	 pain	vóm	 pleasure	kon	 tired, weary 	shòn	 refreshed, zesty, perky 	shé	 sleep 	kú	 awake 	tuàn	 fever	sà	 bite 	zuà	 breathe 	kaing	 catch (stop the motion of and seize in the hands) 	ké	 climb 	fuá	 copulate, have sex (with) 	bam	 crawl 	jì	 cry out, shout, yell 	kiam	 cry, weep 	vié	 dance 	piong	 die 	kí	 drink 	hiùm	 drown (die/kill via immersion) 	pón	 eat 	léng	 feel (perceive with the tactile sense) 	la	 gesture 	èi	 hold, grasp 	kié	 hunt, pursue (with intent to capture and/or devour) 	he	 jump, leap 	thiùm	 kick 	sì	 kill 	vio	 kiss 	chuá	 laugh 	mon	 lie (recline horizontally) 	pi	 live (be alive) 	pù	 run 	thuim	 shave 	thùm	 sit (be in a sitting position) 	ngian	 smile 	uí	 sneeze 	zem	 spit 	shang	 squat 	più	 stand 	thá	 swallow 	góing	 swim 	kin	 taste (perceive the flavor of) 	gù	 throw, toss 	thuón	 touch 	diè	 vomit 	fúng	 walk 	jèm	 wrestle 	váu	 animal (non-vegetable creature)	shian	 ant (insect of family Formicidae)	giá	 bear (animal of Ursidae family)	zuó	 bee (member of genus Apis)	ngiu	 bird (egg-laying feathered animal with wings)	tì	 butterfly	buáng	 cat (Felis catus)	gám	 chicken	nám	 cockroach (insect of order Blattaria)	di	 cow/bull, cattle (bovine animal of either sex)	fói	 deer (animal of family Cervidae)	u	 dog (Canis familiaris)	óu	 donkey, ass (Equus asinus)	hiá	 dragon (winged serpent with crested head and large claws)	rièm	 fish	diám	 fly (small winged insect)	vám	 fox (member of genus Vulpes)	mong	 frog (web-footed tailless leaping amphibian)	thèn	 goat (animal of genus Capra)	kìng	 grasshopper	lù	 horse (Equus caballus)	rión	 insect	guóng	 lion (Felis leo)	mèn	 lizard	dién	 lobster	zà	 mammal	miu	 mantis (insect of order Manteodea)	hueng	 monkey, small primate	ngeng	 mosquito	fiá	 mouse	kiém	 pig, swine (omnivorous mammal of family Suidae)	kuè	 rabbit (animal of family Leporidae)	zoi	 reptile	muò	 sheep (Ovis aries)	bú	 snake, serpent (reptile of suborder Serpentes or Ophidia)	tam	 spider, arachnid	suóng	 squirrel (rodent of family Sciuridae)	ei	 tiger (Felis tigris)	féing	 turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)	kuon	 turtle (reptile of order Testudinata)	chué	 virus	kòng	 whale (large marine mammal of order Cetacea)	záim	 wolf (Canis lupus)	nio	 worm	shue	 apple (tree/fruit of genus Malus)	geing	 bamboo (plant/stem of genera Bambusa / Arundinaria / Dendrocalamus)	bòi	 banana (plant/fruit of genus Musa)	fiú	 bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar)	chiém	 cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata)	ra	 carrot (plant/root of sp. Daucus carota sativus)	rue	 coffee (plant/seeds of sp. Coffea arabica)	chòum	 cork (tree/elastic tissue of sp. Quercus suber)	fu	 corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays)	vù	 cotton (plant/fibers of genus Gossypium)	jáing	 cucumber (Cucumis sativus)	nau	 date (tree/fruit of sp. Phoenix dactylifera)	fèng	 fig (tree/fruit of genus Ficus)	záing	 flax (Linum usitatissimum)	sem	 garlic (herb of sp. Allium sativum)	rám	 ginger (plant/rhizome of genus Zingiber)	lué	 ginseng (plant/root of genus Panax)	rian	 gourd (plant/hard-rinded fruit of genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita)	hé	 grape (plant/fruit of genus Vitis)	vòng	 grass (monocotyledonous plant of family Gramineae)	chó	 hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa)	gen	 kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales)	luíng	 lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris)	é	 lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca)	luà	 mandarin, tangerine (tree/fruit of sp. Citrus reticulata)	sáing	 mint (plant of family Labiatae)	ná	 mushroom (a complex aerial fleshy fruiting body of a fungus)	fei	 mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea)	liém	 oak (tree of genus Quercus)	bui	 oat (plant/seed of genus Avena)	jóm	 olive (tree/fruit of sp. Olea europaea)	kuím	 onion (plant/bulb of sp. Allium sepa)	vèn	 orange (tree/fruit of Citrus sinensis / related spp.)	fa	 pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum)	thém	 peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea)	fen	 pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum)	pí	 pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum)	lèi	 pine (coniferous tree of genus Pinus)	tuàng	 plum (certain trees/fruits of genus Prunus)	bo	 potato (plant/tuber of sp. Solanum tuberosum)	jòm	 rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa)	zang	 rose (plant/flower of genus Rosa)	pio	 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)	thué	 sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum)	bùng	 soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max)	thón	 spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea)	je	 squash, melon (plant/fruit of genus Cucurbita grown for edible fruit)	guè	 sunflower (plant/bloom of sp. Helianthus annuus)	sóung	 tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis)	chiè	 tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum)	tèm	 tomato (plant/berry of genus Lycopersicon)	jèng	 wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum)	jèin	 bush, shrub	miam	 garden	sèn	 grain(s), cereal crop(s) and their seed(s)	kè	 harvest, reap 	jàim	 plant (a vegetable life-form)	hòm	 tree	pia	 bay (small body of water offset from lake or sea)	róing	 beach, shore	vàng	 cave	iè	 cliff	ruàn	 cloud	kìm	 desert	ngòu	 earth (terra firma contrasted with sea and heaven)	muon	 earthquake	nìm	 eclipse	gó	 field (unbroken expanse of land)	díng	 flood, deluge	shìm	 fog	bun	 forest	duon	 hail	thuì	 hill (smaller than a mountain)	vái	 island	koin	 lake	té	 lightning	làn	 moon (natural satellite of a planet)	the	 mountain	ning	 nature (that which occurs spontaneously; the non-artificial world)	chuàm	 planet	tà	 rain	rùn	 rainbow	kom	 river	piá	 sea, ocean	chìng	 sky	fùng	 snow	gue	 star	siè	 storm	ding	 sun	zá	 swamp, marsh	luè	 thunder	kúm	 tide	fiu	 tornado	ngu	 universe, cosmos	rián	 valley	ià	 volcano	shìn	 weather	biú	 wind	bua	 world	shèn	 arrow (sharp-tipped shaft shot from a bow)	ru	 axe	fièn	 balloon	zái	 bar, rod	sí	 barrel, cask	fòi	 basket	nuíng	 bed	fou	 bell	lam	 blade	kèm	 blanket (large piece of soft material used as a cover)	fau	 board	bu	 bomb	biò	 bottle	noi	 bow (for arrows)	káung	 bowl (deep round dish)	chie	 box (rigid rectangular receptacle)	tiá	 brake	meng	 brick (hard clay block)	kón	 broom	iú	 brush	thàn	 bucket, pail	so	 bullet	chuéng	 button (on a shirt etc.)	tè	 cage	shú	 can (presealed metal container) {British: tin}	zuèng	 candle	jói	 cannon	rói	 chain (connected series of rings or links)	shà	 chair (furniture for one person to sit on)	thói	 cigarette	vuìng	 clock	vin	 club, cudgel	kùn	 coin	miám	 comb	shai	 computer (electronic instruction-obeying information-handler)	nán	 container	shiòm	 cord, cable (thicker than wire)	de	 cover (thing put onto or extended over something else)	ha	 cup (small bowl with handle)	rim	 curtain	thié	 dial (circle marked with numbers/symbols)	siúm	 dish (any shallow concave container)	poim	 doll, effigy	heng	 dome (anything shaped like an upside-down bowl)	nóm	 drain (device that removes unwanted liquid)	kuì	 drill	hièm	 drum (hollow musical instrument beaten with sticks or hands)	ngèi	 envelope (folded paper covering a letter)	viá	 fan (device to create air current)	pòu	 fence (outdoor barrier supported by posts)	mé	 file (tool for abrading)	roum	 flag, banner	jaum	 fork (instrument with >=2 prongs for picking up something)	me	 frame (structure supporting or surrounding something)	kín	 furniture	rua	 gear (toothed wheel)	jóum	 guitar (stringed instrument played with the fingers)	zio	 gun (ballistic weapon)	fí	 hammer	thòing	 handle (part of tool by which it is held)	fi	 hinge	ngè	 hook	fiom	 horn (makes noise when blown)	vuà	 hourglass	siun	 jar, jug (big wide-mouthed bottle)	nem	 key (metal device for operating lock)	rem	 knife	ngóng	 knob	ze	 ladder	dá	 lamp	ái	 lens	sàm	 lever	shuó	 lock (device for securing doors)	goum	 machine (device with moving parts)	choum	 match (little fire-stick)	king	 microscope	thòun	 mirror	hèm	 motor, engine	zéi	 nail (pointy fastener)	góu	 needle	tàn	 net	gí	 oven	riù	 package, packet, parcel	ngú	 paddle, oar (stick with broad end)	shou	 pan (broad shallow cooking dish)	shia	 patch (a piece used to cover/repair a flaw)	nuàng	 pedal	ngóun	 pen (writing tool that uses ink)	há	 pencil, crayon (writing tool that uses semi-solid substance)	fó	 pillow, cushion	guom	 pipe (a hard tube for transporting liquid)	thiúng	 plate (shallow dish, usually round)	póu	 plow (plough)	ché	 pocket	vén	 pole, stick (long bar)	vín	 post (vertical pole anchored in ground)	zón	 pot (deep round vessel)	naum	 pulley	pà	 pump	sha	 rack (framework of bars for storage)	jéi	 radio apparatus, wireless set	shì	 rail (usually horizontal bar for restraining/supporting things)	háu	 rake	ài	 razor	tiú	 rope	vàu	 rug, mat	pueng	 sack, bag	bù	 sail	ngoum	 saw (tool)	tho	 scale (device to measure weight)	bie	 scissors	fe	 screen, mesh	vìng	 screw (threaded fastener)	nèin	 sign (board with public notice written on it)	gén	 shelf	shaum	 shield (a protective implement)	jìng	 shovel	hém	 spear, lance	huì	 sponge (real/synthetic corpse of animal of phylum Porifera)	puà	 spool, reel (cylinder onto which something is wound)	thám	 spoon	guò	 spring (metal helix)	luón	 staple (fastener)	viém	 strap	shuà	 string (thicker than thread and thinner than rope)	nia	 stylus	nging	 sword	sué	 syringe	rein	 table (piece of furniture with flat top)	duóm	 telephone	lio	 telescope	reng	 television set	kuèng	 toilet, water closet	vuom	 tool, utensil, implement	buòn	 tongs	nèng	 towel	váung	 toy, plaything	mu	 trap	veim	 tray (shallow rectangular dish)	chàun	 umbrella	hén	 valve (flow-controller)	baung	 weapon	dio	 wheel	rien	 wire (long thread-like piece of metal)	ngon	 wrench {British: spanner}	gan	 apron	sáun	 belt	piú	 coat (heavy outer garment with sleeves)	hàng	 collar	chú	 eyeglasses	mén	 garment (item of clothing)	káu	 glove	vuàn	 harness	gún	 hat, cap	kèi	 helmet	pué	 jacket (a short and/or lightweight coat)	dió	 necktie	biom	 pants, trousers	shèm	 shirt	ki	 shorts, trunks (trousers extending no lower than knees)	fóin	 shoe	duí	 skirt, kilt, dress (any torso-garment open at the bottom)	mì	 sock, hose, stocking	zuá	 uniform (special garments worn by members of a group)	hò	 veil	rì	 building, edifice (structure with walls and roof)	buè	 attic, garret	pì	 ceiling	fáu	 cellar, basement	chan	 chimney	vèin	 door	rú	 elevator {British: lift}	rù	 fireplace, hearth	deim	 floor (bottom of room)	muà	 roof	sua	 room, chamber	fo	 stair(s)	puèm	 wall	rá	 window	hàn	 church (building or institution of public worship)	jion	 factory	chóm	 hospital	siém	 hotel, inn	ngiú	 house (a free-standing man-made dwelling-building)	jei	 library	pai	 mill (place where raw materials are processed)	fuè	 prison, jail	fiù	 school	chuam	 store, shop, boutique	hió	 tavern, bar, pub	shom	 theater	dò	 university	hìng	 bridge	don	 farm	tóin	 park (public outdoor area)	lói	 market (place where goods are bought/sold/traded)	rái	 tower	páim	 agency, bureau	tém	 army	sho	 authority (the right/power to command)	huón	 campaign (for political office)	chin	 constitution (charter of an organization)	diún	 control 	píng	 court (of law)	chiò	 crime	pion	 elect (select by voting) 	suòng	 free (at liberty) 	pói	 government	zió	 independent 	ban	 international 	da	 jury	hi	 law (a rule enforced by a government)	zùm	 military 	von	 nation, state (political entity)	puám	 obey 	shóm	 official (issued with authority) 	huóng	 organize (bring X's together to perform a task) 	lin	 parliament, congress (legislative body of elected officers)	vuam	 party (political), sect (religious)	dí	 permit, allow, let 	vú	 police (organization to enforce laws)	chuà	 politics	níng	 prohibit, forbid, contra-permit 	zui	 province (of Canada etc.), prefecture, state (of USA etc.)	chueng	 resign 	thi	 rule, regulation	pu	 submission, surrender	ràing	 tax	bià	 trial (in court)	chéi	 unite 	ngóin	 vote 	juèng	 war	kiom	 accept (willingly receive) 	dú	 account (record of money received/paid/owed)	zóum	 bank (monetary institution)	thúm	 bill, invoice (statement of money owed)	gu	 borrow 	tàung	 business, commerce	thù	 buy, purchase 	thiá	 cheap, inexpensive 	shim	 check (written order directing a bank to pay from an account)	shuèn	 company (a business organization), firm	ráu	 contract (agreement-document)	ge	 credit (permission to borrow money)	jè	 debt, obligation to pay	chùng	 exchange, trade, swap 	hiú	 expensive, costly 	ji	 frugal, thrifty 	nguén	 generous, charitable 	vó	 get, acquire, gain, obtain 	bóng	 give 	nuí	 insurance (protective contractual arrangement)	roim	 invest 	fiò	 job, employment	sóm	 keep, retain, go on having (e.g. "you should keep this book") 	chù	 lack (be without) 	tàing	 lend 	niúng	 lose (cease having; contra-acquire) 	vam	 merchandise, goods, wares	chim	 money	ní	 offer (present for acceptance or rejection) 	chèng	 own (possess according to law or custom) 	pò	 pay 	pè	 poor, impoverished 	thò	 price, cost	kià	 private (contra-public) 	che	 prize, award	báu	 profit, gain	má	 provide, supply, furnish 	sai	 public (available to most or all persons) 	teng	 punish 	chài	 receive 	niong	 reject, refuse (contra-accept) 	luem	 responsibility, liability, accountability	ging	 reward 	giò	 rich, wealthy 	dém	 sell 	seim	 steal (take in a criminal way) 	bém	 store, cache, reserve, reservoir	pou	 take (in the sense of E-o "preni", G "nehmen", Sp "tomar") 	né	 ticket, coupon	zong	 value (the quality of being useful and/or desirable), worth	fuéng	 angel, fairy (supernatural flying humanoid)	hàing	 bless (wish good upon) 	ni	 curse, damn (wish evil upon) 	làung	 ghost (manifestation of dead person's soul)	mèm	 god, diety	gòi	 heaven, celestial realm, Valhala etc.	féi	 hell, Hades	ngiòn	 holy, sacred 	shòu	 magic, sorcery	vang	 pray (communicate with god(s)) 	lien	 priest, clergyman	máin	 religion	be	 revelation, mystical vision	thiòn	 ritual, rite, ceremony	theng	 soul, spirit (believed to outlive the body)	shuì	 admire 	mù	 alert 	sòn	 angry 	zàn	 approve (of) 	zìn	 art (creative craft; productive use of talent)	bó	 attention (active perception)	ziung	 behavior, conduct	liún	 believe (accept as true) 	bong	 blame 	shuin	 boring, tedious 	ngùm	 calculate, reckon 	zò	 care, concern (about someone / something)	báing	 caution, prudence, carefulness	luòn	 celebrate, rejoice 	thó	 choose, pick (out), select one of many possibilities 	lium	 comfort (freedom from pain and/or worry)	gém	 compare 	hón	 conscious, aware 	chuòn	 courage, bravery	gom	 dear, precious, cherished 	lìn	 decide 	ziéng	 disappointment	fuím	 distinguish, differentiate, tell one from another 	nuóm	 doubt 	chià	 dream	tìm	 embarrassment	kiáng	 enthusiasm, zeal	gèm	 expect, anticipate (believe that X will come/happen) 	thín	 experience (consciously live through an event) 	uì	 favor, prefer 	dì	 fear (be afraid of) 	hia	 feel (experience an emotion/sentiment) 	dán	 foolish 	lín	 forget (contra-remember) 	gi	 forgive, pardon 	dum	 funny, comical 	nie	 grateful, thankful 	pió	 greedy 	thóing	 guard, monitor, watch over 	zú	 guess, conjecture 	lèm	 guide, lead 	chìm	 guilty, blame-worthy 	ngón	 habit, custom, routine practice	móu	 happy 	lei	 hate 	shèi	 hope 	niùm	 humble, modest 	kuém	 idea, concept (thought-bundle)	zei	 imagine 	bóim	 important 	sún	 innocent, contra-guilty 	ba	 insane, crazy, mad 	rí	 intelligent 	zùn	 intend, mean to, do deliberately, have as a purpose 	lám	 interest (desire to pay attention to something), fascination	bàin	 invent (plan something which has never been made before) 	dè	 jealousy, envy	lán	 judge (compare something to criteria), form an opinion about 	kui	 know 	te	 knowledge	ko	 learn 	lèn	 like, enjoy (derive pleasure from) 	kio	 logic (formalized process of reasoning)	róm	 lonely (feeling undesirable solitude) 	kión	 love 	pé	 loyal 	pòm	 mercy	heim	 mind	róu	 mystery	vòm	 neglect, negligence, apathy	dé	 nice, kind, affable 	nian	 notice, observe 	ruò	 opinion	féng	 patience	ngé	 peace (freedom from fighting or turmoil)	leing	 perceive, detect 	ziúm	 pity, feel compassion toward, feel sorry for 	luó	 plan, design	foin	 play (performed by actors on stage), drama	lan	 pretend, act, feign 	tí	 pride (proudness; self-respect)	muìng	 reason, explanation, justification, rationale	fè	 reasoning, rational thought	pen	 recognize 	nga	 regret 	gá	 remember 	hum	 respect, venerate, esteem 	juò	 revenge, vengeance, retribution, getting even	shuè	 sad, unhappy, melancholy 	zoung	 satisfaction	va	 seek, search (for), look for 	shiong	 seem, appear to be, give the impression of 	ngaung	 serious, earnest, grave 	chuèng	 shame	kuòm	 study 	pe	 stupid 	nàu	 subject, topic of discussion	shiùm	 suppose, presume 	hà	 surprise, startle 	tham	 talent, skill, knack	gò	 teach 	chéng	 tempt 	ráng	 theory	shuèm	 think 	siù	 trust 	bán	 understand, comprehend 	róin	 want, wish, desire 	shau	 whim, caprice	zu	 wise 	péim	 worry, anxiety	shong	 address (postal co-ordinates)	thiú	 admit, confess 	juó	 advertisement	ri	 advice	chóum	 alphabet	pàung	 announce, proclaim 	mung	 answer, reply to a question or argument	tiam	 article, essay (piece of text about one topic)	ján	 ask, inquire 	móung	 book	jung	 call, summon 	hám	 chapter (main division of book)	she	 chart, diagram	ráum	 claim, assertion (statement of unknown accuracy)	kài	 code (cryptographic system)	nìng	 command, order, directive	shím	 communication (exchange of information)	tiò	 consonant (non-vowel)	shá	 criticize 	luìng	 deny (say that X is not true) 	jíng	 describe 	pàu	 dictionary	sum	 discuss, talk about 	luí	 document	chà	 emphasize, accentuate, stress 	gòng	 fact (undisputed datum)	jí	 fiction	kuo	 file (dossier; loose bundle of data)	mua	 grammar (rules and structure of a language)	là	 history (organized account of past events), chronicle	tium	 indicate 	huéng	 information	bai	 insult	liá	 invite 	ke	 issue, edition (of periodical etc.)	péng	 label	niàng	 language (the verbal communication technique of a people)	tau	 letter (a message written and mailed)	vièn	 lie (utter a known falsehood) 	mai	 list	ráim	 magazine (periodical publication)	biòm	 mail (transmit postally) 	hó	 map (drawing of planet's surface)	pem	 meaning (semantic content of a word)	zéng	 message (batch of transmitted information)	fun	 movie, motion picture	buìng	 name	ngóu	 news, tidings	bòm	 newspaper	kau	 noise (confused/randomized sound/stimuli)	nguen	 note, annotation	thom	 page (one side of a sheet of paper in a book)	sù	 photograph	liòng	 poem	hué	 praise, compliment, laud 	re	 print (to copy marks by pressing inked objects on paper) 	maim	 promise (a claim about one's future actions), pledge	fuo	 protest, objection	kèng	 question, query	hoim	 quote, cite 	vuè	 read 	sá	 record (a cache of information)	niu	 request, ask for 	sú	 say, tell, express in words 	chòm	 secret 	thìn	 sentence (of words)	huá	 sing 	àu	 speak, talk 	cháung	 story, report	li	 suggest, propose (offer an idea) 	siùng	 syllable	hù	 symbol, sign, token	pàng	 thank (express gratitude toward) 	vai	 vocabulary (sum of words available to a person/people)	thàin	 voice	guén	 vowel	chá	 warn 	joi	 word	ruáng	 write 	jiàn	 game (a rule-governed system of competitive amusement)	thió	 game, match (one particular encounter between competitors)	dóin	 athletics (games involving physical skill), sports	bì	 score (the tally of points in a competition)	puó	 umpire, referee, official	tháim	 ball (spheroidal plaything)	tùn	 bat, stick, racket/racquet (any ball-hitting tool)	sáng	 ski	hím	 baseball	vaim	 basketball	tháng	 football (association f~), soccer	vún	 football (American/tackle f~)	lun	 gymnastics	fá	 hockey	bím	 pool, billiards	dóim	 tennis	pùm	 chess	song	 play, recreate, frolic 	dòm	 same, identical 	góum	 similar 	sín	 different 	miùm	 other, another 	shó	 change (become/make different), vary 	kúng	 imitate, mimic 	zuong	 original, non-imitative 	hí	 prototype, exemplar, archetype, model (for all Xs)	nòun	 copy (a duplicate)	sie	 zero 	thòi	 one 	rum	 two 	ngáin	 three 	jà	 four 	sue	 five 	gé	 six 	dièng	 seven 	biá	 eight 	daun	 nine 	ngàm	 ten 	jui	 hundred 	cheing	 thousand 	juíng	 million 	go	 half (1/2) 	ruàng	 quantity (amount / number / magnitude)	puìng	 number, numeral (a word or symbol indicating quantity)	jú	 count, enumerate 	siò	 measure 	nueng	 ratio, rate, proportion	kòung	 add, append, join so as to cause an increase 	thì	 remove, subtract, take away, delete 	luì	 increase (become or make greater in quantity) 	shuòng	 decrease (become or make lesser in quantity) 	kíng	 multiply 	juóm	 divide 	púng	 total, sum, aggregate	ngù	 rest (of ...), remainder, leftovers, remnant	mòim	 whole, entire, complete 	thuá	 all (the whole number or entire sum of) 	sò	 many (a large number of) 	tín	 few (a small number of) 	ting	 much (a large quantity of) 	tèi	 more (a larger quantity of) 	thang	 most (the largest quantity of) 	thuán	 little (a small quantity of) 	fem	 less (a smaller quantity of) 	dué	 least (the smallest quantity of) 	jué	 part	kie	 piece (a part broken/cut/separated from something larger)	shiún	 section, segment (a part somehow different/separated from others)	shuèng	 allocation, allotment, portion (someone's share of X)	shoi	 group	ju	 batch (quantity of things done/produced at one time)	tièm	 bundle, bunch (group of things tied or grouped together)	móm	 majority	jiúng	 minority	zèim	 density	shuòm	 dense (of much density), concentrated, thick, intense 	ruòn	 rarefied, tenuous, diffuse, dilute, sparse, wispy 	gie	 full, filled 	dúng	 empty 	tóm	 degree (the extent/intensity/scope of an action/condition/relation)	kún	 at least, not less than (>=) 	cho	 at most, only, just, merely, not more than (<=) 	sáu	 much, very (to a large degree; with great intensity) 	zàun	 more (to a larger degree) 	ním	 most (to the largest degree) 	chiu	 little (to a small degree; with almost no intensity) 	shìng	 less (to a smaller degree) 	fón	 least (to the smallest degree) 	zòi	 enough, sufficiently 	nóu	 almost, nearly 	thio	 too much, excessively 	fóung	 too little, insufficiently 	rím	 size (degree of largeness or smallness)	juang	 huge, enormous, gigantic 	shen	 big, large (of much size) 	vong	 small (of little size) 	zìng	 tiny, minuscule 	nè	 expand, grow 	chún	 shrink, contract 	zaung	 distance (amount of space from X to Y)	shóng	 far (at / to a great distance) 	póun	 near (at / to a little distance) 	vuím	 present (existing in the indicated place; contra-absent) 	rúm	 absent 	jou	 place, location	shiu	 length (distance from one end to the other)	juim	 long (of much length) 	lóin	 short (of little length) 	shiúm	 width (degree of wideness or narrowness)	mí	 wide, broad (of space between objects) 	ping	 narrow, of little width (of space between objects) 	jùn	 thickness (of a solid object, etc.)	dòum	 thick, fat (large from one surface to the opposite surface) 	hom	 thin, slender (small from one surface to the opposite surface) 	fuìng	 height (distance from ground / baseline to top)	toing	 high, tall (of much height) 	lè	 low, short (not tall; of little height) 	lím	 depth (distance from ground / baseline down to bottom)	nòu	 deep, profound (of much depth) 	rúng	 shallow (of little depth) 	jò	 horizontal 	juá	 vertical 	thu	 diagonal, slanted 	ngia	 sloped, inclined/declined (not horizontal) 	diàng	 angle (the relation of two lines radiating from a point)	tie	 position (location relative to others)	sòm	 region, area (a quantity of space within boundaries)	véng	 space, room, void	zun	 connection, joint, junction	mán	 environment, surroundings, context	mio	 front	jió	 rear, back part of	thia	 side, flank, lateral area	lò	 middle, center	móim	 top, peak, summit	giùng	 bottom	puang	 edge	ve	 inner, internal, interior 	zaing	 outer, exterior, external 	tièng	 limit, boundary	jeng	 find (discover the location of) 	jài	 misplace (lose; become unable to find) 	gia	 direction (orientation of motion)	giàn	 up 	dáum	 down 	mió	 north	ne	 south	hùn	 east	rau	 west	tiù	 right(-hand) 	mò	 left(-hand) 	chaung	 away (from this or that place) 	duom	 back (to previous place / condition) 	zue	 inverted, upside-down 	thin	 backward (in reverse order) 	moing	 direct, immediate (with no intermediaries or obstacles) 	hiu	 serpentine, meandering, convoluted 	muí	 city	rong	 land, country, territory oim  village	zuòng	 rural area, countryside	sim	 source, origin	ram	 route, path, course	liòn	 destination	gáing	 aim (to point/direct X toward Y) 	múm	 attract 	bí	 avoid, evade, keep away from 	gau	 barrier, obstacle	kue	 base, node, station (point from which things go or are done)	séim	 bring (cause something to come along with one toward a place) 	tóing	 capture, seize 	sang	 carry (move while supporting) 	lui	 come, arrive (at indicated place) 	mà	 drift, wander 	chón	 drive, impel, propel 	zuám	 emit (to send out any form of matter/energy in any manner) 	shàm	 enter, go into 	fuò	 escape, flee from 	tím	 fly (move through the air) 	fién	 forward, ahead 	nuà	 gather, collect (bring or come together) 	lòm	 go (move from starting point to elsewhere) 	nò	 journey, trip, voyage	thióm	 leave, depart, go away from 	jé	 load, burden	diem	 meet, encounter, come across 	lóim	 miss, fail to hit/reach/see etc. 	thei	 move (engage in motion / cause to engage in motion) 	liam	 put, place, translocate 	gú	 reach, extend as far as 	hin	 release (quit keeping/restraining) 	fóing	 remain, stay 	nguím	 repel 	shièm	 restrain, inhibit, hold back 	guó	 retrieve, fetch (go to X and bring it back) 	zòm	 return (go or send back to previous place/condition) 	ngém	 ride (sit/perch in/on a vehicle/horse/etc. and travel) 	tù	 roll (move like a ball/cylinder by turning over and over) 	tiè	 send, dispatch, transmit 	chuìng	 slide, slip, glide 	gué	 stretch, extend 	bà	 turn, divert (send in a different direction) 	vuì	 turn, rotate, revolve 	déng	 visit 	piúm	 airplane, aircraft	kòu	 bicycle	fai	 boat	kuen	 bus	vèing	 canal, channel, ditch	jàun	 car, automobile (wheeled motor vehicle)	se	 cart, carriage, wagon (wheeled vehicle; not self-propelled)	jua	 motorcycle	sé	 port	giè	 railroad	zing	 road	nuo	 rocket	ngói	 ship	buà	 street	thìng	 train (of railroad)	to	 truck {British: lorry} (motor vehicle for cargo-carrying)	shuìn	 vehicle	gàu	 age (degree of oldness / youngness)	zíng	 young (of little age; having existed/lived for a brief time) 	pieng	 old (of much age; having existed/lived for a long time) 	théi	 new, novel, recent (having been known for a brief time) 	hong	 old (of long standing; having been known for a long time) 	gian	 permanent, perpetual 	lái	 constant, invariant, stable 	sio	 temporary, transient 	jiang	 interval (quantity of time between events X and Y)	ngòm	 irregular, sporadic, intermittent 	puo	 regular, periodic (at uniform intervals) 	gai	 rhythm	và	 time (e.g. "do it 3 times"), occasion, instance, iteration	ngou	 again, once more, re- 	giú	 alternate, take turns (do X then Y then X then Y) 	roi	 cycle (one complete performance of a periodic process)	kèin	 frequency (degree of oftenness or seldomness)	mòn	 frequently, often 	pau	 seldom, rarely 	puè	 duration (amount of time consumed)	ví	 long (of much duration) 	húm	 short, brief (of little duration) 	ren	 gradual 	léin	 sudden, abrupt 	zain	 begin, commence, start 	tói	 continue, keep on doing/being 	chàu	 pause, hesitate, suspend action temporarily 	vá	 end, conclude, finish 	tài	 cease, stop doing, quit 	ming	 delay, retard, tarry, postpone 	nàin	 rush, hurry, hasten 	chei	 period, era, epoch	thui	 moment, an instant	zí	 always (at all times) 	vòn	 ever (at any time) 	ngum	 never 	ngìng	 time (the dimension/continuum of past-present-future)	bum	 past (the p~), earlier time	shòum	 present (the present time; the now)	véi	 future (the f~)	cháim	 already (prior to the time mentioned) 	béi	 still, yet (even until the time mentioned) 	dóng	 yesterday 	mái	 today 	zai	 tomorrow 	vèim	 long ago (in the far past) 	guam	 recently (in the near past) 	kiò	 now (at this time) 	vuing	 soon (in the near future) 	liàm	 eventually (in the far future) 	niò	 early, premature 	thuo	 timely, prompt, on time 	miàn	 late, tardy 	shuí	 speed, velocity (degree of fastness or slowness)	kòn	 quickly, rapidly, swiftly (with much speed) 	fòm	 slowly (with little speed) 	za	 series (a number of similar things following one another)	jù	 sequence, order (temporal arrangement of events in a series)	dun	 last, final (after all others) 	ron	 prior, preceding, previous, contra-next 	zòn	 next (coming immediately after; "tomorrow" = the next day) 	hàum	 season	shòin	 spring (the season)	zi	 summer	puòng	 autumn, fall	bing	 winter	hú	 century	thaim	 year	ruim	 month	nà	 week	pái	 day (24-hour period)	gèim	 date (coordinates of a day given in some timekeeping system)	ngoi	 day (daytime -- as opposed to night), diurnal period	liang	 night	veng	 morning (dawn to noon)	gaum	 noon	chiùn	 afternoon (noon to dusk)	nguàn	 evening (dusk to midnight)	kuò	 midnight	ziu	 graveyard shift, middle of the night (midnight to dawn)	ríng	 hour (60 minutes)	siàm	 minute (60 seconds)	guòng	 second (1/60th of a minute)	nen	 holiday	dan	 sabbath (day of week with religious significance)	réi	 wait (for), await 	dìng	 air	dàng	 alcohol	róum	 ash	fuón	 brass (copper-zinc alloy)	bá	 carbon	puín	 chalk	gáu	 chemical (substance made by or used in chemistry)	fiun	 clay	ngiùm	 cloth, fabric (material made of threads)	bè	 coal	ngó	 copper	pàn	 dirt, earth (tangible), soil	miá	 dust	táng	 element (substance of irreducible simplicity)	bung	 fat (oily/greasy material from animal adipose tissue or plant seeds)	jéin	 fuel	pín	 glass	zo	 gold (the precious metal)	zì	 ice	diom	 ink	thài	 iron	mié	 jade (the tough green gemstone)	bén	 jewel, gem	siú	 lead (the metal)	jiám	 leather (prepared hide)	muen	 medicine (substance that makes one healthy)	zuén	 metal	ngá	 mineral, ore	gum	 mud	bim	 neon	daung	 nitrogen	ga	 oil (a combustible fatty liquid that will not mix with water)	vu	 oil (crude oil), petroleum	duán	 oxygen	gin	 paint	puì	 paper	sàing	 plastic (synthetic/processed moldable material)	guá	 poison, toxin	lian	 potassium	ràun	 quartz	vóng	 rock, stone	zen	 rubber	huám	 salt	tong	 sand	jiú	 silk	néi	 silver (the metal)	zín	 soap	viò	 sodium	guàm	 steam	nun	 steel	ngun	 sulfur	fòng	 tar (dark viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation)	tú	 tin (the metal)	ngì	 water	voi	 wax	ngo	 wood (the substance)	jáu	 wool	thim	 beer	dom	 bitter 	lai	 bread	bòn	 butter	chúng	 cheese	chùn	 chocolate	nàn	 flavor, taste	ngáng	 flour (grain-powder)	zèn	 food	huím	 honey	hiè	 milk	jiù	 pasta, noodles	luáng	 pizza	giàm	 salad	tén	 sandwich	chìn	 sausage	viám	 soup	jin	 sour 	pei	 spice, seasoning	shein	 sugar	gòin	 sweet 	fuìm	 vinegar	lúng	 wine	vùng	 arch	puén	 band, tape, flat strip	kam	 block (solid flat-surfaced mass of material)	mùn	 branch (small part going out from main part)	fuòm	 bump, protrusion	dèing	 card (stiff rectangle of material)	fóu	 circle	piùng	 coil	dàin	 cone	jueng	 crack, fissure	chòi	 cross (perpendicular intersection of linear items)	foi	 crystal	kuam	 cube	dang	 curve	zù	 cylinder	lùng	 dent, nick, indentation	ngiong	 disk, disc	déing	 drop (of liquid)	pang	 film (very thin layer)	vuon	 flared (opening up or spreading out from axis) 	shè	 foam, froth	fiàn	 form, shape	sau	 furrow, rut, groove	ngai	 garbage, trash, rubbish	ruèng	 gas	chió	 helix (any corkscrew-shaped object)	sià	 hole	thóu	 jelly (gelatinous semi-solid material), gel	thóum	 juice (fluid extracted from something)	jùng	 layer	ruè	 line (series of contiguous points)	houn	 liquid	ruem	 loop, circuit, closed curve	thòm	 lump, clod, blob, piece of no particular shape	luo	 mark (visible traces left behind)	chàim	 matter, material, substance	hòn	 object (concrete tangible thing)	zuìm	 opening, orifice	duó	 oval, ellipse	riùn	 parallel 	chiàng	 paste (any thick soft dough-like material)	lieng	 pattern (apparent systematic interrelationship)	duim	 pile, heap, stack of things or of a substance	shiám	 plane (flat surface)	jan	 plug, seal, stopper	fum	 powder	tuéng	 pyramid	tua	 ray	ká	 rectangle	zuìn	 ring, torus	jóu	 rust, corrosion	lon	 scratch	sin	 sheath	chong	 sheet (thin rectangle of paper/cloth/etc.)	kuàn	 shower, sprinkle	dèn	 smoke	thèm	 solid (not a gas or liquid)	tuì	 sphere	rún	 spike, barb, cleat, thorn	vi	 spiral, whorl	máng	 square	dói	 stripe	chio	 surface	suó	 swelling, inflation	mòi	 tapered (becoming narrower toward an end) 	muìn	 thread, filament	niè	 triangle	chém	 wave	jièm	 wedge	gíng	 wrinkle, crease	sùm	 flat, planar 	zoim	 level, even (on the same level) 	séin	 smooth 	chiem	 rough, coarse, contra-smooth 	lum	 straight (not bent) 	gài	 bent 	ngau	 pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated 	màu	 clean 	pó	 dirty, contra-clean 	ruíng	 open (not shut) 	ran	 closed, shut 	guo	 wet 	sám	 dry 	chuém	 sharp, keen, pointy, acute 	gón	 dull, blunt (of little sharpness) 	chuè	 soft, malleable, yielding to pressure 	chióng	 hard, firm, resistant to pressure 	ròing	 flexible (easily able to bend) 	sòi	 stiff, rigid 	sháum	 elastic (able to regain shape/size after deformation) 	hùng	 durable, resilient, robust, strong (in this sense) 	hè	 fragile, delicate 	feim	 weight (degree of heaviness or lightness)	nú	 heavy (of much weight) 	kìn	 light (of little weight) 	fuong	 solid (contra-hollow) 	tuin	 hollow 	paing	 snug (just large enough to contain X), tight (in this sense) 	shòi	 loose (contra-snug), baggy 	béing	 taut, tight, tense, strained 	zié	 loose (contra-taut), slack 	diáng	 viscous, thick (of high viscosity) 	cham	 runny, thin (of little viscosity) 	piò	 absorb 	men	 adhere (hold tightly to / stick to something) 	long	 beat (repeatedly hit), batter 	pèn	 blow (move/cause to move as a current of gas) 	min	 boil 	rèing	 bounce, rebound 	zuém	 break (into pieces) 	mui	 build (join materials to create), construct 	sei	 burn 	gèn	 burst 	kòi	 consume, deplete, expend, exhaust, use up 	jàin	 contain 	zùng	 crush (press on so as to break or re-shape) 	jó	 cut 	shúng	 dig 	suang	 dissolve 	réng	 evaporate 	ngèn	 explode 	ngung	 float 	fán	 flow (travel in a current) 	fà	 fold 	lóum	 freeze 	jie	 grind 	shié	 hang, suspend, dangle 	jòi	 hit, strike 	fàin	 melt 	thou	 mix, blend 	nguò	 pollute, contaminate 	ziong	 pour (cause to flow) 	jòng	 preserve, maintain (keep X in good condition) 	búm	 press (do pressure to; push upon with weight or force) 	juín	 pry {British: prize} (raise/open/move with a lever) 	púm	 pull (draw something toward oneself) 	fiám	 push (press on something in order to move it) 	tuèm	 rot, decay 	fia	 rub, abrade 	ho	 sew 	hùm	 shake 	pú	 shoot (cause to rapidly go forth) 	miòn	 sink 	suì	 spill (accidentally emit liquid) 	puèn	 spread (begin to cover or cause X to cover more area) 	kiám	 stab, jab 	lie	 stir, agitate 	koim	 suck 	thàng	 sweep 	chéing	 tear, rip 	rán	 tie, bind 	màn	 trim, prune (cut off ragged edges) 	hài	 wash 	thòn	 weave 	zó	 wrap 	sham	 acid(ic) 	záu	 alkaline 	riu	 atom	fé	 balance, equilibrium	duáng	 basis, foundation (part which supports the rest)	ti	 electricity	tòu	 energy	bòun	 fire	báun	 force	kueng	 gravity	ròm	 magnet	zuo	 molecule	leng	 power	fèim	 smell, odor, aroma	ruéng	 strength (ability to exert physical power)	kien	 stroke, jolt, blow of force	hen	 vacuum	hiám	 vapor, mist	béng	 polarity (electric, magnetic, etc.)	shèin	 positive 	sion	 negative 	zia	 gentle, mild 	jue	 violent, harsh 	goi	 see 	tiòm	 light (visible electro-magnetic radiation)	thàim	 color	fan	 shadow, shade	làun	 shine (radiate light) 	shiò	 picture, image	dù	 bright (with much light present) 	suà	 dark, dim (with little light present) 	bié	 black 	jián	 gray {British: grey} 	kiú	 white 	ngium	 red 	puí	 orange (having a hue between red and yellow) 	lòn	 yellow 	dèm	 green 	zàin	 blue 	thue	 purple 	liù	 brown 	jàng	 beautiful 	shuim	 ugly 	duòn	 ornament, decoration	shun	 blemish, blot	dià	 hide, conceal 	zan	 reveal, disclose 	faim	 examine, inspect 	guà	 show, exhibit, display 	chian	 sound (audible waves in the air)	gì	 silent 	vùn	 quiet, soft, faint (of little sonic intensity) 	ka	 loud (of much sonic intensity) 	shéing	 hear 	hing	 music	chem	 tone, pitch (frequency of sound waves)	ngión	 whistle 	liun	 temperature (relative amount of heat present)	chuáng	 heat, warmth	chè	 cold, chilly, frigid 	sui	 cool 	hie	 warm 	luá	 hot 	shúm	 bake (cook or harden by means of dry heat) 	duong	 cook (prepare by applying heat) 	choim	 happen, occur 	hàun	 accident (unintentional and unexpected event)	ruá	 miracle	thiom	 disaster, catastrophe	chiùng	 act, deed	chói	 activity, bustle, ado 	máu	 result, consequence	ngám	 agree 	buám	 fight, combat 	bìng	 protect, defend 	rín	 attack 	chùm	 good 	kum	 bad 	núng	 category, classification	pióng	 kind, sort, type, variety (of...)	huang	 certain, sure 	màim	 probable (likely to happen/be) 	rià	 cooperate, collaborate 	kùng	 compete, strive, vie 	rióng	 help, assist, aid 	shum	 interfere, hinder 	ziàng	 succeed 	zóm	 fail 	jàn	 simple 	fuóng	 complex 	shiàm	 condition, state, status	nián	 create, make (bring into existence) 	ngàun	 destroy (contra-create; cause to cease existing) 	shiè	 safety, security	ngià	 danger (situation in which harm is probable)	diù	 easy 	pén	 difficult, hard 	mión	 true 	rè	 false, untrue 	mom	 famous 	riú	 obscure, unheard of 	diú	 injure, damage, harm 	kém	 repair, fix 	shòng	 flaw, defect, imperfection	dóu	 native (naturally belonging to a given realm) 	chon	 chief, main, primary, principal 	ngén	 auxiliary 	roung	 normal, ordinary, usual 	vàm	 strange, weird, unusual, peculiar 	shán	 trouble, difficulty	kei	 real, actual 	kuí	 trick, chicanery	nom	 right, correct 	shù	 wrong, incorrect 	sien	 reside, dwell, live 	fien	 camp, bivouac, temporary shelter	nu	 nest, den, lair (an animal's self-made house)	mòin	 represent (act as a substitute for) 	biòn	 substitute, surrogate (temporary replacement)	shòm	 replacement (permanent substitute/substitution)	neng	 common, general (shared by all members of a group) 	kuáng	 specific, special, particular 	mum	 ability, capacity (to do something)	guém	 artificial (deliberately made by humans) 	gín	 automatic 	chái	 chance, randomicity, luck	dà	 civilization	chiam	 clear, plain (easy to see/understand) 	ngòng	 compromise	feing	 consist of, be composed of 	kuan	 depend on, rely on 	nuim	 deserve, merit, be worthy of 	váum	 detail	chua	 entitle uing  equal 	méin	 evil 	zàim	 exact, precise 	fóng	 example, sample	kuén	 exercise, practice (effort made to improve skills/health)	zìm	 experiment	puón	 fertile 	ròu	 harmony (pleasing combination of stimuli)	siùn	 just, fair, equitable 	táu	 match (a thing suitably associated with another)	kong	 method, manner, way (of doing), technique	thaung	 mutual, reciprocal 	thua	 naked, nude, exposed (without the usual cover) 	boim	 necessary, needed, required 	póm	 need, require 	ngòing	 possible (able to happen or be done) 	tuam	 prevent (keep from happening) 	thàu	 process, procedure	huìn	 program	rióm	 progress, advancement	vuóm	 project, undertaking, venture	thuáng	 proof, evidence	mú	 quality, trait, attribute, characteristic	fèi	 ready, prepared for a task / event 	mieng	 relationship, association	bei	 right (a right to do/be ...)	hua	 role (an individual's function)	théng	 save, rescue 	jàm	 species	chui	 suitable, proper, fit(ting), appropriate 	chun	 system	tàm	 task, chore, job, assignment	fuíng	 technology	múng	 tendency, propensity, inclination	fuòng	 try, attempt, endeavor 	vom	 use, utilize 	keim	 vogue, trend, fad, fashion	chòng	 waste, misuse 	fung	 wild, feral, untamed 	hiùng	 work, effort, labor, toil	sìm	 riot	sèng	 science	kóin	 serve (provide service to) 	toi	 set (complete group of similar items)	gáung	 strike (work stoppage as protest)	tiùm	 support 	lá	 test, check 	ja	 torture, torment 	lé