Makchen

= The Language of Makchen = ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...

khe pi sham lia ba bavben khe moch ba miu yal a meniź xэ пи шaм лиa̯ бa бaвбэнъ xэ мoч бa миу̯ йaл a мэниҗ

Pronunciation: /xe pi ʃam lia̯ ba bavˈbenʲ xe moʧ ba miu̯ jal a meˈniʑ/

Makchen word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l lʲ m n nʲ p r s v x z ɕ ɖ ɣ ɾ ʃ ʑ ʒ ʔ ʦ ʧ ʨ

Click IPA symbols for audio Vowel inventory: a e i ia̯ ie̯ io̯ iu̯ o u

Diphthongs: ia̯ ie̯ io̯ iu̯ ?

Syllable structure: (C)V(C) ?

Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ?

Word initial consonants: b d g j l lʲ m n nʲ p v x z ɕ ɣ ʃ ʑ ʒ ʔ ʧ ʨ

Mid-word consonants: b bb bd bj bv bz bɾ d db dd dg dl dlʲ dn dr ds f fd ff fj fk fn fp fx fʨ g gb gf gg gj gk gl gm h hd hk hɾ j jd jf jj jr js jv jʃ jʔ k kb kf kh kj kk klʲ km kn kr kv kz kʧ l lb ld lf lh lj ll ln lnʲ lr ls lz lɣ lʃ lʔ lʲ lʲk lʲnʲ lʲʨ m mk ml mlʲ mnʲ mr ms mv mɕ mʒ mʔ mʧ n nd ng nl nm nn np nr nx nɣ nɾ nʃ nʔ nʦ nʧ nʨ nʲ nʲʨ p pj pk pp ps px pɕ r rd rk rx rɣ rʒ rʧ s sd sf sl sm sv sx sz sɾ sʔ v vb vj vm vn vv vɾ x xf xg xk xl xm xn xnʲ xr xv xz z zg zl zp ɕ ɖ ɣ ɣr ɾ ɾd ɾf ɾj ɾm ɾn ɾv ɾx ɾɣ ɾʃ ɾʒ ʃ ʃb ʃh ʃlʲ ʃm ʃn ʃs ʃx ʑ ʒ ʒb ʒm ʔ ʦ ʦl ʦr ʧ ʧk ʧn ʨ ʨj ʨnʲ

Word final consonants: b f g k l lʲ m n nʲ p r s v x z ɕ ɖ ɣ ʃ ʑ ʧ ʨ

Spelling rules: Cyrillic:

b > б

ɕ > щ

ʲ > ъ

d > д

ɖ > ꚁ

f > ф

g > ґ

ɣ > ӷ

h > г

j > й

k > к

l > л

m > м

n > н

p > п

r > р

ɾ > р̌

s > c

ʃ > ш

ʨ > ч̀

ʦ > ц

ʧ > ч

v > в

x > x

z > з

ʑ > җ

ʒ > ж

ʔ > ь

a > a

e > э

i > и

ia̯ > я

ie̯ > e

io̯ > ë

iu̯ > ю

o > o

u > у

Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.

Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.

Adposition: prepositions ?

Articles
Uses of definite article that differ from English:


 * Used with place names: ‘The London’

Verbs
Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.

Makchen uses an affix for progressive: Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).

Makchen uses an affix for habitual: Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.

Makchen uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Numbers
Makchen has a base-10 number system:

1 - diul диу̯л

2 - e э

3 - ni ни

4 - gep ґэп

5 - ig иґ

6 - zur зур

7 - śe щэ

8 - iu иу̯

9 - u у

10 - pigmoma пиґмoмa

11 - pigmoma пиґмoмa khe xэ diul диу̯л “ten and one”

100 - nir нир “hundred”

101 - nir нир diul диу̯л “hundred one”

200 - e э nir нир

1000 - gi ґи “thousand”

Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -io̯ɣ

Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -o

Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ia̯

Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -unʲ

Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i

Noun to verb = Suffix -iʃ

Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix zio̯-

Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix v-

Else: Prefix viu̯-

Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɖ

Else: Suffix -io̯ɖ

Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ-

Else: Prefix ʔi-

One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nʲ

Else: Suffix -onʲ

Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s

Else: Suffix -ie̯s

Diminutive = Prefix za-

Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x

Else: Suffix -ox

Makchen - English Dictionary
Key: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech. definition(s)

adj. adjective | adv. adverb | art. article | conj. conjunction | det. determiner | interj. interjection | n. noun | num. numeral | prep. preposition | pron. pronoun | v. verb


 * a a /a/ prep. to, towards
 * ag aґ /ag/ n. sound, music
 * al aл /al/ v. hunt
 * ap aп /ap/ v. value
 * ash aш /aʃ/ v. become, get
 * ba бa /ba/ det. his
 * bakba бaкбa /bakˈba/ n. button, knob
 * bap бaп /bap/ n. research
 * baun бaунъ /baˈunʲ/ adj. bright
 * bechyyuchon бэч̀йучoнъ /beˈʨjuʧonʲ/ n. artist
 * beś бэщ /beɕ/ v. look, read, peer
 * biaḍi биa̯ꚁи /bia̯ˈɖi/ adj. legal
 * biehŕish биэ̯гр̌иш /bie̯ˈhɾiʃ/ n. bank, stock, arsenal
 * big биґ /big/ n. education
 * biob биo̯б /bio̯b/ n. chin, beard
 * bish биш /biʃ/ n. chief, boss
 * biź биҗ /biʑ/ n. lesson, lecture
 * bofiashun бoфиa̯шунъ /boˈfia̯ʃunʲ/ adj. golden
 * bor бoр /bor/ adj. real, authentic
 * bukhgan буxґaнъ /buxˈganʲ/ n. prisoner
 * bur бур /bur/ v. acquire, inherit
 * chachy чaч̀ /ʧaʨ/ n. benefit, profit
 * chenioḍ чэниo̯ꚁ /ʧeˈnio̯ɖ/ n. recognition
 * chianu чиa̯нъу /ʧia̯ˈnʲu/ n. target
 * chiom чиo̯м /ʧio̯m/ n. war, battle
 * chiuf чиу̯ф /ʧiu̯f/ n. student
 * chochy чoч̀ /ʧoʨ/ n. medicine
 * chosh чoш /ʧoʃ/ n. town, population
 * chyach ч̀aч /ʨaʧ/ adj. middle
 * chyasleḍ ч̀acлэꚁ /ʨaˈsleɖ/ n. reference
 * chyich ч̀ич /ʨiʧ/ n. bucket, tub
 * chyipi ч̀ипи /ʨiˈpi/ adj. natural
 * chyuf ч̀уф /ʨuf/ n. process, procedure
 * dab дaб /dab/ det. the
 * dapśi дaпщи /dapˈɕi/ n. credit (recognition)
 * daz дaз /daz/ v. receive, gather
 * dek дэк /dek/ n. south
 * deś дэщ /deɕ/ adj. big, large, huge
 * dez дэз /dez/ n. liver
 * dib диб /dib/ adv. off
 * dil дилъ /dilʲ/ v. could
 * diov диo̯в /dio̯v/ v. struggle
 * diul диу̯л /diu̯l/ num. one
 * dol дoлъ /dolʲ/ v. masturbate
 * doso дoco /doˈso/ n. strength
 * dun дунъ /dunʲ/ v. fix, mend, repair
 * edbio эдбиo̯ /edˈbio̯/ n. candy
 * eiap эиa̯п /eˈia̯p/ num. third
 * emvie эмвиэ̯ /emˈvie̯/ v. miss (not hit), miss (not take advantage of)
 * eroź эрoҗ /eˈroʑ/ n. damage
 * ez эз /ez/ v. increase, expand
 * ǵal ӷaлъ /ɣalʲ/ num. first
 * ǵaźi ӷaҗи /ɣaˈʑi/ n. program
 * gekh ґэx /gex/ det. several
 * gep ґэп /gep/ num. four
 * ǵi ӷи /ɣi/ prep. by (using the means of), by (using a route)
 * ǵie ӷиэ /ɣiˈe/ adj. famous
 * ǵif ӷиф /ɣif/ n. coast, rib
 * ǵil ekh ӷилъ эx /ɣilʲ ex/ n. linguistics
 * gindiamien śir ґиндиa̯миэ̯н щир /ginˈdia̯mie̯n ɕir/ n. agony
 * ǵioshban ӷиo̯шбaн /ɣio̯ʃˈban/ n. committee
 * ǵiuch ӷиу̯ч /ɣiu̯ʧ/ n. century
 * ǵob ӷoб /ɣob/ n. hope
 * gu ґу /gu/ adj. sick, ill, unwell
 * ǵukchechy ӷукчэч̀ /ɣukˈʧeʨ/ v. trick, deceive, bluff
 * ǵumragfiu ӷумрaґфиу̯ /ɣuˈmragfiu̯/ n. metal
 * ʻachy ьaч̀ /ʔaʨ/ v. find, discover, uncover
 * ʻao ьao /ʔaˈo/ n. difference
 * ʻar ьaр /ʔar/ v. chase
 * ʻelku ьэлъку /ʔelʲˈku/ v. nod
 * ʻie ьиэ̯ /ʔie̯/ v. consider
 * ʻikhin ьиxинъ /ʔiˈxinʲ/ n. dancer
 * ʻio ьиo̯ /ʔio̯/ n. knee
 * ʻizedli ьизэдли /ʔiˈzedli/ n. spelling
 * ʻol ьoлъ /ʔolʲ/ n. sand, dust
 * ʻur ьур /ʔur/ n. impulse
 * iag иa̯ґ /ia̯g/ v. seek
 * ias иa̯c /ia̯s/ prep. around
 * ichy ич̀ /iʨ/ n. collar
 * ieǵun иэ̯ӷунъ /ie̯ˈɣunʲ/ adj. successful
 * iev иэ̯в /ie̯v/ v. smash, shatter, destroy
 * ihdil игдил /ihˈdil/ adj. sudden, abrupt, swift
 * ilde илдэ /ilˈde/ v. rub, wipe
 * io иo̯ /io̯/ det. any
 * ior иo̯р /io̯r/ adv. today, now
 * is иc /is/ v. spend
 * iuf иу̯ф /iu̯f/ adj. loud, noisy
 * ium иу̯м /iu̯m/ v. jerk
 * iuzi иу̯зи /iu̯ˈzi/ n. order
 * kha xa /xa/ interj. yes
 * khakfesh xaкфэш /xakˈfeʃ/ n. cat, vagina
 * khash xaш /xaʃ/ prep. for (in favor of)
 * khen xэнъ /xenʲ/ n. dog
 * khenru xэнру /xeˈnru/ v. mark, stain
 * khiach xиa̯ч /xia̯ʧ/ n. penis
 * khiel xиэ̯лъ /xie̯lʲ/ n. number, statistic
 * khiotsiu xиo̯циу̯ /xio̯ˈʦiu̯/ v. smell (emit odour), stink
 * khop xoп /xop/ v. achieve, accomplish
 * khuz xуз /xuz/ v. grab, clutch
 * lak лaк /lak/ n. jewel, gem, prism
 * lan лaнъ /lanʲ/ n. dealer
 * lash лaш /laʃ/ adj. final
 * le лъэ /lʲe/ adj. black, blue, purple, green
 * legmig лэґмиґ /legˈmig/ v. rule
 * lesh лэш /leʃ/ v. execute
 * liaḍ лиa̯ꚁ /lia̯ɖ/ n. retention
 * lie лъиэ̯ /lʲie̯/ n. nephew
 * lima лимa /liˈma/ n. purpose
 * lio nialikhre лиo̯ ниa̯лиxрэ /lio̯ nia̯ˈlixre/ n. court
 * liu лиу̯ /liu̯/ pron. she, it
 * lochy лъoч̀ /lʲoʨ/ adj. common, frequent, generic, medium
 * lomev лъoмэв /lʲoˈmev/ n. mouse
 * los лoc /los/ n. series
 * lubŕi лъубр̌и /lʲuˈbɾi/ v. turn on
 * lup луп /lup/ n. center, core
 * maf мaф /maf/ adj. angry, mad
 * mar мaр /mar/ adv. here, there
 * mavbies мaвбиэ̯c /mavˈbie̯s/ n. forest
 * mek мэк /mek/ adv. otherwise
 * mer мэр /mer/ n. word, term
 * miayfe миa̯йфэ /mia̯jˈfe/ prep. above
 * mioa миo̯a /mio̯ˈa/ v. flow
 * mo mos мo мoc /mo mos/ adv. tonight
 * mol мoл /mol/ adj. good, hot (attractive), moral
 * mu му /mu/ adj. white, clear, transparent, yellow, orange, brown, red, pink
 * munun мунъунъ /muˈnʲunʲ/ adj. distant
 * nachy нaч̀ /naʨ/ v. moan
 * nanshoḍ нъaншoꚁ /nʲanˈʃoɖ/ n. honor, integrity
 * ne нэ /ne/ prep. before
 * nen нэнъ /nenʲ/ n. lock
 * ni ни /ni/ num. three
 * niam ниa̯м /nia̯m/ adj. confident
 * nien ниэ̯н /nie̯n/ n. hair (of body)
 * nigfippashioǵ нъиґфиппaшиo̯ӷ /nʲigˈfippaˌʃio̯ɣ/ adv. recently
 * nio ниo̯ /nio̯/ n. month
 * niś нищ /niɕ/ n. heart
 * nivmia нъивмиa̯ /nʲivˈmia̯/ n. finger, toe, hook
 * noḍ нъoꚁ /nʲoɖ/ n. victory
 * noś нъoщ /nʲoɕ/ adj. beautiful, pretty
 * nub нъуб /nʲub/ n. wing
 * nun нъунъ /nʲunʲ/ n. vendor
 * o o /o/ pron. you all
 * olsu oлcу /olˈsu/ n. tribunal
 * osh oш /oʃ/ n. son
 * pachyeg пaч̀эґ /paˈʨeg/ n. plague
 * pam пaм /pam/ v. shine, seem, glow, glare, radiate
 * pe пэ /pe/ v. be (permanent state), be (temporary state)
 * pes пэc /pes/ n. sleep
 * pialun пиa̯лъунъ /pia̯ˈlʲunʲ/ adj. healthy
 * pie пиэ̯ /pie̯/ prep. like
 * pif пиф /pif/ adj. other
 * pioḍ пиo̯ꚁ /pio̯ɖ/ n. bulb
 * piuchy пиу̯ч̀ /piu̯ʨ/ n. wheel
 * pobish пoбиш /poˈbiʃ/ v. weigh
 * pu пу /pu/ n. god
 * śa щa /ɕa/ prep. with (accompanied by), with (using)
 * śeldash щэлдaш /ɕelˈdaʃ/ n. drug, medicine, poison
 * shak шaк /ʃak/ n. reason, logic
 * shap шaп /ʃap/ n. fowl
 * sheḍ шэꚁ /ʃeɖ/ n. dictionary
 * shem шэм /ʃem/ v. catch, notice
 * shiab шиa̯б /ʃia̯b/ n. palm (of hand)
 * shievŕek шиэ̯вр̌эк /ʃie̯ˈvɾek/ prep. throughout
 * shipkiuḍun шипкиу̯ꚁунъ /ʃipˈkiu̯ɖunʲ/ adj. friendly
 * shop шoп /ʃop/ v. promise, assure
 * shunkhio шунxиo̯ /ʃunˈxio̯/ n. bark (of tree)
 * śiesh щиэ̯ш /ɕie̯ʃ/ n. hell
 * śion щиo̯нъ /ɕio̯nʲ/ n. climate
 * śonǵan щoнӷaнъ /ɕonˈɣanʲ/ n. employer
 * śuś щущ /ɕuɕ/ n. cork
 * ugfe уґфэ /ugˈfe/ n. parent
 * upoś упoщ /uˈpoɕ/ v. judge
 * utsresme уцрэcмэ /uˈʦresme/ v. balance, poise
 * vaǵ вaӷ /vaɣ/ n. second, moment
 * vaź вaҗ /vaʑ/ n. desk, office
 * veldun вэлдунъ /velˈdunʲ/ n. journey, voyage
 * viayva виa̯йвa /via̯jˈva/ v. identify, point out
 * vilna вилнa /vilˈna/ n. rake
 * viosh виo̯ш /vio̯ʃ/ n. machine, device, engine, motor, equipment, gadget
 * viuǵiǵep виу̯ӷиӷэп /viu̯ˈɣiɣep/ adj. careful
 * von вoн /von/ n. empire
 * vugioḍ вуґиo̯ꚁ /vuˈgio̯ɖ/ n. decision
 * yakh йax /jax/ n. base, foundation
 * yap йaп /jap/ n. camera
 * yel йэл /jel/ n. jaw
 * yib йиб /jib/ v. calculate
 * yik йик /jik/ n. crystal, prism
 * yionkhi йиo̯нxи /jio̯nˈxi/ n. shadow
 * yius йиу̯c /jiu̯s/ adj. silly
 * yon йoнъ /jonʲ/ pron. one
 * yur йур /jur/ n. storm, hurricane
 * źadle җaдлэ /ʑaˈdle/ v. crawl, creep
 * zakhen зaxэнъ /zaˈxenʲ/ n. puppy
 * źankhehdiu җaнxэгдиу̯ /ʑanˈxehdiu̯/ pron. none
 * źaź җaҗ /ʑaʑ/ v. slip
 * zekh зэx /zex/ n. powder
 * zeyya зэййa /zeˈjja/ v. accuse
 * zhe жэ /ʒe/ v. come, occur, happen, develop
 * zhesŕichy жэcр̌ич̀ /ʒeˈsɾiʨ/ n. cow
 * zhichyyiǵ жич̀йиӷ /ʒiˈʨjiɣ/ v. permit, enable, approve
 * zhiok жиo̯к /ʒio̯k/ adv. then
 * zhiumun жиу̯мунъ /ʒiu̯ˈmunʲ/ adj. evident
 * zhor жoр /ʒor/ n. flood
 * zhuknap жукнaп /ʒukˈnap/ pron. something
 * zhuyvup жуйвуп /ʒujˈvup/ v. like, love
 * ziachy зиa̯ч̀ /zia̯ʨ/ v. shock, startle, stun
 * zib зиб /zib/ v. train
 * zikh зиx /zix/ n. officer
 * ziob зиo̯б /zio̯b/ v. join, connect
 * źios җиo̯c /ʑio̯s/ n. beer
 * źiul җиу̯л /ʑiu̯l/ prep. plus
 * źoǵ җoӷ /ʑoɣ/ v. trade
 * źosluydi җocлуйди /ʑoˈslujdi/ prep. out, outside
 * źuchy җуч̀ /ʑuʨ/ v. mix, join
 * zun зунъ /zunʲ/ n. curtain