Dodolingin

Idea
The main idea of my artificial language is to simplify Latin words into one-consonant plus one-vowel structure, wherein the one-vowel is permitted to be nasal. That is because we think this structure is the best for singing. Also, it is required to avoid adding too many extra syllables, And the spelling should be very close to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), And the stress position should not impact the meaning of the word.

It is trade-off between two options

1) dropping the character not fit into the (C-V-n) structure, which will lose too much info, cause conflict and hard to remember; think about {extract} become {eta}.

2) padding vowels, which will cause too many syllables, and too many repetition of the padding vowel; think about {extract} become {ekusuturakutu}

So the way is to choose some "important" character of the dropped ones and merge them into another consonant or the last vowel.

For example, {extract} => {e-k-str-a-k-t} => {edzaton} pronounced as [ɛ'd͡zɑtɔn]. Both {k} letters are dropped; {s} is merged with {t} to become {dz} pronounced [d͡z]; {r} is dropped but represented as a final {-on} suffix.

History
The first version was published in 2004, and an updated version is published in 2014.

Version 2004

Version 2014

Version 2015

Version 2017

Consonant-vowel-nasal structure

 * 1) Regard Latin words as several syllables, each with a structure like following: {s} {consonant} {r/l} {i/u} {vowel} {i/u} {consonant} {consonant}; for convenient, we shorten them as {s} {C1} {r/l} {S1} {V} S2 {C2} {C3}
 * 2) {s}: combine with {C1} and convert: {sp} => {ts} ; {st} ; {sc} ; {sk} ; {sch} => {dz} . Examples: {state} => {dzati} ; {spera} => {tsewa} ; {sport} => {tsotan} ; {science} => {dzienji}.
 * 3) {C1}: {q} ; {c} [k] => {k} ; {c} [s] => {j} ; {ch} [ʃ] {ch} [tʃ] => {j} ; [ʒ] [dʒ] {y} => {g-}; {w} => {v} ; {r} => {w} ; {x} at initial => {j} ; {ph} => {f} ; {th} => {t} ; {ch} [k] => {k} ; {pt} => {b} . Examples: {photo} => {foto} ; {wagon} => {vagono} ; {cent} => {jenti} ; {center} => {jentewo} ; {aqua} => {aka} ; {question} => {kedzono} ; {tank} => {tanko} ; {xerox} => {jewosen} ; {china} => {jina} ; {japan} => {gapano} ; {adopt} => {adoba} ; {regal} => {wegali} ; {just} => {gudzi}.
 * 4) {r/l}: delete and move to the end-of-word as compensating {-on} . Examples: {tract} => {taton} ; {train} => {tenon} ; {create} => {keaton} ; {glad} => {gadon} ; {class} => {kason}.
 * 5) {S1}: delete if not word stem; else separate to two syllables . Examples: {opinion} => {opinono} ; {piano} => {piano}.
 * 6) {V}: just keep {a} {e} {i} {o} {u} ; {y} => {i} . Examples: {pyramid} => {piwamido}.
 * 7) {S2}: combine with {V} into variations and need compensating {-in} suffix: {ao} ; {oa} => {au} => {a}..{-in} ; {ae} ; {ea} => {ai} => {e}..{-in} ; {ee} => {ei} => {i}..{-in} ; {oo} => {ou} => {o}..{-in} ; {oe} ; {eo} ; {eu} => {oi} => {u}..{-in} . Examples: {cause} => {kasin} ; {daemon=>demonin} ; {Poseidon} => {Posidonin} ; {moustache} => {modzajin} ; {phoenix=>funisin} ; {Europe} => {Uwopin}.
 * 8) {C2}:
 * 9) {C2}: if {r} / {l}, remove and need a compensating {-an} suffix . Examples: {depart} => {depatan} ; {alt} => {atan} ; {culture} => {kutuwan} ; {curt} => {kutan} ; {court} => {kotan}.
 * 10) {C2}: if {n} / {m}, combine with {V} into nasal variations: {aN}, {eN}, {iN}, {oN}, {uN} ; wherin {N} is normally {n} but is {m} before {b} ; {p} ; or {m} . Examples: {cant} => {kanta} ; {simple} => {simpuli} ; {autumn} => {atunnin} ; {environment} => {enviwommento}.
 * 11) {C2}: else remove {V} and need a compensating {-en} suffix . Examples: {fact} => {faten} ; {experiment (xp is treated as k+sp)} => {etsewimenten} ; {sign} => {sinen} ; {dogmatic} => {domatiken}.
 * 12) {C3}: create a separate syllable, which needs a ending-vowel or a padding {-e-} : Examples: {vivant} => {vivanti} ; {partner} => {patenewan}.
 * 13) Choose the ending-vowel based on the order of priority as below
 * 14) compensating {r/l} : {-on} for dropping {r} ; {l}
 * 15) compensating {C2} : {-an} for dropping {r} ; {l}
 * 16) compensating {C2} : {-en} for dropping {C2} ;
 * 17) compensating diphthong : {-in} for diphthong V + S3
 * 18) native: native last vowel in the original word: if the root ends with a vowel; {-e} will be changed to {-i}, and {-u} will be changed to {-o}.
 * 19) complement: natural ending based on the class of word: noun singular => {-o}; noun plural (optionally) => {-i}; verb => {-a}; adjective => {-i} ; adverb => {-i}

For example, the word {tract}, a verb should be appended {-a}, but the removed {-r-} determines the ending-vowel to be {-on}, also the removed {-c} needs a compensating {-en}. The second one has higer priority, so it finally became {taton}.

Short form
When a word has two or more syllables, the last syllable sometimes bears little information, they can be omitted, and become the short form of a word.


 * 1) The way to shorten words with three or more syllables:
 * 2) If the last syllable starts with {m} or {n}, or the penultimate syllable ends with {m} or {n}; remove the last syllable, and change the vowel of the penultimate syllable to {-un}.
 * 3) Otherwise, remove the last syllable, and change the vowel of the penultimat syllabe to {-e} from {-a}, {-e}, {-i} or {-u} from {-o}, {-u}.
 * 4) The way to of shorten words with two syllables:
 * 5) Join the part before the first vowel, and the first vowel, and {n}.

Examples
 * 1) {nation} => {najono} => {najun};
 * 2) {important} => {impotantan} => {impotun};
 * 3) {provide} => {povidon} => {pove};
 * 4) {communicate} => {kommunikata} => {kommunike};
 * 5) {import} => {impotan} => {impu}
 * 6) {aqua} => {aka} => {an};
 * 7) {fact} => {faten} => {fan};
 * 8) {train} => {tenon} => {ten};
 * 9) {camp} => {kampo} => {kan}

Center of a phrase
When a center word of a phrase is a single-syllable {C-V} word, it sounds not strong enough. To make it sounds good phonetically, we make the center word a short form, namely add {-n}. Example:
 * 1) {with me} => {ve mi} => {ve min};
 * 2) {who is he} => {ki dze go} => {ke dzen go}

Influence
Languages which have influence on this language include:


 * 1) Latin
 * 2) French
 * 3) English
 * 4) Spanish
 * 5) Portuguese
 * 6) Italian
 * 7) Chinese
 * 8) Japanese

Phonotactics
All letters can be pronounced as the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). The three vowel can be pronounced differently using allophones: {ts} and {dz} is pronounced as diphthong.
 * 1) A a : [ɑ] = [a]
 * 2) E e : [ɛ] = [e]
 * 3) O o : [ɔ] = [o]
 * 1) TS ts : [ts] = [t͡s]
 * 2) DZ dz : [dz] = [d͡z]

Word stress
Word stress, namely accent, falls at the last syllable if the word ends with {-e} or {-u} or {-un}, otherwise at the penultimate syllable. For example, {super} [su'pɛ] meaning {upper}, {doma} ['dɔmɑn] meaning {sleep}, {impotun} [impɔ'tun] meaning {important}.

Syllable structure
The allowed word structure is one or multiple consonant-vowel-nasal syllables.

It can be express as a regular expression as below:

Mnemonic alphabet table
There is another alphabet layout table as below, which shows better the style of this language and help remembering them.

Grammar
Number is indicated by the article. For example: {la homo} meaning {the man}, {le homi} meaning {the men}. It is optionally allowed to use {-i} suffix to indicate plural, but it is not necessary. For example: {le homo} also meaning {the men}.

Persons are indicated by following pronoun. For example: {miwa mi} meaning {I look}, {fewa lu} meaning {they do}. Another way is to use pronoun standalone. For example: {mi miwa} also meaning {I look}, {lu fewa} also meaning {they do}.

Tenses and voices are indicated by following modal verbs. For example: {la dzudento dzudi va} meaning {the student will study}, {le homo doman he} meaning {people slept}, {la pobemon sovan ti} meaning {the problem is solved}. Another way is to use modal verbs normally. For example: {la dzudento va dzudi} also meaning {the student will study}.

Accusative (subject) pronouns can be put in front the verb or after it. Dative pronouns can also be treated the same. For example: {se dita mi} meaning {I say it}, {te se dona ha mi} meaning {I have given it to you}.

Persons, tenses and voices can be indicated by chained suffixes, and also with accusative pronouns. For example: {te miwa va mi} meaning {I will see you}, {dona ti ha go la libo} meaning {He has been given the book}.

Swadesh List
The Dodolingin column may contain both short form and long form of the same word.

Reflective introduction of Dodolingin
La intodujonon

Le pinjipulon: a kompeson le veban Latini enti mu silabulen {K-V}

La idea magowi de ma lingo atifijalan dze a simifion le veban Latini enti la dzutuwon de u konsonanto e u vovelo, gu la vovelo puda dze u vovelo nasali. Dzen go pa ke se pensa nu ke je dzutuwon dze la fo boni po kanta. Ko beni, wekiwa go a peventon a aden dza mutan de le silabulen edzewen. E la dzibuwon deva dze mutan pojon a la Intenajonalan Fonetiki Afabetan (IPA). E la posijono de la ajenten deva ne impaten la semanto de la veban.

Mutan de le veban Latini puda wegadan ti ko la dzutuwon bu hin: {s} {konsonanto} {r/l} {i/u} vovelo {i/u} {konsonanto} {konsonanto} Dzibon nu ko simpo bu hin: {s} {K1} {r/l} {S1} {V} {S2} {K2} {K3} Na tagetan dze a simpifion je tseji de dzutuwon enti la uno bu hin: {K} {V} {N} (nasali) La patan de {s}

A la pimon, la {s}, le kombinajono la fo populawi dze {sp-}, {st-}, {sc-} ({sk-}), li konvetan nu enti u singo konsonanto, wetsetiven-menti, a {ts}, {dz}, {dz} (via {sti-}), lo ponunjajonon asinen ti ko [ts], [dz], [dz] i la odewan. Esampulen: {state} => {dzati}; {spera} => {tsewa}; {sport} => {tsotan}; {science} => {dzienji}

La patan de {konsonanto 1}

Da, la {K1}, li simpifion nu enti le konsonanto legali bu hin: {b}	{p}	{m}	{f}	{v} {d}	{t}	{n}	{s}	{j} {g}	{k}	{h}	{w}	{l} Gu, le ponunjajonon asinen ti ko IPA, po esampulen {j} ko [j], {h} ko [h], {w} ko [w]. Mu detelin puda konsidewa ti i le impovemento futuwi, bo la tagetan magowi dze a li simpifion enti u konsonanto singo e fajili. Le wegulo: {pt} => {b}; {ph} => {f}; {w} => {v}; {th} => {t}; {c} ([s]), {x} (i la owigino de u veban, {ch} ([ʃ]/[tʃ]), {ti} ([ʃ]) => {j}; {j}, {y} => {g} (via {gi-}); {q}, {c} [k], {ch} ([k]) => {k}; {r} => {w}; Le noti: La {v} e la {w} megan ti enti la {v}, du la {r} utilija la {w} a peventon la ponunjajonon difikutan de la [r]. {pt} konvetan ti a {b}. {x} (ne i la owigino de u veban) konsidewa ti ko {k-s}. Esampulen: {photo} => {foto}; {wagon} => {vagono}; {cent} => {jenti}; {center} => {jentewo}; {aqua} => {aka}; {question} => {kedzono}; {tank} => {tanko}; {xerox} => {jewosen}; {chocolate} => {jokolati}; {just} => {gudzi}; {adopt} => {adoba} La patan de {r/l}

Da, le {r/l}, deleta ti va lu. Bo, kasin va ho u wedujonen gandon de le infomajonan e keaton va ho mu konfusono. Da u vovelo kompensati {-on} apenden ti va i la fino de la veban. Esampulen: {tract} => {taton}; {train} => {tenon}; {creat} => {keaton}; {glad} => {gadon}; {class} => {kason)

La patan de {semivovelo 1}

La {S1}, la semivovelo i la fonton de la vovelo dze futili fekenton-menti, e puda deleta ti, ejeben la kasi du apewen lu i la wadisen de mu veban, ko {piano} e {violin}. Deva nu sepawata la veban enti duvi silabulen de {K-V}, da u silabulen adijonalen keaton ti.

La patan de {vovelo}

La {V} dze simpo welativi-menti. Gudzi konvetan {y} => {i}.

La patan de {semivovelo 2}

La {S2}, la semivovelo podzi la vovelo. I je tempo, la {V-S2} puda wegadan ti ko u ditongen. Simpifion nu toti le ditongen enti jenki kombinajono legali: {au}, {ai}, {ei}, {ou}, {oi}. E puson, wepesenton ti lu pe {a}, {e}, {i}, {o}, {u) ve u {-in} kompensati. {ao/oa} => {au} => {a ..-in;} {ae/ea} => {ai} => {e ..-in;} {ee} => {ei} => {i ..-in;} {oo} => {ou} => {o ..-in;} {oe/eo/eu} => {oi} => {u ..-in} Esampulen: {cause} => {kasin}; {daemon} => {demonin}; {coffee} => {kofihin}; {moustache} => {modzajin}; {phoenix} => {funisin}; {Europe} => {Uwopin} La patan de {konsonanto 2}

La {K2} dze u mini kompikaton, ba ke tison sitajono dze a konsidewa ti: A la pimon, si la {K2} dze {r} o {l}, deleta ti va go, e wekiwa go u {-an} kompensati. Esampulen: {depart} => {depatan}; {alt} => {atan}; {culture} => {kutuwan}; {court} => {kotan} A la sekondi, si la {K2} dze {n} o {m}, kasin va go ke la vovelo devena enti le vawajono nasali: {aN}, {eN}, {iN}, {oN}, {uN}. La {N} deva dze {n} o {m} akodan a la konsonanto sekenti, si {b}, {p}, o {m}, {N} dze {m}; si non, {N} dze {n}. Esampulen: {cant} => {kanta}; {simple} => {simpo}; {autumn} => {atunnin}; {environment} => {enviwommento} A la tisemon, si {K2} dze le atewan, deleta ti va go, e wekiwa go u {-en} kompesnati. Esampulen: {fact} => {faten}; {experiment} ({xp} wegadan ti ko {k-sp}) => {etsewimenten}; {sign} => {sinen}; {dogmatic} => {domatiken}

La patan de {konsonanto 3}

Finali, po la {K3}, si la {K3} dze la finali letewen de la veban Latini, se konsidewa nu a dze u silabulen adijonalen. Esampulen: {construct} => {kondzuton}; {verb} => {veban} Si non, u {-e-} adijonalen insetan ti. Esampulen: {partner} => {patenewan}

Le vovelo finali e la kompensajono

La pinjipulon de le wegulo po la vovelo finali dze a li fewa divesan. Le wegalo a apenden dze i le kato sitajono bu hin. Si u veban enkontewa duvi kategowi, la wegulo ve la pejedenjon la fo atan adoba ti va. Po esampulen, la veban {tract}, u veban deva a apenden ti {-a}, bo la {r-}, ke deleta ti, deteminan ke la vovelo finali dze {-on}, e la {-c}, ke deleta ti, wekiwa u {-en} a kompensata. La sekondi uno haba la pejedenjon la fo atan, da finali devena go a {taton}.

Le wegulo: Kompensati deleta {r-} / {l-} : {-on}

deleta {-r} / {-l} : {-an} deleta {-konsonanto} : {-en}

kompikaton ditongen: {-in} Nativi si la wadisen finija ve u vovelo; {-e} jangi ti va a {-i}, e {-u} jangi ti va a {-o} Natuwali nonin singulawi: {-o} nonin puwalon : {-o} o {-i} (obonali) veban : {-a} agetiven : [-i} aveban : {-i} peposijonon, kongunjonen : {-i} La foman bevon

Du u veban haba duvi o puson de silabulen, la finali silabulen potan dza mini de infomajonan. pun lu omita ti, e devena lu la foman bevon de u veban.

La metodo a abevaton u veban ve tison o puson de silaben: Si la silabulen finali owiginata ve {m} o {n}, o la silabulen penutimatan finija ve {m} o {n}; deleta la silabulen finali, e jangi la vovelo de la silabulen penutimatan a {-un}; si non, deleta la silabulen finali, e jangi la vovelo de la silabulen penutimatan a {-e} ba {-a}, {-e} or {-u} ba {-o}, {-u} Esampulen: {nation} => {najono} => {najun}; {important} => {impotantan} => {impotun}; {provide} => {povidon} => {pove}; {communicate} => {kommunikata} => {kommunike}; {import} => {impotan} => {impu} La metodo a abevaton u veban ve duvi silabulen: Kombina la patan anti la vovelo pimon, e la vovelo pimon, e {n}. Esampulen: {aqua} => {aka} => {an}; {fact} => {faten} => {fan}; {train} => {tenon} => {ten}; {camp} => {kampo} => {kan} Selejonen de veban

Le veban Latini, ke utilija nu, dze le veban, ke komposa ti pe le wadisen Latini, e ke apewen i la Engijon. Ajenten

La ajenten lokata i la silabulen finali si la veban finija ve {-e} o {-u} o {-un}; si non, i la silabulen penutimatan.

La jentewo de u fason

Du la veban jentalon de u fason dze u veba ve soli uni silabulen {K-V}, ne sona go fotan sufijenten. Po se fewa a sona boni fonetikalementi, fewa nu la veban jentalon a la foman bevon, da aden {-n}. Esamulen: {with me} => {ve mi} => {ve min}; {who is he} => {ki dze go} => {ke dzen go}