Umbrean

=Setting= Umbrean is spoken in the nation The Union of Confederated Umbrean Republican States, aka UCURS or Umbrean Confederacy, but is one of the major languages on Verus. It is set in a steampunk fantasy world

General Information
Umbrean is a verb based language, i.e. there is no adjectives and almost all other words are derived from their closest relative verb though some are stand alone nouns but they are rare. The sentence structure of umbrean is SOV, it is a agglutinating and isolating language in which both shifts depending on what category of things one deals with but it is consistent in that area.

Single Letters
Umbrean alphabets sounds like this.

Phonotactics
B,P,T,Q are always followed by a vowel

R and K always comes alone from consonants, as there is vowels around them

two consonants always comes between two vowels

The syllable structure of umbrean is (C)V(C)

Ablaut: i-y-ao-u-ei-a-ya-ue-o-ae-yu-e

=Basic Grammar=

Verbs
Umbrean is very regular in its language except for very few verbs but mostly the verb "to be"

Verbal structure, bold isnt always present:
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 * Voice/Mood-Modality || Verb-Comperative-Instrumental-Evidentiality-Negation-Person|| Tense/Aspect-'''Declension
 * }

Tense and Aspect
Tense and aspect is combined into one word which is placed after the verb

Voices-Mood
in Umbrean voice and mood is combiend into one word that is placed infront of the verb, the "Dig", Active voice imperative mood word, only occures whenever the voice-mood shall have a suffix onto it
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Voice ! Active ! Passive ! Middle ! rowspan="7" | Mood ! Indicative ! Imperative ! Hypothetical ! Potensial ! Dubitative ! Interrogative ! Conditional
 * (Dig) || Sig || Wob
 * Bej || Waf || Ab
 * Nan || Mud || Nim
 * Hen || Xaj || Faw
 * Mim || Zyj || Hur
 * Bej || Tyq || Nab
 * Yfe || Gyz || Myl
 * }


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! colspan="1" | Mood ! colspan="1" | Description ! colspan="1" | Example ! Indicative ! Imperative ! Hypothetical ! Potensial ! Dubitative ! Interrogative ! Conditional
 * It is factually. || "I walked to my job"
 * Statement, Demanding || "Lets go!"
 * It is hypothetical || "You could have walked to your job"
 * It is likely || "I will probably go there"
 * It is uncertain/doubtful || "I doubt you walked to your job"
 * Its a question || "Did you walk to your job?"
 * Its a condition || "I would walk to your job....."
 * }

Evidentiality
To show the evidentiality of a verb one adds these suffixes to the verb root, if left out its assumed or one think it happened
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! colspan="2" Rowspan="1"| Evidence ! colspan="1" | Suffix ! colspan="1" | Example ! Rowspan="2" | None-witness ! Second Hand ! Others, quotation, saying ! Rowspan="3" | Witness ! Visual ! None-Visual ! Inferential
 * -(u)wlo || He did it, i heard it from the witness
 * -(i)wge || He did it, i heard it from the person who heard it from the witness
 * -(u)gy || He did it, i saw it myself
 * -(d)afe || He did it, i sensed it
 * -(a)go || He did it, all evidence points to it
 * }

Instrumental applicative
Verbs can be said how they are done between chaotic and orderly, forced or willingly

To Be
if voice-mood and aspect-tense words occure without any verb in between they act togather as the verb "To be"

Negation
Negation of verbs are done by adding the suffix -yz

Genders
Umbrean genders include None-moving, Living, Mechanical and Magical
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!Gender !Description !Example ! None-Moving ! Living ! Mechanical ! Magical
 * Things that cant by own force in anyway move || Stone, Wall, House
 * Objects that are alive || Animal, Fish, Human
 * Machines, electronics etc || Steam engine, Train
 * Things that moves seemignly without a cause || Moon, Fire, Wind, Air, Sun
 * }

Cases
Umbrean have 4 cases, Ergative, Intransitive, Accusative, Dative
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!Case !Desription: ! Ergative ! Accusative ! Intransitive ! Dative Case
 * The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages
 * The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used to defined the indirect object of a bitransitive verb
 * }

Declension table
Umbrean nouns are declinsioned according to if they are defined or undefined, which case they are, which gender and if its singular, puacal and plural according to this table if they are regular
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! Name || Amount ! Singular ! Puacal ! Plural
 * 1
 * 2-6
 * 6<
 * }
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" | Singular ! colspan="4" | Puacal ! colspan="4" | Plural ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Dative ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Dative ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Dative ! rowspan="2" | None-Moving ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Living ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Mechanical ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Magical ! Undefined ! Defined
 * -o || -o || -ol || -oq
 * -(o)fo || -(o)fo || -ol || -ol
 * -oke || -ow || -(o)lo || -owo
 * -(o)qo|| -(o)qo || -olo || -oqol
 * -ofo || -ofi || -ol || -oli
 * -oflo || -(o)gi || -ol || -ol
 * -u || -u || -u || -u
 * -up || -up || -uw || -uw
 * -ul || -uf || -ur || -uq
 * -(u)qu || -(u)qu || -(o)lu || -ilu
 * -(u)lu || -(u)lo || -uly || -fi
 * -(u)lo || -(u)ro || -ure || -uru
 * -y || -y || -y || -y
 * -(o)qy || -(e)qy || -(y)ry || -(i)fy
 * -yl || -yl || -(u)ry || -(u)ry
 * -yv || -yv || -yv ||-yv
 * -yry || -ylqa || -yp || -ypa
 * -(y)xy || -(y)py || -yxy || -yly
 * -a || -a || -(a)la || -a
 * -(a)do || -(a)do || -(a)ma || -oma
 * -(a)do || -(a)da || -oma ||-oma
 * -(a)na || -(a)na || -(a)na || -(a)na
 * -(a)da || -(a)do || -(a)ja || -(a)jo
 * -(a)wa || -(a)wa || -(a)jo || -(a)jo
 * }
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" | Singular ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Dative ! rowspan="2" | None-Moving ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Living ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Mechanical ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Magical ! Undefined ! Defined
 * -o || -o || -ol || -oq
 * -(o)qo|| -(o)qo || -olo || -oqol
 * -u || -u || -u || -u
 * -(u)qu || -(u)qu || -(o)lu || -ilu
 * -y || -y || -y || -y
 * -yv || -yv || -yv ||-yv
 * -a || -a || -(a)la || -a
 * -(a)na || -(a)na || -(a)na || -(a)na
 * }
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" | Puacal ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Dative ! rowspan="2" | None-Moving ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Living ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Mechanical ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Magical ! Undefined ! Defined
 * -(o)fo || -(o)fo || -ol || -ol
 * -ofo || -ofi || -ol || -oli
 * -up || -up || -uw || -uw
 * -(u)lu || -(u)lo || -uly || -fi
 * -(o)qy || -(e)qy || -(y)ry || -(i)fy
 * -yry || -ylqa || -yp || -ypa
 * -(a)do || -(a)do || -(a)ma || -oma
 * -(a)da || -(a)do || -(a)ja || -(a)jo
 * }
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" | Plural ! colspan="1" | Ergative ! colspan="1" | Accusative ! colspan="1" | Intransitive ! colspan="1" | Dative ! rowspan="2" | None-Moving ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Living ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Mechanical ! Undefined ! Defined ! rowspan="2" | Magical ! Undefined ! Defined
 * -oke || -ow || -(o)lo || -owo
 * -oflo || -(o)gi || -ol || -ol
 * -ul || -uf || -ur || -uq
 * -(u)lo || -(u)ro || -ure || -uru
 * -yl || -yl || -(u)ry || -(u)ry
 * -(y)xy || -(y)py || -yxy || -yly
 * -(a)do || -(a)da || -oma ||-oma
 * -(a)wa || -(a)wa || -(a)jo || -(a)jo
 * }

Numbers
A thing to keep in mind is this language is base-12 based

Noun Derivations
to say the one who did the verb, "the one who sailed" for example one simply adds the suffix fitting from the noun declension onto the voice-mood word. if one wish to say for example "the one who ate my sandwish" one would put the "my sandwich" infront of the other, "my sandwich the one who ate"

Personal Pronouns
Umbrean have many persinal pronouns for various situations and the choice is critical in conversation as wrong choice can be considered an insult.
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Case ! colspan="3" | Accusative ! colspan="3" | Intransitive ! colspan="3" | Ergative ! colspan="3" | Dative ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. ! rowspan="1" | sg. ! rowspan="1" | pc. ! rowspan="1" | pl. !! colspan="2" | 1st ! rowspan="3" | 2nd ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Other ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Verusian ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Wise ! rowspan="5" | 3rd ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Impersinal ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Other ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Verusian ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Wise ! style="font-size: x-small;" | Noble
 * Ej || Jix || Fiq
 * Ej || Jix || Liq
 * Ej || Jox || Loq
 * Ej || Jox || Lof
 * Qob || Qob || Qob
 * Bin || Bin || Bin
 * Jij || Jij || Jij
 * Welqo || Welqo || Welqo
 * Xyz || Xaz || Xez
 * Bax || Byax || Buex
 * Jad || Haj || Paj
 * Jil || Fi || Fi
 * Daq || Dyaq || Dueq
 * Xys || Xys || Xus
 * Nyl || Naol || Nul
 * Gug || Geig || Gag
 * Nez || Fij || Gyg
 * Waf || Pad || Nen
 * Beg || Jud || Qaw
 * Beg || Jud || Qaw
 * Al || Al || Al
 * Ab || Ja || Las
 * Ifli || Tyq || Taoq
 * If || Fyk || Waslo
 * Nom || Nij || Nyx
 * Ryj || Ryj || Ly
 * Qa || Qya || Que
 * Glu || Gu || Gyq
 * Faq || Jan || Bar
 * Ji || Ra || Dun
 * Qih || Wy || Ag
 * Quq || Feho || Efly
 * Wod || Daw || Aj
 * Da || Nab || Nar
 * Yq || Heh || Nuj
 * Weq || Deflo || Nuq
 * }

Reflexive
Reflexive of any kind is achived by putting the word "Ymo" infront, Ymo Ej = myself, Ymo Diddo = Stars themselves

Genitive
Umbrean do not have a genetive case but a postposition is instead. It is done im a simular manner to spanish which says like "House of jacob" though in umbrean the "of" word is placed behind jacob and becomes "House jacob of" translated of course

Adjective
Adjectives are none-existent in umbrean as they are treated as verbs, one doesnt say "The red cat" but "The cat is red" and is done like with any normal verb so it doesnt need to fit along with the noun declenisaion. The big differens ebtween adjectives and normal verbs is that unlike verbs where you put multiple tense/aspect words into the sentence only one tense/aspect word is placed after adjectives even if there is multiple adjectives. "the big red cat" wouldnt be said as "the cat is big is red" nor "the cat is big and red" but "The cat is big red" or more presicely "the cat big red is"

Derivation
To change from "to throw" to "To be throwable", simular to the -able suffix in english, one adds the suffix -(w)ogly where the w only comes in if the verb ends with a vowel.

Comparative
One can use these to say one did a verb to a further extent
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! Base ! Larger/Greater ! Smaller/Lesser ! Base ! Comparative 1 ! Comparative 2 ! Comparative 3 ! Superlative
 * -ej
 * -ay
 * -ef
 * -uf
 * -akon
 * -olqy
 * -oq
 * -yra
 * }

Postposition
Umbrean uses post position after the clause or word in question, "table on" "going out her with" and it is ended by noun declension that fits the meaning of it in the verb it takes on if it takes on any particular one


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!Postposition !Meaning !Example
 * De || Of, ownership ||
 * Yx || Around, nearby ||
 * Ejnaf || Because, for the reason that ||
 * }
 * Ejnaf || Because, for the reason that ||
 * }
 * }

Coordinating conjunctions
Connecting to parts is done like in english, X and Y, X or Y
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!Conjunction !Umbrean
 * And || O
 * Or || La
 * For || *
 * Nor || *
 * But || *
 * Yet || *
 * So || *
 * }
 * But || *
 * Yet || *
 * So || *
 * }
 * So || *
 * }
 * }

Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by replacing the tempus-aspect word with "Ja"and leave out the voice-mood word unless it is per definition already an adverb. They are placed infront of the verb and comperatived the same way as adjectives.

Time Manner Place
Umbrean says things in the order of Time manner place rather than english Place Manner Time

Modality
Ways to form modality in a sentence in Umbrean compared to english

Unlike in english these dont differ relative to the tense in which they are used but the verbs tense tells what tense
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! rowspan=1 | Name ! colspan=1 width=75px | Method ! colspan=1 width=120px | Used ! Ability/Availability ! Requests ! Permission ! Possibility ! Impossibility ! Advisability ! Expectation ! Necessity ! Lack of Necessity ! Prohibition ! Logical Deduction
 * Suffix
 * -tiw
 * rowspan=2 | Mood + suffix
 * rowspan=2 | Potensial + -tiw
 * Mood
 * Hypothetical / Potensial
 * Mood or Mood and suffix + Verb Negation
 * -tiw / Hypothetical /  Potensial +  Negation
 * Suffix
 * -yxy
 * Mood + Suffix
 * Potensial + -yxy
 * Mood + Suffix
 * Indicative + -yxy
 * Mood + Suffix + Verb Negation
 * Indicative + -yxy + Negation
 * Mood + Suffix + Verb Negation
 * Potensial + -yxy + Negation
 * Mood/Evidentiality
 * Indicative / Inferential
 * }


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! rowspan=2 | Name ! colspan=3 | English ! width=100px | Past ! width=100px | Present ! width=100px | Future ! Ability/Availability ! Requests ! Permission ! Possibility ! Impossibility ! Advisability ! Expectation ! Necessity ! Lack of Necessity ! Prohibition ! Logical Deduction
 * could, was/were able to
 * can, am/is/are able to
 * will be able to
 * colspan=2 | can, could, will, would
 * colspan=2 | can, could, will, would
 * could, was/were allowed to
 * may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to
 * will be allowed to
 * may have, might have, could have
 * colspan=2 | may, might, could
 * couldn’t have
 * colspan=2 | couldn’t, can’t
 * should have, ought to have, had better have
 * colspan=2 | should, ought to, had better
 * should have, ought to have
 * colspan=2 | should, ought to
 * had to
 * must, have to, has to
 * will have to
 * didn’t have to
 * don’t have to, doesn’t have to
 * won’t have to
 * could not
 * colspan=2 | must not, may not, cannot
 * must have, have to have, has to have
 * must, have to, has to
 * }
 * }

Standard
The Umbrean language is a Subject-Object-Verb language that arranges its sentences as "adam apple ate" rather than the english SVO "Adam ate apple"

Conditional Sentence
Conditional sentence are created by using conditional mood first followed by hypothetical in next

Conditional mood replaces "if"'s and "would"'s in english

Noun Clause
Noun clause can be formed in two different ways, Both involves using the noun declension chart to choose the proper ending but the placement differ. If its placed on voice/mood word infront of a verb it becomes "The being who","the thing that" "The person who" and so on did the verb. This form also tends to take the form of OSV rather than SOV like standard umbrean since the subject and verb becomes fused togather. The other method is by the same method but on the tense/aspect word instead in which it is marked according to its position relative to larger sentence while the nouns that the verb deals with is treated according to that particular verb.


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! colspan="3" | Examples ! rowspan="1" | Noun clause ! colspan="1" | Common said ! colspan="1" | Translation ! Subject of verb ! Objects of verbs ! Agent of verb ! rowspan=2 |Subject complements ! Adjective complements ! Objects of postposition
 * Who did this sleeps || The bieng that/who did this sleeps
 * We didn’t know that Billy would jump || We didn´t know that the man called billy would jump  We didn´t know that he who jumped would be George
 * That George learned how to swim is a miracle || That the man called George learned to swim is a miracle 
 * The truth is that Billy was not very smart || The truth is that the one called billy was not very smart  The truth is that the one who wasnt very smart is billy
 * The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. || The question is if other boys will try the same thing.
 * The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. || The question is if other boys will try the same thing.
 * He is happy that he is learning English || He is happy That he is the one who is learning english
 * Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said. || Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.
 * }

Create Noun Clause

 * Step one
 * Rephrase so it somehow contain "that the person who" or "The thing that" etc
 * "I know that Billy made a mistake " => "I know that the person who made a mistake was billy "


 * Step two
 * Translate it properly, braches shows what is one word or a collective group of words in umbrean
 * Noun clause always begins with "that person/being" except if the verb which it uses doesnt reflect onto the being in question but onto something else in which case it is placed infront of it
 * [I] [The person who made a mistake] [billy] [was] [know]

Copulas
Complements are used with either these copulas or just using a tempus-aspect word behind as it would "to be" one
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! rowspan="1" | Copula ! colspan="1" | Umbrean
 * To Look || *
 * to Feel || *
 * to Taste || *
 * To Smell || *
 * To Sound || *
 * To Seem || *
 * To Appear || *
 * To Become || *
 * To Grow || *
 * To Stay || *
 * To Keep || *
 * To Turn || *
 * To Prove || *
 * To Go || *
 * To Remain || *
 * To Resemble || *
 * To Run || *
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * To Stay || *
 * To Keep || *
 * To Turn || *
 * To Prove || *
 * To Go || *
 * To Remain || *
 * To Resemble || *
 * To Run || *
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * To Remain || *
 * To Resemble || *
 * To Run || *
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * To lay || *
 * }
 * }

Adjective Clause
An Adjective Clause is formed

Relative Pronouns are gotten by using the start work here then standard noun declension on it

For relative adverbs one uses the one that fits the current case and restrictiveness

Oterwise it has the same structure as in english

Create Adjective Clause

 * Step one
 * test
 * Step Two

Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clauses are formed simular to normal sentences with the proper conjugation word or prhase choosen according to the list below


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! colspan="1" width=10% | Clause Kind ! colspan="1" width=10% | Usual Conjuction ! colspan="1" width=15% | Function ! colspan="1" width=15% | Example ! Time Clause ! Conditional Clause ! Purpose Clause ! Reason Clause ! Result Clause ! Concessive Clause ! Place Clauses ! Clauses of Manner ! Clauses of Exclamations
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Conditional Tense
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"

! colspan="1" width=10% | Clause Kind ! colspan="1" width=10% | Usual Conjuction ! colspan="1" width=15% | Function ! colspan="1" width=15% | Example ! Time Clause ! Conditional Clause ! Purpose Clause ! Reason Clause ! Result Clause ! Concessive Clause ! Place Clauses ! Clauses of Manner ! Clauses of Exclamations
 * when, before, after, since, while, as, until
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Her father died when she was young.
 * if, unless
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
 * in order to, so that, in order that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
 * because, since, as, given
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
 * so that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed''.
 * although, though, while
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
 * where, wherever
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * He said he was happy where he was.
 * as, like, the way
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
 * what a(an), how, such, so
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!
 * }
 * }

Create Adverbial Clause

 * Step one
 * test
 * Step Two

Ratio
Ratio such as Three to one would be said as Izi wzi miz where the word wzi is used in ratio context alone

=Dictionary=

-(i)nyz

 * Transform into

-(i)w

 * Part of the noun

-Nil

 * Moving

-ug

 * Mana

-qenar

 * Measure

=Writting system=

Umbrean writting system is written from up to down, then left to right



=Example text=

One

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="1" | English ! colspan="1" | Umbrean ! i squared a circle ! Ej qela manfinyz ! colspan=2 | i did the impossible
 * I
 * Ej
 * circle
 * qela
 * Transform into a square
 * manfinyz
 * Transform into a square
 * manfinyz
 * manfinyz
 * }

Common phrases

 * = Go/walk/run to tartarus or go to hell
 * = Directly How is rygnar? but means What time is it? or How much is the clock
 * = The Union of Confederate Umbrean Republican States