User:The Kaufman/Store/1

General information
The Eastern Trade Language is a language used in the Far East of Arga (Bangku Kingdom, Oloos Zaiinda) as a trade language. Of real languages, it can be compared to Turkic languages (with some native lexicon).

Vowels
Sounds marked with asterisk are allophones.

Alphabet
The ETL was always used only as a spoken language, but we will use a modified form of Latin alphabet.

Phonotactics
The syllable structure can be one of the following:

Overview
The language is basically VSO, so one should say "Man goes to the wide river" as "Evü yavo uxtan tän kelen", which can be literally translated as "Goes river wide to man".

Overview
The basic ETL noun phrase is like that (example noun dezäräkdäsätiz - of our dictionaries):

Declension of nouns
The plural of nouns is indicated by -ät or -at (according to vowel harmony). If a noun ends in vowel, the plural ending becomes -sat or -sät. In plural, endings are agglunated to the noun.

Ezafe
The ezafe ending (which connects nouns to adjectives) is -o or -ö (according to vowel harmony). E.g. yav uxtan means "river is wide", but yavo uxtan (with ezafe) means "wide river".

Aux. verbs
The aux. verbs are following:

em - identical to "be"

bet - id. to "have"

it - id. to "there is"

ü - indicates that a verb is pluperfect

gȋ - indicates that a verb is repeated past

Present tense
Present tense is expressed by simply detaching the infinitive ending (-ȋr/ir) and attaching the appropriate ending.

Past tense
The past tense is expressed by -(a)d- infix.

Resultative past tense
The resultative past tense is expressed by adding the -tun- infix instead of past tense infix.

Future tense
The future tense is expressed by -(a)n- infix.

Unconfirmed verb
The unconfirmed verbs are formed by adding -s- after the tense infix.

Confirmed verb
The confirmed verbs, on the other hand, are added by adding -r- after the tense infix.

Aorist
In ETL, aorist expresses mostly time adverbs. E.g. the subject bez, the verb dagȋr and the object dar becomes bez dagdak am (we often say it), bez dagȋkdak am (we never say it), and bez dagdaksak am (we always say it).

Past aorist
The past aorist is formed by adding -gȋn- infix instead of past tense.

Present aorist
The present aorist is expressed by adding -ak- instead of the present tense infix.

Negative
Negative is formed by adding -ȋk- infix after the verb root.

Past participle
The past participle is formed by adding -san infix. E.g. salȋr becomes salsan.

Adjectives
Adjectives do not have declension nor do they have singular/plural agreement. E.g. amaso atur (beautiful woman) in plural becomes amasato atur.