Vöxek

=Setting=

Vöxek is a language that I have been creating since 2006. It does not have a basic objective, it is for fun and I always have fun with it. It is not complete yet. The grammar is very easy and simple. I have been always thinking about making it very simple. Maybe the pronunciation can be hard, but it is just to adapt it to your mothertongue or studying phonetics. No worries.

In the beginning I had no notions of languages, but I studied various languages to have more notions. At the beggining, I had to stop because it was becoming a "New German", because I only knew the German language. So I understand a lot about this subject now and I could add more influences, as below.

Free to contact me.

email: [mailto:eid_monovoxx@hotmail.com eid_monovoxx@hotmail.com]
=Origins=

What .. took from which language?

Here there are some influence of the languages that I used as basis, or at least for comparison.

Vöxek is a Germanic/Scandinavian language, an entirely new classification which I had the pleasure to implement. Thus, it is more likely that you find vocabularies/structures in Vöxek connected with this category.

Even though, it's a very wide form of classification, which opens gates to uncountable interpretations about how it has been made, how it has been set, but when I say it's a Germanic/Scandinavian language I want to say that the majority of the influences came from that root, though it's only general. The synthesis made below does not mean that in any way, all words belonging to the class mentioned were fully copied from the real language, but that a few words of this class were influenced by the system of that language, in the formation/creation of the new word in Vöxek.

Influenced? Yes!

Do you know why do the Scottish people pronounce the word "fight" as "feicht", or "dead" as "deed" or they do not say "gone", but "geed"? Why do the Irish people say "Do you have money on ye" instead of "Have you got money?" (GB) or "Do you have some money?" (US)? Why do the same Irish make a distinction between the forms of the pronoun "you" in the plural form as "youse" if every speaker know that "you" for singular and for plural are the same thing in English? And what about the typical Irish word "fecking"? Why do the Australian say "lyk" for "lake" and "tyk" for "take"? Why do the British say "betttta" while Americans would surely correct: "beddur"? An Irish would say "betshurr" while the same would ask a Scottish guy "What, (sorry)?" as he would say "be' ah".

An easier one: why can't a foreign pronounce a language exactly like the native people of that language? It's typical. Even stereopypical. Russians can't say the letter w in English: one (said "wane"), water, would, world.. what do they put there instead? They use the letter V! Vane, vaterrrr, vuuLLd, veerrrLLd is what I can do to make you remember a Russian accent. Some can say: I already knew it, other can wonder: why does it happen? Have you ever tried to imitate an accent? What's the main thing about it? To a German accent: "Ai'LL tRRai tu du sohmseen betaah": the strong -r realisations, the non-realisation of the -th sounds like -ð, but like -s, or -z, or -f or -d, which occurs in French too, and what about the melody in the Italian accent, or the shaking-head English of the Japanese, or Chinese? Those are stereotypes, of course. It's impossible, and I would say stupid, I mean, stewpid, to generalize the speech of so many people in a few ignorant "rules". But it does happen, and we can't deny that many people speak like the stereotypes say, if not, they wouldn't exist. And the why is: influence.

Who gets this influence? People who speak English with an accent which differs from the Original English (I would call it Original English to make it simple, though many linguists would disagree with this term), and non-native English speaking people. In other words, evrybaddie. Ops, everybody.


 * non-native English speakers speak English with their mothertongue influences. That is what give us the opportunity to hear a German accent, an Italian accent, a Brazilian accent etc.

"Everyone speaks with an accent. You may speak English with an accent from a different region in the United States (or England). You may speak English with an accent because English is not your first language. You may speak French with an English accent. In our world today, people move from state to state and from country to country. One thing that we take with us no matter where we move is our accent." available at:  accessed in 5/7/2011; my parenthesis.

"An accent is a way that a person or large group of people (generally grouped by a nationality or specific area) speak. Despite the language, there may be some variation in how that group speaks. Those could be through long / short vowels, speed of talking, intonation, diction, stress syllables, formality when speaking to others, pitch, and slang." available at:  accessed in 5/7/2011


 * native speakers of variations of the English language received the influence of the Original English language, applied on the language that was spoken in the territory before. In some cases, there was the effourt to impose the new language on the population.

" Scots was the official state language of Scotland for around 400 years in the Middle Ages. It lost its importance due to major political events in the 17th century. After a long absence, it is now finding a place again in Scottish education. [...] 'In 1603, James VI of Scotland assumed the throne of England, uniting the two kingdoms. And in 1611, James authorised a translation of the Bible to be read by all his subjects in English. The removal of the court from Edinburgh to London and the sanctioning of English as the language of worship was a double blow to the fortunes of Scots. The language lost its status in Scotland. English was the new language of power and poetry and over time the ruling and professional classes did their best to forget their Scots tongue . The 18th-century philosopher David Hume famously sought to edit out what he called his ‘Scotticisms’, or Scots words and expressions, from his writing in English." available at: ' accessed in 5/7/2011; 'my underline

"Danish : Jeg kender ham ikke; Scots : A dinna ken him; English : I don't know him; ''Dutch: Ik ken hem niet." 'available at: ' accessed in 5/7/2011;''

That is why we have impregned in the Gaelic language English-loan words like -briecfasta and -doras. I am sure you can guess what they mean even if you have never heard about Gaelic before, and I tell you that it's the language that was spoken for the majority of the people in Ireland before. And guess what? It also received the influences I am talking about, not only in the epoque the British came there, but also in its formation: Celts came with the language I'd say "pure", the Viking came with their Scandinavian traces, the Anglo-Normans with their French bagagge, so we had the Irish language before the English influence.

"That English has had a considerable influence on the structure of Irish is only to be expected given the dominant position of English in Ireland since at least the mid 19th century (Stenson 1991, 1993)."

"One measure of the extent to which English words have been integrated into Irish is whether they can combine with Irish prefixes and suffixes. For instance, the augmentative prefix an-, found in native combinations like an-suimiúil ‘very interesting‘, an-bhródúil ‘very proud‘, is also found with many English words, e.g. an-funny (no lenition), an-weird. Sometimes, the English word occurs in combination with the prefix in one specific meaning from English, Bhí an-night againn san ostán ‘We had a great night (of entertainment) in the hotel‘, Bhí an-time againn ‘We had a great time’."

"On the level of syntax there is a strong influence of English, despite the typological differences between the two languages. The reason for this somewhat paradoxical situation is that there are certain structural parallels between Irish and English which facilitate the transfer of English patterns. English phrasal verbs and verbs with prepositional complements are particularly common in Irish (Doyle 2001a, 2001b, Veselinović 2006) as are direct translations of English idioms. These are usually translated word for word, something which is possible in quite a number of cases:" Bhí sí déanta suas mar cailleach. ‘She was done up as a witch.’ [was she done up as a witch]Thóg sé tamall fada ceart go leor. ‘It took a long time sure enough.’ [took it time long right enough]

Bhí orm súil ar an t-am a choinneáil. ‘I had to keep an eye on the time.’ [was on-me eye on the time COMP keep]

Caithfidh tú d’intinn a dhéanamh suas. ‘You have to make your mind up.’ [must you your mind COMP make up]

available at:  accessed in 5/7/2011

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">''“An early form of the Irish language was brought to bronze age Ireland and Britain by the iron age Celts, who inhabited Central Europe some three thousand years ago. The Celtic languages (which are a branch of the an "Indo-European" family of languages) consist of the' 'Continental' 'Celtic languages (consisting of Celtiberian, Gaulish, and Galatian), and the' 'Insular' 'Celtic languages of the so-called British Isles. This Insular group is further divided into the' Brythonic 'group, consisting of Cumbrian, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton of which only Welsh and Breton have survived into modern times, and the' Gaidhdelic (or Goidelic) 'group of Scots Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, and Irish Gaelic (known in Ireland simply as Irish).”''

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[...]

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">''“The' 'Viking' 'invasions between the eighth and tenth centuries A.D. left lasting traces on the culture and language of the population, and many typically Scandinavian words are found in modern Irish, in particular those relating to ships and navigation. The next settlers, the' 'Anglo-Normans' 'in the twelfth century, brought with them a French influence, most notably on the Irish literature of the period and especially noticeable in the southern dialects.' ''

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[...] During the period 1200-1600 Irish was the dominant language in the country, though some within the educated and aristocratic classes were bilingual.”

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">available at: <http://www.gaeilge.org/irish.html> accessed in 5/7/2011

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">or stil...


 * the English they speak today was influenced by the language which was spoken there before:

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">''"Irish has influenced English in some ways. Answering a question by repeating the subject and appropriate verb (am/are/is/was/were, has/have/had, do/does/did, will, etc) (e.g.”I am”, “He did”, “We do”) instead of “Yes” or “No” has a source in Irish, whose grammar dictates that yes/no questions be answered with the verb (e.g. “An deir sé? Deir sé.” “Does he speak? Yes.”) The non-standard “I do be” is based in Irish as well, whose non-copular verb “to be” has two present tenses, one for how things are – “I am at work” – and one for how things are frequently – “I am at work every day”, which in some parts of Ireland might be spoken as “I do be at work every day”, or even “I do be at work”, which differs from “I am at work” in that the former means “I’m regularly at work” and the latter means “I’m at work now”. Dropping “do/does” is also possible but rarer: “I be at work in the mornings”." ''available at: <irishenglish.com> accessed in 5/7/2011

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"The influence of Irish on the way we speak English goes way beyond the odd loan-word being inyroduced into everyday speech. We often say things like "Have you any English?" instead of "Are you able to speak much English?" Literally from the Irish "An bhfuil aon Béarla agat?" available at: <www.wordreference.com> accessed in 5/7/2011 In Irish, you have a language if you speak it.

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Did you realize that the influences do exist even in languages that are "strong" today? In Portuguese, there are, if not a few, many French words, or words with French influence: boate (boîte); abajur (abbajour); buffet (buffet) etc; also English words and German words make part of the language.

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">And what about foreign influences on the English language? Is the language of the Yankees a wall against influences? Of course not, and far from it. I'd say it receiveS much more influence than any other language.

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tycoon (Japanese), manager, bureau (French), ice, name (German), substitution; education, democracy, psycology (Latin and Greek); and those are only a few examples. There are hundreds or maybe thousands. Don't you believe? <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language_influences_in_English> and <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_loanwords_by_country_or_language_of_origin> and <http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/cananan/beurla/faclan.html>

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Did you realize that there are (many) languages which were formed, or received strong influences in their formation? If not, here is another example:

<p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">"Scots is the closest sister language of English but it has plenty of European cousins. Bearing in mind its Germanic origins, it should come as no surprise that the German word for cow is kuh. Dutch, Frisian and Flemish also have a lot in common with Scots –kennen for to know (Dutch), twa for two (Frisian) and broek for trousers (Flemish).

<p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">And with a history interwoven with our neighbours across the North Sea, Scottish people already have a considerable knowledge of Scandinavian languages before opening a Danish, Norwegian or Swedish dictionary –hus for house (Danish), barn for child (Norwegian) and bra (pronounced braw) for good (Swedish)." available at: <http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/knowledgeoflanguage/scots/introducingscots/europe/index.asp> accessed in 5/7/2011

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">One living language influences other living language too (try to think how many English words 'entered' in your language if you are not a native-speaker, mostly the computing related words are a good example.)

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">With this, I want to show that, and answer the most frequent asked question I get by people: "Of which language did you 'copy' it?"

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Vöxek is not a copy of any language existing today, or a copy of a language that existed in the past. It is a different language, with, yes, influences of the languages I used as basis. There are languages that influenced Vöxek that, maybe I don't and won't never know they exist or existed in the past."

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">_______________________________________________________________________________

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">OLD ENGLISH - ''"Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southeastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon." <''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English> accessed in 5/7/2011; see also: <http://www.anglik.net/englishlanguagehistory.htm>

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It is possible to say, in some ways, that the entire Vöxek language came from this old language, because if we stop to think about the lack of foreign influences Ænglisc received on that time (remember I'm talking about a time around the 10th century), and the number of languages it influenced afterall, we can securely realize it can get the status as the "grandmother tongue" of great part of the languages spoken today:

=
''"In the course of the Early Middle Ages, Old English assimilated some aspects of a few languages with which it came in contact, such as the two dialects of Old Norse from the contact with the Norsemen or "Danes" who by the late 9th century controlled large tracts of land in northern and eastern England which came to be known as the Danelaw." '<''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English> accessed in 5/7/2011=====

=
''"The second major source of loanwords to Old English were the Scandinavian words introduced during the Viking invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries. In addition to a great many place names, these consist mainly of items of basic vocabulary, and words concerned with particular administrative aspects of the Danelaw (that is, the area of land under Viking control, which included extensive holdings all along the eastern coast of England and Scotland)." 'available at <''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English> accessed in 5/7/2011=====

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As Latin is the major-ancestral (there were other influences, as the Classic Greek) language of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, Old English is the major-ancestral (Old Norse was the other) language of Vöxek. It does not mean that you have to look up for Old English to learn Vöxek, as far as you do not need to learn Latin in order to learn French or Spanish. The influences were token "alive", which means that Vöxek, even though it has been born to this Old mother or grandmother language, it received direct influences, infuences of our time, of the languages alive today, not from the 10th century. This justifies that you don't even have to know what Old English was to its speakers to know something about or learn Vöxek. In the other hand, if we analyze only the phonology, forgetting, so briefly, the other components that make up Old English language, we can already realize how alive it is still being today, even after the Great Vowel Shift (transition from Middle to Modern English), and even being dead for centuries.

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">OLD NORSE - ''[...]"is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300." <''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse> accessed in 5/7/2011

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As we commented above, that Old English is the "mother-language" of many today-spoken languages. Old Norse is also one of those mothers. The above passage tells us that Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia. The most spoken languages in Scandinavia today are Norwegian (I am not considering the Nynorsk or the Bokmål variations being different languages, but just one.), Danish, Swedish, and maybe we could consider Icelandic and Faroese, even they are most spoken in their countries, not located in Scandinavia. Those are the languages that I took for influence to Vöxek, even knowing, as above explained, that these languages are derived from Old Norse.

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">''"The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands; the descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish andSwedish. Norwegian is descended from Old West Norse, but over the centuries it has been heavily influenced by East Norse, particularly during theDenmark-Norway union."''

<p style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The picture below shows the areas where the languages were spoken in the 10th century.


 * native speakers of variations of the English language received the influence of the Original English language, applied on the language that was spoken in the territory before, that is what impregned the Gaelic language of English-loan words like -briecfasta and -doras. I am sure you can guess what they mean even if you have never heard about Gaelic before, and I tell you that it's the language that was spoken in Ireland before the British came.

''“An early form of the Irish language was brought to bronze age Ireland and Britain by the iron age Celts, who inhabited Central Europe some three thousand years ago. The Celtic languages (which are a branch of the an "Indo-European" family of languages) consist of the' 'Continental' 'Celtic languages (consisting of Celtiberian, Gaulish, and Galatian), and the' 'Insular' 'Celtic languages of the so-called British Isles. This Insular group is further divided into the' Brythonic 'group, consisting of Cumbrian, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton of which only Welsh and Breton have survived into modern times, and the' Gaidhdelic (or Goidelic) 'group of Scots Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, and Irish Gaelic (known in Ireland simply as Irish).”''

[...]

''“The' 'Viking' 'invasions between the eighth and tenth centuries A.D. left lasting traces on the culture and language of the population, and many typically Scandinavian words are found in modern Irish, in particular those relating to ships and navigation. The next settlers, the' 'Anglo-Normans' 'in the twelfth century, brought with them a French influence, most notably on the Irish literature of the period and especially noticeable in the southern dialects.' ''

[...]

During the period 1200-1600 Irish was the dominant language in the country, though some within the educated and aristocratic classes were bilingual.”

available at: <http://www.gaeilge.org/irish.html> accessed in 5/7/2011

or stil...


 * the English they speak today was influenced by the language which was spoken there before:

''"Irish has influenced English in some ways. Answering a question by repeating the subject and appropriate verb (am/are/is/was/were, has/have/had, do/does/did, will, etc) (e.g.”I am”, “He did”, “We do”) instead of “Yes” or “No” has a source in Irish, whose grammar dictates that yes/no questions be answered with the verb (e.g. “An deir sé? Deir sé.” “Does he speak? Yes.”) The non-standard “I do be” is based in Irish as well, whose non-copular verb “to be” has two present tenses, one for how things are – “I am at work” – and one for how things are frequently – “I am at work every day”, which in some parts of Ireland might be spoken as “I do be at work every day”, or even “I do be at work”, which differs from “I am at work” in that the former means “I’m regularly at work” and the latter means “I’m at work now”. Dropping “do/does” is also possible but rarer: “I be at work in the mornings”." ''available at: <irishenglish.com> accessed in 5/7/2011

and it can be, mostly, due to the (British) invasions formerly.

OLD ENGLISH - ''"Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southeastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon." <''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English> accessed in 5/7/2011; see also: <http://www.anglik.net/englishlanguagehistory.htm>

It is possible to say, in some ways, that the entire Vöxek language came from this old language, because if we stop to think about the lack of foreign influences Ænglisc received on that time (remember I'm talking about a time around the 10th century), and the number of languages it influenced afterall, we can securely realize it can get the status as the "grandmother tongue" of great part of the languages spoken today:

=
''"In the course of the Early Middle Ages, Old English assimilated some aspects of a few languages with which it came in contact, such as the two dialects of Old Norse from the contact with the Norsemen or "Danes" who by the late 9th century controlled large tracts of land in northern and eastern England which came to be known as the Danelaw." '<''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English> accessed in 5/7/2011=====

=
''"The second major source of loanwords to Old English were the Scandinavian words introduced during the Viking invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries. In addition to a great many place names, these consist mainly of items of basic vocabulary, and words concerned with particular administrative aspects of the Danelaw (that is, the area of land under Viking control, which included extensive holdings all along the eastern coast of England and Scotland)." 'available at <''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English> accessed in 5/7/2011=====

As Latin is the major-ancestral (there were other influences, as the Classic Greek) language of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, Old English is the major-ancestral (Old Norse was the other) language of Vöxek. It does not mean that you have to look up for Old English to learn Vöxek, as far as you do not need to learn Latin in order to learn French or Spanish. The influences were token "alive", which means that Vöxek, even though it has been born to this Old mother or grandmother language, it received direct influences, infuences of our time, of the languages alive today, not from the 10th century. This justifies that you don't even have to know what Old English was to its speakers to know something about or learn Vöxek. In the other hand, if we analyze only the phonology, forgetting, so briefly, the other components that make up Old English language, we can already realize how alive it is still being today, even after the Great Vowel Shift (transition from Middle to Modern English), and even being dead for centuries.

OLD NORSE - ''[...]"is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300." <''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse> accessed in 5/7/2011

As we commented above, that Old English is the "mother-language" of many today-spoken languages. Old Norse is also one of those mothers. The above passage tells us that Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia. The most spoken languages in Scandinavia today are Norwegian (I am not considering the Nynorsk or the Bokmål variations being different languages, but just one.), Danish, Swedish, and maybe we could consider Icelandic and Faroese, even they are most spoken in their countries, not located in Scandinavia. Those are the languages that I took for influence to Vöxek, even knowing, as above explained, that these languages are derived from Old Norse.

"The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands; the descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish andSwedish. Norwegian is descended from Old West Norse, but over the centuries it has been heavily influenced by East Norse, particularly during theDenmark-Norway union."

The picture below shows the areas where the languages were spoken in the 10th century.



''

MODERN ENGLISH - nouns, adjectives, verbal times, prepositions, grammar rules;

GERMAN - vocabularies, verbal times for the various past tense forms, prepositions, hard pronunciation, grammar, endings, numbers;

DUTCH - double-letters (ee; aa; oo; uu...), verbal times for the various past tense forms, pronunciation, formal way of speaking, verbs, pronouns(personal, reflexive, possessive);

DANISH - hard pronunciation, glottal stops, a voiced dental non-sibilant non-fricative letter or just "half d" as I like to call it (ð), made in a special way for Danish speakers, rather than the -th sound in - th ere, used in the English language; vocabularies, grammar, some letters in the alphabet, some numbers

NORWEGIAN - same Danish

SWEDISH - vocabularies, endings

GREEK/LATIN - words that in English end with -tion are Latin/Greek, vocabularies

ITALIAN - endings - zione, vocabularies

POLISH/TURKISH - letters of the alphabet (with acute (visual changing): ex: ł, ś, ş, ç, etc)

FINNISH - endings, grammar

IRISH - sounds, writting, diphtongs

DEN NÖRGEN å NÖRGENNE (The numbers)

Vom 1 til 10⁶

ET ALVABET å ALVABETTE (The alfabet)

Part 1 > Pure letters

( → = tending to)

(← = or [many possibilities] )





A a [ɑ] → [a] - closed, extended, lips not rounded. Like -aw in Sh aw. It is the sound of -á in Irish words like - á lainn, -tá etc. (Connacht/Ulster dialects).

Æ æ [æ] - almost like the Danish -æ, but made lower in the mouth.

Ä ä [ɛ] - open -eh sound like -a in "f a st" (American accent) or "h ä hn" (German).

Å å [o] - very very closed -o, almost with the mouth closing, rounded. Like -å in Danish -forr å de, but more rounded. Although in fast speech you will not have time to make it so closed.

B b [b] - normal -b..

C c [t͡s] - sound of -ts like Esperanto -s c ien c o /st͡sient͡so/ or -z in German - z ahl, maga z in.

Ç ç [ç] - like -ch in German -mäd ch en (palatal).

D d [d] ← [dʰ] ← [ʔ] ← [ʔ:] ← [ɾ] - a little aspirated, like -dz but very soft if forming syllabes. The Brittish people use this -d. When alone, it is not so aspirated, becoming a normal -d. It can also be very soft, sounding like a tap-r like in American words like -body, -middle or t in -bottle, -myrtle when placed before opened vowels. Sometimes it can be "hidding"a soft glottal stop or a total glottal stop. For example, when it is in the -nd combination before an opened vowel, it configures a total glottal stop: Slender /'slen-ʔ: ɐ/ = slender; Romnder /ʀɔmn-ʔ: ɐ/= spider

When -nd alone, it is a normal stop, usually making a smal nasalization in the last vowel: Strand / 'stʰʀɑnʔ /= beach

These changes in the sounds (called variations) are related to the time/duration of the speech. If you talk very fast, you will not have time to make the sound as the pattern. It takes (a little, okay, but it influences on the speech) time to position the tongue in the correct place for all sounds when they're much far in the mouth. If you talk slowly, you will have time, then you should make them correctly (following the pattern.)

Ð ð [ð] - when forming syllabes is like -th in the English word th at or -ma ð ur (Icelandic).. When alone is the middle sound of -t and -th (voiced). Like -me d, hvi d (Danish). It is possible to write -dh in the word, though the pattern is ð.

E e [e] → [ə] - closed e sound like e in -h e la (Swedish); s ay, d ay , st ay (English) m i j, v ij f, schr ij ven (Dutch - more open, not -æi) - without the trace of ee sound in the end.

Ë ë [aʰ] - open -a sound like in -h e ight, with a bit more air.

F f [f] - normal -f sound but it just can come alone in the word. Like -dasph, never like in - fadd. Always written -ph in the word. A variation for this sound is the unvoiced bilabial fricative.

G g [ɡ] ← [x] - velar sound of g in - g arçon (French); for g et. It can also be affricated (very rare) when after closed vowels.

H h [ɦ] - almost same English voiceless fricative glottal sound. The difference is that this -h is murmured [voiced]. Ex.: Some Brazilian-Portugese dialects: -ca rr o, -Ma rr ocos, -ga rr a.

Ħ ħ [x] - voiceless fricative velar sound. It is writen -gh in the word, like -ghedronken / 'xe-dʀɔn-ken / =drunk or -draghe / 'dʀɑ-xe / =silver.

I i [i] - i sound, but not the short-i sound used in English in words like -b i t or -f i sh. It is made upper in the mouth, more closed. Ex.: -b ea t; sl ee p.

Ï ï [äʏ] → [œy] - diphtonguized letter. It corresponds to a diphtong in Dutch though it is not exactly the same thing. It will sound like -h ui s or -gebr ui ken. For make it more clear, try to figure out how Irish people would say words like -ab ou t, -n ow, -m ou th. That is the correct form (pattern). The Dutch form is just a variation, or allophone, which does not make any changes in understanding.

J j [ʝ] - voiced palatal fricative. Like in Dutch - j aar or in German - j unge, but with more frication.You should close the palate a bit more.

K k [k] - normal -k velar sound. There is no -ck combination.

L l [l] - It is like German or Danish. You should close all the channel. It is not the English -l. Ex.: -a l t, -e ll er, - l össen.

Ł ł [ɫ] - pharyngeal -l sound, but more like the English -w in - w ater, w aitress for forming syllables if you talk fast. Alone is the same -l in -bu l b, -wi ll. It is more close the Dutch -l like in -a l tijd, vo l k, maa l.

In some areas, the Dutch -l stands almost for an -u, and in others, closed like German, forming another syllable in the following articulation. Same occurs with the -r. This letter is more like when it stands for an -u, though it is different.

Notice that this character will only appear in informal writing (very rare), because in the formal way it is never used. The normal -l will sound like described above when it is in the end of syllables.

M m [m] - normal -m.

N n [n] - normal -n. It can also be palatalized if doubled, basically after/before -u, -i or -ui. Like in the word -fhuinneog / 'ŭiɲ-ʔ-ɲiəg / =window.

O o [ɔ] - open -o sound like -h o t but with lips rounded, made upper in the mouth. Check table.

Ö ö [ɘ] ← [ɘʊ] - it is hard to explain. I am not even sure about the correct IPA for it. It sound like -ɘ. Notice that it is not the Schwa. A closer example are words in Brazilian-Portuguese with have the -â character, but it is not nazalized as they do. If you know the character, try to say it with a pure sound (without nazalization), like in words as -eleg â ncia, - â ncora, l â mpada. The other possibility is only used if the -ö is in the end of a syllable. Compare: höce: hö - ce / 'ɦɘʊ - ce /=house //// hösweerk: hös-weerk / ɦɘs - wĕiɹk /

Ø ø [ø] - umlaut -o/e (lips rounded pronouncing -eh). Same IPA sound.

P p [p] - normal -p, a little bit aspirated.

R r [ʀ] ← [ʁ] ← [ɹ] ← [ɣ] ← [r] ← [ɰ] - very complex letter (has many sounds). Forming syllables (initial position) with -a, -å, -o, -u, -ö, -ë it is like German (uvular trill). Forming syllabes with -i, -oi, -io it is trilled in the alveoles (soft). With the remaining consonants, it is mostly a voiced velar fricative, though you can make it uvular if you get time. Inside of a word it is mostly uvular, but it can also be palatalized and velarized depending on the production of the preceding/following sounds. The same occurs in the end, depending on the sounds around it. The last IPA sound written above corresponds to a velar aproximant, used when the -r is before a long vowel. Ex: huu r s. In this case, the variation is the English -r, mostly used in Vöxek after -aa and -oo, although it can be used after any long vowel. It can also grow the level of speed in a vowel, somewhat like occurs in British English words like -fi r st, fai r, cu r e.

These changes in the sounds (called variations) are related to the time/duration of the speech. If you talk very fast, you will not have time to make the sound as the pattern. It takes (a little, okay, but it influences on the speech) time position the tongue in all sounds when they're much far in the mouth. If you talk slowly, then you should make them correctly (following the pattern.)

Ŕ ŕ [ɹ] - represented by -rh, same English -r. It can suffer a retraction. Check table.

Notice that this character will only appear in informal writing (very rare), because in the formal way it is never used. The normal -r will sound like described above when it is in the end of syllables.

S s [s] - normal -s sound like - s oup. Between vowels it has a LITTLE -z sound, very soft. It can be retracted in some cases. Check table.

Ş ş [ʃ] - like English -sh. Normally changed by the combination -skj.

Ś ś [tʃ] - like -ch in - ch eese, - ch eck, or -tj in Danish. Usually written -tskj.

T t [t] ← [tʰ] ← [ʔ] ← [ʔ:] ← [ɾ] - aspirated -t, but softer than C. Don't make confusion with it. It can be replaced by a stød (glottal stop) in some cases or be an soft Spanish R (tap), as in american-English -be tt er, -wa t er. See [d].

These changes in the sounds (called variations) are related to the time/duration of the speech. If you talk very fast, you will not have time to make the sound as the pattern. It takes (a little, okay, but it influences on the speech) time position the tongue in all sounds when they're much far in the mouth. If you talk slowly, then you should make them correctly (following the pattern.)

Ŧ ŧ [θ] - Like -th in English wi th or th ink.It is possible to write -th in the word, though the pattern is ŧ.

U u [u] - like -oo in -f oo t but made upper in the mouth, or Irish -ú. Check table.

Ü ü [y] → [ʏ] - umlaut (u/i). Usually written -y.

V v [f] - just like -f, but for forming syllabes. Ex. -viertel (¼ - German), -vijf (5 - Dutch).

In formal speech this can sound as a soft -w (look below), as some Dutch people make with their -v in - v oor, - v ader in some dialects.

W w [v] ← [ʋ] → [β] ← [ⱱ] - like -v in -ha v e or -w in German - w ohnen if forming syllabes alone.

It is like -waar in Belgian-Dutch (Vlaams) if between vowels, a labial tap if the last vowel is more open. Hard -v sound between vowels is done by using the -bh combination. Alone in final position, it is just a soft labialization.

X x [k͡s] - Like -ks.

Y y [d͡ʒ] - Same -j in English - j oke, - j aguar, - j erk. Remember it is also a vowel (ü).

Ÿ ÿ [ai] - sound of -ai like in German -k ei ne. Never used before -n, at the beginning and end of the word, being replaced by -ej.

Z z [d͡z] - strong -dz sound. But in fast speech you will not have time to make it that strong.

Ź ź [z] ← [ʐ] - represented by -zh, same English -z sound in -cra z y. The variation for this sound is the Dutch production in - z ijn; which is a bit retracted. The normal -z character can represent this sound too, following some patterns.

Part 2 > Letters which suffer some konsonantal aspirazione.

It means some changing in the pronunciation. The tongue would be more relaxed. (Not for all of them.)

bh [v] - it is used for making the v sound between vowels, instead of ʋ, if w were used.

ch [c] - it is kind of Irish thing. Same as -i kk e in Danish. Take a look to the IPA.

fh [---] - it doesn't represent any sound. It is used when the word starts with a diphtong that represents one unique sound and in words with more than 1 syllable.. Example: fhuinn / 'ŭiɲ-ʔ-ɲ / =mole

jh [ɟ] - the voiced combination for ch. Another Irish thing, in words like -Gaeil g e.

lh [ʎ] - same as Spanish -ll or Portuguese -lh in -ca ll e, cebo ll a; ca lh a, ma lh a, nava lh a.

mh [ʋˠ] → [βˠ] - there isn't much to explain. It is just a velar ʋ sound (more approximant than fricative), also with a glottal variation which occurs in words like -ghrouwmharh / 'xɹau-βˠəɹ / =above average growth

It can also be approximant, depending on the context.

sh [ħ] - it is a pharyngeal sound, not very used around the European Community.

vh [b] - it is just a replacement for b, which can be used anywhere.

yh [ʒ] - it is the sound of -s in some English words like -mea s ure, -plea s ure, more common in French, like in -pla g e, eta g e.

nn [ɲ] - more Irish things. It is like Portuguese -nh in cami nh ão or Irish -nn in bhfui nn eog.

DIPHTONGS

> Which represent a single vowel

io [ɨ] - it is kind of hard to explain. You must check it on the audio sample by clicking in the symbol. Example: fhiomhont / 'ɨvˠɔnt / =night;

io [ʉ] - it is the sound above but with lips more rounded. Example: fhoirëst / 'ʉ -ʀaʰst/ =forest;

ï ï [ɞ] - it is the /ɜ/ sound but with lips more rounded. It is not a common vowel because it is not completely voiced. You must interrupt a little the airflow in the glottis when pronouncing it. Example: trouwmhïïr / 'trˠau-βˠɞrˠ / =thunder;

oe [œ] - the ɛ sound, but with lips more rounded. Example: moelk / 'mœlk / =milk;

It is a good example to remember the sound of -l and -ł as described above. In informal speech, that -l will sound like the German -l in - l os, while in formal speech it will sound like -hee l in Dutch.

ie [ɪ] - the English -i sound in -b i t, -f i t;

ea [ɜ:] - long /ɜ/ sound, not rounded. Example: learskj / 'lɜ:ɰʃ / =deep or gheleardt / 'xe-lɜ:ɰʔdt / =learned.

-en (end of word) [ə] - it is the Schwa in words like -int er national or -int er mediate. Only used in fast speech. Example: keennen / 'kĕin-ʔ-nə / =to know

>Which represents a long vowel

aa [ɑ:] - no secrets. It is just to make the ɑ sound bit longer. Example: spraaken / 'spʁɑ: -ken / =to speak;

åå [o:] - now making the o sound longer; Example: iblåån / i-'blo:n / =sometimes/occasionally

ij [i:] - same above, but for i sound. Example: hyveij / 'hy-fe-i: / =vagina;

oo [ɔ:] - same, but for ɔ. Example: joortskjen / 'ʝɔ:ɰ -tʃen / =see you later;

uu [u:] - now for u. Example: huurs / 'hu:ɰs / =horse.

>Other diphtongs

>>Schwa-vization

ëa [aʰə] - there is no many things to explain here. I will follow with examples: skjmëat / 'ʃmaʰət / =smart

ia/eo [iə] - Example: ghrian / 'xʀiən / or / 'xɹiən / =sun

oa [ɔə] - Example: loan / 'lɔən / =loan

ua [uə] - Example: ghruainn / 'xʀuəiɲ-ʔ-ɲ / or / 'xɹuəiɲ-ʔ-ɲ / =green

>>With e ae [ɑe] - Example: Shaen / 'ħɑen / =proper name

ëe [aʰe] - Example: hëe / 'haʰe / =here

ue [ue] - Example: huerrk / 'huehk / =little horse

>>With i ai [ɑi] - Example: domhaiŧ / dɔ -'vˠɑiθ / =very good

ei [ei] - Example: eirskj / 'eiɹəʃ / =Irish

ui [ŭi̘] - Example: sjuimmen / 'ɧŭim-ʔ-men / =to swim

>>With u au [ɑu] - Example: Rauph / 'ʀɑuf / =proper name

eu [ɔi] - Example: teulen / 'tʰɔi-len / =to talk

èu [eu] - Example: skjèulen / 'ʃeu-len / =to get up

iu [iu] - Example: semhiu / 'se-vˠiu / =lenition

ou [ɔu] - Example: kought / 'kɔuxt / =participle of cut

öu [ɘu] - Example: vröukyst / 'fʀɘu -kyst / =breakfast

>> Other

ee [ĕi(ʔ)] - Example: geebt / 'gĕibt / =participle of give or een / 'ĕi-ʔ-n / =indefinite article (a/an)

TRIPTONGS - QUADRIPTONGS

>Without final labialization

aai [ɑ:i] - Example: klaaim / 'kʰlɑ:im / =claim

aau [ɑ:u] - Example: Klaaus / 'kʰlɑ:us / =proper name

eei [e:i] - Example: breeid / 'bɣe:id / =bread

eeu [e:u] - Example: leeuden / 'le:u-den / =climb a mountain

iju [i:u] - Example:

ieu [ɪu] - Example:

oou [o:u] - Example: woounen / 'vo:u-nen / =to live

> With final labialization

aauw [ɑ:uʋ] - Example: laauw / 'lɑ:uʋ / =law

eeuw [eiuʋ] - Example: leeuw / 'leiuʋ / =lion

ieuw [ɪuʋ] - Example: nieuws / 'nɪuʋs / =news

ööuw [ɘ:uʋ] - lööuw / 'lɘ:uʋ / = low (with more emphazis)

> Others

ouw [au] - rhouw / 'ɹau / =row

SOME RULES (basic)

It has two forms to write. Separatif and Grøter. It means some changes in the structure.

Ex.: De kid er am heure höce (Separatif)

Kid de er heure höce m (Grøter)

Both meaning The kid is in his house

Den kwijnen här með heuren vamilien til de park gørt (Separatif)

Kwijnnen här heuren vamilien með park ke til gørt (Grøter)

Both meaning (The) little kids went to the park with their families

Grøter form can "compact" articles, prepositions or everything that has some influence in the noun.

The sentence order in Present Tense is SVO (Subject-Verb-Object)

I will represent separatif for S and grøter for G.

Ex.: Jag her een hönd (S)

Jag her hönd de (G)

Both meaning "I have a dog"

For past tenses (formed with the verb -to have) the order depends on the time that passes from the time of speaking.

Subject - Verb hagen (to have) in the present tense -      object      -      participle verb

JAG    |                HER                        |   EEN HÖND       |        SET

(I saw a dog) or I have a dog seen

Subject - hagen - participle verb - object

JAG    | HER  |      SAGT      |    DEJ

(I have told you)

=Example text & more = THIS IS A SIMPLE TEXT IN WHICH EVERYTHING HAPPENS ON THE PAST. IT IS IN THE SEPARATIPH INFORMAL FORM

Dét wer dét ......

Jester her een serr hanöf kwijnis með heare vamilie til de SkjopCentre gørt. Hear her i een störh een teu set. Hear her an heare mædre spørgt whis hear kune dat teu haggen.

De mædre her "jë" sagt en her dét keuvet. De kwijnis her står birkömt, så ðem her til hoom gørt.

THE SAME TEXT IN GRØTER FORM

Dét wer dét........

Jester her serr hanöf kwijni sse heare vamilie með SkjopCentre t til gørt. Hear her störhŕem teu tte set. Hear her heare mædre m spørgt whis hear kune teutte haggen.

Mædret her "jë" sagt en her dét keuvet. Kwijn sse her står birkömt, så ðem här hoom til gørt.

See the difference? The text can be littler and without little words like prepositions and articles.

NOUNS

In Vöxek, to express respect for someone is easy. It is just to use the correct pronoun and forms related to it.

INFORMAL

Jag - I

Du - You

Heu/Har/Dét - He/She/It

________________________

Wi - We

Dun - You (plural)

Ðem - They

FORMAL

Eek - I

Die/Jee - Sir (Mr/Miss) / You

Hee/Zee/Dét - He/She/It

_____________________

  Wee - We

Dien/Jeen - Sir (plural) (Mrs/Miss's) / You (plural)

Ðee (Heen/Zeen/Dét) - They / He/She/It (plural)

VERBS - INFORMAL FORM

I am going to explain it using the informal way, baceuse it is the maneer which it is more used.

For the formal way, the grammar changes almost completely, becoming [almost] a new language] (okay I was kinda exagerated).

In Vöxek, the verbs have a particularity. They have plural form (!) Yes, thats it. If the verb is used with 1st, 2nd or 3rd person/plural and if it is regular, it goes to its plural form.

Infinitive -&gt; termination is unique, and correspond to the regular plural form: -en

Ex.: honen (to eat) &gt;&gt; radical: - hon ; ending: - en (to eat)

høren (to hear) &gt;&gt; radical: - hør ; ending: - en (to hear)

yorten (to think) &gt;&gt; radical: - yort ; ending: - en (to think)

Also, there is a form to express infinitive, used in some grammar parts i'll explain later.

It is by adding the word -att before the verb and removing the -en

att hon

att hør

att yort

PRESENT TENSE

Add -er to singular

So we have (Informal) &gt; Jag, Du, Heu/Har/Dèt &gt; hon er /hør er /yort er.

The other ones will be like the infinitive (plural).

Past tense

It is like examples in the beginning, with the verb -to have

TO HAVE = HAGGEN (irregular)

Jag her

Du her

Heu/Har/Dèt her

Wi här

Dun här

Ðem här

To the past tense (something that has finished), -hagen is conjugated in the present+verb participle

As I used singular examples above, now I use plural form.

&gt;&gt; Ðem här dét [jädt] sagt

(They said it or "They have it [already] said")

To express something that still happen, the order changes:

&gt;&gt; Ðem här sagt dèt

(They have been saying it or "They have said it")

Note the difference:

Ðem här dét sagt (finished)

Ðem här sagt dét (still in progress)

Just the order can tell you the difference. The words are the same (!)

To express things like -could, -would etc there are some words, but there is also a verbal time called -past vutur- that (I think) English does not have.

Basically, could = kune or kåd (it depends on where it is placed) and would = wune or wud

FUTURE

This can be simple for Indo-European languages speakers, because future is done by adding some futural word. Ex.: German: werden; Danish/Norwegian: skal ; Swedish: ska ; English: will  etc

Formula: Subject+wil+att+verb without -en+verb+object

Ex.: (S) Jag wil ät se een ønsk

(G) Jag wil ät se ønsk ke

There are more types of future, as happens to the past. I won't put here because its more complex. Free to message me, i can send my PowerPoints explanations.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

NOUNS

As my personal opinion, I HATE male/female atribuitions for things. So I started to think about an structurated gender formation. Structurated doesn't mean difficult. By the way, it is the simpler one I know.

1. Articles (I hate them)

As all Indo-European languages have them, so Vöxek has them.

Before talk about articles, I have to explain the genders. In Vöxek there are 4 ones.

Know..

''KOOME GENDRE ; ENKER GENRE ; NEUTRE GENDRE [divided]&gt; käse 1 ; käse 2  Koome words are called '"K.E." '''words. By this name, you can always infer that a koome word will start by a consonant and end in a vowel.

Enker words are called''' "E.R." '''words. By this name, you can always infer that a enker word will start by a vowel and end in a consonant.

Neutre käse 1 is when the word is started and ended by a consonant

Neutre käse 2 is when the word is started and ended by a vowel

&gt;&gt;&gt;

Koomen separatiph artikelen AND Neutre1 separatiph artikelen

Singular                       Plural

 DE         Definited      (DEN) [not necessary]

EEN        Indefinited     ''' '''

Ex: De sÿne er i den strøde [after i, the article is always den, even if the word is not in the plural.]

(The sign is in the road)

Vomdëgh her jag een stør huurs set

(Today I saw a big horse)

Koomen grøter artikelen AND Neuter1 grøter artikelen ( ADD TO THE END )

Singular                     Plural

T     Definited

R     Indefinited

Ex.: Sÿnet er strødet am

Vomdëgh her jag stør huursse set

Höcet er stør, aben skjtaadtte (er) glið

(The house is big, but the city is little) - you do not need to put the verb -to be (er) again. Opcional.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

ALWAYS THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS ARE DONE BY ADDIND -N OR -EN TO THE END

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Enken separatif artikelen AND '''Neutre2 ''' Singular                         Plural

ET / DE       Definited      (DEN) [not necessary]

EEN     Indefinited

>> ET/DE mean the same thing. The articulation of ET in those cases is more easy, but using DE is not wrong.

Ex.: Et ayer er stør

(The lamp is big)

 Et ønsk er ruug, aben et andre i (er) ikke

(A jaguar is vierce, but the other one is not)

Enken grøter artikelen AND '''Neutre 2 ''' Singular                                                                  Plural

doubled end letter + E         Definited             (Doubled end letter  + EN) [not necessary]

doubled end letter + ER       Indefinited

Ex.: Jag er parkkem nï

(I am at the park now)

Jag wil att wraçt leterrer RødRärremeð

(I will write a letter with the red pen)

Ðem här stør höndde en 4 (viert) kæten.

(They have a big dog and 4 cats)

''So I write little history, "grøtered". I wont mark the grøtered prepositions. Just see the articles.''

Dét wer dét ...

Kwijnner hÿsset Johann. Heu her kruugge nærlæpht, en her gehödt een gelant åp gøren ðär. Som'dëgh, Johann kune ikke warrten mörr timer. Heu er kruugge tilgørt.

... Heu her wålket .. äfterlederet ijnteressanten vijngenvor.. Heu leder arönd ..

Så står, PLÖSLIKT, Johann se leeuwbhe!

- Dét er såå  ruug!" - Heu her yortet.

Leeuwbhe her hunen heuvör skjtërktet. Plöslikt andre timerre, leeuwbhe her STØR gesjwijndskÿtte hapht. Johann her serr väst tretam apgørt.

Lendde vortæler ðët Johann her ikke dungørt, en her ðär døert.