User:Elector Dark/Kti/Nouns

Nouns
Nouns are used to describe objects, beings, events and other things.

Declension
In Kti, nouns have multiple grammatical categories. They are as follows:


 * 1) Animacy
 * 2) Genders
 * 3) Number
 * 4) Cases

Animacy
Kti has a complex animacy system, with several levels of animacy (how "alive" something is).

Animacy is usually divided into the following categories:

Dead: members of this group have been alive at an earlier point in time, but is no longer among the living.

Inanimate: members of this group have never been alive, and due to that fact they cannot die.

Critters: members of this group are unintelligent or semi-intelligent and alive, yet are less intelligent than the group below.

Sentient: members of this grop are sentient, perhaps even sapient, and are capable of abstract thought, speech, logical thinking and reasoning. As with critters, they are alive, else they'd belong to the group of the dead.

Declining nouns through animacy is somewhat different from other declensions, as it doesn't attach prefixes or suffixes, but it adds an infix before the last vowel. If the last vowel is at the very end of the word, the infix is before the vowel preceeding the last one.

Note: these extensions are added to change the animacy of the noun.

×The 'æ' is dropped if it follows a vowel.'' ' ''××It is excluded from diphthong creation.  ×××According to Kti, machines are sentient untill killed, and cannot be rendered inanimate.''

Gender
There are three genders in Kti, masculine, feminine and mechanoid. Each gender differs from the other, logically

''These are easily reckognisable, and the endings are used to mainly change genders than to reckognise genders. To check the gender watch for an -e, or a -æ at the end of the word, that relates to a basic female.*''

*The male form is the basic form, with no special ending

×This is lexical, not morphological.

The gender extensions are added after others, at the end of the word.

Number
In Kti, a standard number system is used (singular/plural), and detecting/changing the number is rather simple:

These extensions are added at the very end of the word, and have priority over everything else.

Note that this only applies to the nominative, since cases have their own plural endings

If the noun ends in a vowel or a diph/triphthong, the vowel or diph/triphthong is removed and the suffix added.

Cases
The case of a noun or pronoun is a change in form that indicates its grammatical function in a phrase, clause, or sentence. Cases usually indicate where is what according to what, the main senteance parts or grammatical roles, and the direction of movement. Kti has an extraordinary amount of cases (28 cases) and each case has singular, plural, mechanoid, feminine, and masculine forms, and there can be multiple forms per category depending on the word.

Kti, being a nominative-accusative language, has the nominative as the basic case. In the following examples, I will use the word 'Akasha' (Mother Goddess) for the introduction to basic cases(Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Instrumental, Locative):

The meanings of the examples are:

Akasha is in nominative, and indicates the Mother Goddess.

Akashina can mean something from Akasha (I took knowledge from Akasha), or is made of Akasha (I am made of Akasha, it means you have simmilar virtues as Akasha).

Akashæm denotes movement of something to or towards Akasha (I am moving towards Akasha, means your death draws near and you will die in peace) or giving something to Akasha (I said my prayers to Akasha).

Akasham usually marks Akasha as the direct object (I saw Akasha)

Akashon denotes communication towards Akasha, calling Akasha (Akasha, Mother Goddess, beginning of a prayer).

Akashasem marks Akasha as an instrument (With Akasha, using Akasha as an instrument to fulfill your goals), or as company (With Akasha, he passed over, here, somebody died).

Akashasen marks Akasha as the topic of conversation (Talking about Akasha, does she really guide you over?).

The reflexive form of Akasha, Akashanor, does not have a specific meaning without a verb attached to it.

Of course, there are 20 more cases, and for ease of use, I will seperate them into two groups: Advanced Locational and Motional and Others.

Advanced Locational and Motional Cases
As you should have noticed, a basic case, Locative, has some properties of a pure Locational case, but also has a meaning of topic of conversation. This means that Locative isn't a pure locatioal case. An example of a pure locational and motional case would be the Ablative, being that it means moving away from something/someone. These cases differ from the basic because they can be ommited and nothing but the place will be lost. These cases are only used for expressing location, motion and manner of transportation.

The following table depicts those cases using the noun ' Ka'man ' (Hexarch):

Note that you wouldn't usually hear these words in general talk, since you can't move via a Hexarch.

Ka'nem means inside a/the Hexarch, the object of talking must be inside the Hexarch.

Ra'kama means between a/the Hexarch. Note that this is impossible, so a compound is made (Ra'kamaka'man,analysing the word we can get the following: Hexarch-INES Hexarch-NOM, and refers to a nominative 'between the Hexarch and the Hexarch' or 'gap between the two Hexarchs', while the word 'Ka'mara'kaman (Hexarch-NOM Hexarch-INES) refers to a location between the two specified Hexarchs).

Ka'mener means below a/the Hexarch and usually refers to a particular rank below the top. In plural, it means that somebody got a highranking job just below that of the Hexarchy.

Kamen means away/from from a/the Hexarch and usually refers to alienating, but can refer to running away from an attacker that is a Hexarch, but can also refer to an object from the specified Hexarch.

Ka'min means (on)to a/the Hexarch, and doesn't have much sense.

Kamanæm means moving from (the top of) a/the Hexarch, and is hard to use the preceding phrase outside a nonsencial senteance.

Ke'menem means out of a/the Hexarch, and can refer to a favour completed by the Hexarch.

Ka'nam means into a/the Hexarch, and could possibly refer to an invasive surgery.

Kanam roughly means to under a/the Hexarch, and probably has no potential use regarding the Hexarch.

Ka'mæni means through a/the Hexarch, and could possibly indicate corruption of the Hexarch.

Ia'kaman means along a/the Hexarch, and has no use regarding the Hexarch.

Other Cases
Cases that do not fit into the other two categories can be concidered a seperate group, 'Other Cases'. These cases usually convey some additional info, such as whose is what, who has what, who is astranged etc. These cases do not have a significant role to play in the senteance, but are used to make compounds and can overlap. The following example will demonstrate a mechanoid noun, 'Kauris' (meaning 'Power grid' ), declined through these cases, if needed mixed with nominative and other nessecary words:

Kaurimitau means before the power grid, and often has a temporal role. Sometimes, it can indicate priority.

Kaurizekai means without a/the power grid, lacking a/the power grid, with no power grid and shows the lack of something. Rarely, it indicates time (We were better off without the power grid).

Denikauris means against the power grid and could possibly refer to raising charges, leading an attack/ a counterattack against the grid, protesting against, or even leaning against it.

Kauri'kauraz means a/the power grid is/being a/the power grid, in this situation, it doesn't make much sense, but if used in a senteance such as 'He being a Hexarch' it would make sense.

Kauri'kaurisen means a/the power grid (being) equipped with/ decorated with/ (is) containing a/the power grid. This would make sence in a war setting.

Kau'rem means foreign/alienated power grid.

Kauraza means -of a/the power grid, and in this context, the case conveys the info that something is a part of the power grid. It has a different meaning when applied to a senteance such as: 'Pantheon of Akasha'.

Kauri'kauretina means a/the power grid, being a part of a/the power grid, and usually refers to vital parts, but it is not obligatory.

Kaurosime means fearing/fear(s)/avoiding/avoid(s) the power grid, and demonstrates fear of the power grid.

Declining through Cases
As mentioned, the 27 Kti cases each have multiple declensions depending on their ending, containment of voiced/unvoiced fricatives, gender, animacy and others. The declensions are divided into three types: Masculine, Feminine and Mechanoid.

Changes such as fricative de/voicing, vowel removal, vowel change come in some cases.

The following tables depict masculine:

''Notes: ''

*If in contact with a vowel, the vowel is removed and suffix attached as represented

²The vowel indicated in the brackets is added if the suffix doesn't have contact with a vowel

³The consonant in the brackets is added if the suffix is in contact with a vowel

*Removes any vowels that might cause phonotactical troubles.

Notes:

*If in contact with a vowel, the vowel is removed and suffix attached as represented

²The vowel indicated in the brackets is added if the suffix doesn't have contact with a vowel

³The consonant in the brackets is added if the suffix is in contact with a vowel

Note that due to the origins of the gender, not all categories are too different from either of the proper genders.

Syntactical Roles
The section of Case Syntactical Roles covers the use of cases to represent roles in syntax.

The following is the list of cases and their common syntactical roles:


 * 1) Nominative - Subject of verbs, rarely indirect object
 * 2) Genitive - Origin, material, rarely indirect object
 * 3) Dative - Direction, beneficiary, sometimes indirect object
 * 4) Accusative - Direct object, dynamic location
 * 5) Vocative - No distinct role, person to whom the talk is directed
 * 6) Instrumental - Instrument or company
 * 7) Locative - Either general static location or topic of conversation
 * 8) Reflexive - Both the subject and either direct or indirect object, varies
 * 9) Intrative - Inside of modified word
 * 10) Inessive - Varies, generally the location between modified words, or between instances of word if plural
 * 11) Subessive - Location below modified word
 * 12) Ablative - Motion from or object recieved from the modified word
 * 13) Allative - (On)to the modified word
 * 14) Delative - Moving from (the top of) modified word
 * 15) Elative - Out of modified word
 * 16) Illative - Into the modified word
 * 17) Sublative - To under the modified word
 * 18) Perlative - Through the modified word
 * 19) Prosecutive - Along the modified word
 * 20) Antessive - Before the modified word
 * 21) Abessive - Without the modified word, lacking the modified word
 * 22) Revertive - Against the modified word
 * 23) Identical - Marks the modified words as being the same
 * 24) Ornative - Marks the part of the word as having the second, the second is marked
 * 25) Adventive - Marks the word as foreign
 * 26) Possessive - Marks the word as a possessor of some other word
 * 27) Partitive - Marks the first part of the word as a vital segment of the second, the first is marked
 * 28) Anessive - Marks the word as a receiver of despise or being feared or avoided by some other word