Pd+j

Pd+j, usually known as Pd{++j or Pd{;;[:xjq], is a jokelang created by ICantEdit. It features a ridiculous phonology as well as equally strange grammar. Pd{+j is not part of the Pencilcosmos, and is a standalone project.

Some notable features of Pd{++j are its very unorthodox method of determining case, how adjectives can be encoded within the phonetic properties of the noun stem, and how all roots start as nouns.

Classification and Dialects
Pd{+j can best be described as extremely polysynthetic. The language has no dialects.

Consonants
Every single consonant has their own labialized, palatalized, aspirated, lengthened, extra lengthened, and extra-extra lengthened forms.

Nouns
Nouns in Pd{++j are very strange. Instead of conventional case marking (e.g. usage of syntax, particles, or affixes), the consonant cluster after a noun stem determines what noun case it is (if the consonant cluster extends into another argument of the sentence or meets a vowel, it will end). Each consonant within the cluster has a specific "value"; their values will be listed below:

Stop/fricative: 1

Palatalized/labialized/lengthened/aspirated stop/fricative: 1.5

Approximant: 0.5

Extra-lengthened stop/fricative: 2

Extra-extra lengthened stop/fricative: 2.5

Palatalized and aspirated stop/fricative and labialized and aspirated stop/fricative: 2

The corresponding noun cases are:

2 = nominative

2.5 = reflexive (reflexive can also be created by lengthening the stem of the noun and adding the copula, also obtaining a value of 2.5)

3 = accusative

4 = genitive

4.5 = both genitive and locative, can signify inalienable possession

5 = locative

6 = dative

7 = allative

8 = ablative

9 = benefactive

{, ., +, and ,
If the case is not correct, "{" will be added after the cluster and the value will be adjusted via "+", ".", and ",".

; or + increases the value of the cluster by 1.

, decreases the value of the cluster by 1.

. decreases the value of the cluster by 0.5.

The operations are performed from left to right, although it can technically be in any direction due to the writing direction not being specified well.

Special Markers
Phonetic properties of roots can determine their qualities. They are:

Voiced consonants are generally considered to be living.

Stops are considered to be solid and hard to change.

Fricatives are considered to be easily changed/altered, and also are liquid.

Approximants are considered to be gaseous and more abstract.

Verbs
Verbs and adjectives are not distinguished in Pd{++j.

Verbs take on tenses as well as a wide variety of moods and aspects.

All verbs take an default ending (-q).

You can use -w to form opposite forms of verbs (it is different from negating the verb).

There is a special affix (l) which serves as the iterative aspect. It can also be used to negate habitual aspect (which is usually unmarked), and cannot be applied in the future tense. If it is added onto a stative verb, the stative verb will automatically be put into the past tense.

The future tense can sometimes be created by negating the perfective aspect, and it is also used to negate verbs.

"lj" can serve as habitual as well as.

All adjectives are verb phrases part of a relative clause.

Relative Clauses
If a noun serves as the head of a relative clause and is in a case other than nominative in the higher clause, its case will be marked via { and ;/,/., and put at the end of the relative clause, and its case within the relative clause (usually nominative) will be marked right after the noun stem.

Passive Voice
Passive voice in Pd{;;j is handled extremely weirdly. A set of alternate case markers are suffixed onto the (relative) clause, and each part is modified individually by using { and counting the cluster which includes the subject of the clause as well as everything inbetween.

Syntax
The usual morpheme order is SOV, although technically it is free (due to the noun case system).

Example text
Pd{;;;;.};[:xjq][p[ssq]]{;x}-;;;[]-w

Pd{;;j is a language.

idea-physical.thing.ANIM-(NULL (INAL and NOM))-REL-REFL-make.bad-(specifier)-physical.thing-REL-see-(NOM (ACC))-COP-(end of clause)-(accusative case and relative clause specifier)-(passive voice specifier)