Besanese

Consonants

 * 1) /ŋ/ appears only in the syllable coda.
 * /s, z/ are palatalized [ɕ, ʑ] before /i, j/
 * 1) /h/ is palatalized [ç] before /i, j/; and is bi­la­bialized [ɸ] before /u, w/
 * 2) /ts, dz/ may be pronounced [tɕ, dʑ] by some speakers before /i, j/
 * 3) /ɾ/ is an alveolar flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset; and is [l] in the syllable coda.

Vowels
Monophthongs

Diphthongs


 * 1) /uɪ/ is a falling diphthong [uɪ] after a consonant in a syllable; and is a rising diphthong [wi] at the start of a syllable.

Triphthongs

Positional allophones
Besanese consonants have two principal positional allophones: initial and final. The initial form is found at the beginning of a syllable and the final form is found at the end of a syllable. All plosives [p, t, k] are unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] at the end of a syllable. Final [ɾ] is a liquid [l].

Vowel harmony
Traditionally, the Besanese language has had strong vowel harmony; that is, in pre-modern Besanese, native words adhered to vowel harmony. It is not as prevalent in modern usage, although it remains strong in onomatopoeia and conjugation. There are also other traces of vowel harmony in Besanese.