Entegwa

This is the page about the Entegwa language. This language is part of the Yárima Bantu language group. This language has most in common in terms of vocabulary and some grammatical features with Entesi but it also has some aspects in common with Fangwa although this influence is less prevalent.The word order is SOV but it is head initial.

This is the first description: of the language:

Pronouns
inzé = I

inú = you (sing)

iná = he/sh

itú = we

ivú = you (plural)

ivá = they

The pronouns also have short versions like in Entesi: nze = I, u = you, a = he/she, tu = we, vu = you (plur), va = they

The first person plural doesn't distinguish between inclusive and exclusive like Entesi and is in this respect more like Fangwa.

Verbs
In Entegwa all verbs end with the suffix  gu  like in the verb vona gu  = to see. The conjugation has 4 tenses (present, recent and remote past, future) and 3 aspects (perfect, past habitual and progressive continuous)

Tenses
nze vona ya  = I see (present)

nze vona di  = I saw (recent past)

nze vonaga = I saw ( remote past)

nze vona la  = I will see (future)

Aspects
nze vona me  = I have seen (perfect)

nze vona su  = I used to see (habitual)

nze vona re  = I am seeing (progressive)

This system is elaborate but not all the conjugations are used in everyday speech, the progressive is being expressed as being 'in the act' of doing something: nze  nwe vona = I am seeing (lit: I am in the act of seeing). The progressive also has a past form in everyday speech: nze nwe vona di  = I was seeing (lit: I was in the act of seeing). The perfect can also be expressed though a construction: nze maya vona = I am seeing ( maya  is the short form of the present tense of the verb  maza gu = to finish (the full form is '' mazaya.  There is also a past tense form: nze  madi vona = I had seen ( madi  is the short form of  mazadi '' (the full past tense form).

Numbers
1) mohe 2) bede 3) tasu 4) nyei 5) tonu 6) tonu no mohe 7) tonu no bede 8) tonu no taso 9) tonu no nyei 10) koma 100) gime 1000) gale 1000.000) fugo 

The numbers from 11 to 19 are formed in a similar way to Entesi : first comes the lesser numeral + 10

mohe no koma = 11 (lit: 1+10); bede no koma = 12; tasu no koma = 13;  nyei no koma = 14; tonu no koma = 15; mohe no tonu no koma (short form*: montonu no koma) = 16; bede no tonu no koma (short form*: bentonu no koma) = 17; taso no tonu no koma (short form*: tantonu no koma) = 18; nyei no tonu no koma (short form*the : nyentonu no koma) = 19 (*the short forms are used in used in everyday speech)

The numbers between 10 and 50 are: koma bede = 20; koma taso = 30; koma nyei = 40; koma tonu = 50

The number for 60 was borrowed from Oseroa: konshande because the native form  koma tonu no koma  is too long and a bit confusing. But Oseroa uses base 6 to count and  Entegwa  uses base 10, so for that reason the numbers for 70, 80, 90 were borrowed from Entesi: somboma = 70; nonoma = 80; kendoma = 90

The same strategy was used for the multiples of 100 and 1000: the number for 200, 300, 400 and 500 are form using the native construction gime+numeral (2/3/4/5), the number for 600 was borrowed (with a sound change) from Oseroa, the numbers 700, 800, 900 were borrowed from ''Entesi. In the same way the numbers 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 are formed using the native method, the number 6000 was borrowed (with again a sound change) from Oseroa, and the numbers 7000, 8000, 9000 were borrowed from Entesi. ''

So gime bede = 200; gime tasu = 300; gime nyei = 400; gime tonu = 500;  zanshande/ginshande*  = 600 ( this numeral has two forms the first form is directly borrowed from Oseroa; the second form was coined from gime (100) and the Oseroa numeral for 6:  shande  ); somb ime  (borrowed from Entesi and the ending changed in analogy to  gime  {100}); nonime = 800; kendime = 900

gale bede = 2000; gale tasu = 3000; gale nyei = 4000; gale tonu = 5000;  ngushande  = 6000; sombale = 7000; nonale = 8000; kendale = 9000.

fugo bede = 2000.000; fugo tasu = 3000.000; fugo nyei = 4000.000; fugo tonu = 5000.000;  fushande  = 6000.000 ( again borrowed from Oseoa with a sound change to fit the analogy of fugo ( 1000.000); sombugo = 7000.000; nonugo = 8000.000; kendugo = 9000.000 (borrowed from Entesi with a sound change to fit the analogy of the ending of fugo (1000.000).

Noun classes
Like all the other members of the Yárima Bantu-conlangs Entegwa also has a noun class system. Entegwa uses suffixes just like Entesi and this feature sets them apart from the other languages in this group like Fangwa, Oseroa and Fangwezi which all use prefixes.

The first class -mo/-va refers to humans, e.g, zhana mo  (lit. child- the {sing}) - zhana va  ( child- the {plur}) = the child - the children

The second class -ne/-de refers to animals/insects: enzha ne  - enzha de  = the dog - the dogs

The third class -mu/-mi refers to plants/fruits/vegetables, e.g. te mu  - te mi  = the tree - the trees

The fourth class -ge/-ve refers to inanimate objects/tools: tavo ge  - tavo ve  = the book - the books

The fifth class -ma refers to certain fluids, e.g. zhe ma  = the water

The sixth class refers also known as the verb class uses the suffix -go, e.g. vuga go  = to speak

The seventh class -vo/do denotes abstracts nouns: vona vo  - vona do  = the view/sight - the views/sights

Special Features
Entegwa also han an inessive noun class that it shares with Entesi and Oseroa although the way that it is formed in Entegwa differs slightly.

Entegwa nemva = (a) house; nemvage = the house, nemvanwe = in a house (nwe is the inessive suffix); nemva nwe ge = in the house ( the inessive suffix goes before the noun class suffix). This differs from Entesi where the equivalent would be: nyomvakimoy (nyomva-ki-moy = house- noun class part-in), the noun class particle goes before the inessive partile.

Sample text
romimo zhema nuvaya = the man drinks water (man-human cl part. water-fluid cl. part drink-present tense)

Entegwashe tuvugaya = we speak Entegwa ( Entegwa-language class part. we-speak- present tense)