Sdrafyaot



Sdrafyaot (IPA: ˈstrafyəot), known in English as Stravian or officially Neostravian, is a partially constructed language of heavy North Germanic influence that is the leading of the three national language of the Kingdom of Stravia. The language was constructed originally in 1314 by the Acstuvaci Rebellion leaders Ólafar Gudrunsson, Þorin Erosvard, Vilhjálm Helnkenge and other associates in response to the Paleostravian language being illegalized by the Christian missionaries in the 13th century and following the First Stravian Rising. The language has since evolved to become the Stravian language as it is known today.

Classification
Stravian is an a posteriori Indo-European language and part of the Nordic Germanic group, as it is an evolved form of the West Norse Language. Stravian shows influence from Paleostravian, Icelandic and Old West Norse.

Consonants
The Stravian language has a some significant dialectal difference in phonology, found mostly due to the North/South divide of the Stravian nation, with the southern dialects influenced greater by Icelandic. The language contains monophthongs and diphthongs, which are represented by mono- and digraphs. Only monographs are considered distinct letters in the Stravian alphabet. The language is mostly orthographically phonemic. 1 The phonemic value of the digraph tj is [tʲ], [ʨ] or [c] dependent on speaker.

2 The phonemic value of the digraph sj is [sʲ], [ɕ] or [ç] dependent on speaker.

3 The phonemes [h] and [ɦ] are allophones.

Vowels
4 The phonemes [ɪ] and [ʊ] are found only in diphthongs.

5 The phonemic value of a is between [a] and [ä] dependent on speaker, however in the northern dialects of Stravian the value is [ɑ] when preceding l or r.

Vowels can be long or short. They are long when leading or when accented.

Alphabet
The Stravian alphabet is ordered:

Orthography
Letters can only be doubled when in compound or borrowed words, or in the graphemes ll, nn or rr. Stress falls on the fist syllable of multi-syllabic words, except when it is marked by an accented long vowel.

Copulae
The Stravian language has only one copula, eð (to be), which comes in 9 forms dependent on tense, person and number.

Articles
As Stravian words are genderless, the sole definite article is -(i)d, which can be used on singular and plural nouns, and may be omitted in titles or proper nouns.

manid - the man

stjarnad - the star

dalnesid - the valleys

The sole positive indefinite article is inn.

inn husjar - a house

There is one negative indefinite article - cenn - which denoted not having or not being something. The word can also denote not doing if placed before a verb, or can denote not being of a certain quality when used as a prefix on adjectives and adverbs. This does not change the stress on the word, which remains on the root.

Ig hafa cenn buc. - I do not have a book. (Lit. I have no book.)

Ech  éð cenn talida. - You are not talking.

Tað éð ceblar. - It is not blue.

Er éð cefljasclig laira. - He is not learing quickly (Lit. He is not quickly learning.)

Nouns
Nouns decline only to number, and have only a singular and plural form. The plural form is denoted by -(e)s or by -a in nouns ending in the letters l or r.

hynt → hyntes - dog → dogs

fjatla → fjatlas - mountain → mountains

bair → baira - city → cities

Adjectives
Adjectives in Stravian may be placed before - as possessive adjectives always are - but most often after their respective nouns, which undergo no declination regardless or number or position. All adjectives except colours, possessives and ordinals end in the letters c, i, or t.

inn eplji rauð - a red apple

epljis rauð - red apples

Verbs
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, aspect and mood. A verb lies at the nucleus of a clause, with a copula, modal or auxiliary verb following the subject if necessary. These control the aspect and mood. A copula, modal or auxiliary verb may start an interrogative sentence. Every standard verb comes in 3 forms due to tense. The present, past and future. The present tense uses the infinitive form of the verb, which in standard verbs aleays ends with the letter a. The past tense is formed by the prefix ca(n)-, and the future tense by the suffix -r.

All the following examples use ig (I) as the subject and ech (you) as the object.

Modal examples use gét (can).

Adverbs
Adverbs always fall before their respective verbs.

Syntax
Stravian clauses follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, as with most Germanic languages. A modal or auxiliary verb will move between the subject and the verb, while a copula will follow the subject or modal/auxiliary verb. In interrogatives, the copulas, modal or auxiliary verb will lead the clause.

For example:

Stravian: Ig eðu igair cantálida cel Vilhjælm syr mer husjar nei.

Transliteration: I was yesterday talking to William about his house new.

Translation: Yesterday, I was talking to William about his new house.

Pronouns: Farnaordh
Person : Subject : Object : Possesive : Reflexive 1st singular : Itś : Itś : Itśe : Itśecér 2nd singular : Ech : Ech : Echeu : Echeucér 2nd singular (fm) : Tjeryt : Tjeryt : Tjeryto : Tjerocér 3rd singular (m) : Er : Er : Ere : Erecér 3rd singular (f) : Íre : Íre : Íreio : Írecér 3rd singular (n) : Te : Te : Teo : Teocér 3rd singular (g) : Mán : Mán : Mana : Manacér 1st plural : Vjan : Vjan : Vji : Vjinocér 2nd plural : Źu : Źu : Źue : Źueocér 3rd plural : Thai : Thai : Thaia : Thaiacér

Demonstative Pronouns : Farnaordh Demonsharta
This : Theta These : Theta -es That : Sem Those : Sem -es

Prepositions : Faorsetningar
about : syr across : chlum after : pér ago : goch among(st) : medhál at : ét before : pria behind : hjınds between : tuin by : aol for : śág from : orzág in : í off : yr on : á over : ven through : hroy to : cel toward : celeao under : njuf with : śac without : naor

Conjunctions : Tengsljum
(al)though : thóter and : els because : sırn but : ca else : alzga either : túr if : il neither : atúr nor : ceng not : ce or : gjïm than/then : tar whether : jjyc while : chlón

Basics : Grunyrn
yes : jás no : ce excuse me : itś escaordei hello : haila goodbye : cvédhja hi : há please : gethi sorry : avsocjénarbedhni thank you : echtaca (no) thanks : (cew)tátsh welcome : vélcomhin good morning : ácrá mergın good day : ácrá dheg good evening : ácrá prianjít good night : ácrá njít

Interrogatives : Spyrnar
who : uan whose : uan -es what : uaiır where : uaeır when : uatir why : uai how : haúı which : iuyca

People : Mániscjes
child : cjíndur parent : foreldri adult : fulaordh grandparent : afore grandfather : aforetánit grandmother : aforeamýdhir great-grandparent : grafore great-grandfather : graforetánit great-grandmother : graforeamýdhir boy : drenur girl : stulca man : mánıdzh woman : cornır brother/bro' : brodhır/bro sister/sis' : syster/sís father/dad : tánitre/tá mother/mum : mýdhir/ma son : sonúr daughter : daotır husband : śacmánıdzh wife : śacornır partner : śacmániscje cousin : cuazina uncle : fránim aunt : fránicjor nephew : fráned neice : fránulst

Numbers : Njumjar
0 : nól 1 : ein 2 : tuér 3 : tríg 4 : fjúr 5 : fima 6 : segás 7 : śao 8 : áta 9 : nio 10 : tju 11 : elfu 12 : týlv 13 : trígtánj 14 : fjúrtánj 15 : fimatánj 16 : segátánj 17 : śaotánj 18 : átatánj 19 : niotánj 20 : tuértju 21 : tuértjuein 22 : tuértjutuér 23 : tuértjutríg 24 : tuértjufjúr 25 : tuértjufima 26 : tuértjusegás 27 : tuértjuśao 28 : tuértjuáta 29 : tuértjunio 30 : trígtju 40 : fjúrtju 50 : fimatju 60 : segástju 70 : śaotju 80 : átatju 90 : niotju 100 : hundradh 1'000 : tusónd 1'000'000 : miljaon

Amounts : Fjarádhir
all : alar any : ynáe every : vert many, much : marchir some : sumýr few : fair none : ce more : meir less : mín

Colours : Litır
red : raúıdh orange : óghaoź yellow : gulïr green : gránj blue : blar purple : purparı pink : baicar black : svardz white : hvitan brown : brún

Times : Sinïm
afternoon : siwdhegís dawn : dúgun day : dheg dusk : chold evening : prianjít morning : mergın midday : midheg midnight : midhnjít night : njít sunrise : sólnceijır sunset : sólnsétar today : theta dheg tomorrow : maorcándanzigs tonight : theta njít twilight : midhwliós yesterday : ijegár

Days : Tágar
Monday : manarwtágar Tuesday : tridhırwtágar Wednesday : midhvikwtágar Thursday : fímwtágar Friday : frúswtágar Saturday : laúıgarwtágar Sunday : zonýnwtágar

Months : Mandhir
January : januar February : fevruar March : martś April : april May : mai June : juni July : juli August : águst September : sépwtempar October : ócwtopar November : nowfempar December :﻿ dewśempar