Samsprak (work in progress)

Introduction
Welcome to my Conlang wikia! I haven't come up with a real name for it yet, so Samsprak will be the placeholder name. Samsprak means language.

Conlang Goal
This language is going to be entirely personal. I might use it for some future project which involves world building, just to broaden my linguistic and geographic creativity a little bit. It will primarily be about how the language would be used in speech, although I might come up with a writing system later. For now, its natural orthography will be the Latin script. Since I really like applying as much grammar as I can, the language could turn out to be a bit too complex. Perhaps I’ll recreate it later as a simpler version. Note: I should keep changing it until it’s perfect. I shouldn’t be stuck with a language I don’t like.

Grammar Stuff
- Adjectives

Types: ''action/from noun or verb: -dí, color: -jí, person: -kí, quality/opinion: -rí, size: -ví, state: -ní, other: -tí, time: -sí  Forms: comparative: mer-, superlative: mös-, exceedance: pre-, negative comparative: min- negative superlative: mis-, neg exceedance: pes-''

Adjectives in their nominative form always end in -í. Luckily, there are patterns which help you identify what kind of adjective it is.

- Cases

The case markers will replace the vowels in the end of a word.

Long vowels cannot be replaced. However, with adjectives, the í moves to the back of the word.

If the word has a definite article, the ending vowels will stay and the case marker will come behind the -n.

- Genders (4):

masculine animate -i, feminine animate -a, ambiguous animate -o, neuter -e

Genders mostly matter in verbs and pronouns, but not so much in nouns. In fact, in verbs it’s required to state a gender, although -o is frequently used in ambiguity.

You will also come across gender vowels in pronouns, titles, and other things that have to do with people or other living beings.

Nouns almost always end in vowels, but the vowel often isn’t a correct representation of the gender. However, animate gendered nouns do always end in their respective vowel.

- Other (infixes and suffixes)

Augmentative infix -ulk - mæni (man) > mænulki (big man)

Diminutive infix  -iat - mæni (man) > mæniati (boy)

Plural suffix  -j (always goes before the definite suffix)

Definite suffix  -n

Person (title) suffix  -lo (affected by gender) - Juvakajar (to sell) / Juvakajlo (salesperson)

Place (of purpose) suffix  -pa - Juvakajpa (store)

- Parts of speech modifiers

Note that these serve as common guidelines and not as strict rules.

Adjectives can be formed from nouns by removing the last vowels, and the last consonant in case the noun ends in -t or -d. Then dí can be added to complete the modification. Adjectives can also be formed from verbs by removing the infinitive -r and the preceding vowel.

Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by pasting an -e after the -í. This -e then takes the long form of the -í.

Nouns can be formed from verbs by removing the -r. This doesn't always make sense, but generally, it works.

Verbs can be formed from nouns by adding the -r with a preceding vowel. This vowel is often the same as the vowel used before the infinitive marker. Just like making nouns out of verbs, this doesn't always make sense either.

- Pronouns

Pronouns are also affected by cases, exactly in the same way as nouns are. The only irregular thing is the 3rd person singular, which ends in a long vowel that cannot be replaced or removed.

- Tenses (6):

past simple, present simple, present perfect, present continuous, future simple, future perfect 

- Verbal nouns

You can take the infinitive of a verb, add an n, and then repeat the last vowel to form nounified verb.

vesar > vesarna, nomor > nomorno, hölder > hölderne, etc

- Vowel 'harmony?':

There are two groups of vowels you aren't likely to see together. Although this only applies to the root of a word. Two words, each containing another group of vowels, can be stuck together to make a new word, thus making the seeming harmony obsolete.

There is one exception here, the vowel "i". This one commonly appears in group 1, but can also often appear in group 2.

Group 1: a o u 

Group 2: æ ö y e

Pronouns
Pronouns are also affected by cases, exactly in the same way as nouns are. The only irregular thing is the 3rd person singular, which ends in a long vowel that cannot be replaced or removed.

Just like verbs, pronouns heavily depend on gender.

Noun Cases
The case markers will be placed in the end of the word. It will in most cases replace the vowels in the end of a word.

Long vowels can in no case be replaced and will always stay where they are.

If the word has a definite article, the ending vowels will stay and the case marker will come behind the -n.

When the word is originally in plural, an extra vowel + j will be added to the case marker.

Nominative -

Mæni je kvira/Mænij je kviraj (A man and a woman/Men and women)

Mænin je kviran/Mænijn je kvirajn (The man and the woman/The men and the women)

Accusative -ut / -uit

Mæni juvamotí talut/Mænij juvamotij taluit (A man buys a house/Men buy houses)

Mænin juvamotí talonut/Mænijn juvamotij talonuit (The man buys the house/The men buy the houses)

Dative

- (to/for) -eþ / -eiþ

Mæni juvamotí talut kvireþ/Mænij juvamotij taluit kvireiþ (A man buys a house for a woman/Men buy houses for women)

Mænin juvamotí talonut kviraneþ/Mænijn juvamotij talonuit kviraneiþ (The man buys the house for the woman/The men buy the houses for the women)

- (from) -oþ / -oiþ

Kvira motá talut mænoþ/Kviraj motaj taluit mænoiþ (A woman gets a house from a man/Women get houses from men)

Kviran motá talonut mæninoþ/Kvirajn motaj talonuit mæninoiþ (The woman gets the house from the man/The women get the houses from the men)

Genitive

-possessive, alienable ('s) -s / -si

Kviras talov/Kvirajs taloiv (A woman's house/Houses of women)

Kvirans talonov/Kvirajns talonoiv (The house of the woman/The houses of the women)

Kvira mistá talov/Kviraj mistaj taloiv (A woman has a house/Women have houses)

Kviran mistá talonov/Kvirajn mistaj talonoiv (The woman has the house/The women have the houses)

-passive possessive, inalienable (of) -son / -soin

Note: inalienable objects include body parts, family, and really good friends.

Kviras herkiatson/Kvirajs herkiatsoin (A woman's child/Children of women)

Kvirans herkiatonson/Kvirajns herkiatojnsoin (The child of the woman/The children of the women)

Kvira mistá herkiatson/Kviraj mistaj herkiatsoin (A woman has a child/Women have children)

Kviran mistá herkiatonson/Kvirajn mistaj herkiatojnsoin (The woman has the child/The women have the children)

-relative, partitive, passive possessive (of) -ov / -oiv

Kapi vrisov/Kapij vrisoiv (A glass of water/glasses of water)

Kapin vrisanov /Kapijn vrisajnoiv (The glass of water/The glasses of water)

Vrisklulka nönesmerov/Vrisklulkaj nönesmeroiv (A sea of the north/Seas of the north)

Vrisklulkan nönesmernov/Vrisklulkajn nönesmernoiv (The sea of the north/The seas of the north)

Note: Don't worry, you can also just say "nönesmervrisklulka"

Locative

-inessive (in) -as / -ais

Bauvas/Bauvais (In a building/In buildings)

Bauvanas/Bauvanais (In the building/In the buildings)

-superessive (on) -am / -aim

Bauvam/Bauvaim (On a building/On buildings)

Bauvanam/Bauvanaim (On the building/On the buildings)

-adessive (at/by) -av / -aiv

Bauvav/Bauvaiv (At/by a building/At/by buildings)

Bauvanav/Bauvanaiv (At/by the building/At/by the buildings

-intrative (between) -al / -ail

Bauval/bauvail (Between a building/Between buildings)

Bauvanal/Bauvanail (Between the building/Between the buildings)

-suressive (above) -an / -ain

Bauvan/Bauvain (Above a building/Above buildings)

Bauvanan/Bauvanain (Above the building/Above the buildings)

-subessive (under) -ap / -aip

Bauvap/Bauvaip (Under a building/Under buildings)

Bauvanap/Bauvanaip (Under the building/Under the buildings)

-elative (from inside) -es / -eis

Bauves/Bauveis (From inside a building/From inside buildings)

Bauvanes/Bauvaneis (From inside the building/From inside the buildings)

-illative (into) -en / -ein

Bauven/Bauvein (Into a building/Into buildings)

Bauvanen/Bauvanein (In the building/Into the buildings)

-ablative (from outside) -el / -eil

Bauvel/Bauveil (From outside a building/From outside buildings)

Bauvanel/Bauvaneil (From outside the building/From outside the buildings)

-allative (towards)  -et / -eit

Bauvel/Bauveil (Towards a building/Towards buildings)

Bauvanel/Bauvaneil (Towards the building/Towards the buildings)

-perlative (through)  -er / -eir

Bauver/Bauveir (Through a building/Through buildings)

Bauvaner/Bauvaneir (Through the building/Through the buildings)

Instrumental

-instructive & comitative (with) -um / -uim

Mæni hailí kvirum/Mænij hailij kviruim (A man walks with a woman/Men walk with women)

Mænin hailí kviranum/Mænijn hailij kviranuim (The man walks with the woman/The men walk with the women)

-privitative (without) -uh / -uih

Mæni hailí kviruh/Mænij hailij kviruih (A man walks without a woman/Men walk without women)

Mænin hailí kviranuh/Mænijn hailij kviranuih (The man walks without the woman/The men walk without the women)

Verbs
Verb conjugation

Notes:

- In speech, the long 3rd person sg. vowel tends to be dropped when gender specification is unnecessary.

- The 3rd person sg. vowel is always long.

- All the o’s you see in the table represent gender and can be changed accordingly.

masculine animate -i, feminine animate -a, ambiguous animate -o, neuter -e

- Imperative has more options than in most languages, similar to Turkish. For example, the 3rd person imperative can be used by instructing anyone to deliver the message to the 3rd person.

- Impersonal verbs can easily be formed by using the 3rd person sg. Remember to use the intransitive infix if there’s no object.

Vesar (To Be)

Indicative

Kajar (To Give)

Imperative

Additions

(vesomin, vesosin, etc.: -in/-ni suffix denotes past tense)

(vesuom, vesuos, etc.: -u infix denotes future tense)

(vesoho, vesoto, vesojo: extra end vowel indicates clusivity / long vowel in the imperative mood)

(vesojar - vesojom, vesojos, etc.: -oj infix indicates intransitivity)

(vesesar - vesesom, vesesos, etc.: -es infix indicates reflexiveness)

(vesarvo? - vesomvo?, vesosvo?, etc.: -v+(vowel) suffix indicates a question)

(vesarar - vesarom, vesaros, etc.: verb infinitive + personal form indicates frequentative behavior)

Verb Prefixes (all optional, only used in appropriate circumstances)

The prefixes are listed in groups of priority.

juvesar (-ju indicates positivity / exclaims the action; Compare in English: )

navesar (-na negates the verb completely)

pravesar (-pra is a tensile prefix, it denotes that an action has been or will be completed)

nöjvesar (-nöj is a tensile prefix, it denotes that an action is still going on)

jylvesar (-jyl is a conditional prefix, equivalent of if)

kylvesar (-kyl is a conditional prefix, equivalent of could)

sylvesar (-syl is a conditional prefix, equivalent of should)

vylvesar (-vyl is a conditional prefix, equivalent of would)

revesar (-re indicates intent, usually used in past tenses)

jevesar (-je negates intent, usually used in past tenses)

(Still considering if I should add prefixes related to evidence)

Verb Tenses
Tenses in grammar indicate whether an action takes place in the past, present, or future. They also tell whether an action is still ongoing or has been / will be completed. Aspects can also take care of this.

This language covers the tenses and aspects in a similar way as English does.

Past Simple

The man ate the fruit - Mænin nomíni voranut

Present Perfect

The man finished eating the fruit - Mænin pranomíni voranut

Present Simple

The man eats fruit - Mænin nomí vorut

Present Continuous

The man is eating the fruit - Mænin nöjnomí voranut

Future Simple

The man will eat the fruit - Mænin nomuí voranut

Future Perfect

The man will finish eating the fruit - Mænin pranomuí voranut

Adjectives
big - ulkaví

different/other - anatí

early - vröksí

eastern - anasmertí

floating - ðrivdí

good - kyrí

late - sensí

loud - lydrí

low - laví

north - nönesmertí

red - surdjí

small - iataví

southern - hindasmertí

western - jertesmertí

yellow - jurjí

Adverbs
a lot/many/much - mej

full (of) - plöf

how - jurd

least - mis

less - min

maybe - mesk

more - mer

most - mös

some (thing) - klika

too (neg.) - pes

too (pos.) - pre

what - hav

Countries, Languages, People
Czech Republic (country) - Tsjekotöre

Czech (language) - tsjekoti

Czech (person) - tsjeksko

Finland (country) - Suometöre

Finnish (language) - suometi

Finnish (person) - suomesko

Denmark (country) - Tantöre

Danish (language) - Tanti

Danish (person) - Tansko

The Netherlands (country) - Lavitöre

Dutch (language) - lavitörti

Dutch (person) - lavitörsko

England (country) - Anklotöre

English (language) - ankloti

English (person) - anklosko

Iceland (country) - Ösletöre

Icelandic (language) - ösleti

Icelandic (person) - öslesko

France (country) - Normatöre

French (language) - normati

French (person) - normasko

Norway (country) - Norþetöre

Norwegian (language) - norþeti

Norwegian (person) - norþesko

Russia (country) - Rosetöre

Russian (language) - roseti

Russian (people) - rosesko

Sweden (country) - Sviþjötöre

Swedish (language) - sviþjöti

Swedish (person) - sviþjösko

Days of the Week
Monday -

Tuesday -

Wednesday -

Thursday -

Friday -

Saturday -

Sunday -

Months
January -

February -

March -

April -

May -

June -

July -

August -

September -

October -

November -

December -

Nouns
accountant - juvalo

activity - korda

agreement - skivo

alcohol - kolo

all / everything - ukaj

arm - höldehara

baby - bibo

back - hindaledi

barista - kavalo

bed - spönkpa

bird - börbo

body - tulo

body of water - vriskla

boy - mæniati

branch - hara

building - bauva

butt - hinda

child - herkiato

coffee - kava

cow - bövo

day - ðak

direction (absolute) - smer

direction (relative) - ledi

disagreement - naskivo

drinking container - kapi

difference - ana

drink - varsi

ear - höre

east - anasmer

effort - arvida

everyone - ukaj herkoj / uherkoj

extension - ruþa

eye - öje

feeling - sinta

finger - hölderuþa

flower - bluma

food - nomo

front - nöneledi

gift - kaja

girl - kviriata

hand - hölde

heart - jerte

horse - verdo

house - talo

human - herko

island - ösle

land - töre

language - samsprak

leader - vozalo

left - jerteledi

leg - hailahara

life - ves

limb - tulohara

man - mæni

message - nota

messenger - notalo

money/currency - juva

moon - unsta

mouth - mudi

night - nuto

north - nönesmer

nose - nöne

parent - bibolo

pig - vörko

pigeon - dövo problem - onkelma

right - analedi

school - maska

sheep - savo

salesperson - juvakajlo

sea - vrisklulka

search - kulka

sleep - spönke snake - esse

solution - kolova

sound - lyde

south - hindasmer

speaker (language) - samspraklo

store - juvakajpa

sun - ansa

thing/unit - uka

time - krono

toe - hailaruþa

vehicle - tæyk

voice - mudilyde

water - vrisa

west - jertesmer

woman - kvira

word - spraka

Numbers
(placeholders)

one - en

two - tve

three - tri

four - vjor

five - vim

six - ses

seven - sjo

eight - ata

nine - nio

ten - tio

Prepositions
to (dative) - eþet

in - asat

on - amat

at/by - avat

between - alat

above - anat

under - apat

from (inside) - eset

into - enet

from - elet

through - eret

towards - etet

with - umut

without - uhut

Verbs
be/exist - vesar

buy - juvamotar

close - slyter

do - kordar

drink - varsir

eat - nomor

extend - ruþar

feel - sintar

float - ðrivar

give - kajar

go - kanar

greet - kveder

have - mistar

hear - hörer

like/enjoy - klæjer

live (somewhere) - talor

lead - vozar

love - lubur

love (romantic) - amar

make an effort - arvidar

make/build - hölder

message - notar

open - ypner

rain - vrisar

receive - motar

say - sprakar

search - kuklar

see - öjer

sleep - spönker

sell - juvakajar

smell - nöner

solve - kolovar

talk/speak - samsprakar

thank - takar

understand - skivor

vote - mudilyder

walk - hailar

wear - mistar amat

Other
and - je

maybe - mesk

no - njær

yes - jup

(clause seperator) - kja

Sentences
Good morning - Kyrutí vrökðakut

Good day - Kyrutí ðakut

Good afternoon - Kyrutí senðakut

Good evening - Kyrutí vröknutut

Good night - Kyrutí nutut

Good night (sleep) - Kyrutí spönkut

Hello - Kvedom (soseþ/toteþ) / Vesso/Vesto kvederin / Kveder! / Kved!

Farewell - Naöjuesoho

See you (later)! - Öjuesoho (mersensí)! / Öju!

How are you? - Jurd sintojos/sintojot?

How is it going? - Jurd kanojé?

What is going on/happening? - Hav kanojé? / Hav nöjkanojé?

I am fine - Sintojom kyrutié

I don't speak English very well. - Nasamsprakom kyrutié anklotut.

Do you understand me? - Nöjskivosvo momeþ?

I don't understand you - Nanöjskivom sosut/totut

Thank you - Takom (soseþ/toteþ) / Tak!

No problem - Arviduh / Arviduih / Navesé onkelmut

How do you say "hello" in Samsprak? - Jurd sprakar "hello" samsprakas?

I see with my eyes. I hear with my ears. I smell with my nose. I feel with my hands. I speak and eat with my mouth. - Öjom momuim öjuim. Hörom momuim höruim. Nönom momum nönum. Sintom momuim hölduim. Samsprakom je nomom momum mudum.

My hovercraft is full of eels - Moms ðrivtæyk misté plöfuit vrisklulkajessuit