Proto-Alemar-Barejine

General Information
Proto-Alemar-Barejine, also known as True Chevin (Kevirriks) is the most recent common ancestor of Alemarese and Barejine. It was spoken in the center of the Chevin peninsula, spreading west inland, or to the east, the coasts and to the surrounding islands (displacing other languages minus Varrit).

Classification
The Alemar-Barejine sub-family started as a dialect continuum until the establishment of unions of city-states under monarchs, which lead to the development of separate languages.

True Chevin is a direct descendant of Proto-Chevin, relating it to other Chevin languages, and more distantly to other Edalith languages.

Sound changes from Proto-Chevin
V= vowel, S=stop, C=consonant, F=front vowel, A=approximant, N=nasal, [+vcd]=voiced, [+vls]=voiceless
 * 1) #S[+vcd][a:, e:] > #S[+vls][a, e] bēlsa > pelsa
 * 2) rS > Sr qvertoi > huetroi
 * 3) Vg > e unless stressed
 * 4) /ʢ/ changes
 * 5) ʢ > h / _[u, w], V_V feqend > vehend
 * 6) ʢ > q / elsewhere
 * 7) nq > q
 * 8) fricative voicings
 * 9) ɸ > β / V_V, _F
 * 10) s > z / i_V, N_, _a unless _a: or [+vls]_ safes > zave
 * 11) fricativizations
 * [t, d, p] > [θ, ð, ɸ] /_[u, w] unless N_
 * 1) w[t, d] > [θ, ð]
 * 2) other consonant changes
 * 3) m > n / _#
 * 4) ng > nj
 * 5) gn > ng
 * 6) Adjacent syllables could now only differ by one height level. /i/ and /u/ lower to /e/ and /o/, respectively, after /a/, and /a/ raises to /e/ after /i/ and /u/. Long vowels did not shift, but instead a preceding syllable would shift to keep the height harmony. Diphthongs did not shift nor induce shifts.
 * 7) vowel changes
 * 8) ej > i / _#
 * 9) w > 0 / V_V, u_
 * 10) j > 0 / _i
 * 11) wow > u:
 * 12) ow > wo
 * : > 0 / V_V
 * [a:, o:] > [aw, ow] unless _[A, #]
 * 1) [aw, ew] > [a:, i:] / _# except in monosyllables
 * u: > ju / [l, r]_ firūna > viriune
 * 1) aj > ae
 * [u, s, t] > 0 / _#
 * 1) epenthesis
 * 2) 0 > e / C_[A, N]# qoislu > qoisel
 * : C > C: unless C is S[+vcd], q, ts, h, z, or before another consonant dīna > dinne
 * 1) Stress shifts to the last long vowel of a word if one is present. Stress also shifts one syllable rightward in verbs when conjugated in the 2nd and 3rd person plural, as well as in participles. Long vowels then shorten.

Consonants
The traditional classification and symbols are shown below.

Vowels

 * Diphthongs are /ei/, /oi/, /ae/, /eu/, /ou/, and /au/. Diphthongs and triphthongs with a first element of /i/ or /u/ are also found (except for */uou/, which is unattested). All other adjacent vowels are pronounced in two separate syllables.

Stress
Stress is typically on the final syllable of the root, though some roots have an earlier stress and some suffixes attract stress. Most syllables are equally timed, though stressed monophthongs are lengthened unless followed by a coda consonant.

Nouns
/p/, /t/, and /d/ regularly become /f/, /þ/, and /ð/, respectively, before all 3rd declension noun endings except for those beginning with oi.


 * The Proto-Alemar-Barejine nominative descends from the Proto-Chevin accusative.
 * Vowel harmony split each Proto-Chevin class in two.
 * The 3rd declension genitive plural is -iu after /l/ and /r/.
 * Inanimate nouns cannot be vocatives.

Adjectives

 * The 1st declension inanimate allative and instrumental singular take the second form if the last vowel of the stem is /a/ and occasionally /au/ (if it originates from a former long /a/).
 * The 1st declension inanimate genitive plural is -iu after /l/ and /r/.
 * The 2nd declension originates from Proto-Chevin's 1st declension adjectives if the last vowel of the stem was a high vowel.

Pronouns
Some personal pronouns retain separate nominative and accusative forms. Where the roots differ, other cases are built on the nominative, except for the 3rd person inanimates, which are formed as if the pronoun were third declension nouns (e)l. The 3rd person inanimate is also never used as the subject. An absence of an explicit subject when the verb is conjugated in the 3rd person is taken to mean the subject is some inanimate.

Definite article
Later True Chevin had developed a definite article in the form of the irregular adjective ko "aforementioned", which tended to be voiced to go in rapid speech.

Verbs
Verbs made irregular by sound changes tended to be 'corrected' by analogy. /p/, /t/, and /d/ regularly become /f/, /þ/, and /ð/, respectively, before all U verb endings except for the 1p present, active present participle, and secondhand and thirdhand past. This also occurs in O verbs which originate from vowel harmony. Stress is on the final vowel of the stem unless marked on the ending.

Secondhand past
Stems where the final vowel is /a/ or sometimes /au/ (if it originates from a former long /a/) take different endings:

Thirdhand past
The thirdhand past takes the same endings as the secondhand, with the /z/ replaced by /v/.

Hypothetical
There is also a periphrastic hypothetical past formed with the hypothetical of fuo + a past participle.

Passive
Passives are formed with a conjugated fuo "do" + a passive participle.