Žamauwyeyh Yatan

Žamauwyeyh Yatan follows an SOV pattern. It is still heavily under construction and if the page could be cleared up (just visually for now, make it easier to look at), that would be much appreciated.

Setting
After watching Avatar, I decided to try to make my first constructed language. Žamauwyeyh Yatan was born! I used French as a loose grammatical base, and as I learn more about languages I will add to it. Due to the fact that I decided to give it a few loan words to make it seem more "real", if it had a country to be spoken in it would be somewhere near France, ideally in a little island in the Mediterranean Sea, called Žamauwya.

Phonology
Pheonetically, it is very similar to Adwan, with no "b" and a Welsh double-l sound.

Phonotactics
Žamauwyeyh Yatan does not consider "sh", "ch", "th", "ng", "hl", or "ai" to be consonant clusters or separate sounds, with a single letter for each of these sounds.

Dictionary
It: nu__ it’s: ni__ and: pé__ of: i, or iy if the next letter is a consonant__ to: hi, or h’ for the same reason as above (reason A)__ if: mu, or muk for reason A__ a/an: u, or ut for reason A__ the: še, or šey for reason A__ that (thing, not like, <>): to__ this: ti__ who: kéna / ména /mén__ what: méla/ mél__ where: lika/mika/ mék__ how: kotan__ why: téča / méča / méč__ when: qyet__ because: čqé (ch-k-ay, chkay), potégka if formal or old Jamauwyi___with: menu or: tsu___but: šu___that (like <> in French): la___for: pa__ ever: kéyté___like, similar to: poka, po, or pok for reason A___so: tsa on: su___more: mau, mauw for reason A__ also: kéra___at: ko, can be used like “au” in French___a bit: kri, in small amounts___a lot: kra, in large amounts__ which: ki___other: lùta, diacritical mark for differentiation from “lutī”__ no: ké, or key/ke’lt for reason A___kingdom: tođa___next: perčo___beautiful: perša__ thing: liy___by: ro___from: hé ___each: ré Dog: čos___cat: tasé__ game: šam___dishes: vasli (not plural in NJ)___world: kaču__ verb: pešta___stupid: keto__ group: teišé___day: фo___night: tal___child: yatu___disaster: loki__ just: kor___big: ja, like “ya”, but “ja” only if there is no other “y”-like sound in the same word__ language: yeyh___nothing: keliyt___please: ğérau__ nice: jéru___pain: deču___mean: kotar__ power: pe’a___happy: kayà___sad: čayà

Example text
Lo ke pudešačémé kra= He would hit me with the palm of his hand a lot; literally: He me hit-withPalm-3rdPersonSingular-pastTense-conditional in-large-amounts.

The book:

Chapter 1
Pronunciations of foreign diacritic symbols and fricatives are shown in Chapter 4.

In the New Jamauwyi language, there is only one verb type and no genders. This verb type is called an “~ī” verb. There are as many pronouns in New Jamauwyi (NJ for short) as in English. These are:

Kan=I Tri=You

Lo=He Ži=She

Šo=One Takan, ta’an, or taan (or čan)=We

Čo=They

There are also the separate forms of pronouns (I’m not sure what they’re called):

Ke=Me

Tre=You, like <> in French

Le=Him Že=Her

Take, ta’e, or tae (or ča’e)= Us Či or če=Them

For we, us, and they, the most common variations are Takan, ta’an, take, ta’e, and či. Now, for pronunciations. “Kan” is like a cross between can and con, can if you would need to say it quickly. Tri is like tree, ši is like she, and šo is like show. Takan is like kan with “tah” at the beginning, ta’an is like dragging out the “a” sound intan, but it sounds either like “taaaaaahn” or “ta-” “-an”, where you break it up with a slight “uh” noise by shutting of air halfway through. Taan is just “taaaaaahn”. Čo is like show, but with a “ch-” sound at the beginning instead of a “sh-” sound.

The other pronouns are harder, but follow a general rule of pronunciation, as they are pronounced much like Japanese syllable characters— but that probably doesn’t help, so… Ke=kay, tre=tray, le=lay, she=shey, take=tah-kay, and ta’e is the same kind of thing as ta’an, but more like ta’ey. Tae is like “tah-ey”.

Now that that’s over, we can do verbs.

“~ī” or “ai” verbs

Kan ~ Tri ~é

Lo/Ši/Šo ~a (sometimes just an apostrophe works, unpronounced; instead of “a”)

Takan ~o

Čo ~i That is a fairly simple verb pattern— and in NJ, the only one, too.

There is one irregular verb, łen, or “to have”. We’ll get to that later.'''

Inalī, to help. Lohatī, to wonder. Šamī, to win. Farī, to do. Latī, to dance. Tošī, to be able to. Kehī, to mourn. Kalī, to be. Talī, to need to or to have to, like “devoir”. Kamī, to fare, to be, to be feeling. Koratī, or kortī, to play. Lehimantī, to preserve. Lilitī, to darken. Petī (derived from Petlitī, which used to mean, “to want”), to want. Patī, to like.

Pokatī, to bully. Pentī, to eat. Nikirī (or Nikī), to kill. Liritī or lirī, to run. Dečī, to hurt. Žitelhī, to adore, to worship. Mikiroličī, to conjugate. Tahī, to go, used like “''aller”. Soфahri'ł'itikī'', to eclipse or overcome. Kočī, to look. Mekī, to learn. Surī, to survive. Kulī, to place or to put. Pelī, to like. Lerī, to walk. Tanī, to worry. Merī, to “should”. Perī, to say or to speak. Žanī, to sing. Le'ŋ'ī, to name or to call. Tešī, to teach. Lešī, to learn. Solī, to know. Dankī, to thank. Kitī, to die. Tihī, to come. Žamī, to have one thing exist on the same plane as another, to exist.

Ražī, to rage. Jalī, to give. Jolī, to take. Dešī, to hit. Lerušī, to forgive. Lukī, to sin. Soфī, to save. Tandī, to guide or to lead. Košī, to tempt. Palarī (also “Palérī), to deliver. Jor-kī, to glorify. Tokanī, to exercise. Ležī, to wish. Kéyī, to tell the truth. Takī, to hunt. Ketī, to finish. Kimī, to conflagrate. Mesī, to finish. Halī, to choose.

Jekatī', to pronounce. Kemī, to brighten, to illuminate. Pirī, to turn. Metokī, to continue. Kelī, to jump. Meranī, to assassinate. Mesī, to pass. Pitī, to shoot. Tsakī, to poison. Kočenī, to build. Lotī, to change. Temī, to start, to begin. Jotī, to hack, to chop. Kotī, to pierce, to stab''. Jutī, ''to slice, sometimes to chop. Jatī, to drink. Tomī, to grow. Katī, to time. Mukolī, to direct. And, obviously as this has already been covered, ł'en (or “ł'enī”), to have.  

Should I link Jalī and Palarī?

At Tanī, I have 31 verbs (including ł'en).

“I help him” is not “Kan inal le” (“inal” is the “kan” conjugation for the verb “inalī”), a direct English translation. For a lot of sentences, French sentence structure is used. “I help him” becomes “I him help”, like French, and in NJ it is, “Kan le inal”. You’ve learned your first sentence!

What would “ They hurt me” be? Well, first of all we invert the sentence, so it becomes, “They me hurt” (“Ils me blessent” in French), and we need to remember that when we conjugate, we are conjugating primary pronouns, like they, he, or I. So, “they” becomes “Čo”, “me” becomes “ke”, and “hurt” is conjugated for “čo”, to become “deči”. So, “They hurt me” in New Jamauwyeyh is, “Čo ke deči”.

What about, “They are going to look at you?” This becomes, “They are going you to look at”— broken up, it is, “They-are going-you- to look (at)”. Čo tahi tre kočī. Hard, isn’t it? Oh well, keep positive and keep studying and you’ll surely get it! :)

Quick Pronunciation Guide

j: y, je= yey, or hard “j” as in “jewel”, or ž. If there is another “y” sound in the same word, then it is “j” or “ž”. If not, then it is “y”.

u:oo

i:ee

a: ah

o: oh

e: ey

Chapter 2
Already on chapter 2?! Before you start this one, it would be a good idea to make sure you have at least fully understood chapter 1 to move on and not get lost. A bit of memorization would help, as soon I will guide you a little bit less to wean you into this new alien language.

“What now?” you ask yourself. Small, tier one connection words and nouns. Little, grade 4 curriculum. How do say, “and”? What is the word for “dog”? These kinds of questions will be answered here. These are Tier One words, allowing you to make a sentence that is a bit more complicated. Together, the Tier One small words and the Tier One nouns, obviously along with the Tier Zero knowledge, will allow simple conversations.

Good luck, you’ll need it.

How do you say...

It: nu

it’s: ni

and: pé

of: i, or iy if the next letter is a consonant

to: hi, or h’ for the same reason as above (reason A)

if: mu, or muk for reason A

a/an: u, or ut for reason A

the: še, or šey for reason A

that (thing, not like, < >): to

this: tiy

who: kéna / ména /mén

what: méla/ mél

where: lika/mika/ mék

how: kotan

why: téča / méča / méč

when: qyet

because: čqé (ch-k-ay, chkay), potégka if formal or old Jamauwyi

with: menu

without: čenu, čun''

or: tsu

but: šu

that (like < > in French): la

for: pa

ever: kéyté

like, similar to: poka, po

so: tsa

on: su

more: mau, mauw for reason A

also: kéra

at: ko, can be used like “au” in French

a bit: kri, in small amounts

a lot: kra, in large amounts

which: ki

other: lùta, diacritical mark for differentiation from “lutī”

no: ké, or key/ke’lt for reason A

kingdom: tođa

next: perčo

beautiful: perša

thing: liy

by: ro

from: hé

each: ré

again: tse''

there: ma(h)

here: mi(y)

Going insane yet? I hope not… Those were just the Tier One (T1) small words! Now for the nouns, although there are fewer of these words. Adjectives are included in the “noun” department.

Dog: čos

cat: tasé

game: šam

dishes: vasli (not plural in NJ)

world: kaču

verb: pešta

stupid: keto

group: teišé

day: фo

night: tal

child: yatu

disaster: loki

just: kor

big: ja, like “ya”, but “ja” only if there is no other “y”-like sound in the same word language: yeyh

nothing: keliyt

please: ğérau

nice: jéru

pain: deču

mean: kotar

power: pe’a

happy: kayà

sad: čayà

Hopefully that was easier!

Exercises (Tri tošé kočī hi še “T1 small words” mu tri petlité)

Chapter One

Change the following sentences from English to Jamauwyi, or vice-versa. Also, there is an answer key below, so don’t scroll beyond lo taha ke pokatī.

I eclipse them.

Čo ke žitelhi!

You want to look at me.

Lo taha ke pokatī!

Answer Key

Chapter 2

Answer Key

Chapter 3
Random things

~čé is past tense, not ~tché.

~mé adds “would” before verb

~té is future tense

~sé adds “should” before verb

~ré adds “could” before verb

~lé adds “shall” before verb

te~ makes word plural

“Kamé?” is a quick way of saying, “how are you?

Iła=now (še) ła=(the) present

iłé=later (še) łé=(the) future

iło=earlier (še) ło=(the) past

-u is like “-é” in French, sometimes creates a noun. Also, “wa” is like “é”.

~kè(y) adds “-ly” before word

~-kī adds “-ify” to the end of the word (makes it into a verb), but if the previous word ends in a “k”, then it becomes “-ikī”

~wa makes the verb a noun, in place of “ī”

~wo makes the word an adjective, replaces “wa” in verb-derived nouns

~we makes the word into a person who acts the verb, like nikirwe meaning “killer”

~wi makes the word end in “able”, like “nikirwi” meaning “killable”

~wu=~ation/~ication

~at=~est, most ~ (should there also be a separate word for “most”?)

Kan' mé mu kan ré šu kan toš čal tsa kan lé čal.'

I would if I could but I can’t so I shan’t.

Kamé?

How do you fare at this instant?

''Téča? Čqé!''

Why? Because!

Ki tošto, ti meša, li yatu, si pešta!

My friend, your mother, his child, her verb!

Ki beno, фo pé kamé?

My son, hello and how are you?

Ki čos pelé kulī li muké su še kaču!

My dog likes to put his mark on the world!

''Qyet tal-kan lerī še čos?I'ł'a? Kan pet čal to farī! (Kan pet to farī čal)?''

When do I have to walk the dog? Now? I don’t want to do that!

Kan'' to pet čal!

I don’t want that!

Nu’kala kor la… Kan pet čal nu farī.

It’s just that… I don’t want to (do that).

Toš-kan to 'ł'enī?

Can I have that?

Kalo-ta’an ma méha?

Are we there yet?

Kan'' te liy pet! (originally: Kan pet to li)

I want that thing!

Tané čal.

Nevermind.

Kotan toša-nu kalī la ki beno kala mau je la ke?(originally

How can it be that my son is taller than me?

Téča kala-ne la ki beno kala la ke mau je?(originally: Téča kala-nu la ki beno kala mau je la ke?

Why is it that my son is taller than me?

Téča yišè ki beno kala la ke mauw je?(originally: Téča kala ki beno mauw je la ke?)

Why is my son taller than me?

''Tri yišè Žamauwyeyh Yatan mekésé kotan perī! Tri ko-ne kaléme kol! (originally: Tri meré mekī kotan perī še Žamauwyeyh Yatan! Tri kaléme kol ko nu!)

You should learn how to speak Young Jamauwyi! You would be good at it!

Kan' ne ''ł'en! (originally: Kan nu 'ł'en!)

I have it!

Še tenuméta (Numbers)

One: u

Two: ta

Three: tu

Four: фu

Five: фa

Six: ra

Seven: ru

Eight: ma

Nine: ne

Ten: ku, occasionally uno or te’u

Zero: no

Eleven: kuno

Twelve: kuta

Twenty: teta

One-hundred: umi

Two-hundred: tami

Two-thousand: tamo

Thirty-thousand: tetumo

Four-hundred-thousand: фumimo

Five-million: фame

Seven-million-three-hundred-and-sixty-four-thousand-five-hundred-and-seventy-two: Rume-tumi’teraфumo-фami’teruta 7,364,572

In numbers, “te-” usually means “times ten”, and “-mi” usually means “hundred”. “-mo” is usually “thousand” and “-me” is usually “million”. Dashes go where commas would in Arabic numerals, and apostrophes separate separate numbers, and usually go where “and” would go.

Fifty-one: teфau

Forty-eight: teфuma

Thirteen: kutu

Seventeen: kuru

666: rami’terara

333: tumi’tetutu

102,030,201: umi’tame-tetumo-tami’u

555,555,555: фami’teфaфame-фami’teфaфamo-фami’teфaфa

1,234,567,890: umome-tami’tetuфume-фami’terarumo-mami’tene

(adding “i" before the number name, or “iy” for “one”, makes it like 1st, 2nd, etc.)

Yišè= “of the”, generally meaning the next word is the object, not the subject, and adding “y” before “i še” to make sentences easier.

Chapter 4
Tri yišè Žamauwyeyh Yatan łené meku (learned) kotan perī kra. Še tepešta, še tenumero, kra pé kra, méha pé méha. Ła, nu’kala še…

(originally: Tri łené mekīčé (learned) kotan perī kra i še Yatan Žamauwyeyh. Še tepešta, še tenumero, kra pé kra, méha pé méha. Ła, nu’kala še…)

Koči (Alphabet)

a, č, e, é, d, ð (rare), ф, v (rare), j, ŋ (rare), g (rare) h, i, ī, k, l, ł, m, n, o, p, q (irregular), r, s, š, t, u, w (rare), y (rare), ž (rare), ʔ (rare)

Letters: 31

Vowels: 7, “y” is mainly a consonant

Consonants: 23, full glottal stop “ʔ”is used like a consonant

č:ch

ł: “hl”— make “hl” sound but blow out, not breathe out.

Ž or ʒ: j/ch, as in “je” in French

š or ʃ: sh

ф: f, ph

ʔ or ‘ = “full glottal stop”, like the dash in “uh-oh” where you cancel the sound at the back of your throat before continuing to the next vowel(-like) sound

ŋ=ng, as in “singing”

ð or ө= th, as in “the”

ī= ai, like “tie” or “my”

Rare-teye ž

Rare words

Tsa used to be, “Ðo”

Vasli

Ŋara (river)

Potégka

Čqé

Qunari

Qyet

Yamun

Yeyh

Žamauwyeyh

Teyež

Taʔan

taʔe

“Missing” letters or sounds: b, x.

 Other words 

Kaðo: difficult

Kaða: easy

Žanu: song

Yawuju: country

Yawu: city

Yawahu: continent

Yawa: province

Yawuja: nation

(originally “Kéya”) Kéywo: true

(originally “Kéyù”) Kéywa: truth

Si(y)èl': sky, with “y” it generally means, “heaven”.

Réфo, usually фokè: daily

Ném' Leŋwa: name

Laŋ:' noun

Tér: earth, land

Pèyn: bread

Loki: disaster

Luku: sin

Ča, ču: as, he was as good as his friend

Ča: on the same level of ____ness

Ču: like, “He jumped as a dog would jump”

Tor: for, “For thine is the kingdom…”

Da: in (physically)

Dako: into

Jor: glory

kituležu=will, death-wish

Sè: saint

Mèž: god

èra:

č’èra:

kéyté=ever

Teŋ:(plural and singular) witch

Haleǘ: faith

Lirwe: runner

Hałeǘ: angel

==Chapter 5 ==

Tri kala ko še lésu numéta фa? Koфorana (Congratulations)! Še lésu numéta фa kala kaðo kra, tsa koфorana méha!

 Kye Kye Kulé 

 Čé Čé Kulé 

Kye Kye Kofisa

Čé Čé Koфisa

Kofisa Langa

Kofisa Laŋga

Langa Chi Langa

Laŋga Či Laŋga

To kalače u žanu Aфrikyeyh, “Kye Kye Kulé”, u žanu ki kala kéra u šam iy Aфrikyī (of the African peoples) iy Aфrikya (Africa, the land itself)

That was an African song, “Kye Kye Kulé”, a song that is also a game of the Africans of Africa.

Jaya (big land, “ja-yah) kalačé še iyu yawu i še Žamauwyī.

Še yawuju mé iłé leŋa Iyuya (First land). I'še'ʔiyuteyīya (Land of the first peoples, literally of-the-first-plural-person/race/group/ethnicity-land) kalačé še iyu yawa i še Žamauwyī. Jamauwya kalačé še iyu yawuja i še Žamauwyī.'''

Normally, Jamauwyi follows an “SOV” pattern, and a noun-adjective subject rule. When using the people, language, or land words, we invert the second rule mentioned. Therefore, “Yakéto” (stupid land) is technically incorrect, and should become “Kétoya”.

Kal’-nu la…

Is it that, does/do, <<est-ce que?

Nebla

Cloud

“Te-” is plural prefix for words in English where the equivalent is “-s”, but for things that usually end in “-ae” and are of Greek or Latin origin, “É-” is added, or “Éy-” if the next letter is a consonant. This also happens for any noun that can be pluralized in English, that ends in “-a” when singular. The pronounciation is simply adjusted, and then it follows the rule above.

Nebyula, Yénebyula.

Nebula, Nebulae.

Ensiklopidia, Éyensiklopidia.

Encyclopaedia, Encyclopediae.

Čan kalo pe’ahu, pé čan talo фarī mela ''čan tošo pa či yawuja!

We are powerful, and we must do what we can for our nation! 

Še фu tesikla i temani

The four circles of pronouns

 Sikla u 

Kan

Tri

Lo

Ži

Šo

Čan

Čo

 Sikla ta 

Ke

Tre

Le

Že

Šé(y)

Ča’é (or Čayè

Če

 Sikla tu 

Ki

Ti

Li

Žui

Ši

Či

Čui

 Sikla ' ф ' u 

Kī

Tī

Lī

Žī

Sī

Čī

T’šī

Englyeyh: I, me, my, mine, etc.

to=that, tau=those

tiy=this té=these

Ma kali ta tečos.

There are two dogs.

Nu-kal’ (Nu kala) u loki.

It is a disaster.

''Kal’-nu še kéyù? Kal’-nu kéya?''

Is it the truth? Is it true?

Verbs for which “wa” is noun and “u” is “é”

Košī, košwa=temtation

Kitī, kitwa=death

Surī, surwa=life

Lilitī, lil’twa=evil “darkness”

Tokanī, tokanwa=exercise

 Či Maža 

Či Maža, mén kala ko Siyèl,

žitelhaču kala ti ném,

ti tođa tiha,

ti ležwa kala faru,

su Tér po ko Siyèl.

Ča’é jalé tiy 'ф'o či pèyn 'ф'okè,

pé ča’é lerušé i či telukwa,

ču či lerušo tau mén ko ča’é luki.

Pé ča’é tandé čal dako še košwa,

šu ča’é palaré hé še lil’twa.

(Tor tī kala še tođa,

še pe’a pé še jor,

pa kéyté pé kéyté.)

''Émèn. ''

==Chapter 6 ==

Note: Nu follows the four pronoun circles, as well as to and tiy.

Sikla u

Nu

To

Tiy

Tau

Té

Sikla ta

Ne

Te

Tiyè

Tauyè

Téyè

Sikla tu

Ni

Teyì

Tiyì

Tauyì

Téyì

Sikla ф  u

Nī

Tī

Ti’ī

Tau’ī

Té’ī

Še tetakwa i teŋ łeni ketu.

The witch hunts are over.

Bayonetta kal’ še Jateŋ i še Žamauwyī.

Bayonetta is the All-Witch of the Jamauwyi.

Nu té’ī kal’.''

It is of these.

Pikotuko še mèž i še Žamauwyī kal’.

Pikotuko is the god of the Jamauwyi.

''Ru teretu ma kali. Kun, šon, pal, kos, mer, pé šut.''

There are six elements. Earth, fire, air, light, water, and shadow.

Note: Kimwa is (a) flame, but šon is fire

New words

retu: element

kun: earth

šon: fire

pal: air

kos: light

mer: water

šut: shadow

Kan še kun jol ła, pé še pal jalté.

I take the earth now, and will take the air.

Še kos še mer kot’, pok u yatu.

Light pierces the water, like a child.

Lo kimwi kal’.

He is flammable.

Lo ‘u tandwe kal’.

He is a leader.

Ši te far’té čal čqé shi ‘u tanwe kal’.

She won’t do that because she is a worrier.

Haleǘ u lirwi kal’.

Faith is a runner.

Haleǘ ro Sè kal’čé halu.

Faith was chosen by God.

Yatan Teli

Some: Ker

Every: Ketà

Any: Natè

Note: In English, when saying things like “nowhere” or “everywhere”, we normally use “where” as “place”, but in NJ, using “mék” like that would be considered incorrect, so we use “mak”, “place”, instead.

Ko tetetu, ketàšo kal’če jéru, šu čal ła.

In the thirties, everybody was nice, but not now.

''Mék? Kèmak.''

Where? Nowhere.

“Šo yišè košwa tosh’ čal perī.”

“We cannot speak of temptation.”

SHOULD I MAKE “TALĪ” INTO A SUFFIX?

Mék kaliče še tetetu?

When were the thirties?

==Chapter 7 ==

Alphabet pronunciations (Tejekatwa i še Akal) —originally “akat”, the grave/á Gou accent rules used to be not shown in the alphabet, now corrected

a, á, à, č, e, é, è, d, ð, ф, v, j, ŋ, g, ğ, h, i, í, ì, ī, k, l, ł, m, n, o, ó, ò, ö, p, q, r, s, š, t, u, ú, ù, ǘ, w, y, ž, ʔ, ’, ’ ’, ’ ’ ’.

ak

al

at

četa

ek

el

et

deka

đota

фota

veka

jeka

ŋota

geka

ğeta

heka

ik

il

it

īn

keta

leka

łota

meka

neka

ok

ol

ot

eön

peka

qeta

reka

seka

šeta

teka

uk

ul

ut

eǘl

weka

yeka

žeta

koʔono

ukono

takono

tukono

Rules: Normal vowels end in “k”. Accent grave vowels end in “t”, accent á Gou vowels end in “l”. Letters with Breve accents end in “eta”, and letters which are (visually) variants of normal Latin letters end in “ota”. Letters that sound like “k” must not end in the normal “eka”, but in “eta”. Umlaut letters look like “e_n”, and double-diacritical letters mix both umlaut and accent rules, so they start with “e”, then there is the double-diacritical letter, and then the diacritical mark at the top of the letter determines whether the last letter is a “t” or an “l”. On the side, “apostrophe” in NJ is “kono”, and the full glottal stop is “koʔono”. Finally, the letter “ī” is irregular (all of the letters except “i" sound like their English letter names, while “I" takes on a Japanese-like sound), so it takes the “n” letter, notifying that it is not regular.

Tekono

Solé-tri la ko še Žamauwyeyh Yatan, ma kali teu teliy la če leŋi “tekono”?

Muk u kono ma kal’, čan te leŋo ko še Englyeyh, “Singular”, čqé u yaž kal’ jolu.

Nu “Dual” kal’ mu ta teyaž kali jolu, pé ma kali ta tekono, pé nu “Plural” kal’ mu tu tsu mau teyaž kali jolu, tsa ma kali tu tekono.

Grammar note: “in English” modifies the verb “to call”, so it falls after “leŋo”.

Note: U or ut is usable when speaking of something where there is no indefinite article in English, like “bread”, so we say, u pèyn, which means “some bread”. Also, ker should not be used—ker pèyn is usually considered incorrect, because generally ker is reserved for things that use “quel’que” in French, so we can say ker tečos, “some dogs”, but not “ker pèyn, because we don’t say “some breads”. In the end, u or ut is used like “du” or “de”, teǘ is used like “des”, but ker is used like “quel’que”.———>APPLY TO WHOLE DOCUMENT!!! “tei” instead?

“Ya” as “land” only works for continents and countries. For provinces and cities, it follows an NJ-ized form of the word.

Yawa=province Yawu=city

==Chapter 8 ==

AΦganistya=Afghanistan

Kanadya=Canada

Amèrikya=America

Somaliya=Somalia

Iyjiptya=Egypt

Libiya=Libya

AΦrikya=Africa

Yuropya=Europe

Éža=Asia

Astréliya=Australia

Antarktikya=Antarctica

Arktikya=Arctic

Prasilya=Brazil

Italìya=Italy

Greskíya=Greece

Čīnya=China

Žapánya=Japan

Papa-i-Gini-Yatanya: Papua New Guinea

Serbìya=Serbia

Kroéša=Croatia

Koriya=Korea

Madagaskariya=Madagascar

Hawīya=Hawaii

Rušà=Russia

Pandoriya=Pandora

KaliΦornia=California

Toranto=Toronto

Spanya=Spain

Yatan York Yawu=NYC Is “rk” without a vowel after consonant-cluster legal?

Moskaw=Moscow

Pari=Paris

Kalgari=Calgary

Vankuver=Vancouver

Las Végas=Las Vegas

Los Anğéles=Los Angeles—If “Los Anjéles”, would be pronounced “Los Anyéles”

Róm=Rome

Soréntò=Sorrento

Šikágo, alternately Žikágo=Chicago

Neváda=Nevada

Des Moines, Iowa?

yež=word

yuž=sentence

yaž=letter

Φotu=week

Φoto=month

Φota=year

Satérn=Saturn

yož=paragraph, verse

yīž=page

Leš/Lešutsa=Book/Document

Accent and Stress Rules: There can never be an accent on the first vowel of a word, EXCEPT if the word is one syllable long. The accent generally literally points toward where the stress should be put in the word, but if the vowel is marked with an accent á Gou, then it is that syllable that should get the emphasis. If there is no accent, then usually one should put emphasis on the FIRST VOWEL THAT COMES AFTER TWO LETTERS, but only if there are at least TWO LETTERS BEFORE the vowel. If there is only one (which would have to be a consonant), then the next syllable gets the stress, UNLESS THE VOWEL IN THAT SYLLABLE HAS ONLY ONE CONSONANT BEFORE IT, or if an accent points otherwise, like backward to the first syllable, in which case that first syllable gets the stress, EVEN IF THERE IS ONLY ONE LETTER BEFORE THAT SYLLABLE. Also, if the first syllable should get the emphasis because there are two letters before it, but there is an accent á Gou on another syllable, then it is the accent á Gou syllable that gets the stress. Overall, accents govern over letter counting, but if there is no accents, then letter counting is used. ALSO, AN “i" USUALLY GETS THE STRESS, EVEN IF IT DOES NOT FOLLOW TWO CONSONANTS, UNLESS AN ACCENT GOES AGAINST THAT. The SECOND SYLLABLE often gets the stress, also, so the final order is accent, second syllable, “i", and finally letter counting. Finally, a two-syllable word always puts the accent on the first syllable, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED BY AN ACCENT.

 TeΦo i še Φotu 

Monday=LilitwoΦo

Tuesday=TírΦo

Wednesday=WodenΦo

Thursday=ĐunarasΦo

Friday=FrejaΦo

Saturday=IsatérnΦo

Sunday=KemwoΦo

Kemwo is an adjective, so it kind of makes sense, but should it be kemwa?

Sun=kemwa

moon=lilitwa (third “i" is pronounced, unlike in “lil’twa”, which means “darkness”)

Moon

Mars/Týr

Woden/Odin/Mercury

Thunaraz, Thunor, Thor

Freyja, Frigg, Frige, Frijjō

Saturn

Sun

 Colours/Temanda 

A/ha=”light”, “shallow”, occasionally “empty” different from kemwo=bright

Light/Shallow cannot be “ah” or “hah”, because “sak-ah i kimwa” would sound like “sak-a hi kimwa”, which would change the meaning from “gun of death” to “gun to death”, which would be a bit confusing. Insead, use a full glottal stop.

Red=Mar

Orange=Tsok

Yellow=Kil-a

Green=Mern

Blue=Mir

Purple/Violet=Mīr

White=Kar

Black=Kir

Grey=Kīr-a

Gold=Kil

Silver=Kīr

Turquoise=Mir-a

Magenta= Mīr-a

Brown=Kal-originally “kol”, beige was “kol-a”—but that means “good”

Tan/Beige=Kal-a

==Chapter 9 ==

The thing that scares me is that you have made it to chapter 9. There will now be more lists of vocabulary, more rules to remember, more tips, and more history—but less help. All I can say is good luck, and hopefully you can read to the end of chapter 10, and to the end of this guide. These next two chapters will be the biggest in the guide.

 Direction words 

Up=Tak

Down=Tok

Left=Rut

Right=Rót

Edge/Rim=Maka

Centre/Middle=Žako

Corner=Mutsitsi

Straight=Pat

Diagonal=Kitaka

Degree=Lešo

A turn=u pirwa

Through=Ketsa

Above=Korén

Around=Tsutan

Under=Maka

Beyond=Ketsano

Across=Kotsan

Go past the dog=tahé puku še čos.

Pass the cat on the corner=Mesé še tasé ko mutsitsi.

Turn (left, right) at the corner=Pirwé (rut, rót) ko mutsitsi.

Continue straight to the centre of the city=Metoké pat ko žako i še yawu.

Around the corner there is a place of the sun=Tsutan še mutsitsi u mak i še kemwa ma kal’.

Beyond Africa, there is Europe=Ketsano še AΦrikya, ma Yuropya kal’.

 War Nouns 

Sak-a=gun

Sak=Bow and arrow

Mento=arrow (santo?)

Ték=bow

U pitwa=a shot

Shotgun=pitwa-sak-a

a knife/a stab=u kotwa

Poison=Tsakwa

Majestic, Great=Kon

 Family Nouns/Telaŋ i še Kočiya 

Mother=Meša

Daughter=Pena

Sister=Mena

Aunt=Liké

Father=Mačas

Son=Peno

Brother=Meno

Uncle=Loto

Grandmother=Jameša

Grandfather=Jamačas

Great-grandfather=Kon-jamačas

Cousin=Marako (makaro?)—would sound like, “mara ko”, or “realm to”.

Plane, realm=mara

Peö=”second”, actually 10/23.3333etc. of a second

Kan'' pet lotī še kaču.

I want to change the world.

Tsen

Tsan

Tson

Tsun

Direction=Mukolwa

North=Net

South=Set

East=Temwa (komwa? Tomwa?) U KETWA=A FINISH

West=Ketwa

An end, a finish=u ketwa

A start, a beginning=u temwa

Boy=šom (tsun?)

Girl=šém (tsen?)

Man=Jašom (tson?)

Woman=Jašém (tsan?)

Mister=Kijolt (Kijašom?)

Miss=Kijélt (Kijašém?)

Sir=Jolt

Lady=Jélt

Chair=Kolna

Table=Lekot

Elephant=Anoko

Monkey=Malno

Mouse (animal)=Min

~logical, ~ical=~ki

Mouse (computer)=Min-kolí (What is “kolí”?)

Computer=Kolí-tsekwo

Cell phone=Tsekwa

Electric(al)=Tsekwo

To electrify=Tsek

Electricity=Tsekwa

Electrification=Tsekwu

Short (in size)=ğa

Tall (in size)=ja

Small (in size)= ği

Big (in size)=ji

Skinny=ga

Fat=gi

Tree=Wén

Nature=Awéta

Leaf=Tsak

Fly (animal)=Tsi

Cave=Kurat

House, hut, dwelling=Met

River= ŋara

Ocean=Merja

Ax=Jotwa

Tool=Kutso

Floor=Tur

Ceiling=pišta

Wall=kelno

High=Qwi

Low=Qwo

Near=Qwa

Far=Qwu

Side=

Front=Qwa-nét

Back=Qwu-nét

Bottom=Qwo-nét

Top=Qwi-nét

Part=Nét

In front=Ko-qwa-nét

Behind

Beside

Apple=Mar

Orange=Tsok

Kiwi=Kiwi

Grape=Tsik

Pomegranate=Marperša

Grapefruit=Tsikimun (munitsik?)

Fruit=Mun

Vegetable=Gamun

Brussels sprouts=Tetomwa i Brasèls

Béarnaise sauce=Put Bérnés

Sauce=Put

Gravy=Putsa

Cow=Rumto

Horse=Mur

Squirrel=Lématsi

Bear=Tonok

Wolf=Jos

Lynx=Jatsè

A Sword/Slice=u Jutwa

Time=katwa

Before=

After=

During=

Meanwhile=

Out=do

Near=

Far=

Hour=

Minute=

Second=Peö (140 per min, not 60 per min, so not really second)

Week=

Year=

In=da

Always=

Rarely=

Sometimes=

Never=

Mostly=

Ball=

Lamp=

Bridge=

Island=