User:JiaGbon1234/Velic

Velic (native name: Hētrásaqè) is a fictional conlang.

Classification and Dialects
Velic is a language from the Crystalline family. It is spoken along the river Vel, by the cidafs (Scientific name: Cidafus altus), a fictional species similar to humans, living on the planet EV-635γ.

Consonants

 * /v/, /d/ and /g/ are phonetically [b], [d] and [g] before /z/.
 * /x/, /ɣ/, /ɫ/ are phonetically [ç], [ʝ], [j] before /i/, /ĩ/, /y/, /ỹ/ and /j/
 * double consonants are pronounced like single consonants

Tones
* The exact pronunciation varies depending on the word and dialect

Phonotactics
Syllable Structure: (C1)(C2)V(C3)(C4)T

Intrasyllabic rules:


 * V can be any oral or nasal vowel, or a syllabic consonant /ɫ̩/ or /ɾ̩/
 * if C2 does not exist, C1 can be any consonant, but /ɫɫ̩/ and /ɾɾ̩/ are not allowed
 * /wu/, /ji/, /pʲi/ and /pʲ'i/, regardless of nasality of the vowel, are not allowed
 * if C1 and C2 both exist, only these combinations are allowed:

Transyllabic rules:
 * The coda can be any onset combination that doesn't end in a semivowel and can also be any reversed onset combination.
 * T can be any of the four tones in the phonology.
 * In a word, a closed syllable cannot be followed by a syllable without onset.
 * The cluster [sz] is not allowed
 * An occlusive cannot be followed by another occlusive of the same place of articulation.



Romanization
The romanization is shown on the phonology tables above.


 * Syllabic consonants are written the same as the unsyllabic counterpart.
 * When two or more letters pronounced separately look like a digraph/trigraph, apostrophes are placed in between the letters to indicate that the letters are pronounced separately.
 * Tone diacritics are placed on the first vowel of a vocalic digraph/trigraph

Consonantal roots
Most roots are consonantal roots (having no vowels). Every consonantal has a location to add different vowels to form different stems. There are three stem-forming patterns, marked with numbers in the romanized dictionary. For example, the root h2t (cidaf) can form the stems het (cidaf), hònt (city), húet (body part of cidaf), hrt (to help, to empathize), hànt (cidaf-like), hét (moral (adj.) ), hínt (un-cidaf-like), and haet (immoral, amoral). The number is replaced by a vowel.

Pattern 2
Example given above

Compound roots
New roots can be formed with one or more existing words. The suffix -zr4 is added.

Vocalic roots
Some non-compound roots (mostly loan words) have a vowel. The stems of these roots are irregular and do not follow a pattern.

Nouns
(X and Y refer to something that will be described in the Verbs section)

There are nouns decline by Animacy, Case, Number, Definiteness.

Animacy and Case
The three animacy categories are Rational (intelligent beings), Animate (irrational organisms) and Inanimate (non-living things)

Number
The two grammatical numbers are Singular and Plural.

Singular nouns are unmarked. Plural nouns undergo a process of tone sandhi on every vowel of the stem for the plural:


 * Mid tone -> High tone
 * Rising tone -> High tone
 * Falling tone -> Mid tone
 * High tone -> Falling tone

Definiteness
Definite nouns are unmarked, indefinite nouns are marked by adding the prefix 'á-'

Pronouns
Here is a table of personal pronouns: If a 3rd person group has mixed animacy, the animacy of the group is the highest animacy in the group.

Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives:

Verbs
Verb structure

X and Y
There is a hierarchical relationship between noun classes:

inanimate > animate > animate.

For intransitive verbs, X and Y don't exist. For transitive verbs, X describes the higher noun in the hierarchy, while Y describes the lower one. If X and Y are of the same level, X is the subject, while Y is the object.

Existence
Existence describes whether the verb happens. It is unmarked if the verb happens, and takes a ì- prefix if the verb does not happen.

Incorporated stem
This is the stem of the incorporated noun, without any inflectional affixes. This is optional as the incorporated noun can be indicated by a noun.

Willingness
Willingness describes whether X and Y want the action to happen.

Successfulness
If the action is unsuccessful, add qqè-, otherwise leave it unmarked.

Verb stem + Aspect
The four grammatical aspects are simple, perfective, iterative and perfective iterative. Simple aspect is not marked. The other aspects are marked by changing the tone of the verb stem:


 * Perfective: rising -> high; anything else -> rising
 * Iterative: high -> falling; anything else -> high
 * Perfective iterative: rising -> falling; high -> mid; falling <-> mid

Person
This is a suffix for the grammatical person of the subject (if intransitive) or the grammatical person of Y (if transitive). If a third person group has mixed animacy, the highest animacy is the one selected.

Direct/inverse
If the verb is intransitive or X is the subject, this is unmarked. If X is the object, add -zvòe.

Incorporated noun inflection
If and only if the incorporated stem is incorporated in the verb, the incorporated noun inflection exists in the verb. The incorporated noun inflection is the inflectional affixes of the incorporated noun, not indicated in the incorporated stem. The structure of this is:

Tense
Tense suffixes:

phew

Mood
Subjunctive mood: -(a)mt (The a is used when the previous letter is a consonant)

Emphasis
An emphasized morpheme undergoes a phonological process:


 * if it begins with a non-ejective occlusive, it becomes ejective.
 * otherwise if it begins with a voiceless fricative, it becomes the voiced equivalent.
 * otherwise add èn before the morpheme

Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the nouns in case and animacy, and uses the same case-animacy suffixes.

Numbers
Velic uses a mixed base-24-base-72 number system. 72 is sìl.

For a*24 where a is an integer up to 71, the Velic word is:


 * if a is 0 mod 3: (a/3) + sil (Ex: 144 = 6*24 = 2 + sil = vŕsil)
 * if a is 1 mod 3: (a/3) + áaqssil (Ex: 168 = 7*24 = 2 + asl = vŕáaqssil (literally two-and-a-third 72's, colloquially vráqsl))
 * if a is 2 mod 3: áaqsvì + (a/3 + 1) + sil (Ex: 192 = 8*24 = áaqsvì + 3 + pyr̄sil = áaqsvìqsénsil (literally a third from three 72's, colloquially áqsvìqsénsl))

For numbers in the form 24a+b where 3<=a<=71 and 1<=b<=23, the Velic word is the words for 24a and b combined. (Ex: 237 = 9 * 24 + 21 = qsénsil + lyá = qsénsillyá (colloquially qsénslyá))

Ordinal numbers are formed with a suffix -cè, except for 1st, which uses the word zyūn (from the root zy1n)

Interrogatives
There is an interrogative suffix -lí, which translates to "which". There is also an interrogative particle, hévi (literally "yes-no") which is added at the start of a sentence to convert it to a yes-or-no question.

Syntax
The default word order is XVY (look into verb section for more detail on X and Y). X can be incorporated into the verb and dropped. Y is dropped if it is a personal pronoun. Free word order is allowed, but they have emphasis on different arguments:


 * ttechchwāett sóddoyàzvòe vīlvo = I gave him/her the food.
 * vīlvo ttechchwāett sóddoyàzvòe = I gave him/her the food. (emphasis on 'him/her')
 * sóddoyàzvòe vīlvo ttechchwāett = I gave him/her the food. (emphasis on 'give')
 * ttechchwāett vīlvo sóddoyàzvòe = I gave him/her the food. (emphasis on 'food')
 * sóddoyàzvòe ttechchwāett vīlvo = I gave him/her the food. (less emphasis on 'him/her')
 * vīlvo sóddoyàzvòe ttechchwāett = I gave him/her the food. (less emphasis on 'food')
 * ttechsóddozvòechwāettyà vīlvo = I gave him/her the food. (less emphasis on 'give')

Conjunctions
Logical conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions

Example text
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(There is no Velic word for human, so I used s2d which means being.)

rù sēd zīvrvìl cchūlh-me-ónvdì qùnhūmlha-me-sol.