Glãã

= The Language of Glããian = ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...

mæẽ tsu gyu tsâ nyûkchãã glá mæẽ tsâ sná̃ngkus mũũb ga maks hap

Pronunciation: /mæẽ̯ ʦuː gjuː tsɑ njʊkˈʧãː glɜ mæẽ̯ tsɑ snɜ̃ŋˈkuːs mũːb gaː maːks haːp/

Glããian word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d g g͡b h j k k͡p l m n p s t w ŋ ʔ ʦ ʧ

Click IPA symbols for audio Co-articulated phonemes Vowel inventory: aː ãː eː ẽː iː ĩː oː õː uː ũː æe̯ æẽ̯ ɑ ɔo̯ ɔõ̯ ɔ̤ ɜ ɜ̃ ɪ ɪ̃ ɪ̈ ʊ ʊ̃

Diphthongs: æe̯ æẽ̯ ɔo̯ ɔõ̯ ? Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C) ?

Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ?

Word initial consonants: d dj dl g gj gl g͡b h j kh kj kl ks k͡p l m md mj ml n nj p ps s sh sl sn t th ts w wh ʦ ʦw ʧ ʧl

Mid-word consonants: b bb bd bj bm bs d dg dj dt dw g gb gd gg gh gl gm gt g͡b h hb hd hl ht j jb jg k kb kd kh kj kk km kn ks kt kw kʦ kʧ k͡p l lb lj lk ln lt lw lʧ m mg mh ml mn mp ms mt mʔ mʦ n nb ng nn ns nt nw nʔ nʦ p pj pk pl pp pʧ s sb sg sh sm sn sp sʔ t tb td tg th tn tw tʧ w wb wd wm ŋ ŋh ŋj ŋk ŋl ŋm ŋn ŋs ŋʦ ʔ ʔn ʦ ʦk ʦl ʦn ʦs ʦt ʦw ʧ ʧg ʧk ʧn

Word final consonants: b g gh gs gŋ gʧ g͡b jj jk js jʔ ks k͡p l lb ll lp ls lt lʦ lʧ n ns nw nʧ p ps s t th tm w ŋ ŋs ʦ

Spelling rules:

Grammar
Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.

Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.

Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns
Nouns have two cases:


 * Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
 * Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Articles
Uses of definite article that differ from English:


 * Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
 * Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
 * Used for languages: ‘The English’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:


 * Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
 * Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Verbs
Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.

Glããian uses a standalone particle word for progressive: Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).

Glããian uses an affix for habitual:

Numbers
Glããian has a base-10 number system:

1 - lu

2 - du

3 - tha

4 - pẽẽ

5 - pãã

6 - tse

7 - nyî̈

8 - mdû̃l

9 - pâyû

10 - mugng

11 - lu mæẽ mugng “one and ten”

100 - whi “hundred”

101 - whi mæẽ lu “hundred and one”

200 - du whi

1000 - tháls “thousand”

Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g͡b

Else: Suffix -eːg͡b

Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -oːgs

Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lp

Else: Suffix -ãːlp

Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks

Else: Suffix -ʊ̃ks

Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -uː

Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p

Else: Suffix -ɑp

Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɪ̈

Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g͡b

Else: Suffix -ʊ̃g͡b

Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -aːjj

Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɪgs

One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɜ̃

Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ

Else: Suffix -ʊʦ

Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g͡b

Else: Suffix -iːg͡b

Augmentative = Suffix -ĩːlt

Glããian - English Dictionary
Key: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech. definition(s)

adj. adjective | adv. adverb | art. article | conj. conjunction | det. determiner | interj. interjection | n. noun | nf. feminine noun | nm. masculine noun | num. numeral | prep. preposition | pron. pronoun | v. verb


 * cha /ʧaː/ v. give, let, allow, donate
 * chæẽgng /ʧæẽ̯gŋ/ nm. puzzle
 * chas /ʧaːs/ nm. capital
 * chegb /ʧeːg͡b/ nm. wealth
 * chî̈kcha /ʧɪ̈kˈʧaː/ v. review, analyze
 * chlãã /ʧlãː/ nm. wolf
 * chli /ʧliː/ nm. river, stream
 * chlɔow /ʧlɔo̯w/ det. the
 * chluthẽẽgh /ʧluːtˈhẽːgh/ v. live
 * chotnẽẽ shæe /ʧoːtˈnẽː shæe̯/ nm. bark (of tree)
 * chû̃ /ʧʊ̃/ nf. clothes, clothing
 * chûsʻátm /ʧʊsˈʔɜtm/ nm. block, cube
 * dãã /dãː/ nf. wire
 * dágch /dɜgʧ/ v. frown
 * daw /daːw/ nm. south
 * dî̈ /dɪ̈/ nm. plot
 * dîn /dɪn/ v. flow
 * dlá̃ /dlɜ̃/ nm. sword, blade
 * dlâlch /dlɑlʧ/ nf. husband
 * dlî̃ /dlɪ̃/ nf. cord
 * dlopyî̈ /dloːˈpjɪ̈/ nf. fowl
 * dlukdî̈ns /dluːkˈdɪ̈ns/ v. indicate
 * dɔo /dɔo̯/ adv. very, really
 * dû̃nch /dʊ̃nʧ/ v. torture
 * dyá̃ /djɜ̃/ v. move, go, continue, come
 * dyaguyy /djaːˈguːjj/ nm. flame
 * dyî /djɪ/ nm. square
 * dyils /djiːls/ nm. siege
 * dyûyk /djʊjk/ nf. mass
 * gáb /gɜb/ nm. route
 * gá̃n /gɜ̃n/ nf. style, fashion, kind
 * gâw /gɑw/ nf. copper, bronze
 * gbæelyî̈ /g͡bæe̯ˈljɪ̈/ nm. bug
 * gbî̃gs /g͡bɪ̃gs/ nf. circle, wheel
 * gbons /g͡boːns/ v. defend, secure, guard, resist, justify
 * gbû̃ /g͡bʊ̃/ nm. present (time)
 * ge /geː/ prep. up
 * gî̈ /gɪ̈/ nm. reason, logic
 * gĩĩns /gĩːns/ nm. lunch
 * gips /giːps/ nm. dream
 * gláá̃ /glɜˈɜ̃/ nm. owner
 * glállogs /glɜˈlloːgs/ nm. fun
 * glî chû̃ /glɪ ʧʊ̃/ nf. underwear
 * glɔob /glɔo̯b/ pron. her, it
 * glupkî /gluːpˈkɪ/ v. deserve
 * gɔ̤kyá /gɔ̤ˈkjɜ/ nm. cotton, cloth
 * gûgb /gʊg͡b/ prep. plus
 * gup wel /guːp weːl/ nf. pubic hair
 * gũũayy /gũːˈaːjj/ nm. belief
 * gũũg /gũːg/ v. catch, arrest
 * gyæe /gjæe̯/ nf. volume, capacity
 * gye /gjeː/ nf. dirt, pornography
 * gyî̈yʻ /gjɪ̈jʔ/ nm. table
 * gyu /gjuː/ v. stand
 * ha /haː/ nm. team, gang
 * hæe /hæe̯/ nm. system
 * hâls /hɑls/ nm. middle class
 * he /heː/ nf. light
 * hî̃ mdẽẽdgâ /hɪ̃ mdẽːdˈgɑ/ nm. restaurant
 * hî̃ks /hɪ̃ks/ v. accept, pardon
 * hî̃sutse /hɪ̃suːˈʦeː/ v. drink
 * hõõn /hõːn/ v. focus, aim, intend
 * hûb /hʊb/ nm. snow
 * hung /huːŋ/ adj. close, intimate
 * kha /khaː/ nm. horn, penis
 * khámâ /khɜˈmɑ/ nm. prey
 * khiayy /khiːˈaːjj/ nm. hope
 * khit /khiːt/ nf. dress, uniform
 * khûá̃ /khʊˈɜ̃/ nm. editor
 * klang /klaːŋ/ v. chase
 * klismɔ̤lb /kliːsˈmɔ̤lb/ adj. blank, vacant
 * klɔobyu /klɔo̯ˈbjuː/ nm. dinner
 * klûps /klʊps/ v. matter
 * kpâ /k͡pɑ/ prep. of
 * kpẽẽs /k͡pẽːs/ nm. chief, boss
 * kpîng /k͡pɪŋ/ nm. axe
 * kpɔõ /k͡pɔõ̯/ nm. fan (enthusiast)
 * ksæẽ /ksæẽ̯/ prep. under, below
 * ksânw /ksɑnw/ nf. insect
 * ksi /ksiː/ nf. scene
 * ksî̃s /ksɪ̃s/ conj. whether
 * ksɔomtâgch /ksɔo̯mˈtɑgʧ/ v. bend, twist
 * kyãã /kjãː/ adj. plain
 * kyá̃lbu /kjɜ̃lˈbuː/ adj. religious
 * kyî̃ /kjɪ̃/ prep. on
 * kyĩĩ /kjĩː/ adj. big, large
 * kyolch glâ /kjoːlʧ glɑ/ nf. wool
 * kyûn /kjʊn/ v. impose, demand
 * lágh /lɜgh/ nm. lounge, couch, sofa
 * leyû /leːˈjʊ/ adj. private
 * lîw /lɪw/ nm. manner
 * lɔogbæẽ /lɔo̯ˈg͡bæẽ̯/ adv. ahead
 * lû̃ts /lʊ̃ʦ/ nf. library
 * má̃bmɔo tsâ /mɜ̃bˈmɔo̯ ʦɑ/ nm. tomorrow
 * má̃gchûts /mɜ̃gˈʧʊʦ/ nm. grocer
 * mal /maːl/ nf. bottom (lowest part)
 * mas /maːs/ nf. wedding
 * mdaspul /mdaːsˈpuːl/ adv. basically
 * mdigh /mdiːgh/ v. fall, dive, stumble
 * mdɔõb /mdɔõ̯b/ adv. sometimes
 * mẽẽ /mẽː/ adj. last (final), former
 * meps /meːps/ nm. space (outer)
 * mĩĩ /mĩː/ conj. because
 * mî̃p /mɪ̃p/ v. stretch
 * mlãã /mlãː/ nf. brick
 * mlakp /mlaːk͡p/ nm. tear
 * mli /mliː/ v. forget, ignore
 * mloknuks /mloːkˈnuːks/ adj. warm
 * mluhî /mluːˈhɪ/ nf. gate
 * mluns /mluːns/ v. like, love
 * molts /moːlʦ/ nm. show, exhibit, spectacle
 * mɔ̤lp /mɔ̤lp/ nf. ink
 * mu /muː/ det. some
 * mûlp /mʊlp/ nm. wall, barrier
 * mû̃p /mʊ̃p/ v. giggle
 * mũũdãã /mũːˈdãː/ v. punish
 * myãã /mjãː/ nm. pepper
 * myatslẽẽ /mjaːˈʦlẽː/ nm. detail
 * myî̃ngyayy /mjɪ̃ˈŋjaːjj/ adv. forever
 * myuayy /mjuːˈaːjj/ nm. hearing
 * nâ /nɑ/ nf. shade, shadow, hue
 * nakmon /naːkˈmoːn/ v. tie, attach
 * nî /nɪ/ adj. free
 * ning /niːŋ/ nf. fashion
 * nɔ̤nwæẽn /nɔ̤ˈnwæẽ̯n/ adv. somehow
 * nû̃kp /nʊ̃k͡p/ nf. shield
 * nyá /njɜ/ nm. beach
 * nyel /njeːl/ v. wiggle
 * nyî̈pkî̈ /njɪ̈pˈkɪ̈/ adj. beautiful, cute
 * nyû /njʊ/ adj. young
 * pa /paː/ nm. century
 * pæẽ /pæẽ̯/ nm. floor, ground, bottom (lowest part)
 * pâlch /pɑlʧ/ nm. bucket
 * pá̃p /pɜ̃p/ nm. bow (weapon)
 * pâyû /pɑˈjʊ/ num. nine
 * pî̈á̃ /pɪ̈ˈɜ̃/ nm. foreigner
 * pî̃ltũũ /pɪ̃lˈtũː/ nf. number, statistic
 * pit /piːt/ nf. witch
 * pol /poːl/ nf. torch
 * pɔolkẽẽayy /pɔo̯lkẽːˈaːjj/ nm. entrance
 * psããl /psãːl/ adj. certain
 * pse /pseː/ v. respond, answer, reply
 * psî̃s /psɪ̃s/ v. be (exist), be (permanent state)
 * psõõyy /psõːjj/ nm. worker
 * psũũ /psũː/ adj. slim
 * sa /saː/ v. return, go back
 * sæetgu /sæe̯tˈguː/ nf. shell
 * se /seː/ nf. sound, voice
 * shan /shaːn/ v. improve
 * shî̃á̃ /shɪ̃ˈɜ̃/ nm. employer
 * shɔ̤ /shɔ̤/ v. play (have fun)
 * shun /shuːn/ nm. poem
 * sîg /sɪg/ nf. ancestor
 * sî̃s /sɪ̃s/ nf. cloud, mist
 * slæe /slæe̯/ nm. matter
 * slâsayy /slɑˈsaːjj/ nm. appearance (act of appearing)
 * sle /sleː/ nf. cat
 * slẽẽ /slẽː/ prep. like
 * slî̃ /slɪ̃/ v. serve, provide, treat
 * slî̈lp /slɪ̈lp/ nf. balcony
 * slû /slʊ/ adj. gay
 * sná /snɜ/ nm. nut, seed, grain
 * sná̃gb /snɜ̃g͡b/ adj. offensive
 * snî̃gb /snɪ̃g͡b/ adj. boring
 * snû̃ /snʊ̃/ nm. king
 * somtsãã /soːmˈʦãː/ nf. tin
 * sɔogb /sɔo̯g͡b/ v. keep, store
 * sũũ /sũː/ v. help, assist, cater
 * tâ /tɑ/ prep. according to
 * tânî̈ /tɑˈnɪ̈/ nm. grandfather
 * teks /teːks/ nm. armor
 * tháb /thɜb/ nm. rod, shaft, bar, cylinder, stick, axle
 * thátm /thɜtm/ nm. dog
 * thá̃yy /thɜ̃jj/ nm. coffee
 * thî̈ /thɪ̈/ nm. goal
 * thɔ̤ /thɔ̤/ nf. sponge
 * thûll /thʊll/ nm. question
 * tî̃ /tɪ̃/ prep. along
 * tɔ̤gbu /tɔ̤g͡bˈuː/ nf. suggestion
 * tsá /tsɜ/ v. fold
 * tsããsbû̃s /ʦãːsˈbʊ̃s/ v. set
 * tsæẽayy /tsæe̯ˈaːjj/ nm. perception
 * tsâlp /tsɑlp/ adj. naval
 * tse /tseː/ v. rate
 * tsẽẽnsegng /tsẽːnˈseːgŋ/ nm. beverage
 * tsîá̃ /tsɪˈɜ̃/ nf. author, writer
 * tsĩĩ /ʦĩː/ nm. link
 * tsils /ʦiːls/ adj. loud, noisy
 * tsîyy /tsɪjj/ adj. single
 * tsõõp /tsõːp/ v. sing
 * tsu /ʦuː/ pron. he, it
 * tsûgb /ʦʊg͡b/ nm. wax
 * tsuu /ʦuːˈuː/ adj. personal
 * tswá̃ /ʦwɜ̃/ nf. door
 * tswakdããkso /ʦwaːkdãːkˈsoː/ v. investigate, inquire, examine, interrogate, probe, audit
 * tsweyy /ʦweːjj/ pron. someone, somebody
 * tswo /ʦwoː/ adv. later
 * tswû̃ /ʦwʊ̃/ nf. daughter
 * tûhi /tʊˈhiː/ v. sew
 * tûyʻayy /tʊjˈʔaːjj/ nm. guess
 * wâbegb /wɑˈbeːg͡b/ adv. exactly
 * wâp /wɑp/ nf. stomach, gut
 * whá /whɜ/ nf. evidence, symptom, contract
 * whál /whɜl/ v. shine, glow
 * whî̈n /whɪ̈n/ pron. him, it
 * whu /whuː/ adv. quite, rather
 * wîll /wɪll/ nf. theater, arena
 * wolp /woːlp/ adv. less
 * wû /wʊ/ adv. that
 * wũũ /wũː/ adv. most
 * yæelbupchãã /jæe̯lbuːpˈʧãː/ v. care
 * yânsî̃ /jɑnˈsɪ̃/ nf. danger, hazard, risk, threat
 * ye /jeː/ adv. off
 * yî̃ /jɪ̃/ nm. story, fable
 * yiw /jiːw/ nm. medicine
 * yɔ̤ /jɔ̤/ nm. adult
 * yɔ̤sme chat /jɔ̤sˈmeː ʧaːt/ nf. ice
 * yũũ /jũː/ nf.