Patchélogue

This page is basically a English-translated English-rewritten version of 帕提语. No, even worse, I started re-writing the origin Chinese version basing on this page.



=Classification and Dialects=

Patigulh(/'pʌtɪgʊl/, Vżɑiκṡu/'pʰatʰik⁼uɫʷ/, lit."Language of Patchouli") is an artlang created by Kaihan Zhang, a Chinese student.

In the Patigulh universe, Patigulh is spoken by about 120 million people in Patikyou and is the official language of it. Numerous dialectical varieties also exist.

Patikyou(Vżɑiᴚſṩ/'pʰatʰikʰɪəʊ/, lit."Land of Patchouli") is a great empire in an alternate universe which is far from ours.

=Phonology=

The stress is always on the syllable before the last one.

Consonants

 * 1) [h/kʰ/k⁼] are palatalised [ɕ/tɕʰ/tɕ⁼] before [i], but the spelling doesn't change.
 * 2) [pʰ/tʰ/kʰ] are disaspiratised [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] after[s/ʂ], the spelling also change.
 * 3) [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] are unreleased [p̚/t̚/k̚] at the end of a syllable, expect when ends with two consonants like [sp⁼].

Syllables
The syllable structure of Patigulh is "(CCC)V(VV)(CCC)". Every consonant cluster can mostly(but rarely) have three consonants, and one or two normally. Every vowel cluster can mostly(but rarely) have three vowels, and one or two normally.

If there are odd number of consonants between two vowels, the later one will get one consonant more than the former. e.g. qżʌżu(sa-balh)cat. If there are even number of consonants between two vowels, they will get same amount of consonants. e.g. żƞɒı̣q(an-des)isn't. But if there were "ts/ds/tc/dc", they should be treated like a single consonant: vżɑqi(pa-tsi)knowledgeable.

=Writing System=

Patigulh is written in Hijilaiya(ᖷiκinẓ̇ſż/xitɕ⁼i'laija/, lit."Saint-script"), which looks like Latin letters. The reason is that a passing-by time-traveller accidently dropped his comic books into the Patigulh universe when getting lost in the time-axis.

The Latin transliteration below is never used by Patikyou people, only by the author, in order to make Patigulh more readable.

There are recently 27 letters in Hijilaiya.

Orthography
u(lh) only appear at the end of a word. If any letter appears after it, the u(lh) will become n(l).


 * ṣqı̣u(oselh)"teach" → ṣqı̣ n ĸiż(oseljia)"teacher"

Unless when appearing at the end of a word, v(p), ɑ(t) or ᴚ(k) won't appear behind a q(s). If they had to, they only become ʌ(b), ɒ(d) or κ(g).


 * ɒı̣qɑ(dest)"was²" → ɒı̣q ɒ iƞ(desdin)"been²"

Plosives like p/t/k/b/d/g, when followed by another plosive, an "u" will appear after the p/b/k/g, and an "o" will appear after the t/d.


 * ʎṡɒ(mud)wood + vnżƞ(plan)plank → ʎṡɒ ṣ vnżƞ(mudoplan)wood-plank

Spellings like ſi(yi), ȷṡ(wu) or even ʃẓ(zr) are banned in Patigulh.

ᴚ(k), κ(g) or ʞ(h) paralize before i(i) , but the spelling doesn't change. And they don't paralize before ſ(y). For example: ᴚiṩ(qiou) is pronounced as /tɕʰɪəʊ/, and ᴚſṩ(kyou) is pronounced as /kɪəʊ/: While:
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ ſ ṩ(Gensoukyou)"Fantasy-land"
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ i ṩ(Gensouqiou)"Fantasy-ball"

q(s) paralize before i(i) in some dialects, but the spelling doesn't change.

Punctuation

 * Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżq ẓ｡ ⌊Z̄nṣʞżſṩ⨟ ȷṣq ƞı̣λż ɒı̣q ⌊⌊Vżɑbiṩni⌉⌉,⌉, ᗄi ʞżƞżqı̣u ƞz̊ƞ, Δbiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ẓ bi ɒı̣q Vżɑbiṩni; Z̄żż｡｡｡ ſṣλṣ｡｡,
 * Patchouli says: "Hello! My name is 'Patchouli'". What did she say? She said that she is Patchouli! Ah... maybe....

If the quotation can be considered as a word in the sentence, a punction should be add both inside and outside the quotation. Otherwise, punctions should only be added inside the quotation marks.


 * Jṣ żʞżƞżqı̣u ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉, (Wo ahanasel "Alohajou!".) I didn't say "Hello".
 * Jṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou.") Me: "Hello."

The punction of a quotation can be omited if it os a perion, unless it appears between a double quotation mark and a normal quotation mark:


 * Jṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u ⌊Jṣ żʞżƞżqı̣u ⌊⌊żnṣʞżſṩ⌉⌉,⌉, (Wo hanasel "Wo ahanasel 'Alohajou'.".) I said "I didn't say 'Hello'".
 * Jṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou") Me: "Hello"

If only the first half of the sentence needs exclaiming, an exclaim-comma should be used.


 * Jṣi⨟ ȷṣ ᴚṣᴚ iu, (Woi!, wo kok ilh.) "Hey, I'm here!"

There is no question marks in Patigulh. In interrogative sentences, there should be a rising tone on the word being asked about, whose dots should be changed into rings (or "rising tone mark"):


 * ꓘṣu ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞ. (kol des nan?.) "This is what?."
 * ᖷṡ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣu. (we? tabelh kolh) "Who? ate this."

There is no colon in Patigulh. A comma is placed wherever, in English, a colon would be used.


 * Jṣ ʞżƞżq｡ ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas, "Alohajou.".) I say:"Hello.".

Capitalization
The first letter of any noun(or gerund) should be capitalized. And the last letter of a proper noun should be capitalized too. Case suffixes of proper nouns should be placed before the capitalized last letter.


 * Aṡiᴚ Z̄ ȷż ɑżʌ ꓘẓ̇ᴚiȷṣ,(SuikAwa tab Kaiqiwo.)"Suika eats cake."
 * Aṡiᴚżȷż ɑżʌ ꓘẓ̇ᴚ Ī ȷṣ,(Suikawa tab KaiqIwo.)"Watermelon eats Keiki."

=Grammar=

Nouns
In Patigulh, nouns decline based on number and case, gender is shown by atricles.

Number
Usually, plural is made by adding plural suffix -ʎ(m) to the ending of the singular noun, regardless of whether the word ends by a consonant or vowel. However, some nouns change irregularly.
 * qżʌżu(sabalh)"cat" → qżʌżn ʎ (sabalm)"cats"
 * ʎiᴚi(miqi)"mouse" → ʎiᴚi ʎ (mikim)"mouse"
 * ṣſṣ(oyo)"eye" → ı̣ſı̣(eye)"eyes"
 * ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boob" → ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boobs"

Case
4 cases are marked in Patigul, They are:
 * Nominative — marks the subject.
 * Instrumental — marks the instrument (I personally call it "indirect subject."), or where the action starts “from”.
 * Dative — marks the indirect object, or where the action goes “to”.
 * Accusative — marks the object.

Take an English and a Patigulh sentence for example:


 * The mouse gave a flower to the cat with its hands.
 * ı̣nı̣ ʎiᴚiȷż ɑżq ṣɑı̣ʎı̣ ı̣nı̣ qżʌżni κiyı̣u ż ynżƞżȷṣ.
 * The dog threw an apple from the tree to the house.
 * ı̣nı̣ qƞṡʌiȷż żnż ᴚiȷı̣ żnż ʞżqi ᴚiƞṣſı̣u ż ẓ̇vṩȷṣ.

Pay attention to ṣɑı̣ʎı̣(oteme)"handsᴵⁿˢ". It shows that the plural suffix comes after the case suffix.

What case the noun before the verb is can affect the meaning of the whole sentence.

Besides four "main-cases", Patigulh also features four other "sub-cases".

Sub-cases are used for subjects and objects participles and gerunds.

Personal pronouns' sub-case form is same with their main-case form.


 * Jṣ Δżʌiƞż Aṡiᴚżʎṡu qżvnibı̣u AṡiᴚZ̄ȷṣ(Wo tabina suikamulh saplicelh Suikawo)"My eating watermelons surprises Suika."

Gender
There are 2 genders in Patigulh, which is not divided by sеx but animate/inanimate. It is shown by changing the article of the noun.

It should be noticed that a noun's gender isn't always the same. For example, "water" can be either animate or inanimate depending on the context.

The only three kinds of words that needs seprating genders are: articles(as menitoned above), a special verb iu/żu(ilh/alh)existᵃ/existᶤᵃ and third personal pronoun bi/ɑż(ci/ta)itᵃ/itᶤᵃ.

Pronouns
In Patigulh, pronouns are divided as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns pluralize based on person, number, case and gender(inanimate/animate).


 * 1) żƞɑżn(antai)"you&we" is inclusive and żɑẓ̇(atai)"we" is exclusive. That is:  żƞɑẓ̇(antai)"you&we" includes "you" inside "we", while żɑẓ̇(atai)"we" does not:
 * Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżq biƞᴚi ẓ｡ ⌊Żnżṡ (żƞɑẓ̇/żɑẓ̇)ȷi ᴚı̣ᴚṣƞṣƞṣ qʎiɒż,⌉,
 * Patciouli hanas Cinqi r: "Alau (antai/atai)wi kekonono smida.".
 * Patchouli tells Shinki: "Please allow (you&me/us) get married".
 * →Patchouli wants to marry (Shinki/Alice).
 * 1) Patigulh features a "fourth person" pronoun ᴚṡ(ku)"alt-it" . It is used when the "third person" pronoun had already referred to someone else, i.e.:
 * Vżɑbiṩni ȷiɒiſı̣u ẓ ʎżniqż ȷżqɑ ɑżɑqiև (ɑżq/biq) ṩvẓ̇ȷṣ,
 * Patciouli widiyelh r Malisa wast tatsing (tas/cis) oupaiwo.
 * Patchouli saw that Marisa is touching (her/alt-her) chest.
 * →Marisa is touching (herselfs/Patchouli's) chest.

The genetive case of personal pronouns can be made by adding an "s" after the nominative form.

Plural personal pronouns like żƞɑż(anta)youse decline like other nouns: żƞɑżȷż(antawa)youse N, żƞɑżȷṣ(antawo)youseA.

The word żṡɑṣ(auto)"self" is any of the pronouns' reflexive form. Whether it stands for "yourself" of "myself" or else relys on the context.

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns is very regular in Patigulh. It can be numerously generated by using the preffixes shown below:

P.S.: Red words are made-up English words to appproximate Patigulh words.

The difference between qṣƞ(son)"this" and ṣƞ(on)"thy" is that qṣƞ is something close to the listener, while ṣƞ is something far from both the listener and the speaker.

ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" and ȷı̣(we)"who" means the same. But ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" is only used as a conjunction of nominal clauses, while ȷı̣(we)"who" is only used as a pronoun. The same goes with ɑṣu(tolh)"which thing" and ƞżƞ(nan)"what".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Patigul do not decline. Comparatives and superlatives are shown by two adverbs: κı̣ƞ(gen)"more" and qẓ̇(sai)"most".


 * κżṡ(gau)"high" → κı̣ƞ κżṣ(gen gau)"higher" → qẓ̇ κżṣ(sai gau)"highest"

Verbs
In Patigulh, verbs conjugate based on tense, voice and number, but not person.

The tense system of Patigulh consists of twelve(that is, 3×4) tenses, three simple tenses and four aspects.

The simple tenses are: past tense, present tense and future tense.

The aspects are: completed aspect, simple aspect progressive aspect and so-called "starting aspect".


 * P.S.:In Patigulh, the clause uses the same tense as the main clause, even in Future tense.

About the "-elh" suffix, if the root word:
 * 1) Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌ ı̣u (tabelh)"ate"
 * 2) Ends with a non-e vovel, a "y" appears before the suffix: ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣ ſı̣u (kinoyel)"threw"
 * 3) Ends with an "e", the suffix appears without an "e": ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣ u (osel)"taught"

About the "-olh" suffix, if the root word:
 * 1) Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌ ṣu (tabolh)"will eat"
 * 2) Ends with a non-o vovel, a "w" appears before the suffix: ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣ ȷṣu (osewol)"will teach"
 * 3) Ends with an "o", the suffix appears without an "o": ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣ u (kinol)"will throw"

The same goes with "-en" "-on" suffixes.

Only ɒı̣q(des)"be", ʞı̣ɒ(hed)"have" , κṣɑ(got)"get" conjugate irregularly by person. Among which, ɒı̣q(des)"be" also conjugate irregularly by tense.

As for ɒı̣q(des)"be", its (past/present/future) participle is its (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in) , and its (past/present/future) gerund is its (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing). That is:


 * ȷżq(was)is3rd.p.verb→ȷżq iƞ (wasin)is3rd.p.part.→ȷżq iև (wasing)is3rd.p.ger.

Verbs also have a passive voice conjugation.

Participles
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) participle is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing).

Participles can be used to form aspects. Past participle forms completed aspect, present particle for progressive aspect, future particle for "starting aspect".

Participles can also be used as an adjective or adverb.

Unlike in English, past participles in Patigulh can't mark pasaiveness. It is marked by passive participles

Gerunds
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) gerund is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in).

The (past/future) gerunds are used to express the action happen (before/after) the verb.

Pay attention to the word ᴚṡᴚiև(kuqin)"cooking". It wasn't wirtten as ᴚṡᴚiƞṣ(kuqino)"cookingᴼᵇʲ", because gerunds don't decline by number or case.

Well, now it does.

Prepositions
The nouns after a preposition should be in dative case.

Position Prepositions
记得提醒我往里边加上动三静四. 是的，动三静四.
 * 1) There also exists a "'from' class", which is formed by adding " żṡq(aus)from " after the preposition. It isn't shown in the table.
 * 2) 「żƞ(an)on」means to be at surface of something, while「ȷı̣(ue)up」means to be upper than something.

The "to" class prepositions are used to form adverbtive modifying phrases, which comes before the verb it modifies:
 * ʎżɒı̣ żnż ʞżqiṣ  qɒı̣v. (made ala hasio sdep.) [ To the house walk.] "Walk to the house ".
 * ʎżni żnż ʞżq iṣ qɒı̣v. (mali ala hasio sdep.) [ Into the house walk.] "Walk into the house ".

The "of" class prepositions are used to form adjective modifying phrases, which comes before the noun it modifies:
 * Πiyṣƞ żnż ᴚiſṣ żƞ ẓ̇vṩ, (Lifon ala kiyo an aipou.) [ In-of the tree an apple.] "An apple in the tree ."
 * Jṣ ɑżʌ niyṣƞ żnż ᴚiʎiṣ żnż ẓ̇vṩʎṣ, (Wo tab lifon kimio aipoumo.) [I eat in-of the trees the apples] "I eat apples in the tree ."

Non-Position Prepositions
In Patigulh, the word for "expect" is iʞżƞ(ihan)"unincluding", which is diversed from ʞżƞ(han)"including".

Conjunctions

 * ı̣ɑ(et)and
 * qı̣ɒ(sed)but

Clauses
PS: It is now still a mess.
 * ẓ(r)"that" — introduces any nominal clause and direct speech.
 * ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"who" — introduces nominal clause of person.
 * ɑṣu(tolh)"what" — introduces nominal clause of object.
 * ɑṣb(toc)"when" — introduces nominal clause of time.
 * ɑṣᴚ(tok)"where" — introduces nominal clause of place.
 * ɒżև(dang)"when" — introduces adverbial clause of time.
 * ṡʌi(ubi)"where" — introduces adverbial clause of place.


 * ȷṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u qiẓ ɑṣb ȷṣ ɑżʌı̣u,(wo hanaselh cir toc wo tabelh.)[I told him (when I ate)]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about the time I ate.
 * ȷṣ ɒżʎ ȷṣ ɑżʌı̣u ʞżƞżqı̣u biẓ,(wo dang wo tabelh hanaselh cir.)[I (when I ate)told him]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about something else at the time I ate.

=Syntax=

Head direction
Adjectives always come before the noun they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Possession
Possession is made by using the particle yṣƞ(fon)of, which is similar with "of" in English. Differently, pronouns' possessive form is made by adding suffix q(s)xx's. For example:


 * ȷṣ q ẓ̇vṩ｡ ɒṡ q ẓ̇vṩ,(Wos aipou, dus aipou.)"My apple, your apple."
 * Yṣƞ Vżɑbiṩni ẓ̇vṩ,(Patciouli kai aipou.)"Patchouli's apple."

Pronouns' possessive pronoun is same as theirs possessive form.


 * ȷṣ q ｡ ɒṡ q ,(Wos, dus.)"Mine, yours."

Voices
In Patigulh, active voice uses a Subject-Verb-Object word order.

Passive voice uses a OVS word order. It is formed by adding the prefix ʌi(bi) before the verb:


 * qżʌżnż ɑżʌ ʎiᴚiȷṣ,(Sabala tab mikiwo)"Cat eats mouse."
 * ʎiᴚiȷż ʌi ɑżʌ qżʌżnṣ,(Mikiwa bitab sabalo)"Mouse is eaten by cat."

Declarative
The Affirmative Sentences in Patigulh uses a SVO word order.

To make a sentence negative, the prefix żn(al-)"don't-" should be added to the beginning of the verb. However, this prefix has many other forms:

Interrogative
Questioning sentences in Patigulh is devided into "general questions" and "special questions".

Before going further, notice that Patigulh don't have question marks.

General questons (Yes/No questions) are created by taking the verb(and its adverb) to the beginning of the sentence.


 * ɒṡ ſṩᴚni ɑżʌı̣u ẓ̇ ẓ̇vṩȷṣ,(Du joukli tabelh e aipouwo,)[Thou slow-ly eat-ed aⁱᴬᵐⁱ appleᴼᵇʲ]"You ate an apple slowly."
 * ſṩᴚni ɑz̊ʌs̥u ɒṡ ẓ̇ qżκṣ,(Joukli tabelh du ai sago,)"Slowly ate? you an apple?/Did you eat an apple slowly?"

Special questons (Wh- questions) are created by taking the subject or object or anything with interrogative pronouns.


 * ᴚṣnż ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞs̥. (kola des nano.)[This is what.]"What is this?"
 * ʞṡ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣnṣ. (hu tabelh kolo) "Who ate this."

Imperative
Imperative in Patigulh can be easily made by simply add the interjective ɒı̣(de)"imp." (or qʎiɒż(smida)"please" to show polite) before the whole sentence.


 * ɑżʌ,(Tab.)"To eat."
 * ɑżʌ ɒı̣,(Tab de.)"Eat."
 * ɑżʌ qʎiɒż,(Tab smida.)"Please eat."

Conditional
Conditional mood can be made by adding the suffix -ṡu(ulh) to the end of the verb. But if the verb ends with a vovel, an "k(')" will be placed before the "ṡ(u)".

The Conditional suffix comes before the tense suffix: ɑżʌṡnı̣u(tabulel)"would have eaten".

The tense of conditional verbs agrees with other verbs in the context.


 * Jṣ ȷiq ẓ ȷṣ ɒı̣ɑṡu i nṣniȷṣ,(Wo wis r wo detulh e loliwo.)"I wish that I were a girl."
 * Jṣ ȷiqı̣u ẓ ȷṣ ȷżɑṡu ẓ nṣniȷṣ,(Wo wiselh r wo watulh e loliwo.)"I wished that I had been a girl."

=Miscellaneous=

Number
Patigulh uses base 12. Numbers bigger than 24(or 20 in base12) are represented like: [Y]ɒż[X] means [Y]×12+[X].

Add κṣ after a number to make it an adjective: ɒṣqκṣ nṣκʎ(dosgo logm)"two 'six's".

Diminutives and augmentatives
"A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment."

In Patigulh, dimunitivation is shown with a ẓ(r) added at the end of a word. Regardless whether it ends with consonants or vovel. The dimunitivation suffix comes before the case and plural suffix.


 * qżʌżu(sabal)cat → qżʌżnẓ(sabalr)kitten → qżʌżnẓʎ(sabalrm)kittens → qżʌżnẓʎż(sabalrma)kittensᴬᶜᶜ

"An augmentative (abbreviated aug) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes."

In Patigulh, argumentativation is shown with a ṣ(o) or ṣκ(og) added at the end of a word.


 * ʞżq(has)house → ṣʞżq(ohas)your house

Answering Question
=Lexicon=

''Main articlle: Patigulh/Lexicon

The table of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns can be found above.

Suffixes
Suffixes can change the word's meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on.

Preffixes
Preffixes can change word's meaning to a related one. They seldon change the word's kind.

Swadesh table
=Example text=

Daily phrase

 * 1) żnṣʞżſṩ;(Alohajou!) Hello!
 * 2) żnṩ;(Alou!) Hi!
 * 3) bżniṣƞżnż;(Calionara!) Goodbye!
 * 4) bżni;(Cali!) Bye!
 * 5) qṣniʎżqı̣ƞ,(solimasen.) Sorry.
 * 6) żniκżƞqż,(Aligansa) Thank you!
 * 7) qκı̣ɒẓ̇;(Sgedai) Fuск уоu!
 * 8) *See more ways to swear in Patigulh/Expletive.

"Our tent is missing!"
There was an example text here till I updated so mamy new grammars that this went old.