Old Shax

General Information
This is a Romance Language spoken in the country of Thaurĕp. Thaurĕp is a country that contains real modern day Ukrainian regions of Crimea, Sevastopol, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Odesa, and the country of Moldova. It has Ukrainian and Romanian as minority languages, but only Shax and Russian are official languages (Russian must learned as a second language; it is used to facilitate communication between the non-Shax populace). Shax has heavy influence from Russian, as Russian is the "cool, modern language". It is important to note that the populace here went through a period of heavy emphasis on education, particularly on Classical Latin and Greek; from this the Shax language emerged more from the Latin language, retaining the Neuter gender.

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Sound Changes
In order. Antiquity Latin > Vulgar Latin > Eastern Romance > Daco-Romance > Slavo-Romance > Proto-Shax > Shax

Vulgar Latin
note: C = consonant, V = vowel, L = liquid, ´ = stressed vowel, ` = unstressed vowel

Vowels
ɛ > ɛ

eː > e

ɪ > e

iː > i

ɔ > ɔ

oː > o

ʊ > o

uː > u

a > a

aː > a

ʏ > ɪ

yː > i

Diphthongs
ɑe̯ > ɛ

oe̯ > e

au̯ > ɔ

ou̯ > u

Consonants
h > ∅

w > β

b > β/V_V, L

b > β/V, L_V

m, n > ∅/_#

n > ∅/_(f, v, s, z)

pʰ > f

tʰ > θ

kʰ > x

Semi-Vowels
(e, i) > j/_V

u > w/_V

Lexicon

 * Addition of non-Classic vocabulary from Vulgar Latin

Palatalization

 * k > tʃ/_(i, e, ɪ)
 * g > dʒ/_(i, e, ɪ)

Consonants

 * Plosives remained voiceless intervocalically

Lexicon

 * Greek lexical influence is found in legal and governence, medicine, and education.
 * Mongolic/Turkic lexical is found in war, descriptions of savagery, and profanity.
 * Addition of common words, from Vulgar Latin and Slavic languages, and proper words, from Classic Latin and Greek.

Vowels

 * ɛ > ɛ
 * ɛ́ > je
 * e > e
 * e > ə/(b, p, m)_
 * ɔ > ɔ
 * o > ɔ
 * ò > ʊ
 * i > i
 * ɪ > e
 * u > u
 * a > a
 * à > ə
 * ə > e/(tʃ, dʒ, j)_

Consonants
Slavo-Romance
 * β > v
 * Labiovelars
 * kʷ > k/(i, e)_ > tʃ
 * gʷ > g/(i, e)_ > dʒ
 * kʷ > k
 * gʷ > g
 * k, g > p, b/ə
 * velar > bilabial/alveolar plosive_
 * Finals
 * m, n, s, z > ∅/_#
 * t, d > n/_#
 * p, b > m/_#
 * k, g > ŋ/_#
 * l > j/_#
 * l > r/V_V
 * Palatalization
 * s > ʃ/_(i, e)
 * z > ʒ/_(i, e)
 * t > ts/_(i, e)
 * d > dz/_(i, e)
 * k > tʃ/_(i, e)
 * g > dʒ/_(i, e)
 * l > ʎ/_(i, e)

Vowel

 * ɛ > ɛ̝
 * è > ɪ
 * é > ɨ
 * i > i
 * ɔ > ɔ̝
 * ú > u
 * ù > ʊ
 * u > ju/(v, n, d)_
 * ʊ > u
 * a > a
 * ə > ɨ/(m, n, t, l, j)_
 * ə > ∅

Consonant

 * Final devoicing
 * j > ◌ʲ/_(i, ɪ, ɨ)

Lexicon

 * Major addition of Russo-Ukrainian vocabulary. This addition goes mainly to common words and food.

Vowel

 * ju > y

Consonant

 * Degemination of all phonemes
 * Depalatalization of of phonemes
 * Palatalization
 * t > ts/(i, ɪ, ɨ)_
 * d > dz/(i, ɪ, ɨ)_
 * k > tʃ/(i, ɪ, ɨ)_
 * g > dʒ/(i, ɪ, ɨ)_
 * simplification of affricates to fricatives except [t͡s]
 * nasal + plosive simplifies to nasal

Shax
There may be more or less for some words.

Consonant

 * Removal of all labialization
 * initial voiceless plosive lenition
 * p > f
 * t > θ
 * k > x
 * Voiced intervocalic lenition
 * b > v
 * d > ð
 * g > ɣ
 * t, g > h/_#
 * d > z/_#
 * x > h/#_, _#

Stress
Stress is at the ultimate syllable. The acute accent, ´, changes the stress.

Writing System
There are two writing systems: latin and cyrillic. The latin is the standard one used in Thaurĕp. Cyrillic was made co-official due to the large amount of Russian and Ukrainian speakers who used Cyrillic too, though it is very colloquial and Latin is taught as the official.

Alphabet
¹ The hard, non-palatalized, value is first and the soft, palatalized, value is the second (ex: eti = [ɛ̝tsi], fadi = [fazi], ciro = [ʃirɔ̝])

Digraphs
¹ For example: кь = [ʃ], like the letter C in the latin system. It simply gives the palatalized value of certain phonemes.

Information
Nouns are almost completely regular, with some exceptions.

Plural
The plural of Shax comes from the orginial dative in Latin.

Articles and Case
The case is one of two things represented solely through articles: the nominative, the oblique, and the ablative. The Shax nominative is used when the noun is nominative, vocative, or prepositional. The Shax oblique is used when the noun is accusative, or dative. The Shax ablative is used when the noun is ablative, insturmental, or locative. The other is grammatical gender.

Genitive Case
The genitive case is special in Shax. The article for genitive nouns is the zero article as the other articles, explained above, do not support the genitive. In Shax, the genitive has its own clause, the "genitive clause". The structure of which is as shown: zero articel + genitive noun/genitive subject pronoun + partitive article + nominative noun.

Sandhi
The phoneme or word in parenthesis is the sandhi form of the word when it, if it ends in a vowel, preceds a word that starts with a vowel. Articles have a special liaison: for definite, partitive, and negative articles you remove the vowel and have just the consonant followed by a comma (C+'); the indefinite article is different: it seperates the vowel from the word with a [n]. This is represented in the orthography as well.

Negative Article
It negates the nouns. This is repetitive if the main verb is negated as well, in relation between the verb and the noun.

Genitive
The final vowel is removed and replaced with the vowel: Note: With the masculine singular, and the feminine: palatalization of the preceding consonant will take place.

Ends with: conosonant+vowel (except I or Ĕ)
Final vowel changes to: -i

Note: the preceding consonant is palatalized

Ends with: consonant+I or Ĕ
Final vowel changes to: -ĕm

Note: the palatalization is kept

Ends with: vowel+ vowel
Final vowel changes to: -bȗ

Conjugation
Shax verbs conjugate to person, number, tense, mood

Person
1st, 2nd, 3rd persons.

Number
Singular and Plural number.

Tense
There are 3 sets of tenses: the standard, the progressive, and the relative. The standard has the present perfect, the preterite, future. The progressive has the present progressive, the past progressive, future progressive. The relative has the anterior and posterior. Note that in the charts (shown in Conjugation) it says, for example, Standard and then Present because, explained already in this section, what, in each set, each tense represents; in the example of Standard, Present means present perfect since, in this section, it was already said and therefore unnecessary to repeat.

Mood
Moods are very specific in Shax. There's the indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperitive, jussive, and the conditional imperitive. The subjunctive is used with opinions and questions. The imperitive is used with commands, in the 2nd person, and suggestion, the 1st and 3rd persons. The jussive is used with beggining, imploring, pleaing, etc. The conditional imperitive is simply an the imperitive in an if… then clause.

Subjunctive
The subjunctive is a versitile and ubiquitous mood in Shax. Using it when you have an opininon is simply the same sentence as an indicative but in the subjunctive. When making a question there are two ways to do so:

Vĕr - to Have
Indicative