Esperulo

Background
Esperulo is an Esperanto reform I created. I'm too lazy to make my own IAL so I just changed Esperanto. Esperulo is pretty much just for fun, mostly just to try to make Esperanto as much easier to learn as possible, even though to make any Esperanto reform that's worth learning you would have to overhaul the entire language from start to finish, leaving close to no trace of the original material. It mainly tries to be less exclusive of languages that are not IE, and be easier to learn, while keeping a lot of the language the same. I don't expect this to reach anybody beyond me, as a true reason for its existence doesn't exist. Most of the changes made were inspired by Novial, Lingwa de Planeta, and Ido.

Consonants
These consonants are almost guaranteed to be fully comparable with any language in the top 100 most spoken languages of any list. Some of these phonemes only occur in these top 100 languages as rare sounds occurring only in loanwords, but I decided that was no problem, as in Hebrew speakers, for example, have no trouble pronouncing the sounds /w/, /ʒ/, or /dʒ/, which only occur in very rare loanwords.

The stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ should be aspirated, but if this is completely unnatural for a speaker, it is optional, but not preferred. For Mandarin Chinese speakers, the voiced stops can be unvoiced, unaspirated stops, and the unvoiced stops have to then be aspirated. /p/ can be pronounced as /f/ if need be, /g/ can be pronounced as /dʒ/, /v/ as /w/, /ʃ/ as /z/, /tʃ/, or /ts/, and the rhotic as whatever is most comfortable for the speaker.

Vowels
/i/ can be pronounced as /ɪ/ if need be, /e/ can be pronounced as /ɛ/, /a/ as /æ/, /ɑ/, or /ɒ/, /u/ as /ʊ/ or /ə/, /o/ as /ɔ/, and all vowels can be rounded or rounded as needed.

Nouns
A number of things have been changed to Esperanto nouns. First is gender. All nouns that end in "-o" are neuter (i.e. the speaker does not want to specify the gender of the noun), nouns that end in "-u" are male, and nouns that end in  "-e" are female, similar to Novial. Nouns are also inherently indefinite. If you want to specify a singular noun, you say "one" (unu or unua) before the noun to indicate singularity. Plural is marked the same as it is in Esperanto, with "-j". To make a noun definite, you add the article "la" (the), like in Esperanto. Finally, the Accusative case (ending in "-n") is completely optional, like in Ido. All noun forms outside of the indefinite, neuter ending "-o" are optional.

Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives end in "-a" and function the same as the suffix "-ema", meaning a "tendency to do something". For example, instead of "ludema" meaning "playful", just "luda" (omitting the suffix) would mean "playful". Past participials end in     "-an" (i.e. "ludan", played).

Adverbs end in "-en" (i.e. "luden", playfully). They are not used as much as in English, but they are there if needed.

Verbs
Verbs have been simplified from Esperanto. The main verb form suffixes are "-i" which is tenseless (indefinite), and mostly serves as a sort of Infinitive, and "-is", which is specifically Present Tense. To make Past Tense, the word "da" is added before the verb, ending in "-i", and to make Future Tense, add the word "ki" before the verb, also ending in "-i". All other forms are also made by adding auxiliary words before the verb, not by inflecting the verb.

Morphology
The complicated and unpredictable morphology of Esperanto has been cleaned up. Morphology itself is not very good for an IAL, but Esperulo aims to "clean up" Esperanto, not completely change one of the things that makes it what it is. Many suffixes and stems have been removed, none added. The stems are:

- ach (pejorative -- "skribachi", to scrawl, from "write")

- ad (continual -- "kuradi", to keep on running, from "run")

- an (follower of something -- "kristano", Christian)

- (ar (collective group without a specific number -- "arbaro", forest, from "tree")

- (a)j (affectionate form -- pachaju", daddy, from "father")

- (e)bl (possible -- "kredebla", believable, from "believe")

- (e)s (abstract quality -- "amikeso", friendship, from "friend")

- (e)g (augmentive -- "domego", mansion, from "house")

- (e)j (place -- "lernejo", school, from "learn")

- (e)r (smallest part -- "kudrero", stitch, from "sew")

- (e)str (boss -- "lernejestro", school principal, from "school")

- (e)t (diminuative -- "dometo", hut, from "house")

- (i)d (offspring -- "katido", kitten, from "cat")

- (i)nd (worthy of -- "kredinda", credible, from "believe")

- (i)ng (holder, container -- "kandelingo", candle-holder, from "candle")

- (i)sm (doctrine -- "komunismo", Communism)

- (o)bl (multiple -- "duobla", double, from "two")

- (o)n (fraction -- "duona" half of, from "two")

- (o)p (group of specific number -- "triopo", a trilogy, from "three")

- (u)l (active participle -- "esperulo", one who hopes, from "hope", "sanktulo", one who "saints", a saint, from "holy")

b(o) - (in-law -- "bopatro", father-in-law, from "father")

di(s) - (scattering, to do about -- "discheti", to throw about, from "throw")

e(k) - (sudden -- "ekbrilo", a flash, from "shine")

eks - (an "ex" -- "eksedzu", ex-husband, from "husband")

ma(l) - (antonym -- "malgranda", small, from "large")

mi(s) - (incorrect -- "misloki", misplace, from "to place")

pr(a) - (great- -- "pravo", great-grandfather, from "grandfather")

r(e) - (back again -- "rekonstrui", rebuild, from "to build")