Umbrean/Lessons/04 Another object

Introduction
Now you should know how to do a sentence containing only the subject (Intransitive verb) and both subject and object (Transitive verbs) but that is still not enough to cover them all, dont sigh, this one isnt nearly as bad as the transition between the previous two.

As what could be seen in the second lesson there were two forms of objects, direct and indirect object. Here we go through the indirect object and how to add it to already existing sentences.

Indirect Object
The indirect object is an object that is indirectly affected by the verb, for example:
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

now why would "her" be the indirect object? how would one know when it is placed directly after the verb? Simple, the giving is done by johan and what is given? The flower is given hence it is directly affected by johans act of giving, "her" is indirectly affected by it as the flower is given to her. it can also be seen as it can take the form of
 * Johan gave her a flower
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

as its clearly seen the indirect object can be substituted by a prepositional phrase "to her". In many old languages (and others still do) it is done by a case called "dative case", it is a case that is meant to replace "to X" and in english it used to but is now long gone. In Umbrean they have the dative case but it doesn't only use for the "To X" case but every time an indirect object is used. While in english it is uncommon it is present in a verb naturally without prepositions it is quite common in Umbrean verbs.
 * Johan gave a flower to her
 * }

Let us start showing by using it in an intransitve verb

Intransitive Verb
We shall again use the "Lyom" verb.
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Umbrean Example Thats all nice and well, a tooth is falling. But what if one wants to say it fell onto something? the word for onto or on something is "az'", it may also be used to describe into something as into bunch of balls, into water etc. The placement of it in the comming example is rather odd for most and wont be explained here but in a later lesson.
 * Döndilu lyomavy kó
 * The tooth fell
 * }
 * The tooth fell
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Umbrean Example This could be said and be perfectly valid, but it is completely unneccisery. When one fall its always either into something or onto something. So the postposition is not used, one would simply say
 * Döndilu adwijo az' lyomav'y kó
 * The tooth fell into the water
 * }
 * The tooth fell into the water
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Umbrean Example and leave the az' out as it is built into the verb that the indirect object is what you fall into/onto. What is falling is indirectly affecting the indirect object by falling onto/into it, many verbs have like this and what the indirect object is/do/contribute differ and is something to just remember.
 * Döndilu adwijo lyomav'yel kó
 * The tooth fell into the water
 * }
 * The tooth fell into the water
 * }

Another thing to notice is the addition of -el at the end of the vowel which is an agreement with the indirect object, in this case it is just third person plural as water is treated as plural.

Transitive Verbs
What about with transitive verbs? How would one do it with these? Exacly the same except the indirect object is placed after the direct object, like here in this example with Nov' where indirect object marks the thing that is used to hit or punch with.
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=8 |Pöj zöñ döndi*au nov'iv'ör kó living dative singular obj: 2p sg perfective ! colspan=8 | I hit you with a tooth ! colspan=8 | I hit you using a tooth as you can see just like before you add a fitting ending to the verb which comes after the initial agreement ending and direct object comes before the indirect one while all of them is before the verb. Not too hard once one get to know it.
 * Pöj
 * zöñ
 * colspan=2 | döndi*au
 * colspan=3 |nov'iv'ör
 * kó
 * Pöj
 * zöñ
 * döndi-
 * -au
 * nov'-
 * -iv'-
 * -ör
 * kó
 * 1p sg
 * 2p sg
 * Tooth
 * undefined
 * 2p sg
 * Tooth
 * undefined
 * to hit
 * sbj: 1p sg
 * dat: 3p sg
 * past
 * }

But as you may notice there is a * in the middle of döndi and its ending -au, what would that be? a star is used for a glottal stop and a glottal stop is the sound one does when saying "uh oh" as there is a stop between the uh and the oh part. That is a glottal stop and Umbrean have a rule that when 3 vowel sounds occures after each other a glottal stop is placed between the first 2, in this case the i in döndi and a in -au, this is a rule that always occure through the words, not between words but in them, to make it easier hearing the individual vowels.


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! &lt;&lt; Previous Lesson ! Next Lesson &gt;&gt;
 * }