Patchélogue

This page is basically a English-translated English-rewritten version of 帕提语. No, even worse, I started re-writing the origin Chinese version basing on this page.



=Classification and Dialects=

Patigulh(/'pʌtɪgʊl/, Vżɑiκṡu/'pʰatʰik⁼uɫʷ/, lit."Language of Patchouli") is an artlang created by Kaihan Zhang, a Chinese student.

In the Patigulh universe, Patigulh is spoken by about 120 million people in Patikyou and is the official language of it. Numerous dialectical varieties also exist.

Patikyou(Vżɑiᴚȷṩ/'pʰatʰikʰɪəʊ/, lit."Land of Patchouli") is an empire in an alternate universe which is far from ours.

=Phonology=

Consonants

 * 1) [h/kʰ/k⁼] are palatalised [ɕ/tɕʰ/tɕ⁼] before [i], but the spelling doesn't change.
 * 2) [pʰ/tʰ/kʰ] are disaspiratised [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] after[s/ʂ], the spelling also change.
 * 3) [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] are unreleased [p̚/t̚/k̚] at the end of a syllable, expect when ends with two consonants like [lp⁼].

Syllables
The basic syllable structure of Patigulh is "(CCC)(A)V(A)(CCC)". Where "A" stands for Approximants which are indicated by vovel or digraph letters. A consonant cluster can (but rarely) have up to three consonants, and one or two normally.

A vowel cluster can (rarely) have up to three vowels, and one or two normally. Words may begin with a stop with an "s" before it, or a affricative. Words may end with a stop with an "s" before or after it, or a nasal with a same-POA stop or fricative.

If odd number of consonants are between syllables, the later one will get one more consonant than the former. As in ɒiևᴚbẓƞ(ding-kcrn)thought. If it was even number, they will get same amount of consonants. As in ɑżʌbẓƞ(tab-crn)food. But affricatives are treated as single consonant: As in vżɑqi(pa-tsi)knowledgeable.

Stress
Words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, and nonstandard stress is indicated by an acute accent over the stressed vowel.

The stress of a Vowel-Consonant-Vowel word is commonly on the last vowel, it is considered a nonstandard stress and thus should be indicated.


 * Compare ṣqı̯(Osé)[o'sɛ]"teach" and ṣbı̣(Oce)['ɔʃe]"that.time-ᴀʙʟ"

The suffixes never affect a word's stress. Like:


 * The stress of qżʌżnż('sabala)"cat-ɴᴏᴍ" is still on the "sa", not on the second-to last syllable like "sa'bala". Pay attention to that it isn't considered a nonstandard stress.

As for compound words,

=Writing System=

Patigulh is written in Hijilaiya(ᖷiκinẓ̇ȷZ̄/xitɕ⁼i'laija/, lit."Saint-script"), which looks like Latin letters. The reason is that a passing-by time-traveller accidently dropped his comic books into the Patigulh universe when getting lost in the time-axis.

The Latin transliteration below is never used by Patikyou people, only by the author, in order to make Patigulh more readable.

There are recently 27 letters in Hijilaiya.

Orthography
u(lh) only appears at the end of a word. If any letter appears after it, the u(lh) will become n(l).


 * ṣqı̣u(oselh)"teach" → ṣqı̣ n ĸiż(oseljia)"teacher"

Unless when appearing at the end of a word, v(p), ɑ(t) or ᴚ(k) won't appear behind a q(s). If they had to, they only become ʌ(b), ɒ(d) or κ(g).


 * ɒı̣qɑ(dest)"was-2sg" → ɒı̣q ɒ iƞ(desdin)"been-2sg"

Plosives like p/t/k/b/d/g, when followed by another plosive, an "k(/'/)" will replace the plosives.


 * ʎṡɒ(mud)wood + vnżƞ(plan)plank → ʎṡ k vnżƞ(mu'plan)wood-plank

Spellings like ȷi(yi), ſṡ(wu) or even ʃẓ(zr) are banned in Patigulh.

ᴚ(k), κ(g) or ʞ(h) paralize before i(i) , but the spelling doesn't change. And they don't paralize before ȷ(y). For example: ᴚiṩ(qiou) is pronounced as /tɕʰɪəʊ/, and ᴚȷṩ(kyou) is pronounced as /kɪəʊ/: While:
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ ȷ ṩ(Gensoukyou)"Fantasy-land"
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ i ṩ(Gensouqiou)"Fantasy-ball"

q(s) paralize before i(i) in some dialects, but the spelling doesn't change.

Punctuation

 * Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżq ẓ｡ ⌊Z̄nṣʞżȷṩ⨟ ſṣq ƞı̣λż ɒı̣q ⌊⌊Vżɑbiṩni⌉⌉,⌉, ᗄi ʞżƞżqı̣u ƞz̊ƞ, Δbiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ẓ bi ɒı̣q Vżɑbiṩni; Z̄żż｡｡｡ ȷṣʎṣ｡｡,
 * Patchouli says: "Hello! My name is 'Patchouli'". What did she say? She said that she is Patchouli! Ah... maybe....

If the quotation can be considered as a word in the sentence, a punction should be add both inside and outside the quotation. Otherwise, punctions should only be added inside the quotation marks.


 * Jṣ żʞżƞżqı̣u ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉, (Wo ahanasel "Alohajou!".) I didn't say "Hello".
 * Jṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou.") Me: "Hello."

The punction of a quotation can be omited if it os a perion, unless it appears between a double quotation mark and a normal quotation mark:


 * Jṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u ⌊Jṣ żʞżƞżqı̣u ⌊⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ⌉⌉,⌉, (Wo hanasel "Wo ahanasel 'Alohajou'.".) I said "I didn't say 'Hello'".
 * Jṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou") Me: "Hello"

If only the first half of the sentence needs exclaiming, an exclaim-comma should be used.


 * Jṣi⨟ ſṣ ᴚṣᴚ iu, (Woi!, wo kok ilh.) "Hey, I'm here!"

There is no question marks in Patigulh. In interrogative sentences, there should be a rising tone on the word being asked about, whose dots should be changed into rings (or "rising tone mark"):


 * ꓘṣu ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞ. (kol des nan?.) "This is what?."
 * ᖷṡ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣu. (we? tabelh kolh) "Who? ate this."

There is no colon in Patigulh. A comma is placed wherever, in English, a colon would be used.


 * Jṣ ʞżƞżq｡ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas, "Alohajou.".) I say:"Hello.".

Capitalization
The first letter of any noun(or gerund) should be capitalized. And the last letter of a proper noun should be capitalized too. Case suffixes of proper nouns should be placed before the capitalized last letter.


 * Aṡiᴚ Z̄ ſż ɑżʌ ꓘẓ̇ᴚiſṣ,(SuikAwa tab Kaiqiwo.)"Suika eats cake."
 * Aṡiᴚżſż ɑżʌ ꓘẓ̇ᴚ Ī ſṣ,(Suikawa tab KaiqIwo.)"Watermelon eats Keiki."

Name of books should be written in italics with every word's first and last letter capitalized. If another proper noun appears in the name with uncapitalized suffix, its last letter should be capitalized:

κı̣ƞqṩᴚȷṩƞ nżȷı̣ƞyżſṣև bı̣ɒiu

=Grammar=

Nouns
In Patigulh, nouns decline based on number and case, gender is shown by atricles.

Number
Usually, plural is made by adding plural suffix -ʎ(m) to the ending of the singular noun, regardless of whether the word ends by a consonant or vowel. However, some nouns change irregularly.
 * qżʌżu(sabalh)"cat" → qżʌżn ʎ (sabalm)"cats"
 * ʎiᴚi(miqi)"mouse" → ʎiᴚi ʎ (mikim)"mouse"
 * ṣȷṣ(oyo)"eye" → ı̣ȷı̣(eye)"eyes"
 * ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boob" → ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boobs"

Case
4 cases are marked in Patigul, They are:
 * Nominative — marks the subject.
 * Ablative — marks the instrument ("indirect subject"), or where the action starts “from”.
 * Dative — marks the indirect object, or where the action goes “to”.
 * Accusative — marks the object.

Take two pairs of English and Patigulh sentences for example:


 * The mouse gave a flower to the cat with its hands.
 * Πı̣ ʎiᴚiſż ɑżq ṣɑı̣ʎı̣ nı̣ qżʌżni κiyı̣u ż ynżƞżſṣ.
 * The dog threw an apple from the tree to the house.
 * Πı̣ qƞṡʌiſż nż ᴚiſı̣ nż ʞżqi ᴚiƞṣȷı̣u ż ẓ̇vṩſṣ.

Pay attention to ṣɑı̣ʎı̣(oteme)"hand-ᴩʟ-ᴀʙʟ". It shows that the plural suffix comes after the case suffix.

What case the noun before the verb is can affect the meaning of the whole sentence.

Besides four "main-cases", Patigulh also features four other "sub-cases".

Sub-cases are used for participle phrases and gerunds.


 * Jṣ u Δżʌiƞż Aṡiᴚżʎ ı̣ƞ qżvnibı̣u AṡiᴚZ̄ſṣ(Wolh tabina suikamen saplicelh Suikawo)"My eating watermelons surprises Suika."

Gender
There are 2 genders in Patigulh, which is not divided by sеx but by consciousity. It is shown by changing the article of the noun.

It should be noticed that a noun's gender isn't always the same. For example, a "train" can be conscious when operated by a driver, a person can be unconscious when knocked out.

The only three kinds of words that needs seprating genders are: articles(as menitoned above), a special verb iu/żu(ilh/alh)exist-ᴄɴsᴄ/exist-ᴜɴsᴄ and third personal pronoun bi/ɑż(ci/ta)it-ᴄɴsᴄ/it-ᴜɴsᴄ.

Pronouns
In Patigulh, pronouns are divided as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns pluralize based on person, number, case and gender(3rd pronoun only).

There are three different methods to decline, but the declination of sub-cases is same in all methods. Even in the half-irregular one, where the main-cases' and sub-cases' declination are the same.


 * 1) Z̄ƞɑżn(antai)"you&we" is inclusive and Z̄ɑẓ̇(atai)"we" is exclusive. That is:  Z̄ƞɑẓ̇(antai)"you&we" includes "you" inside "we", while Z̄ɑẓ̇(atai)"we" does not:
 * VżɑbiṩnĪſż ʞżƞżq ЬiƞᴚĪſi ẓ｡ ⌊Z̄nżṡ (Z̄ƞɑẓ̇/Z̄ɑẓ̇)ſi ᴚı̣ᴚṣƞṣև qʎiɒż,⌉,
 * PatcioulIwa hanas CinqIwi r: "Alau (Antai/Atai)wi kekonong smida.".
 * Patchouli tells Shinki: "Please allow (you&me/us) get married".
 * →Patchouli wants to marry (Shinki/Alice).
 * 1) Patigulh features a "fourth person" pronoun ᑫṡ(su)"alt-it" (or "Obviative" in real linguists). It is used when the "third person" pronoun had already referred to someone else(normally the subject), for example:
 * VżɑbiṩnĪſż ſiɒiȷı̣u ẓ ʎżniqZ̄ſż ſżqɑ ɑżɑqiև (ɑżq/biq) S̱̄vẓ̇ſṣ,
 * PatcioulIwa widiyelh r MalisAwa wast tatsing (tas/cis) OUpaiwo.
 * Patchouli saw that Marisa is touching (her/alt-her) chest.
 * →Marisa is touching (Patchouli's/herselfs) chest.

The genetive case of a personal pronoun is same to its ablative form, except having the first letter in lower case for it is used as an adjective, not a noun.

Add a żṡɑṣ(auto)"self" after a pronoun's genetive form to form its reflexive form.

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns is very regular in Patigulh. It can be numerously generated by using the preffixes shown below:

P.S.: Red words are made-up English words to appproximate Patigulh words.

The difference between qṣƞ(son)"this" and ṣƞ(on)"thy" is that qṣƞ is something close to the listener, while ṣƞ is something far from both the listener and the speaker.

ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" and ſı̣(we)"who" means the same. But ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" is only used as a conjunction of nominal clauses, while ſı̣(we)"who" is only used as a pronoun. The same goes with ɑṣu(tolh)"which thing" and ƞżƞ(nan)"what".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Patigul do not decline. Comparatives and superlatives are shown by two adverbs: κı̣ƞ(gen)"more" and qẓ̇(sai)"most".


 * κżṡ(gau)"high" → κı̣ƞ κżṣ(gen gau)"higher" → qẓ̇ κżṣ(sai gau)"highest"

Verbs
Caution: Be in reforming progress. Any information could change.

In Patigulh, verbs conjugate basing on tense, voice, number, and person(which includes gender). Aspects are basically shown by auxialy verbs.

Class
Verbs in Patigulh are divided into two classes of declensions:
 * Class Ⅰ: Identified by having their infinitives ending with -ṡ: ƞṣʎṡ(nomu)"to drink"
 * Or same as their stem if the stem ends with a vovel: ſiɒi(widi)"to look/see"
 * Is the "normal" class of a verb devired from other parts of speech.
 * Class Ⅱ: Identified by having their infinitives ending with -ı̣u: ɑżʌı̣u(tabel)"to eat"
 * No verbs with their stem ending in vowel are categotied into Class Ⅱ.

Person
Person suffix after tense.

maybe i'll change them someday

Tenses and aspects
The tense-aspect system of Patigulh consists of twelve(that is, 3×4) composite tenses, which is formed by composing three simple tenses and four aspects.

The simple tenses are: past tense, present tense and future tense.

The aspects are: simple(imperfect) aspect, retrospective(A.K.A. perfect) aspect, continuous aspect, prospective aspect.


 * Retrospective(Perfect) aspect: Brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past.
 * Continuous aspect: Emphasising that the situation is ongoing, not indicating whether it is evolving.
 * Differ from English Progressive aspect(evolving; I am eating) by including both progressive aspect and stative aspect(non-evolving; I know French).
 * Prospective aspect: Brings attention to the anticipation of an imminent future situation
 * Approximate to English "be about to do" or "got to do".

When not specificslly mentioned, all verbs below are in 3rd-animative singular declension.


 * P.S.:In Patigulh, the clause uses the same tense as the main clause, even in Future tense.

About the "-e-" suffix, if the root word:
 * 1) Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"to eat" → ɑżʌ ı̣ q(tabes)"ate"
 * 2) Ends with a non-e vovel, a "y" appears before the suffix: ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣ ȷı̣ q(kinoyes)"threw"
 * 3) Ends with an "e", the "e" becomes an "ai": ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣq ẓ̇ q(osais)"taught"

About the "-o-" suffix, if the root word:
 * 1) Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌ ṣ q(tabos)"will eat"
 * 2) Ends with a non-o vovel, a "w" appears before the suffix: ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣ ſṣ q(osewos)"will teach"
 * 3) Ends with an "o", the "o" becomes an "ou": ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞ ṩ q(kinos)"will throw"

The same goes with conditional mood "-u-" suffixes.

Irregular verbs
P.S. It's a long story, but now ALL VERBS CONJUGATE ACCORDING PERSON and I happen don't have time to rewrite this section.

Only ɒı̣q(des)"be", ʞı̣ɒ(hed)"have" , κṣɑ(got)"get" conjugate irregularly by person. Among which, ɒı̣q(des)"be" also conjugate irregularly by tense.

As for ɒı̣q(des)"be", its (past/present/future) participle is its (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing) , and its (past/present/future) gerund is its (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in). That is:


 * ſżq(was)is3rd.p.verb→ſżq iև (wasing)is3rd.p.part.→ſżq iƞ (wasin)is3rd.p.ger.

Verbs also have a passive voice conjugation.

Participles
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) participle is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing).

Participles can be used to form aspects. Past participle forms completed aspect, present particle for progressive aspect, future particle for "starting aspect".

Participles can also be used as an adjective or adverb.

Unlike in English, past participles in Patigulh can't mark pasaiveness. It is marked by passive participles

Gerunds
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) gerund is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in).

The (past/future) gerunds are used to express the action happen (before/after) the verb.

Pay attention to the word ᴚṡᴚiև(kuqin)"cooking". It wasn't wirtten as ᴚṡᴚiƞṣ(kuqino)"cookingᴼᵇʲ", because gerunds don't decline by number or case.

Well, now it does.

Prepositions
The nouns after a preposition should be in sub-case.

Position Prepositions
记得提醒我往里边加上动三静四. 是的，动三静四.
 * żƞ(an)on means to be at surface of something, while ſı̣(ue)up means to be upper than something.

The "at" class prepositions are used to form adverbtive modifying phrases, which comes before the verb it modifies:
 * Dı̣ żnż ʞżqı̣ƞ  qɒı̣v. (De la hasen sdep.) [ At the house walk.] "Walk at the house ".
 * Πi nż ʞżqı̣ƞ qɒı̣v. (Li la hasen sdep.) [ In the house walk.] "Walk in the house ".

The "of" class prepositions are used to form adjective modifying phrases, which comes before the noun it modifies:
 * Πiyṣƞ nż ᴚiƞ żƞ ẓ̇vṩ, (Lifon la qin an aipou.) [ In-of the tree an apple.] "An apple in the tree ."
 * Jṣ ɑżʌ niyṣƞ nż ᴚiƞ żƞ ẓ̇vṩſṣ, (Wo tab lifon qin an aipouwo.) [I eat in-of the trees the apples] "I eat apples in the tree ."

Non-Position Prepositions
In Patigulh, the word for "expect" is iʞżƞ(ihan)"unincluding", which is diversed from ʞżƞ(han)"including".

Conjunctions

 * ı̣ɑ(et)and
 * qı̣ɒ(sed)but

With "wel" you can choose both, with "aut" you can only choose one, and with "nand" you can choose none.
 * ȷı̣u(wel)"and/or" żṡɑ(aut)"either/or, xor" ƞżƞɒ(nand)"nand"

Clauses
PS: It is now still a mess.
 * ẓ(r)"that" — introduces any nominal clause and direct speech.
 * ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"who" — introduces nominal clause of person.
 * ɑṣu(tolh)"what" — introduces nominal clause of object.
 * ɑṣb(toc)"when" — introduces nominal clause of time.
 * ɑṣᴚ(tok)"where" — introduces nominal clause of place.
 * ɒżև(dang)"when" — introduces adverbial clause of time.
 * ṡʌi(ubi)"where" — introduces adverbial clause of place.


 * ſṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u qiẓ ɑṣb ſṣ ɑżʌı̣u,(wo hanaselh cir toc wo tabelh.)[I told him (when I ate)]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about the time I ate.
 * ſṣ ɒżʎ ſṣ ɑżʌı̣u ʞżƞżqı̣u biẓ,(wo dang wo tabelh hanaselh cir.)[I (when I ate)told him]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about something else at the time I ate.

=Syntax=

Head direction
Adjectives always come before the noun they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Possession
Possession is made by using the particle yṣƞ(fon)of, which is similar with "of" in English. Possession can also be marked by using a noun's "genetive" case form, which is basically its ablative case form used as an adjective. For example:


 * ſṣ q ẓ̇vṩ｡ ɒṡ q ẓ̇vṩ,(Wos aipou, dus aipou.)"My apple, your apple."
 * Yṣƞ VżɑbiṩnÎƞ ẓ̇vṩ, VżɑbiṩnÎ ſı̣ ẓ̇vṩ,(Fon PatcioulIn aipou. PatcioulIwe aipou.)"Apple of Patchouli. Patchouli's apple."

There is no possessive pronoun like English "mine/yours". Patigulh use something like "my this" or "your that" instead.


 * ſṣ q ᴚṣu ｡ ɒṡ q qṣu ,(Wos, dus.)"Mine, yours."

Voices
Passive voice is formed by adding the prefix ʌi(bi) before the verb:


 * qżʌżnż ɑżʌ ʎiᴚiſṣ,(Sabala tab mikiwo)"Cat eats mouse."
 * ʎiᴚiſż qżʌżnı̣ ʌi ɑżʌ qżʌżnṣ,(Mikiwa sabale bitab)"Mouse is eaten by cat."

The object of the original sentence becomes the new subject, and the original subject becomes an adverbal noun in ablative case.

Declarative
The Affirmative Sentences in Patigulh uses a SVO word order.

To make a sentence negative, the prefix żn(al-)"don't-" should be added to the beginning of the verb. However, this prefix has many other forms:

By the way, the negative suffix for adjectives change its form in similiar rules:

When the usage of adverbs causes ambiguty. Put another adverb ƞı̣ɑ(net)"not" atthe end of a sentence instead.


 * ſṣ iᴚżni żʎʌẓ̇ȷı̣u(Wo ikali ambaiyelh)Angrily, I didn't buy.
 * ſṣ iᴚżni ʌẓ̇ȷı̣u ƞı̣ɑ(Wo ikali baiyelh net)I did not buy angrily.
 * ȷṣ [ƞı̣ɑ iᴚżni/iniᴚżni] ʌẓ̇ȷı̣u(Wo [net ikali/ilikali] baiyelh)[Not angrily/unangrily], I bought.

Interrogative
Questioning sentences in Patigulh is devided into "general questions" and "special questions".

Before going further, notice that Patigulh don't have question marks.

General questons (Yes/No questions) are created by taking the verb(and its adverb) to the beginning of the sentence.


 * ɒṡ ȷṩᴚni ɑżʌı̣u ẓ̇ ẓ̇vṩſṣ,(Du joukli tabelh e aipouwo,)[Thou slow-ly eat-ed aⁱᴬᵐⁱ appleᴼᵇʲ]"You ate an apple slowly."
 * ȷṩᴚni ɑz̊ʌs̥u ɒṡ ẓ̇ qżκṣ,(Joukli tabelh du ai sago,)"Slowly ate? you an apple?/Did you eat an apple slowly?"

Special questons (Wh- questions) are created by taking the subject or object or anything with interrogative pronouns.


 * ᴚṣnż ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞs̥. (kola des nano.)[This is what.]"What is this?"
 * ʞṡ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣnṣ. (hu tabelh kolo) "Who ate this."

Imperative
Imperative in Patigulh can be easily made by simply add the interjective ɒı̣(de)"imp." (or qʎiɒż(smida)"please" to show polite) before the whole sentence.


 * ɑżʌ,(Tab.)"To eat."
 * ɑżʌ ɒı̣,(Tab de.)"Eat."
 * ɑżʌ qʎiɒż,(Tab smida.)"Please eat."

Subjunctive
Subjunctive mood can be made by adding the suffix -ṡu(ulh) to the end of the verb. But if the verb ends with a vovel, an "k(')" will be placed before the "ṡ(u)".

The subjunctive suffix comes before the tense suffix: ɑżʌṡnı̣u(tabulel)"would have eaten".

The tense of subjunctive verbs agrees with other verbs in the context.


 * Jṣ ſiq ẓ ſṣ ɒı̣ɑṡu i nṣniſṣ,(Wo wis r wo detulh e loliwo.)"I wish that I were a girl."
 * Jṣ ſiqı̣u ẓ ſṣ ſżɑṡu ẓ nṣniſṣ,(Wo wiselh r wo watulh e loliwo.)"I wished that I had been a girl."

=Miscellaneous=

Number
Patigulh uses base 12. Numbers bigger than 24(or 20 in base12) are represented like: [Y]ɒż[X] means [Y]×12+[X].

Add κṣ after a number to make it an adjective: ɒṣqκṣ nṣκʎ(dosgo logm)"two 'six's".

Diminutives and augmentatives
"A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment."

In Patigulh, dimunitivation is shown with a ẓ(r) added at the end of a word. Regardless whether it ends with consonants or vovel. The dimunitivation suffix comes before the case and plural suffix.


 * qżʌżu(sabal)cat → qżʌżnẓ(sabalr)kitten → qżʌżnẓʎ(sabalrm)kittens → qżʌżnẓʎż(sabalrma)kittensᴬᶜᶜ

"An augmentative (abbreviated aug) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes."

In Patigulh, argumentativation is shown with a ṣ(o) or ṣκ(og) added at the end of a word.


 * ʞżq(has)house → ṣʞżq(ohas)your house

Answering Question
=Lexicon=

Main articlle: Patigulh/Lexicon

The table of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns can be found above.

Suffixes
Suffixes can change the word's meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on.

Preffixes
Preffixes can change word's meaning to a related one. They seldon change the word's kind.

Swadesh table
=Example text=

Daily phrase

 * 1) żnṣʞżȷṩ;(Alohajou!) Hello!
 * 2) żnṩ;(Alou!) Hi!
 * 3) bżniṣƞżnż;(Calionara!) Goodbye!
 * 4) bżni;(Cali!) Bye!
 * 5) qṣniʎżqı̣ƞ,(solimasen.) Sorry.
 * 6) żniκżƞqż,(Aligansa) Thank you!
 * 7) qκı̣ɒẓ̇;(Sgedai) Fuск уоu!
 * 8) *See more ways to swear in Patigulh/Expletive.

"Our tent was blown away!"
There was a completed example text here till I updated so mamy new grammars that I dicided to rewrite it

VżɑbiṩnĪſż ı̣ɑ Πı̣ʎiniȷZ̄ſż yṣ Γẓ̇niyṣƞı̣ɒ iᴚı̣u żƞ Jṩᴚẓ̇ȷżʎZ̄ſi, Dżև Πı̣ʎiniZ̄ſż ɒı̣qɑ qnżyiև｡ VżɑqiṩnĪſż bibṡᴚı̣u biƞ ſı̣ᴚiև ı̣ɑ ʞżƞżqı̣u ẓ｡⌊Πı̣ʎĪẓ｡ ſiɒi ṣƞ qɒı̣nżyṡu S̱ᴚs̆ſṣ ɒı̣⌉, ⌊ᖷẓ̇｡ VżɑbĪẓ｡⌉｡ ɑṣ qnżyiy I̱ȷı̣ƞ Πı̣ʎiniȷZ̄ſż ſṣƞı̣u ẓ｡ ⌊ɒs̥ᴚs̥ɑz̊ ṣᴚẓſı̣u⌉,

Patchouli-ɴᴏᴍ and Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ for out.live-ғᴛʀ.ɢᴇʀ-sᴜʙ.ᴅᴀᴛ go-ᴩsᴛ on Youkai.moutain-sᴜʙ.ᴅᴀᴛ. When.ᴄᴏɴᴊ Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ be.3ʀᴅ-ᴩsᴛ sleep-ᴩᴛᴄᴩ, Patchouli-ɴᴏᴍ ᴄᴀᴜs-shake-ᴩsᴛ 3ʀᴅ.ᴀɴᴍ.ᴩʀᴏɴ.ᴀᴄᴄ be.awake-ᴩᴛᴄᴩ and say-ᴩsᴛ ᴄᴏɴᴊ:"Remi-ᴅɪᴍ, look.at that star.full sky-ᴀᴄᴄ ɪᴍᴩ". "ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴊ, Patchy,", with sleep-ᴀᴅᴊ eye.ᴩʟ-sᴜʙ.ᴀᴄᴄ Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ ask-ᴩsᴛ, "what.event-ɴᴏᴍ-? occur-ᴩsᴛ".

Patchouli and Remilia went to Youkai Moutain for camping. When Remilia was sleeping, Patchouli waked her up and said: "Look at the starry sky, Remi." Remilia aksed with sleepy eyes: "Yeah, Patche. What's wrong?" "Just look at it!" Patchouli said unsatisfiedly, "Don't you have any idea?" Remilia looked at the sky for a while and replyed: "I thought about how big the universe is, and how small we mortals are." "Oh, Remilia Scarlet, you stupid!" Patchouli yelled angrily, "Why didn't you think about that our tent was blown away by the wind?!"