Pkalho-Kolo 3

OK. I have created a new page because Pkalho-Kölo 1 was getting absurdly long. Hinotëma.

Here we shall go on with the grammar, and we are up to:

VII. Directional Prefixes A

Pkalho-Kölo has 25 suffixes and seven prefixes: these are the directional prefixes, which have an important role in every area of grammar. They express the direction of movement:

Towards: le- Away from: he-

Continued: nö- Reversed: cö-

Similar: va- Opposite: cwa-

Mutual: pkä-

A i. The first two are the most commonly used, indicating direction towards, or away from, the speaker or point of focus. The meaning is clear with words expressing movement:

lelantirë - climbed up (towards me) / helantirë - climbed up (away from me)

lenerirë    - dropped down (towards me) / henerirë - dropped down (away from me)

With words describing transactions, two different English words are often needed:

leproä - buy / heproä - sell : letou - bring / hetou - take : lekwea - get / hekwea - give : lehoä - borrow / hehoä - lend

Pkalho-Kölo is not based on subject-object relations and so the suffixes of subordinated words remain the same, regardless of direction. The word order may be changed, but needn’t be:

lehoärë cälpan lhuhi pali - I borrowed a book from him : hehoärë cälpan pali lhuhi - he lent me a book  (But the pronouns would be omitted in most contexts.)

The “direction” expressed can be quite abstract : lehurkworë - (someone) promised me / hehurkworë - I made a promise. Or with a word like yoä, to be clear (yoäla - it is clear to me, I understand) : leyoärë - it was explained to me / heyoärë - I explained.

The demonstratives are frequently used with directional prefixes, usually translatable as go/come:

leperë - came (here) : heperë - went away : lelhorë - went there : helhorë - went/came from there : lecephi - I will come (to where you are) : heyorë - came from that other place

A ii. The next two, indicating a direction continued or reversed, are also clear with movement words:

larirë wiprä kweholi nölarirë - ran to the verge of the forest and then ran on / larirë wiprä kweholi cölarirë - ran to the verge of the forest and then ran back

leprëurëto nöpkärerë - pulled it towards (him/her) then pushed it onwards / tokarëto cöhëurë - picked it up then put it down again

The direction with these also may be more abstract:

letöwarë nömin nötöwarë pahi - the news was passed on to me and I in turn passed it on / lëmpa cwiurë pali cöcwiurë - (he/she) asked me various questions, and I asked questions back

An idiom using these two prefixes: luncwa - tomorrow : nöluncwa - the day after tomorrow : mucwa - yesterday : cömucwa - the day before yesterday

A iii. The last three prefixes, va-, cwa-, pkä-, are obviously used most often when two individuals or distinct groups are being spoken of:

larirë lhun linwepkwe valarirë upen - he ran towards the river and his brother ran with him.

(Note: valarirë lhuwë - they ran with him : valarirë lhuli - they ran after him)

larirë lhun ifhë phoru tämopkwe cwalarirë cumon - he ran towards the burning house as a crowd of people ran away from it

With turki, meaning “fight (with weapons)” vaturkirë lhaun - they fought on the same side : cwaturkirë lhaun - they fought on opposite sides : pkäturkirë lhaun - they fought each other.

pkä- is used for all kinds of reciprocal event or relations: kwila - talk / pkäkwila - talk to each other, converse : mela - love / pkämela - love each other : mawe - near / pkämawe - near to each other : rloä - far / pkärloä - far apart from each other

Also to create general terms: leproä - buy / heproä - sell / pkäproä - buying and selling