Proto-Makuran

Whence a language, thence another.

p b t d ṭ ḍ k g q ḡ ʔ s z ṣ ẓ h   x  ħ m  n   ṇ   ŋ   ɴ w r l  ṛ   j   ƿ? i y  ⱶ   o u   e         υ ɛ ø  ɘ    ω a å  ə   ɑ ǫ —————————————————— ...   SG     PA     PL  ABS   -Ø    -ⱶl    -ⱶs ERG  -ɛ    -el   -ɛsaħ ACC -ɛrɑ   -el   -ərəħ DAT  -i    -ⱶl    -ⱶs ABL -əṛɑ   -ɑl   -ələħ TOP -ⱶlɑ   -ol   -ələħ ————— 1IN   SG     PA     PL  ABS   //    ƿysə   raƿəħ ERG  //    ωrəs   ωħɛs ACC  //    ωrə    ωħɛr DAT  //    ωrole  ωħⱶ ABL  //    ωrə    ωħɛl TOP  //    ωrəṣ   ωħɛl 1EX  SG     PA     PL  ABS   ajə   ƿərə   ƿəħə ERG  υlɛ   ωlɛ    ωħɛs ACC  υrɛ   ωlɛ    ωħɛr DAT  υmi   ωlⱶ    ωħⱶ ABL  υrɛ   ωlɛ    ωħɛ(l?) TOP  υlɛ   ωrωṣ   ωħυṣ ————— 2ND   SG     PA     PL  ABS   ḡⱶl    kalⱶ  kⱶsⱶħ ERG  kølɛ   kelⱶ  kⱶrⱶħ ACC  kørɑ   kelⱶ  kⱶrəħ DAT  køri   kⱶlⱶ  kⱶsⱶħ ABL  kørɑ   kǫlⱶ? kⱶlⱶħ TOP  kølɑ   kulⱶ  kⱶlⱶħ Third person pronouns are extremely difficult to reconstruct: they seem to have been demonstratives, though no language agrees on what kind. They probably followed a more regular form of the 2nd person declension, as all descendants reflect such a paradigm in their own variants of them. ————————— INF ├━ » TRN ta-R-k / te-R-k / ...   └━ » ITR  tⱶ-R-Ø / tⱶ-R-k / ... ITR  SG     PA     PL    [Intransitive] 1IN  //    -əl    -əħ(ɛl) 1EX  -ⱶ    -ⱶl    -ⱶħ(ɛl) 2ND -sk    -kⱶl   -kⱶħ(ⱶl) 3RD -pɛ    -pⱶl   -pⱶħ(ⱶl) TAC  SG     PA     PL    [Transitive Active] 1IN  //    -υlⱶ   -υħⱶ 1EX  -ə    -υlⱶ   -υħⱶ 2ND -əkə  -kalⱶ   -kaħⱶ 3RD -əmə  -malⱶ   -maħⱶ TPA  SG     PA     PL    [Transitive Passive] 1IN  //    -pυlⱶ  -pυħⱶ 1EX -əp    -pυlⱶ  -pυħⱶ 2ND -kəp   -palⱶ  -paħⱶ 3RD -pəp   -palⱶ  -paħⱶ TPA  SG     PA     PL    [Transitive Antipassive] 1IN  //    -pəl   -pəħⱶ 1EX -ⱶp    -pⱶl   -pⱶħⱶ 2ND -skəp  -pⱶl   -pⱶħⱶ 3RD -pɛp   -pⱶl   -pⱶħⱶ ————————— Word order is normally [Ab{V]ErAc}; negation is performed with a negative particle at the beginnings of clauses. Interrogatives are subsitutory and negation doubling is obligatory in most cases. All verb phrases are head-final but noun phrases can usually be head-initial. Possession is indicated by the dative case on the possessor even when it is a pronoun. The verb system is fairly complex but not adequately developed and thus often re- -analysed in its descendants. Many nouns have irregular paucals and plurals. ————————— » ḡωrə  —— human male, man » ṣυm   —— human female, woman » mawər —— relative, kinsman (cf. májis) » ħurot —— sibling, close kinsman » ƿⱶhər —— mother » wɘwɘ  —— mother » ṛɑhər —— father » dɘdɘ  —— father » olɛk  —— hand » ḍɑƿⱶ  —— tongue, cheek » mikɛ  —— tongue nib, tongue blade » zoba  —— web between fingers » herɛ  —— finger/toe » usυḡ  —— fingernail » ele   —— arm, hand » elgωs —— radial bone » hum   —— thigh » eṣ    —— calf » eṣkωs —— femur » ǫgə   —— foot » usυrə —— toenail » aqⱶ   —— eye » alⱶqⱶ —— violet eye » ωl    —— face » ɴeli  —— nose » tekrək —— to run, to rush, to be in a hurry » talɛk —— to wave, to greet with hands » teṛⱶk —— to playfully kick legs » takək —— to look around, to take a glance at surroundings » tⱶrat —— to throw, to toss sth. far » tⱶhaṛ —— to hit, to strike » tⱶlek —— to squeeze sth. out of an object » tⱶjⱶk —— there is; existential copula » tⱶṣⱶk —— is; relational copula (takes a noun) » tⱶlejk —— is; relational copula (takes an adjective) » tⱶqⱶk —— is; locative copula

—————— Family Tree —————— —— Proto-Makuran (†) |         ├━━ Northern Makuran |            |          |             ├━━━━ » Mantiri (†) |            |          |             └━━━━ » Mandasi (†) |         └━━ Northwestern Makuran |                       ├━━━━ » Early Edāsan (†) |                 |                        |                  |                        |                  ├━━━━ » Elahan (†) |                 |                        |                  └━━━━ » Silari |                       └━━━━ » Bentardari (†)