Varðinekvas/Old

So, yep, Old 'Nekvas that is. AKA Western dialect with less substrate.

History
Rejoice, those who are faithful (and those who are not), since I've came up with an explanation how the f*ck an IE language came to a conworld.

Varði originated from a group of PIE (hence the conservativity) refugees whose tribe was nearing extinction because of a war with another tribe and decided to perform a ritual which was thought to teleport the targets into a safe place. It was quite successful, as no one has seen those who underwent it any more, however due to me being the creator of this language some unknown error some of them ended up in my conworld, name of which in Varðinekvas is still undecided.

Phonology

 * See Varðinekvas.

The phonology of Old Varðinekvas is largely the same, with a few exceptions:
 * 1) Some sounds and corresponding graphemes are absent because a substrate carried them over to the modern form of the language.
 * 2) é and ó are not only raised but also lengthened. In fact, <ó> represents [ʊ].

Stage 1: Proto-Varðinekvas
Let's assume that PIE was like the reconstructions.

So, Proto-Nekvas is the name applied to language in its rather rudimentary form, attested from earliest inscriptions on spearheads, pottery and so on and still almost mutually intelligible with PIE.

Note that Proto-Varðinekvas always had stress on the 1st syllable of the root.

Sound changes
- Basic sound changes from PIE - h₁ > 0 /#_ ! /#_CC (h₁lewdʰ- > lauðos) h₁ > 0 /V_ (dʰéh₁tis > ðetis) h₁ > a (*h₂enh₁mos > enams) h₂ > 0 /#_V (*h₂ówis > ovis) h₂ > a /#_ (h₂nḗr > anér) h₂ > á (h₂ḱrós > áš(ə)r-, ášro) h₃ > o (h₃dónts > odont) h₃e > o (h₃ekʷ- > ogu) éh₂ > á (bʰréh₂tēr > brát, brátas) ew > au (bʰewdʰ- > bauð-, béðai) ē > é (h₂nḗr > anér) {o a} > e /Cʲ_ (ḱad- > šed-) w > v (h₂ōwyóm > ovio) kʷ > gʷ /_C [+voiced] Pʷ > Pu /_C (h₁n̥gʷnis > agunis) Pʰ > P /#_C (bʰrem- > brem-, brimai) bʰ > v (bʰerǵʰ- > verɣa, verɣ-, verx) bʰ > b /_D (bʰewg- > baug-, bégai) {gʰ ǵʰ} > ɣ (mréǵʰus > breɣ-) dʰ > ð (dʰugh₂tḗr > ðauga) Pʰ > P /#_e? ! *dʰ > d /#_e (bʰer- > ber-; dʰegʷʰ- > ðeɣ-) bʰ > b /C_? (ǵómbʰos > žembas) - Post-PIE sound changes - np *mt > mp nt (ḱm̥tóm > šimta > šinta) ɣ > x /_# (breɣ > brex (n.) -- Stress-based ablaut -- --- Stressed --- a > á in standalone monosyllables e > a ^^ (brem > bram (imp.) e > é /l_ k_ g_ (šlevas > šlévas) {s þ} {z ð} > š ž /_i (ðiɣai > žiɣai (3sg) --- Unstressed --- {x ɣ} > k g /_a, _o (žiɣai > žigai)