Nāmic

Nāmic is an Indo-European influenced, mixed a priori-posteriori language, by Waahlis. Formely known as Nāmaς, until wikicode drove it to extinction.

Introduction
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Nāmic, ([ˈnɑːm.ık], translates as "name, noun, meaning or thing"), or Naṃkrthāvāka [ˌnã.kr̩ˑ.ˈtʰaː.faː.xa] "Named constructed speech" - is a mixed constructed a priori/ a posteriori language. It draws inspiration from mainly the Indo-European branch, yet makes a decisive stance to preserve artificial features. For the sake of simplicity I suppose it could be called the Namian language, or whatever. Doesn't really matter.

Since there is a tendency in Nāmic to blend characteristics of both artificial and natural languages, a rather unholy mixture has arisen, for example:

It is a fusional language, like its predecessors Latin, Sanskrit, Greek and Germanic - yet displays the highly unnatural ergative-accusativ alignment, or tripartite, - which is rarely seen outside conlanging.

Concerning the vocabulary, both words derived from Indo-European stems, as well as complete a priori words, appear; such as "dhrȳa" - tree, from Indo-European *dóru, and the word for heaven, "ıāmna" - from... me.

Other than that, other, rather unique features are included, such as: Plus an extremely constructed characteristic:
 * Phonemic and manipulated stress.
 * Progressive metaphony.
 * Partial regressive metaphony.
 * Consonant harmony, based upon voicedness.
 * Distinguished transitivity

Consonants
The following table portraits Nāmic's phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when succeding consonants, and breathy-voice when preceding vowels. "Nh", is an exception, being a velar nasal.

Please note that all retroflex consonants and the dental trill rhoticise the surrounding consonants. The pronunciation of ⟨ v ⟩ is considered dialectal.

Alphabet
Hence the alphabet of Nāmic:

Please note that the letters ⟨ h ⟩ and ⟨ ṃ ⟩ are modifiers of adjacent vowels. See the Vowel Quality section.

The letter ⟨ ς ⟩ is a possible alternativeto lexeme-final ⟨ s ⟩.

Lenition
In addition to the consonants above, Nāmic suffers from severe allophony, lenition, caused when:


 * Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
 * Consonants lie in final position in lexemes.

The aspirated consonants become completely spirantisised, whilst the unaspirated phonemes become affricates. The exceptions are the velars, which all become fricatives. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.

Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenitioned consonants.

Nota bene

There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs [c - ɟ], [ç -ʝ], and [v - f]/[w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme each: ⟨ ȷ ⟩, ⟨ hy ⟩ , and ⟨ v ⟩ respectively. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see Consonant Assimilation.

The murmur-phonation letter ⟨ h ⟩ receives the pronunciation [ç/x] when final in a syllable.

Thus, our conclusion is that the word vāka- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈvaːka], but rather [ˈfaːxa].

Affricates
In addition to these, there's a multitude of digraphs with corresponding affricates. It is important to note that the four digraphs ⟨ pt ⟩, ⟨ vt ⟩ , ⟨ kt ⟩ , and ⟨ ȷt ⟩ symbolise consonant clusters with an affricate onset. They are not affected by lenition.

Consonant Assimilation
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.

The consequence is that a consonant, a cluster, or an affricate, is pronounced differently, depending on whether it is preceded by a voiced or voiceless consonant. There are exceptions to this rule, since the alveolar trill [r] and the retroflex tap [ɽ] do not differ between voicedness.

The nasal stops are affected quite differently, with a complete nasalisation of the preceding vowel - and loss of the stop - if the initial or first consonant is voiced. However, nasals are perceived as neutral in nature, and does therefore not affect voiceless nor voiced phonemes.

There are, however, two dialects of Nāmic;


 * Staṇya, which means "current, dominating".

The Staṇya dialect will be featured in this article, and is the main dialect that distinguishes consonant assimilaton upon voicedness.
 * Ḷestra, which means "golden, posh".

Vowels
The representation of Nāmic's vowels. There are are fifteen vowel phonemes, yet only 7 graphemes, thus, it may be assumed some are allophones during certain circumstances. It is obvious that many of the vowel graphemes are recycled, since many phonemes are allophones. The background is covered in the Metaphony section.

Diphthongs
There are a limited number of diphthongs in Nāmic, with the same amount rising as falling diphthongs. [ɪ̯] is most often equivalent to [j], and [u̯] is often just [w]. The left diphthong is its front value, and the right one is the back value. All other vowel clusters are diaeresis. The main phoneme in all diphthongs may be geminated.

Diphthong Allophony
No falling diphthongs occur inter consonants, as a nucleus, nor do the falling diphthongs appear geminated in open coda position. They are transformed into geminated, or short monophthongs - and are inconsistently written as monophthongs, however it isn't compulsory. The allophony adheres to this schedule:

Front diphthongs on the left, back ones at the right.

Vowel Metaphony
The Naṃkrthāvāka suffers from a certain kind of vowel harmony, called progressive vowel metaphony. This urges all vowel phonemes in a lexeme to be of the same kind of the preceding one. That is: Va = type-a vowel, Vb = type-b vowel, C = consonant: VaVb Vb > VaVa Va

There are tqo exception, causing the metaphony to be regressive instead; when a word is initialised by an [ɛ], or an [ә]. The [ɛ] and [ә] the gets assimilated by the succeeding consonant: Vb Va Vb > VaVa Va

These modified [ɛ-ә] -sounds will occurr later in text, and will be referred to as "affected" [ɛ-ә].

The metaphony is present, and affect for example the plural endings of many case declensions, where the coda vowel gets completely assimilated by the former. However, if the preceding vowel has the same front-back value, it's just diphthongised.


 * Horse - thētosya (abs. sing.) > thētosyoı (abs. plu.)


 * But not; "fire" - kēma (erg. sing.) > *kēmeı, but rather kēmaı (erg. plu.)

Nāmic's metaphony is based upon backness, with exceptions being when /ә/, /e/, /y/ and /o/ are followed by an [r], which ignores the harmony, and modifies the phoneme.

Vowel Quality
There are no less than six different vowel qualities: The vowels will be represented by a default /a/. Please note that any nasal can nasalise the preceding vowel, however in non-voiced environments, only the letter ⟨ ṃ ⟩ may.
 * Short and geminated Oral
 * Short and geminated Nasal
 * Short and geminated Murmured

Nota Bene

When /h + vowel/ is preceded by a vowel, a glottal stop is inserted.

Phonotactics

 * Any consonant - C
 * Sonorant - S
 * Fricative - F
 * Nasal - N
 * Vowel, also diphthong when final - V

A Nāmic syllable have two different maximal syllabic structures, the by far most common structure is (F)(C)(C)V(C)(F/N) initially, and (F)(C)CV(C)(F/N) medially and finally. The conclusion is that a syllable's maximal consonant cluster is FCC, that a medial and final syllable minimally must look like CV, and that all syllables must terminate in either a F, fricative, a nasal- N, or a vowel - V. Since most lexemes in Nāmaς are disyllabic, a common lexeme might look like this: FCVN.CV, like stānta - "state" [ˈstaːn.ta]. It should herefore be noted that ēkva - either, is pronounced [ˈɛː.kʍa], and not [ˈɛːk.ʍa].

The second structure is very uncommon, but does occur: (C)CS(C), and sometimes (C)CVS(C), where a sonorant occupy the syllable nucleus. Most of the syllables are free, that is, without the coda. Examples include vṙkas - wolf [ˈfr̩ˑ.kas], and ēktrva - any of them [ˈɛː.ktr̩ˑ.ʍa]. Interestingly, all syllabic sonorants are half-geminated.

Other
Some phonemes develop new pronunciations when adjacent to eachother:
 * [h] + [r] = [xr]
 * [s] + [r] = [ʂr]
 * [s] + [u] + [vowel] = [sfV]

Grammar
The grammar of the Nāmic language is that of a constructed language, that is, fairly regular. A basic overivew of the inflectional nature of the language is found below:

Please note that the table is not definite. For example: The pronouns may decline according to gender, but this does not apply to the personal pronouns in the first and second person.

Lexical Stress
The lexical stress of the Nāmic language is completely irregular in the lemma forms. Declension, conjugation and prosodic stress may manipulate the stress however. All stressed polysyllables in Nāmic are geminated, but note that all geminated syllables are not stressed. That is, a lexeme may contain several geminated syllables. If so, the second one is stressed.

Stress must always be marked in all polysyllabic words - except verbs in the infinitive, or rather lemma, to avoid confusion in the vocabulary.

The alternative set of diacritics, the acute (´) and grave (`) accents, are not commonly used, but provide information which syllable to stress - both being geminated, but with the acute accent signifying stress in polysyllabic lexemes.

Stress Apophony
A pecurious detail of Nāmic is that it is possible to manipulate the stress to convey different meanings. In Nāmic linguistics called stress apophony.

The manipulation of stress in conjugations and declensions change the meaning of the word radically. The most common usage of changing the stress, is in the conjugations; the stress may be pressed forward to the ultimate syllable, to change the tense from present to preterite. See the Verbs section.

In the first nominal declension, nouns terminating in an unstressed open syllable, may be stressed on the ultimate syllable in the genitive case.

1 This form possesses an irregular form present in the language's name: Naṃkrthāvāka, pronounced: [nã]. The genitive is quite often used in compound words.

Intonation
The intonation of the Nāmic language is phonemic, and is primarily used to distinguish grammatical moods. There are three common pitches used in Nāmic, and one for further emphasis. The intonation is not phonemic, but should be used to keep a native pronunciation.
 * Rising [↗] Intonation.
 * Falling [↘] Intonation.
 * Rising-Falling or Peaking [↗↘] Intonation.
 * Falling-Rising or Dipping [↘↗] Intonation.

The intonation is used to emphasise certain words - that is, if you want to stress a certain action, location or noun in the sentence. It is very similar to the case in English. If not necessarily sad, the pitch is normaly rising [↗].

For the grammatical intonation, certain moods are associated with certain intonation, which may vary by dialect and accent. The standard however dictates a rising pitch [↗] during interrogative moods and the interrogative words, followed by a dipping intonation in the end [↘↗]. The conditional mood however - the subjunctive mood when used in main clauses - is characterised by a peaking [↗↘] intonation. The English language doesn't really distinguish the intonation in the conditional mood, but a rising pitch is fairly common.

Prosodic Stress
Another use of the stress manipulation, other than grammatically, is prosodically. The interrogative mood is not expressed phonemically in the Naṃkrthāvāka, other than by intonation - see above. It is therefore possible to manpulate the stress on certain non-interrogative pronouns and pro-adverbs. This is equivalent to the English rise in pitch on interrogative nouns:
 * Here. →
 * Here? ↗

Syntactics
Considering the fusional nature of the Naṃkrthāvāka, the word order's rather free. It does possess tendencies towards SOV and SVO. It sould however be noted that the word order may alter depending on transitivity. Only SOV, VSO and SVO orders will be presented here.

Transitive Orders
SVO with ergative verbs is rather common, similarly to English.

Since focus lies on the patient, the verb phrase often moves further back.

Intransitive Orders
The intransitive order SV(O) is not very common, but it does occur.

Since focus lies on the verb in the Nāmic languages intransitive orders, the VS(O) is much more common. Please note that the pronoun may be dropped, but it is not custom regarding intransitive verbs.

Noun Phrase
The Naṃkrthāvāka does not possess particular positions for the adpositional phrase, thus it will be prepositional for the sake of simplicity. It is quite similar to English.

Possessive noun phrases can be formed by the means of a possessive pronoun, or a dative construction. Nevertheless, they remain after the noun.

Verb Phrase
In the Naṃkrthāvāka, adverbial phrases always precede the modified verb. The noun phrase may be freely positioned,or it may depend on transitivity - see further up.

Pro-forms
I have, out of simplicity, assembled a table of correlatives of corresponding pronouns and pro-adverbs. They are a mixture of irregular and regular structures, and are by no means the full collection. It is a selection.

Please note that the pronouns decline as common nouns, according to the phonological characteristics, except kyō, kyē, kyā, and their respective relative pronouns. See the "Declensions" section.

Nouns
The nouns of Nāmic decline according to case, gender, and number. There is no inflection for definiteness, however. There is a sparingly used article though.

Person
There are two proper persons in the Nāmic language, the first and second, known as addresser and addressee respectively. These are irregular and only present in the personal pronouns and verbs. Other than that, the language possesses a number of demonstratives, which serve as, and are called, the third person.

Impersonal Person
In addition, the Nāmic has an impersonal person. This is a substitution for the passive voice in the language, which melded with the subjunctive. It could be variously called a fourth person or autonomous person, and is equivalent to the English indefinite pronouns of "you","one" and "they".

Other corresponding pronouns are the German, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian "man", the French "on" and the Finnish "ei", with similar uses. The Irish Gaelic autonomous person is the closest correspondent.

Genders
There are three genders in the Nāmic language. They are the following:


 * Masculine


 * Feminine


 * Neuter

They do not simply represent natural gender. The distinction between genders is irregular and difficult, though there is for example a tendency among feminine nouns to be abstract. The demonstratives, or third person, decline according to three genders, though the personal pronouns do not.

Cases
Nāmic possesses nine cases, and all nouns in a clause must be declined by one, and one only. The cases are often followed by a particle, for example the instrumental and locative cases that often are preceded or replaced by such particles as sām [saːm] "with" and ım [ɪm] "in, within". The links will display the usage of each case. Please note that the ergative-absolutive distinction is not made in the third nominal declension, nor in the comparative, cercative nor the superlative degrees of comparison of adjectives, whence they form the Nominative case.
 * 1) Absolutive
 * 2) Ergative
 * 3) Accusative
 * 4) Dative
 * 5) Instrumental
 * 6) Locative
 * 7) Genitive
 * 8) Benefactive
 * 9) Ablative


 * 1) In Nāmic, should the focus lie on the patient, and not the object, the patient ought to be marked with the benefactive case.
 * 2) In Nāmic, the following Adpositions correspond to the locative case.
 * 3) The dative can also be used to construct different dative constructions.
 * 4) Considering the use with movement, a better name ought to be benefactive-allative, or alike.
 * 5) "Species" should be in the genitive case.

Number
There are two standard numbers and one other number in Nāmic. All nouns decline by the singular and plural numbers. In addition, the first and second person personal pronouns decline according to the archaic dual number.

Pronouns
Nāmic pronouns are no different to other languages' pronouns, with exception of the rather uncommon impersonal person. There are relative, interrogative, personal and demonstrative pronouns which decline similarly to other nouns. There are no reflexive pronouns, thus, you'll be forced to use the objective personal pronouns.


 * It ought to be noted that the Impersonal has merged with the old reflexive pronouns in appearance.
 * The declension is irregular.

Pronominal Declension
Nota Bene:


 * The first person singular pronouns, and the impersonal, possesses more formal alternatives to the accusative. In respective order: mēga, tēga and sāga.
 * The dual number pronouns sort as plural in conjugations.

Word order
In transitive phrases wıth pronouns, the syntax is modified. The subject is most often omitted, however, if enclitic pronouns are used, the subjects become almost compulsory. The cause is the phonological change in the verb.

Demonstratives
The demonstratives serve as determinatives. However, since Nāmic doesn't have a third person personal pronoun in the English sense, its demonstratives fulfil this function instead, by standing independently without a noun to be modified. The demonstratives decline by gender, number, and case. The declension is equivalent to English he, she and it, and will be called the third person in conjugations. Consider the following:

Nota Bene:
 * The demonstratives only decline according to singular and plural, and not the dual number - unlike the personal pronouns.


 * The declensions are irregular.

Distal Declension
The distal, or normal declension, corresponds either to he, she and it, or that. It is a cognate to the Sanskrit distal "ayám"-declension.

Proximal Declension
The proximal declension, corresponds well to the English demonstrative this. It is a cognate to the Sanskrit distal "etát"-declension.

Interrogatives
There is but one interrogative pronoun, kyā, which declines. It congruates with gender, but does not distinguish the dual number. It is essentially similar to the First front declension, though it's somewhat irregular.

Relative Declension
The relative declension is indeed identical to the interrogative one, with exception for three enclitics. In case they are suffixed postvocally, they receive an initial ⟨ a ⟩.

Nominal Declension
There are four nominal declensions in the Naṃkrthāvāka, each declined differently, based upon phonological differences in the terminating syllable.

Nota Bene:
 * Many case endings are determined by the vowel harmony.
 * Many case endings are determined by diphthongisation, and monophthongisation.
 * The stress of the lexemes is irregular in the radical, but changes regularly with case.

First Declension
The characteristic of the First declensions is the vowel stem. There is little difference between gender, however [...]. The pluralisation of the nouns is mainly due to diphthongisation of the ultimate vowel.

Front First Declension
The First declension is split into two suptypes, depending on the vowel metaphony of the word. The Front declension is recognised should the lexeme:


 * Initiate with a front vowel.
 * Initiate with an [ә] or [ɛ] and continue with front vowels.


 * Contain only front vowels.


 * Contain only [ɛ]'s.