User:Elector Dark/Gleb

Nasal n͡m̤̻ n͡m̻ m̤ m n̤̻ n̻ ŋ̤ ŋ ŋ͡m̤ ŋ͡m Prenasalised stop n͡md͡b̤̻ n͡md͡b̻ n͡mɗ͡ɓ̰̻ mb̤ mb mɓ̰ nd̤̻ nd̻ nɗ̰̻ ŋg̤ ŋg ŋɠ̰ ŋ͡mg͡b̤ ŋ͡mg͡b ŋ͡mɠ͡ɓ̰ Stop t͡pʰ̻ t͡p̻ ɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ɗ͡ɓ̰̻ pʰ p ɓ̰ tʰ̻ t̻ tʼ̻ tʰʷ̻ tʷ̻ t͡sʼ̻ kʰ k kʼ k͡pʰ k͡p k͡pʼ Fricative s͡ɸ̻ ɸ s̻ x Trill r̤̻ r̻ Tap ɾ̤̻ ɾ̻ Approximant l̤̻ l̻ l̤ʷ̻ lʷ̻ j̤ j w

Vowels Front Central Back High i i̤ u ṳ Mid-high e e̤ o o̤ Low a a̤ Syllable structure

(C1)V(C2)

C1: a consonant V: a vowel C2: a consonant Allophony

Prenasalised stops [n͡md͡b̤̻ mb n͡mɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ...] become nasals [n͡m̤̻ m n͡m̻ ...] before an obstruent or nasal. Implosives become non-glottalised. Prenasalised stops [n͡md͡b̤̻ mb n͡mɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ...] become non-prenasalised [d͡b̤̻ b ɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ...] after an obstruent. Unaspirated voiced vowels and non-glottal fricative voiced semivowels [j i e ...] become breathy-voiced [j̤ i̤ e̤ ...] before a breathy-voiced consonant. Nasals [n͡m̤̻ ŋ͡m n̤̻ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Non-breathy-voiced voiced vowels [i u o ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ṵ o̰ ...] before a creaky-voiced implosive. Velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ͡m̤ ŋg kʰ ...] become uvular [ɴ͡m̤ ɴɢ qʰ ...] after a non-front non-high vowel. Before a palatal semivowel, back vowels become unrounded central; [w̤ w] are deleted. Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [n͡md͡b̤̻ t͡pʰ̻ tʼ̻ ...] become sibilants [n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡v̤̻ t͡s͡p͡fʰ̻ t͡sʼ̻ ...] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative. Non-bilabial stops other than [nɗ̰̻] become affricates; non-implosive bilabial stops become labiodental affricates; [n͡mɗ͡ɓ̰̻ nɗ̰̻] become [n͡m̻ n̻]. Non-ejective unaspirated non-nasal voiced vowels and non-lateral non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative non-nasal voiced consonants other than taps or trills or [j w], i.e. [n͡md͡b̻ g͡b d͡z͡b͡v̻ ...], become creaky-voiced [n͡mɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ɠ͡ɓ̰ ɗ͡z͡ɓ͡v̰̻ ...] after a creaky-voiced implosive. [n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡v̻ nd͡z̻] become [n͡m̻ n̻]; stops other than [n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡v̻ nd͡z̻] become implosives. Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-palatal consonants [n͡m̤̻ ɴʛ̰ ɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ...] become front [n͡mʲ̤̻ e̯ ɗ͡ɓ̰ʲ̻ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Uvular obstruents or nasals other than [χ] become resonants; bilabial-uvular stops or nasals become non-labial; uvular voiceless obstruents other than [χ] become voiced; uvular glottalised stops become non-glottalised; [χ] become [e̯]. Dorsal obstruents or nasals other than [ç x χ], i.e. [ɲ͡m̤ ɴɢ̤ ɢ͡b ...], assimilate in labiality and labiodentality to a following consonant and become non-labial word-finally. Before a labial obstruent or nasal, no phones become non-labial and assimilate in labiodentality. [n͡mʲ̤̻ n͡mʲ̻ ɲ͡m̤ ɲ͡m ɲ͡ɱ̤ ɲ͡ɱ mʲ̤ mʲ n̤̻ n̻ nʲ̤̻ nʲ̻ ɲ̤ ɲ ŋ̤ ŋ ɴ̤ ɴ n͡md͡bʲ̤̻ n͡md͡bʲ̻ ɲ͡mɟ͡b̤ ɲ͡mɟ͡b ɲ͡ɱɟ͡b̤ ɲ͡ɱɟ͡b mbʲ̤ mbʲ nd̤̻ nd̻ ndʲ̤̻ ndʲ̻ ɲɟ̤ ɲɟ ŋg̤ ŋg ɴɢ̤ ɴɢ n͡mɗ͡ɓ̰ʲ̻ ɲ͡mʄ͡ɓ̰ ɲ͡ɱʄ͡ɓ̰ mɓ̰ʲ nɗ̰̻ nɗ̰ʲ̻ ɲʄ̰ ŋɠ̰ ɴʛ̰ t͡pʰʲ̻ t͡pʲ̻ d͡bʲ̤̻ d͡bʲ̻ c͡pʰ c͡p c͡pʼ ɟ͡b̤ ɟ͡b c͡pʰ̪ c͡p̪ c͡p̪ʼ ɟ͡b̪̤ ɟ͡b̪ pʰʲ pʲ bʲ̤ bʲ tʰ̻ t̻ tʼ̻ d̤̻ d̻ tʰʲ̻ tʲ̻ tʼʲ̻ dʲ̤̻ dʲ̻ cʰ c cʼ ɟ̤ ɟ kʰ k kʼ g̤ g qʰ q qʼ ɢ̤ ɢ ɗ͡ɓ̰ʲ̻ ɗ͡ɓ̰ʲ̻ ʄ͡ɓ̰ ʄ͡ɓ̰̪ ɓ̰ʲ ɗ̰̻ ɗ̰ʲ̻ ʄ̰ ɠ̰ ʛ̰ n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡vʲ̤̻ n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡vʲ̻ nd͡z̤̻ nd͡z̻ nd͡zʲ̤̻ nd͡zʲ̻ t͡s͡p͡fʰʲ̻ t͡s͡p͡fʲ̻ d͡z͡b͡vʲ̤̻ d͡z͡b͡vʲ̻ t͡sʰ̻ t͡s̻ t͡sʼ̻ d͡z̤̻ d͡z̻ t͡sʰʲ̻ t͡sʲ̻ t͡sʼʲ̻ d͡zʲ̤̻ d͡zʲ̻ ɗ͡z͡ɓ͡v̰ʲ̻ ɗ͡z̰̻ ɗ͡z̰ʲ̻ s͡ɸʲ̻ ɸʲ s̻ sʲ̻ ç x χ ẽ̯̤ ẽ̯ r̤̻ r̻ rʲ̤̻ rʲ̻ ɾ̤̻ ɾ̻ ɾʲ̤̻ ɾʲ̻ l̤̻ l̻ lʲ̤̻ lʲ̻ j̤ j e̯̤ e̯] become rounded after a rounded consonant. Labial obstruents or nasals become unrounded; front consonants other than [ẽ̯̤ j̤ j e̯̤ e̯] become non-front; non-labial palatal obstruents or nasals become back; semivowels other than [ẽ̯] are deleted; [ẽ̯] become [ŋ̟]. Vowels [o ḭ e̤ ...] persistently become nasal [õ ḭ̃ ẽ̤ ...] before a nasal semivowel. Unaspirated stops [n͡md͡b̻ k͡p̟ qʼʷ ...] become aspirated [n͡md͡b̤̻ k͡pʰ̟ qʰʷ ...] after an aspirated phone except for a non-nasal vowel or resonant. Glottalised stops become non-glottalised; implosives become non-implosive; non-prenasalised implosives become voiceless. Semivowels [ẽ̯̤ j̤ w ...] become mid-low [ɛ̯̤̃ e̯̤ o̯ ...] before a lax vowel. High semivowels become mid-high. Stops [n͡md͡b̤̻ c͡pʼ kʼʷ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal and become unaspirated word-finally. Before an obstruent or nasal, [t͡pʰ̻] become labiodental affricates and assimilate in aspiration. Before an aspirated stop or nasal, glottalised stops become non-glottalised; implosives become non-implosive; non-prenasalised implosives become voiceless. Dorsal obstruents or nasals [ɲ͡m̤ ɴɢ̤ g͡b̪̤ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, palatal obstruents or nasals other than [ç] become semivowels; [ɲ͡m̤ ɲ͡m ŋ͡m̟ ɲ͡ɱ̤ ɲ͡ɱ ŋ͡ɱ̟ ɲ͡mɟ͡b̤ ɲ͡mɟ͡b ɲ͡ɱɟ͡b̤ ɲ͡ɱɟ͡b ɲ͡mʄ͡ɓ̰ ɲ͡ɱʄ͡ɓ̰ c͡pʰ c͡p c͡pʼ ɟ͡b̤ ɟ͡b c͡pʰ̪ c͡p̪ c͡p̪ʼ ɟ͡b̪̤ ɟ͡b̪ ʄ͡ɓ̰ ʄ͡ɓ̰̪] become [ẽ̯̤ ẽ̯ ɰ̟̃ ẽ̯̤ ẽ̯ ɰ̟̃ e̯̤ e̯ e̯̤ e̯ e̯ e̯ e̯̤ e̯ e̯ e̯̤ e̯ e̯̤ e̯ e̯ e̯̤ e̯ e̯ e̯]; velar fronted stops or nasals other than [ŋ͡m̟ ŋ͡ɱ̟ ŋ̟] are deleted; palatal voiceless obstruents other than [ç] become voiced; palatal glottalised stops become non-glottalised; [ŋ̟] become [ɰ̟̃]; [ç] become [e̯]. Short non-glottalised unaspirated voiceless obstruents [t͡p̻ pʲ t͡sʲ̻ ...] become voiced [d͡b̻ bʲ d͡zʲ̻ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone. Obstruents [n͡md͡b̤̻ g͡b̟ ɗ͡ɓ̰̻ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent, implosives become non-glottalised voiced nasals; implosive sibilants become non-sibilant coronal; implosive affricates become nasals; [ɗ͡z͡ɓ͡v̰̻ ɗ͡z͡ɓ͡v̰ʲ̻] become [n͡m̻ n͡mʲ̻]. Before a voiced obstruent, non-implosive ejective stops become implosives. Before an obstruent, [t͡pʰ̻] become labiodental affricates and assimilate in voice. Unaspirated voiced vowels and non-glottal fricative voiced consonants other than fricatives [n͡m̻ nɗ̰ʷ̻ d͡z͡b͡v̻ ...] become breathy-voiced [n͡m̤̻ nd̤ʷ̻ d͡z͡b͡v̤̻ ...] after a breathy-voiced consonant. Implosives become non-glottalised non-implosive; non-prenasalised implosives become voiceless; creaky-voiced vowels become non-creaky-voiced. Non-nasal consonants [n͡mt͡pʰ̻ d͡bʲ̻ ɓ̰ʲ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiceless obstruent, implosives become non-glottalised nasal voiced; implosive sibilants become non-sibilant coronal; breathy-voiced taps or trills become obstruents; implosive affricates become nasals; breathy-voiced approximant laterals become obstruents; breathy-voiced tense semivowels become obstruents; [ɗ͡z͡ɓ͡v̰̻ ɗ͡z͡ɓ͡v̰ʲ̻] become [n͡m̻ n͡mʲ̻]; [ɛ̯̤] become [e̯̤]. After a voiced obstruent, non-implosive ejective stops become implosives. After an obstruent, [t͡pʰ̻] become labiodental affricates and assimilate in voice. [n͡mt͡p̻ n͡md͡b̻ n͡mt͡pʲ̻ n͡md͡bʲ̻ ɲ͡mc͡p ɲ͡mɟ͡b ŋ͡mk͡p̟ ŋ͡mg͡b̟ ŋ͡mk͡p ŋ͡mg͡b ɴ͡mq͡p ɴ͡mɢ͡b ɲ͡ɱc͡p ɲ͡ɱɟ͡b ŋ͡ɱk͡p̟ ŋ͡ɱg͡b̟ ŋ͡ɱk͡p ŋ͡ɱg͡b ɴ͡ɱq͡p ɴ͡ɱɢ͡b mp mb mpʲ mbʲ nt̻ nd̻ ntʷ̻ ndʷ̻ ntʲ̻ ndʲ̻ ɲc ɲɟ ŋk ŋg ŋkʷ ŋgʷ ɴq ɴɢ ɴqʷ ɴɢʷ t͡p̻ d͡b̻ t͡pʲ̻ d͡bʲ̻ t͡pʰ̻ t͡pʲ̻ d͡bʲ̻ c͡p c͡pʼ ɟ͡b k͡p̟ k͡pʼ̟ g͡b̟ k͡p k͡pʼ g͡b q͡p q͡pʼ ɢ͡b c͡p̪ c͡p̪ʼ ɟ͡b̪ k͡p̪̟ k͡p̪ʼ̟ g͡b̪̟ k͡p̪ k͡p̪ʼ g͡b̪ q͡p̪ q͡p̪ʼ ɢ͡b̪ p b pʲ bʲ t̻ tʼ̻ d̻ tʷ̻ tʼʷ̻ dʷ̻ tʲ̻ tʼʲ̻ dʲ̻ c cʼ ɟ k kʼ g kʷ kʼʷ gʷ q qʼ ɢ qʷ qʼʷ ɢʷ n͡ɱt͡s͡p͡f̻ n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡v̻ n͡ɱt͡s͡p͡fʲ̻ n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡vʲ̻ nt͡s̻ nd͡z̻ nt͡sʷ̻ nd͡zʷ̻ nt͡sʲ̻ nd͡zʲ̻ t͡s͡p͡f̻ d͡z͡b͡v̻ t͡s͡p͡fʲ̻ d͡z͡b͡vʲ̻ t͡s̻ t͡sʼ̻ d͡z̻ t͡sʷ̻ t͡sʼʷ̻ d͡zʷ̻ t͡sʲ̻ t͡sʼʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻] assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-glottalised word-finally. Before a non-glottalised obstruent or nasal, [t͡pʰ̻] become [t͡s͡p͡fʰ̻]. Before a glottalised stop, prenasalised voiced affricates become non-glottalised; voiced stops other than prenasalised affricates become implosives; prenasalised voiced affricates become non-sibilant coronal nasals; [n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡v̻ n͡ɱd͡z͡b͡vʲ̻] become [n͡m̻ n͡mʲ̻]. [t͡pʰ̻] become [t͡s͡p͡fʰ̻] before an alveolar obstruent or nasal except for a non-affricate stop or nasal.

Some words /t͡p̻eŋ̤i/ [t͡p̻e̤ŋ̤i̤] /kʼe̤kŋiŋ̤/ [kʼe̤gŋi̤ŋ̤] /k͡pṳŋ̤n͡md͡b̻ṳŋ̤/ [k͡pṳn͡m̤̻n͡md͡b̤̻ṳŋ̤] /s̻uk͡pen̻/ [s̻ug͡ben̻] /ŋɠ̰oŋ̤ɓ̰utʼ̻/ [ŋɠ̰o̤m̤pʰṵt̻] /ŋap/ [ŋap] /nd̻uɸipʰ/ [nd̻uβip] /k͡pʼaŋa/ [k͡pʼaɴa] /ɗ͡ɓ̰̻e̤/ [ɗ͡ɓ̰̻e̤] /ɸu/ [ɸu] /s͡ɸ̻oxn͡m̻aɗ͡ɓ̰̻/ [s͡ɸ̻oʁn͡m̻a̰n͡m̻] /ŋg̤i/ [ŋg̤i̤] /ŋ͡mg͡b̤o/ [ŋ͡mg͡b̤o̤] /k͡po̤ɸmbo/ [k͡po̤βbo] /t͡sʼ̻uŋɗ͡ɓ̰̻o̤/ [t͡sʼ̻un͡m̻ɗ͡ɓ̰̻o̤] /k͡pṳŋg̤t͡sʼ̻el̤̻/ [k͡pṳn̤̻t͡sʰ̻e̤l̤̻] /tʼ̻ex/ [tʼ̻ex] /n͡m̻ukʼ/ [n͡m̻uk] /nd̻ṳxtʷ̻o̤/ [nd̻ṳxtʷ̻o̤] /ŋ͡mg͡bos͡ɸ̻u/ [ŋ͡mg͡boz͡β̻u] /mba/ [mba] /n̻aŋ̤ŋ̤a/ [n̻a̤ŋ̤ŋ̤a̤] /xo̤ŋo/ [xo̤ɴo] /k͡pʼon̻e̤/ [k͡pʼon̻e̤] /kʼok͡puŋ/ [kʼoɢ͡buŋ] /pʰopʰn̤̻ex/ [pʰopʰn̤̻e̤x] /t͡sʼ̻o̤/ [t͡sʼ̻o̤] /kṳpum/ [kṳbum] /s͡ɸ̻oo/ [s͡ɸ̻oo] /t̻oŋg̤/ [t̻o̤ɴq]

Syllable structure
(C1)(C2)V(C3)

C1: one of /m n ŋ p t k ʔ s x ɺ l/ C2: a consonant V: a vowel C3: a consonant

Allophony

 * Alveolar consonants other than [ɺ], i.e. [n̻ t s ...], persistently assimilate in laminality to a following alveolar consonant.
 * Nasals [m n̻ ɲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
 * Non-pharyngeal non-palatal consonants [m d̻ z̻ ...] become front [mʲ dʲ̻ zʲ̻ ...] before a palatal obstruent or nasal.
 * Alveolar stops [t̻ tʲ̻ d ...] become sibilants [t͡s̻ t͡sʲ̻ d͡z ...] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
 * Non-affricate alveolar stops [t̻ tʲ̻ d ...] persistently become sibilants [t͡s̻ t͡sʲ̻ d͡z ...] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
 * Non-glottal stop non-nasal consonants [p k s ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent.
 * Alveolar voiced consonants other than approximants [n̻ d z̻ ...] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l l̻ ...] before an alveolar approximant.
 * Palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [ʝ g ɣ ...] persistently become rounded [βʲ gʷ ɣʷ ...] before a high rounded vowel. Palatal obstruents or nasals become unrounded non-palatal or velar bilabial.
 * Voiceless stops [p t kʷ ...] persistently become ejective [pʼ tʼ kʼʷ ...] after a non-nasal glottal stop.
 * Voiceless stops [p t kʼʷ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than resonant.
 * Non-glottal fricative obstruents [p c t͡sʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than resonant. After a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.