Xumiqedi

This is a conlang of a small and unambiguous grammar. Classification: isolating, direct, head-initial, a priori.

Phonotactics
The stress is on the first syllable with higher pitch, there is no reduction. Syllable format is CV - consonant-vowel.

Rules
Text consists of sentences in an arbitrary order. Sentences consist of connected words. The connection always has a direction. Main word is followed by dependent words. Dependent words order is defined in the dictionary for each main word. The last phoneme of a word determines how many dependent words it has: 0 -a, 1 -i, 2 -u, 3 -o, 4 -y. Also that part does not change.

Pronouns end in -a. Pronouns provide a common context between sentences. The same pronouns in different sentences refer to the same things. The choice of a pronoun is up to speaker, they are equal. Exception: a word na, the pronoun not keeping any context and it's used when one needs not to mention or ignore something.

cyfu va ga - I and you.

cyfu ka ga cozi ka - I sleep.

cozi na - Someone sleeps.

cyfu ga da pizu ga ra - I love something/someone.

cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga - I love cats.

cyfu la ka pizu la ga dogi ga pizu ga ma tuzi ma - I love the cat that loves a meat.

Dependency priority is from right to left. That may confuse programmers. It means that a main word "waits" while its dependencies get all of their dependencies if any, then only the main word gets a next one. Consider a text:

"gyzu pizu da ga cozi da".

In this language a tree builds up like this:

"(gyzu (pizu da ga) (cozi da))".

But there are programming languages where priority is from left to right, so the tree should be different:

"(gyzu pizu da) ga cozi da",

and the words outside parens are unneeded dependencies, that's error of interpretation. In this language there is no parens and no first-class functions.

Direct and indirect speech
One may group several sentences putting words se (cite begin) and te (cite end) around them. It makes one unit from grammatical point of view. One uses it for expressing the indirect speech, for example. This structure has zero dependencies.

cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga - I love cats.

su va se cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga te zelu ra va - He says I love cats.

su va se cyfu da sa pizu da ga dogi ga te zoku ra va - He says "I love cats".

Proper nouns
Names are expressed as a word with one dependency and that yields a sentence. Names of many words may be split into several sentences:

johani va raseli va - John Russel.

Tense
Tense is expressed with words already, later, now and ago, and they are above "verbs".

cyfu da sa pizu da ga - I love it.

cyfu da sa lewi pizu da ga - I love it right now.

cyfu da sa roni pizu da ga - I loved it.

cyfu da sa vibi pizu da ga - I will love it.

These words are also translated as former / ex-, current / present and future.

Also there are words while and after.

gyzu pizu da ga cozi da - He loves it while he sleeps.

futu pizu da ga cozi da - He loves it, and after that he sleeps.

Gender
Gender is expressed with words male and female. If omitted, one should guess from context. There is no gender by default.

ryti va - Human.

ryti va jiji va - Woman.

ryti va pixi va - Man.

Number
Singular and plural is expressed with numbers. If number is omitted, one should guess from context, the number is "at least one" by default (n ∈ N, n ≠ 0). A number itself is nominal. To make a cardinal number add "zuni" in the end.

vaci zuni va dogi va - A cat (one).

rapi zuni va dogi va - Two cats.

jeli va dogi va - Cats (many).

dogi va - A cat or cats.

Ordinal numbers end in the word "nuzu". The first parameter is a thing ordered, and the second is a set of everything in that order.

rapi zuni va dogi va - Two cats.

rapi nuzu va ta dogi va - The second cat.

Numbers
1 - vaci

2 - rapi

3 - mepi

4 - dopi

5 - suxi

6 - vimi

7 - qiji

8 - bywi

9 - dizi

0 - pihi

10 - vaci pihi

11 - vaci vaci

777 - qiji qiji qiji

1 000 - vaci pihi pihi pihi

1 000 000 000 000 (1e12) - vaci beji vaci rapi

-1,28e10 - xifi vaci kaqi rapi bywi beji vaci pihi

1/3 - vaci tini mepi

Negation
Negation is expressed with word "ciki" on top of the sentence.

jecu dogi va jopi va - All cats are gray.

ciki jecu dogi va jopi va - Not all cats are gray.

jecu dogi va ciki jopi va - All cats are not gray.

Comparative
Comparative word is "bawu" - more. Superlative is expressed as "more than all".

doji - wolf

xoxi - white

doji va bawu xoxi va xoxi ga doji ga - This wolf is whiter than that. (The whiteness of the first wolf is more than the whiteness of the second.)

Only and the only
In phrases with "only" it's always meant that one is something while others aren't. Therefore the reference to others is necessary. It is expressed with the word "hoso" - "only for x1 but not for x2, x3 is true".

1

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

hoso va ra qaji va jopi va dogi va

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1.

2

Among cats only gray are nice.

hoso va ra qaji va jopi va dogi va dogi ra

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1, cat 2.

Word creation process
The dictionary is generated pseudorandomly, but some words are borrowed. In the borrowed words one puts h between two vowels in a row and i between two consonants in a row. The dictionary may grow forever and sometimes change. It's discouraged to borrow a word shorter than three syllables. There is no rules to make new words. Concatenation of roots is not productive, I believe. Commas, dots, etc are not regulated.

EBNF
Note. { } means 0 or more repetitions, groups together, comma concatenates strings, | means an alternative.

text = sentence, {space, sentence};

sentence = word0
 * (word1, space, sentence)
 * (word2, space, sentence, space, sentence)
 * (word3, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence)
 * (word4, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence, space, sentence)
 * ("se", space, text, space, "te");

vowel = "a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y";

consonant = "b" | "c" | "d" | "f" | "g" | "h" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "p" | "q" | "r" | "s" | "t" | "v" | "w" | "x" | "z";

wordbase = consonant, {vowel, consonant};

word0 = wordbase, "a";

word1 = wordbase, "i";

word2 = wordbase, "u";

word3 = wordbase, "o";

word4 = wordbase, "y";

space = blank, {blank};

blank = " " | "," | "." | "?" | "!" | ";" | ":" | "[" | "]" | "{" | "}" | "\" | "|" | "/" | "~" | "*" | "(" | ")" | "-" | "

".

Examples
1

Among all things only gray cats are nice.

hoso va qa qaji va jopi va dogi va

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1.

2

Among cats only gray are nice.

hoso va qa qaji va jopi va dogi va dogi qa

only 1 2 (nice 1), gray 1, cat 1, cat 2.

3

Only one son of John sleeps.

hoso va qa vaci zuni va cozi va micu va ta pixi va johani ta micu qa ta pixi qa

only 1 2 (one (quantity 1)), sleep 1, child 1 3, male 1, John 3, child 2 3, male 2.

4

The only son of John sleeps.

hoso va qa dawu micu va ta pixi va johani ta cozi va

only 1 2 (and (child 1 3) (male 1)), John 3, sleep 1.

5

Only the only son of John sleeps.

hoso va qa dawu micu va ta pixi va johani ta hoso va qa cozi va

only 1 2 (and (child 1 3) (male 1)), John 3, only 1 2 (sleep 1).

6

This is a white wolf.

qyci va xoxi va doji va

this 1, white 1, wolf 1.

7

This wolf is whiter than that wolf.

qyci va doji va bawu xoxi va xoxi ga doji ga

this 1, wolf 1, more (white 1) (white 2), wolf 2.

8

The wolf is white.

qyci va doji va xoxi va

this 1, wolf 1, white 1.

9

A white wolf bites a man.

xoxi va doji va dolu va ga ryti ga

white 1, wolf 1, bite 1 2, human 2.

10

The wolf that bites a man is white.

doji va dolu va ga ryti ga xoxi va

wolf 1, bite 1 2, human 2, white 1.

11

A white wolf is a beast.

xoxi va doji va qaxi va

white 1, wolf 1, beast 1.

12

White wolf's name is Ivan Ivanovich.

xoxi va doji va jepu va qa hivani qa hivanovici qa

white 1, wolf 1, name 1 2, ivan 2, ivanovich 2.

13

Ivan Ivanovich the wolf is a beast.

doji va hivani va hivanovici va qaxi va

wolf 1, ivan 1, ivanovich 1, beast 1.

14

The wolf which is white, its name is Ivan Ivanovich.

doji va xoxi va jepu va qa hivani qa hivanovici qa

wolf 1, white 1, name 1 2, ivan 2, ivanovich 2.

15

The wolf called Ivan Ivanovich is white.

doji va jepu va qa hivani qa hivanovici qa xoxi va

wolf 1, name 1 2, ivan 2, ivanovich 2, white 1.

16

The beast which is a wolf is mine.

qaxi va doji va saru ga va cyfu ga sa

beast 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, i-you 2 3.

17

This is a friend of my son.

qyci va qugu va ga cyfu qa ta micu ga qa pixi ga

this 1, friend 1 2, i-you 3 4, child 2 3, male 2.

18

Ivan's wolf is a friend of my son.

doji va hivani ka saru ka va qugu va qa cyfu sa za micu qa sa pixi qa

wolf 1, ivan 2, own 2 1, friend 1 3, i-you 4 5, child 3 4, male 3.

19

My white wolf bites a man.

cyfu va fa saru va qa xoxi qa doji qa dolu qa sa ryti sa

i-you 1 4, own 1 2, white 2, wolf 2, bite 2 3, human 3.

20

My white wolf biting a man is a beast.

cyfu va fa saru va qa xoxi qa doji qa dolu qa sa ryti sa qaxi qa

i-you 1 4, own 1 2, white 2, wolf 2, bite 2 3, human 3, beast 2.

21

My wolf bites me.

cyfu va fa saru va qa doji qa dolu qa va

i-you 1 3, own 1 2, wolf 2, bite 2 1.

22

My wolf bites him.

cyfu va fa saru va qa doji qa dolu qa sa

i-you 1 4, own 1 2, wolf 2, bite 2 3.

23

My wolf bites itself.

cyfu va fa saru va qa doji qa dolu qa qa

i-you 1 3, own 1 2, wolf 2, bite 2 2.

24

A white wolf of Ivan's son hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand.

xoxi va doji va saru qa va micu qa sa pixi qa hivani sa su ja dolu va la judi ja kycu da ja zuku da va vabu la ra qugu ra ta micu ta ma pixi ta cyfu ma za

white 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, child 2 3, male 2, ivan 3, = 4 (bite 1 6), very 4, via 5 4, tooth 5 1, hand 6 7, friend 7 8, child 8 9, male 8, i-you 9 10.

25

The wolf Ivan's son, which hardly bites a friend of my son with teeth by the hand, is white and its name is Ivan Ivanovich.

doji va saru sa va micu sa ta pixi sa hivani ta su ja dolu va la judi ja kycu ja da zuku da va vabu la ra qugu ra ma micu ma ha pixi ma cyfu ha za xoxi va hivani wa hivanovici wa jepu va wa

wolf 1, own 2 1, child 2 3, male 2, ivan 3, = 4 (bite 1 6), very 4, via 5 4, tooth 5 1, hand 6 7, friend 7 8, child 8 9, male 8, i-you 9 19, white 1, ivan 10, ivanovich 10, name 1 10.

26

The wolf biting a friend of my son belongs to Ivan's son.

doji va dolu va sa qugu sa ta micu ta ra pixi ta cyfu ra za saru ba va micu ba da hivani da

wolf 1, bite 1 2, friend 2 3, child 3 4, male 3, i-you 4 7, own 5 1, child 5 6, male 5, ivan 6.

27

A wolf sleeps.

doji va cozi va

wolf 1, sleep 1.

28

A sleeping wolf is mine.

cozi va doji va saru va ma cyfu ma za

sleep 1, wolf 1, own 2 1, i-you 2 3.

29

A sleeping wolf doesn't bite me.

cozi va doji va ciki dolu va ma cyfu ma za

sleep 1, wolf 1, not (bite 1 2), i-you 2 3.

30

My wolf biting me doesn't sleep.

dolu va ma cyfu ma za saru ma va doji va ciki cozi va

bite 1 2, i-you 2 3, own 2 1, wolf, not (sleep 1).

31

I put a piece of meat in the Ivan's bowl with my hand, gave it to the wolf and fell asleep.

cyfu ma za kycu ra tuho ma qa la vabu ra ma lasi la tuzi qa vaci zuni qa doji da futu lyqo ma la da cozi ma

i-you 1 9, via 2 (put 1 3 4), hand 2 1, bowl 4, meat 3, one (quantity 3), wolf 5, after (give 1 4 5) (sleep 1).

32

All cats are gray.

jecu dogi va jopi va

if (cat 1) (gray 1).

33

Not all cats are gray.

ciki jecu dogi va jopi va

not (if (cat 1) (gray 1)).

34

All cats aren't gray.

jecu dogi va ciki jopi va

if (cat 1) (not (gray 1)).

35

All gray cats are nice.

jecu dawu jopi va dogi va qaji va

if (and (gray 1) (cat 1)) (nice 1).

36

Some black cats are nice.

vugi jecu dawu gaki va dogi va qaji va

sometimes (if (and (black 1) (cat 1)) (nice 1)).

37

Some nice cats are black.

vugi jecu dawu qaji va dogi va gaki va

sometimes (if (and (nice 1) (cat 1)) (black 1)).

38

Some nice black creatures are cats.

vugi jecu dawu gaki va qaji va dogi va

sometimes (if (and (black 1) (nice 1)) (cat 1)).

39

Among nice cats there are gray and black.

dogi va qaji va vevo va sa ca jopi sa gaki ca

cat 1, nice 1, union 1 2 3, gray 2, black 3.

40

Nice cats are gray and black.

qaji va dogi va jopi va gaki va

nice 1, cat 1, gray 1, black 1.

41

He said not all cats are gray.

zelu ka se ciki jecu dogi va jopi va te

say 1 " not (if (cat 2) (gray 2)) ".

42

Being a cat means to be gray and nice.

kapu dogi qa dawu jopi qa qaji qa

mean (cat 1) (and (gray 1) (nice 1)).

43

She's my sister.

biju va qa jiji va cyfu qa za

brother/sister 1 2, female 1, i-you 2 3.

44

It's hard to have a sister.

punu biju va qa zemi qa jiji va

cause (brother/sister 1 2) (hard 2), female 1.

45

Being a sister is hard.

punu biju va qa zemi va jiji va

cause (brother/sister 1 2) (hard 1), female 1.

46

I'm jealous of my sister for my cat.

cyfu va za jyko va qa ra biju qa va jiji qa saru va ra dogi ra

i-you 1 9, jealous 1 2 3, brother/sister 2 1, female 2, own 1 3, cat 3.

47

Jealousy causes pain.

punu jyko va qa ra zemi sa

cause (jealous 1 2 3) (hard 4).

48

I see my sister.

cyfu ma za fidu ma sa biju ma sa jiji ma

i-you 1 9, see 1 2, brother/sister 1 2, female 1.

49

I'm glad to see my sister.

cyfu ma za tasu ma fidu ma sa biju ma sa jiji ma

i-you 1 9, glad 1 (see 1 2), brother/sister 1 2, female 1.

50

A cat climbs a fence.

dogi va zydu va qa kihi qa

cat 1, climb 1 2, fence 2.

51

A cat climbs over the fence.

dogi va fiqu ka tynu va qa kihi ka

cat 1, over 2 (go 1 3), fence 2.

52

Everyone except the king does not admire the king.

jecu jaso ka va ra ciki lagu va ka

if (reign 1 2 3) (not (admire 2 1)).

53

The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.

ryti va jecu ryti la bawu vani va vani la ryti sa jecu ryti la bawu vani la vani sa roni lazu va ga roni lazu sa ga segi ga

human 1, if (human 2) (more (tall 1) (tall 2)), human 3, if (human 2) (more (tall 2) (tall 3)), already (join 1 4), already (join 3 4), circus 4.

54

Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.

jecu vizadi sa dawu pisi rapi zuni va dawu fexi va fibu va sa

if (wizard 2) (and (exactly (two (quantity 1))) (and (goblin 1) (hate 1 2))).

55

The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.

jaso va pa ma jiji va hiniliwi ma zuru va za jaso za ta la pixi za sivenisiki la

reign 1 2 3, female 1, english 3, blood-related 1 4, reign 4 5 6, male 4, swedish 6.

56

Not every country belongs to the United Nations.

ciki jecu hozi va keru va qa sidu qa ra fugi ra ka hozi ka

not (if (country 1) (member 1 2)), organization 2 3, unite 3 4, country 4.

57

The president of every country knows the president of every other country.

jecu dawu hesu va qa hesu fa wa faju va fa

if (and (president 1 2) (president 3 4)) (know 1 3).

58

The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.

ceju ba ca tino ba da fa xybu da ga camu fa ga piki ca

equal 1 2, divide 1 3 4, circumference 3 5, diameter 4 5, pi 2.

59

No house has only one roach in it.

pihi zuni va vosi va lowu va qa goqi qa pisi vaci zuni qa

zero (quantity 1), house 1, contain 1 2, roach 2, exactly (one (quantity 2)).

60

The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.

jaso va ta sa jiji va kiti ta hoso qa ba dawu micu qa va jiji qa pizu fa qa pisi mepi zuni fa gazu fa qa

reign 1 2 3, female 1, hearts 2, only 4 6 (and (child 4 1) (female 4)), love 5 4, exactly (three (quantity 5)), suitor 5 4.

61

At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.

kobi rapi zuni va catu qa va nuqi va fibu va qa

at-least (two (quantity 1)), know 2 1, terrorist 1, hate 2 1.

62

The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.

jaso va ta sa mahi sa hosu vibi feqo za pa fa fiqu qa vibi tynu va ka jaso pa ba ca moridori ca tyvi qa

reign 1 2 3, elf 3, only-if (future (win 4 5 6)) (over 7 (will (go 1 8))), reign 5 9 10, mordor 10, see 7.

63

Anyone who respects someone who respects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.

jecu beru va qa ciki beru sa qa beru qa ka lewi hesu ka ra hyhesi ra kobi vaci zuni sa

if (respect 1 2) (not (respect 5 2)), respect 2 3, now (president 3 4), USA 4, at-least (one (quantity 5)).

64

The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.

teti va roni poxo ka va ta hamipiti ka damipiti ka ciki su va wa teti wa xeri wa joniveni wa

wall 1, already (fall 2 1 3), humpty 2, dumpty 2, not (be 1 4), wall 4, great 4, chinese 4.

65

The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.

jiji va harigeli qa dyhu qa hugu qa va dyhu ma hugu ma va pixi ma dyhu va hugu va ma

female 1, argyle 2, hope 2 (marry 2 1), hope 3 (marry 3 1), male 3, hope 1 (marry 1 3).

66

Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.

nypi va dypi jazu qa va

happen 1, bad (understand 2 1).

67

This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.

qyci ba cuki ba pixi ba jotu ba ca josi ca zowu ca da maqi da kehu da fa lezi fa recu fa ga dogi ga nisu ga ha povi ha demu ha ja maji ja lowu ka myji ja vosi ka jekobi la dybu la ka

this 1, kid 1, male 1, play 1 2, toy 2, scare 2 3, frog 3, splash 3 4, dog 4, chase 4 5, cat 5, eat 5 6, rat 6, kill 6 7, mouse 7, contain 8 (live 7), house 8, Jack 9, build 9 8.

68

That was Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.

qyti xalu va rigu qa xalu qa ra musilimi qa

past (religious-war 1 (call 2 (religious-war 2 3))), muslim 2.

69

Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.

jecu ryti va viqu va qa ryti qa jecu vulikani ta lagu ta qa

if (human 1) (envy 1 2), human 2, if (Vulcan 3) (admire 3 2).

70

Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.

ciki xumi vibi giwi hesu va qa jiji va hyhesi qa

not (good (future (someday (president 2 3))), female 2, USA 3.

71

Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

ciki xedi va jecu dawu peti va muki va bawu va qa

not (exist 1), if (and (integer-number 1) (positive-number 1)) (more 1 2).

72

Checkmate.

liju va qa

checkmate 1 2.

73

Now that's a pretty little girls' school.

qyci va zavi qyxi va cuki qa jiji qa cyxu va qa fiwi va

this 1, enough (little 1), kid 2, female 2, for 2 1, school 1.

74

They were attacking people, not peaceful people.

roni wedu da qa ciki rovi qa

past (attack 1 2), not (peaceful 2).

75

"Bad hair day".

dypi va quku va qa hofu va ka poji ka

bad 1, hair 1 2, in-honour 1 3, day-of-year 3.

76

If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

xeri va jecu kobi rapi zuni va ciki xedi qa, jecu xeri xa bowu xeri qa xeri xa

great 1, if (at-least (two (quantity 1))) (not (exist 2)), if (great 3) (more (great 2) (great 3)).

77

The dog next door is dangerous.

lezi va fizu ka qa saru ka va vozi va

dog 1, neighbour 2 3, own 2 1, dangerous 1.

78

The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.

teri va jecu roni ciki sahu ka ra ciki runi va difu ka qa tihi ra puxi ra

fridge 1, if (already (not (take 2 3))) (not (empty 1)), repairman 2 4, last 3, beer 3.

79

Al is married to Betty's only daughter.

halani va helizabeti qa roni hugu va sa hoso sa ka dawu micu sa qa jiji sa

Al 1, Betty 2, already (marry 1 3), only 2 3 (and (child 3 2) (female 3)).

80

The red house is the house that Jack built.

nuji va vosi va jekobi sa roni dybu sa va

red 1, house 1, Jack 2, already (build 2 1).

81

Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.

raseli va ciki hoso va ka dilu va qa funu ta ka poki ka jepu qa ta

Russell 1, not (only 1 5 (author 1 2)), principle 3 4, math 4, name 2 3.

82

The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.

roni leku da qa johani qa fijeralidi qa kenedi qa wuku da sa jyxi sa rafi ka copu sa ka

already (shoot 1 2), John 2, Fitzjerald 2, Kennedy 2, work 1 3, central 3, spy 4, agency 3 4.

83

Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.

jeremi va korihi qa jecu dawu micu va qa dawu pixi va dawu micu ka qa pixi ka bawu fa ga jiru fa va jiru ga ka

Jeremy 1, Cory 2, if (and (child 1 2) (and (male 1) (and (child 3 2) (male 3)))) (more 1 3), age 4 1, age 5 3.

84

All hail the king.

jecu jaso qa va da cusu va qa

if (reign 2 1 3) (greet 1 2).

85

The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.

bawu vydu qa ma vydu ta ma zuco la ma qa zuco la ma ta jecu kaxo la ma qa dawu ciki podu ma qa podu ma ta

more (hard 3 2) (hard 4 2), examince 1 2 3, examince 1 2 4, if (study 2 1 3) (and (not (successful 2 3)) (successful 2 4)).

86

If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.

jecu ciki quzu ka vufu ka ra kami pizu ka qa cyfu ca ka pizu ka ra vufu ka qa

if (not (able 1 (be-close 2 3))) (do (love 2 4)), i-you 9 2, love 2 3, be-close 2 4.

87

The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.

humo va ta ra xuti ra cefu va ka kaxo ka ja qa, jecu kaxo sa ja qa bawu vani ka vani sa

coach 1 2 3, basketball 3, search 1 4, study 4 7 5, if (study 6 7 5) (more (tall 4) (tall 6)).

88

The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.

jaso va fa ma sivenisiki ma hoso ja ta dawu micu ta va pixi ta roni hugu ta ka vaci zuni ka heriberiti ga micu ka ga jiji ka

reign 1 2 3, swedish 3, only 4 7 (and (child 4 1) (male 4)), already (marry 4 5), one (quantity 5), Herbert 6, child 5 6, female 5.

89

Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.

karilahi va viwi va pyli ka jecu sivu va ka podu va ka

Carla 1, freshman 1, course 2, if (choose 1 2) (successful 1 2).

90

The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.

karu va qa hebihemi qa hugu va sa geru sa za baki za

CEO 1 2, IBM 2, marry 1 3, present 3 4, here 4.

91

The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.

qyti hesu ta ka vaci zuni ta hyhesi ta hyhesi ja jecu hesu ra qa hoso ta ja faju ta ra

past (president 1 2), one (quantity 1), US-american 1, US-american 5, if (president 3 4) (only 1 5 (met 1 3)).

92

This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.

qyci va lezi va recu va qa dogi qa nivu qa ra maji ra lowu la myji ra vosi la jekobi ja dybu ja la

this 1, dog 1, chase 1 2, cat 2, stalk 2 3, mouse 3, contain 4 (live 3), house 4, Jack 5, build 5 4.

93

The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.

hucu ba ca zynu ca da dysu da fa ziqi fa ceju ba ga rymo ga ha ja hucu ha ka zynu ka la cewu la fa hucu ja ma zynu ma qa cewu qa fa

square 1 2, length 2 3, hypotenuse 3 4, right-triangle 4, equal 1 5, sum 5 6 7, square 6 8, length 8 9, cathetus 9 4, square 7 10, length 10 11, cathetus 11 4.

94

Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.

vilihami va joriji ja patiriki pa hosu fibu pa va fibu va ja

Bill 1, George 2, Pat 3, only-if (hate 3 1) (hare 1 2).

95

Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.

su ta dawu syvi va pyqi va disu ta ra ciki polu ta ra su ra fehu va qa

= 1 (and (careful 2) (diligent 2)), necessary 1 3, not (enough 1 3), = 3 (fehu 2 4).

96

Some professors don't understand this problem.

vugi jecu kaxo va la qa ciki jazu va ta bacu ta ka

sometimes (if (study 1 5 2) (not (understand 1 3)), problem 3 4.

97

Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.

deniheli va devitohi va jadi ra vevo ra qa ma lehohi qa tigirisi ma vevo sa va ra bawu xumi fyhu ta sa ba

Danny 1, DeVito 1, wild 2, union 2 3 4, lion 3, tiger 4, union 5 1 2, more (good (avoid 6 5)) 7.

98

Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.

begi va poqi qa vevo ta va qa pumu moki ta sylu ta ra

lawyer 1, real-estate-agent 2, union 3 1 2, or (rich 3) (annoy 3 4).

99

If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.

jecu jecu kaxo da va qa punu va dezi da jecu kaxo da va qa pyru va ka quxu ka va

if [if (study 2 1 3) (cause 1 (bore 2))] [if (study 2 1 3) (waste 1 4)], time 4 1.

100

Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.

vaci zuni va lehohi va birysi ta vilisi ta lewi recu ta va zowu va ka ciki jadi va

one (quantity 1), lion 1, Bruce 2, Willis 2, now (catch 2 1), scare 1 3, not (wild 1).

101

The only students who pass are the ones who work.

hoso la ma fehu la qa kaxo la ra ja kaxo ma ra ja pyqi la

only 1 2 (pass-exam 1 3), study 1 4 5, study 2 4 5, diligent 1.

102

Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.

su ma hoso va za ciki podu va qa hosu ma ba su ba hoso fa sa fahi fa wogi fa vevo ra va za kaxo ra ca ja vevo ca fa sa

= 1 (only 2 3 (not (successful 2 4))), only-if 1 5, = 5 (only 6 7 on-sabbatical 7), unfair 7, union 8 2 3, study 8 9 10, union 9 6 7.

103

Someone is not respected by anyone.

vaci zuni va jecu ryti qa ciki beru qa va

one (quantity 1), if (human 2) (not (respect 2 1)).

104

Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.

jecu jecu qeni ta punu ta dezi ka jecu kaxo qa ka ma punu ka dezi qa

if [if (something 4) (cause 4 (bore 1))] [if (study 2 1 3) (cause 1 (bore 2))].

105

Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.

vugi jecu dawu cyti va kaxo qa va xa ryki va vugi jecu dawu wadi da husi da kaxo qa da xa ciki jecu wadi ra ryki ra

sometimes (if (and (underpaid 1) (study 2 1 3)) (secretary 1)), sometimes (if (and (administrator 4) (overworked 4)) (study 2 4 3)), not (if (administrator 5) (secretary 5).

106

If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.

kaxo da va qa jecu dawu punu da dezi va punu va dezi da pyru xa ka quxu ka xa vevo xa da va

study 2 1 3, if (and (cause 1 (bore 2)) (cause 2 (bore 1))) (waste 5 4), time 4 5, union 5 2 1.

107

Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.

jecu beru va va jecu beru fa ma beru fa va

if (respect 1 1) (if (respect 2 3) (respect 2 1)).

108

Daniel is the only child of Jacob.

deniheli da hoso da ga micu da ja jekobi ja

Daniel 1, only 1 3 (child 1 2), Jacob 2.

109

Rebecca has at least two daughters.

rebekahi va micu qa va jiji qa kobi rapi zuni qa

Rebecca 1, child 2 1, female 2, at-least (two (quantity 2)).

110

Cain was not his brother's keeper.

kahini ka biju ka qa pixi qa qyti ciki doxu ka qa

Cain 1, brother-or-sister 1 2, male 2, past (not (care 1 2)).

111

Carl is the tallest man alive.

karili va jecu dawu ryti ma lewi myji ma bawu vani va vani ma

Carl 1, if (and (human 2) (now (live 2))) (more (tall 1) (tall 2).

112

The only pear left on the tree is rotten.

hoso ka ra kemu qa ka tihi qa vaci zuni qa jydi ka xypi ka

only 1 2 (tree 3 1), last 3, one (quantity 3), pear 1, rot 1.

113

There are exactly two primes between 10 and 14.

pisi rapi zuni va cybi va byto va la ka vaci pihi la vaci dopi ka

exactly (two (quantity 1)), prime-number 1, between 1 2 3, one (zero 2), one (four 3).

114

At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.

juti vaci zuni va ricimonideri va vibi feqo va qa ra vafi ra

at-most (one (quantity 1)), Richmonder 1, future (win 1 2 3), lottery 3.

115

Every positive integer has exactly one successor.

jecu dawu muki va peti va duju va qa pisi vaci zuni qa

if (and (positive-number 1) (integer-number 1)) (successor 1 2), exactly (one (quantity 2)).

116

Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.

betimeni ba robini ra vevo qa ra ba hoso qa la zaci qa lowu ga la gotemi ga

Batman 1, Robin 2, unioun 3 2 1, only 3 4 (hero 3), contain 5 4, Gotham 5.

117

Everything is identical to something.

jecu qeni va wywu va qa

if (all 1) (identical 1 2).

118

Exactly one student respects every professor.

pisi vaci zuni va jecu kaxo va ta sa beru va ta

exactly (one (quantity 1)), if (study 1 2 3) (respect 1 2).

119

No more than one professor is respected by every student.

juti vaci zuni va jecu kaxo ka va ha beru ka va

at-most (one (quantity 1)), if (study 2 1 3) (respect 1 2).

120

Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.

harisitoteli ha dekariti da vevo va ha da wyci va jecu kaxo qa va ba hoso va ra bawu xezi va xezi qa

Aristotle 1, Descartes 2, unioun 3 1 2, philosopher 3, if (study 5 3 6) (only 3 4 (more (smart 3) (smart 5))).

121

2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.

rapi va hoso va pa duju va ka cybi pa cybi ka

two 1, only 1 2 (successor 1 3), prime-number 2, prime-number 3.

122

No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.

jecu ryti va ciki beru va ra hoso va ra beru ra va

if (human 1) (not (respect 1 2)), only 1 2 (respect 2 1).

123

Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.

jecu beru va ra beru ka va pisi vaci zuni ra biru va ra pisi rapi zuni ka biru ka va

if (respect 1 2) (respect 3 1), exactly (one (quantity 2)), classmate 1 2, exactly (two (quantity 3)), classmate 3 1.

124

Cicero is Tully.

cicerohi va tulihi va

Cicero 1, Tully 1.

125

Every affluent person owns at least two cars.

jecu moki va saru va qa ryti va hyzi qa kobi rapi zuni qa

if (rich 1) (own 1 2), human 1, car 2, at-least (two (quantity 2)).

126

There are no more than two villains in Gotham.

juti rapi zuni va wemi va lowu ga va gotemi ga

at-most (two (quantity 1)), villain 1, contain 2 1, Gotham 2.

127

Kay respects everyone but herself.

kehisi va jecu ryti qa hoso qa va beru va qa

Kay 1, if (human 2)_(only 2 1 (respect 1 2)).

128

The end is nigh.

hani pyti va

almost (end 1).

129

There are at least 3 different cats so that they sleep in the moment.

kobi mepi zuni va dogi va lewi cozi va

at-least (three (quantity 1)), cat 1, now (sleep 1).

130

There is at most 1 cat so that it sleeps in the moment.

juti vaci zuni va dogi va lewi cozi va

at-most (one (quantity 1)), cat 1, now (sleep 1).

131

There are from 4 to 42 cats so that they sleep in the moment.

zeru ka ra bawu ka ma mepi ma bawu da ka dopi mepi da lewi cozi ra

quantity 1 2, more 1 3, three 3, more 4 1, four (three 1), now (sleep 2).

132

There are the same amount of sleeping cats as the dogs eating meat.

zeru ka ra dogi ra zeru ga la lezi la ceju ka ga lewi cozi ra nisu la ca tuzi ca

quantity 1 2, cat 2, quantity 3 4, dog 4, equal 1 3, now (sleep 2), eat 4 5, meat 5.

133

I eat twice.

cyfu ka ra rapi zuni nisu ka ta

i-you 1 2, two (quantity (eat 1 3)).

134

I eat the second time.

cyfu ka ra rapi nuzu la nisu ka ma

i-you 1 2, two (ordinal 3 (eat 1 4)).

135

All I do is sleeping.

cyfu ka ra cozi ka ciki nypi ka

i-you 1 2, sleep 1, not (happen 1).

136

He runs fast.

femi vizi la

fast (run 1).

137

The rapidity of his run is admirable.

lagu ka femi vizi la

admire 1 (fast (run 2)).