Oñ Fruwi

Entire Lexicon, Example Texts, Pro-Forms

Classification

 * Nouns
 * [PREP - ART] - [DET.INDF - DET.DEF] - NUM - CL - ADJ(s) - NOUN
 * compound adj : all over six feet tall trees
 * either articles or determiners, cannot have both
 * no relative clauses
 * Verbs
 * [ADV $ MODL] [ADV $ VOC-VOL-ASP-STEM-T-PER-NUM-PRTC) ]

Vowels

 * Diphthongs are phonemic
 * Diphthongs can only be closing (ai, au, ʌi, ʌu, ei, eu, oi, ou, ae, ao, ʌe, ʌo)

Phonotactics
In Fruwi, the syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C), its better defined (C)(A)V(V)(A)(C) or GV(V)(A)(C)


 * A=any Approximant
 * G=any Glottal Consonant
 * C=Any Other Consonant

Example: Frailm*/frailm/ or Àilm*/hailm/

Stress
Stress is not defined in Fruwi, and depending of the dialect or even person, it can change completely.

Allophony
Vowels(et Diphthongs ) Become nasalized next to nasals, or even if there is an approximant between them

- /en.e/→[ẽn.ẽ],/eɹn/→[ẽɹn],/nje/→[njẽ]

If there is a labial in a syllable, all sounds become compressed

- /fɹu/→[ɸɹᵝɯᵝ], But /twi/→[tɰi]

vowels and semivowels become "rounded" If right next to a labial (and high enough)

- /uf/→[ɯ̹ᵝɸ], But /wu/ → [ɰɯ]

Approximants have same voicing as the closest consonant ONSET or CODA

- /sɹ/[s̺ɹ̺̥],/zɹ/→[z̺ɹ̺]

if the pronunciation is ambiguous :ex =/kaf.ja/ vs /ka.fja/, then the coda steals the consonant if it is not guttral nor approximant (/kaf.ja/)

ROUNDING != Compressing

Writing System
Oñ Fruwi may use any writing system, Unicameral or not (but determiners and pronouns are differentiated by capitalization in written form), but I use the Latin Version. You could use any system if it works.

Punctuation - the comma
Serial comma - comma between each item in list


 * The (and) red, blue, green dogs
 * the (and) dogs, cats, parrots

Joining two independent clauses - before cöordinating conjunction


 * Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.

Grouping numbers (by 3)

Interjection - Comma before interjection
 * 131,131,131,123;12,122,12


 * My father ate the muffin, gosh damn it!

Aside - around the aside


 * My father, if you don't mind me telling you this, ate the muffin.

Parenthesis (rhetoric) - Wikipedia maybe???

Differences

 * Aspirated Oral Stops vs Voiced Oral Stops
 * Bilabial Fricatives vs Labiodental Fricatives
 * Velar Fricatives vs Uvular
 * Bilabial approximant vs bilabial-velar approximant
 * Velar approximant vs Palatal Approximant
 * Alveolar approximant vs Alveolar trill
 * the Lateral approximant
 * vowels glottal vs epiglottal vs pharyngeal vs tonal
 * Vowel positions
 * D1:/ɐ̞ ə i uʷ e̞ ɤ̞ʷ/
 * D2:/ä ʌ̈ ï üʷ e̞ ɤ̞ʷ/
 * D3:/æ̈ ɑ̽ ɪ ʊʷ e̞ ɤ̞ʷ/

Capitalization

 * Nouns
 * Pronouns
 * Numbers
 * NOT Start of sentence

Articles
unlike most other words starting with vowels; articles don't have acute accent Ō, because they combine with anything not a noun or verb & end with -o

Noun articles
ART - means article

Collective Nouns/Classifiers
CL -   means collective for modern, classifier for future (V=Maybe classifiers will develop???)

word "kal" (will be in Lexicon)

for example:


 * kal mano: a group of people
 * kal kal mano: a group of group of people

MAY STACK INFINITELY

Mass Nouns
All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish, is also plural.

For example:


 * Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
 * The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
 * The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"

Cöordinating conjunctions (Independent - Independent)
goes before the subject and needs COMMA


 * Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.

Subordinating conjunctions (Independent - Dependent)
goes after the subject and needs multiple SENTENCES


 * I fed the cat. I after brushed my teeth. FRU


 * after I fed the cat, I brushed my teeth. ENG
 * I brushed my teeth after I fed the cat. ENG


 * I slept. I because was sleepy. FRU

also used for subjunctive mood with word for "if" - WORD GOES HERE
 * because I was sleepy, I slept. ENG
 * I slept because I was sleepy.  ENG

Dual Conjunctions (and, or, nor, xor...)
(...) = first item

Serial Conjunctions
(...) = first→ second-last items

Moods
Imperative


 * Instruction
 * “Go”
 * At start of Sentence always
 * Warning
 * N/A(Use Infinitive of verb)

Interrogative


 * Yes/No
 * just put "Or not" at the end of a normal sentence
 * What
 * “Ger”
 * always as object, before or after verb add -thing EX: “Ger-Yukeni” means When

Verbs

 * Root:
 * has to start with C where C=any consonant
 * has to end with CV where V=<ʌ>
 * cannot end with VCV where C= Rest:
 * Modality is separate words (auxiliary)
 * Voice, Volition, and Aspect are Prefixes
 * Tense, Person, Number, and Participle, are Suffixes

Modality

 * Just shown as an auxiliary
 * Before Verb as another word (Only Isolating part)
 * don't have syllable constraints
 * Can Have Duplicates/synonyms

Conjugation(Affixes)
Google sheets - List of all Conjugations

Participle
add a  to the end Ex:  /vekʰot͡ʃeɣa ɣoitʰa/ "cooked goat"

1S - 1S, 2S - 2S, 3S - 3S, 4S - 4S, 0S - 0S

 * 1P - 1P, 2P - 2P, 3P - 3P, 4P - 4P, 0P - 0P
 * Unknown Person - 4S/4P
 * Topic - 4S/3P
 * Demonstrative - 3S/3P
 * Indefinite - (Universal and Existential - 0P) (Negatory and Alternative - 0S)
 * Comparative/Superlative - 0P
 * Impersonal in Active/Intransitive in Active - 0S

4 types of Verbs:

 * Transitive Personal
 * Active - ERG.(S) and ACC.(O)
 * I-ERG eat-ACT coffee-ACC (i eat coffee)
 * Passive - ERG.(O) and ACC.(S)
 * coffee-ACC is=eaten=by-PASS me-ERG (coffee eat i)
 * Unergative Personal (resign)
 * Active - Has ERG.(S-A) only
 * I-ERG resign-ACT (i resign)
 * Passive - Has ACC.(S-A) only
 * resigns-PASS me-ERG (resign i)
 * Unaccusative Personal (fall)
 * Active - Has ACC.(S-O) only
 * It-ACC falls-ACT (it falls)
 * Passive - Has ERG.(S-O) only
 * falls-PASS It-ACC (falls it)


 * Impersonal (Free)
 * Never has ERG. nor ACC.
 * it=rains-ACT (rain)

What do those things above mean? (alignment!)
Alignment is in languages, (Uacc = Unaccusative, Uerg = unergative, Trans = Transitive -> A = Agent?, O = Patient? )

Possessive /Genitive
(go to pronouns page for use with pronouns)