Thracian

Classification and Dialects
The Thracian language spoken in Thracia is a Romance language. It is the most conservative language of all Romance languages, since it has retained most of Latin grammar.

Writing System

 * 1) Diphthongs composed by the e-sound change the letter e into ê, e.g. êu /εu/ (=I)
 * 2) The last vowels of the pronouns and the u-sound of the word nu (=not) have to be merged to a word begining with a vowel by a hyphen, e.g. n-odim (=we do not hear - and not : nu odim )
 * 3) ô marks that the o-sound cannot be dropped off to avoid confusion, even if the following word begins with a vowel, e.g. nô odim (=we hear - and not : n-odim ; which means : we do not hear)
 * 4) â and î indicate the same schwa-sound. Whether which you have to use, is based on etymological purpose whether the sound was in Latin an a or an i, e.g. clamavâ (=I was shouting - from Latin : clamabam), but : întelegere (=to understand - from Latin : intellegere)
 * 5) The only diphthong composed by the e-letter, but not applying to the first rule, is the diphthong ea pronounced /ja/, e.g. femea /fεmja/ (=the woman - but notice : rêalita /rεalita/ - reality)
 * 6) The diphthong /oa/ is represented by the digraph oâ, e.g. poârta /poarta/ (=door - and not : /poərta/)

Nouns
Nouns in Thracian may be masculine, feminine or neuter, agree to two types of declensions, to five cases and even to definiteness and finally may be singular or plural.

Second Declension

 * 1) Nouns like turi or coârpu have two stem forms : the nominative stem and the genitive stem, e.g. turi (nominative) - turini (genitive) or coârpu (nominative) - coârpuri (genitive); these forms have two be learned by heart, since there are no rules for the changing stems
 * 2) Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular nominative (or sometimes even accusative for the neuter gender since nominative and accusative have the same noun form) add to their definiteness ending -l the letter u, e.g. mercato r ul (but : coârp u l)

Use of the cases

 * 1) Nominative : expresses the subject and the attribute of the verbs esse (=to be) and fire (=to become), e.g. Petru cena pomu. (=Peter eats an apple.); Petru eşt arcitectu. (=Peter is an architect.); Petru vele fire arcitectu. (=Peter wants to become an architect.)
 * 2) Accusative : expresses the direct object and follows a lot of prepositions, e.g. Petru vede femâ. (=Peter sees a woman.); Petru veni a forul. (=Peter comes to the shop. - a(d)+ACC )
 * 3) Dative : expresses the indirect object, the object of the compound verbs of esse and follows some prepositions, e.g. Petru da rozâ femele. (=Peter gives the woman a rose.); Petru adeşt femele. (=Peter helps the woman. - adesse=to help; adesse+ DAT, like obesse=to hinder, abesse=to be missing etc. but : podesse=to can is followed by the accusative case); Petru vivi tene fluminile. (=Peter lives far away from the river. - tene+DAT )
 * 4) Genitive : expresses the possessive object (and some grammatical expressions), e.g. Petru eşt pater Clodii. (=Peter is Claude's father.)
 * 5) Ablative : follows mostly prepositions and expresses the object of some verbs, e.g. În forul eşt Petru. (=Peter is in the shop. - în+ABL ); Petru uţi marteli sâ delea murul. (=Peter uses a hammer to destroy the wall. - uţere+ABL )

Sound changes (nouns)

 * 1) If the nominal stem ends in a t-sound, it changes into a ţ after e and i, e.g. arcitectu - arcitecţi
 * 2) If the nominal stem ends in a c-sound, it changes into a ç after e and i, e.g. arc (=castle) - arçi