Xynder

Yet another descendant language from Natraden. The grammar has remained fairly intact along with the genders (MAS, FEM and NEU) and the phonology has been simplified.

Phonology
The basic phonology of the language. Every row below is it's own distinct letter excluding double letters and Ê.

Rules

 * ts is always written as c and likewise, tsz with cz.
 * ŝ serves as a way to counteract these rules for syllabic purposes.
 * An example would be Goodbye: Dötŝzelieu. If it weren't for the ŝ it would be written as Döczelieu. This provides the syllabic formation of /dœ.t͡ʃɛ.ljɛw/ were it not for the ŝ providing the formation of /dœt.ʃɛ.ljɛw/.
 * eu is said as /ɛw/ at the end of a word
 * i proceeding a consonant and preceeding a vowel makes the sound /j/
 * ​this is the same for u and /w/
 * Though aspiration does not matter, adding an h after a plosive consonant forces the aspiration.
 * Non-harmonic consonant clusters imply there is schwa /ə̆/ between them
 * Niho gn : Japan /nihɒ:gə̆n/
 * The vowel before these letters tends to get lengthened
 * In some dialects a glottal stop is used:
 * /nihɒ:gʔŋ/
 * To avoid confusion, certain letters often change their pronunciation slightly:
 * Q is often pronounced as /χ/
 * X is pronounced more strongly than Z
 * TX appears in a more word-initial positions and CZ goes anywhere else.
 * W is only ever is normally used in the word-initial or final position and only otherwise in German (or other Non-English Languages) loanwords.
 * Words are distinguished heavily.
 * There is a glottal stop before words beginning with a vowel

Case Marking
Case marking is defined with sets of suffixes:

Word Order
The order has remained fairly the same:
 * 1) (Reflexive Pronoun)
 * 2) Subject
 * 3) Indirect Object
 * 4) Object
 * 5) (Auxiliary) Verb
 * 6) Adverb
 * 7) Other Information
 * 8) Participle
 * 9) Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)

Verb Conjugation
All verbs end in el and most are regular. There is one irregular verb and the continuous tense is shared combined with the simple. There is only one irregular verb and dropping the pronoun is common in informal speech.

To Be
This is the only irregular verb that exists.

Dropping 'E'
E means is and sometimes is omitted. If a noun is used in accusative case alone, the it is is implied:

Telefonaj.

It is a telephone.

You may use the nominative case with it but it is less common than using e

O Telefonaj is less common than Telefonaj e and Telefonaj but is still used.

It is a telephone.

The use of O Telefonaj e is considered to be formal; in fact, no omission occurs in formal writing and speech.

Regular Verbs
Regular verbs will conjugated as follows:

Negation
To negate a verb you add the prefix Nez-:

Nezgater

I didn't go

Nezza!

I'm not!

Passive Verbs
To make a verb passive you use the past participle with the auxiliary verb to be

Sza svarbelt

I was killed

Conditional Verbs
Conditional verbs are formed with the auxiliary verb fjötel (to will) and the past participle. The difference between this the using the future tense is that the auxiliary verb is that the auxiliary verb is used in the past tense.

Fjöt gatelt

I will go

Fjöter gatelt

I would go

Auxiliary Verbs in Future Tense
According to word order, there will be two participles proceeding one another at the end of a sentence.

Fjöt gatelt önelt

I will be gone

Reflexive Verbs
Infinitive reflexive verbs end in elde but conjugate exactly the same as normal verbs. However, pronouns get dropped (if they weren't already) and are replaced with relfexive pronouns. Otherwise the subject gets moved.

Za öpne

He hit himself

Za  s'Ester öfne <- Subject

The restaurant opened (itself)

Gerund
Gerunds are formed by conjugating the verb with en:

Kola-Denken

Cola Drinking

As for making adjectives, you take away the l from the infinite:

magikel to enchant

magike enchanting

magikne enchanted

Pluralisation
This makes use the the suffix -(e)sz

Slep (Book) -> Slepesz (Books)

Telefon (Telephone) -> Telefonesz (Telephones)

Articles
There is no indefinite article but there is a definite article for each gender and other words that behave as articles.

Contractions
There are words such as ecê/a/o which are contractions of et sê/a/o (in/on the). But with contractions, you write:

ec'Eerag

on the Earth

Adjectives
Adjectives always end in e and decline just like nouns. Take the word s'Eer (the Earth) and skeje (blue):

The article is acutally used on it's own when describing a noun:

 Sa skeje Eer.

The blue Earth

A sa skeje j Eer aj e

It is the blue Earth

The article actually contracts when the adjective begins with a vowel:

S'ergede Rojapl

The United Kingdom

Comparative Adjectives
This uses the particle mo placed before the adjective to make it comparative. Translates to "more" in English.

S'Eer mo skeje e.

The Earth is more blue.

Superlative Adjective
This time you actually use the particle momo meaning "more-more" or "most".

S'Eer momo skeje e.

The Earth is the most blue.

Possession
Possession is often shown with declension. To show something possesses another, you put the possessor with the declension after the noun.

Eer Jes

My Earth

Alternatively, one can say of.

Eer w Mak

My Earth

(Earth of Me-DAT)

Supines
Every clause must be separated with punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); the most common being a comma. The parts of a supine are separated likewise. (This rule also means that conjunctions always follow a comma).

(Jê) so Brumej ueter, Ertaj level.

I used the brush to draw a picture.

[(I) the brush-ACC used, a picture to draw]

The infinitive is used in the second portion of a supine as the first half specifies the condition.

Interrogation
Interrogative verbs gain the prefix Be- and the word order doesn't change as with English. Thus possible responses to open questions involve repeating the verb conjuated properly used negation when necessary:

Begates?

Did you go?

Gater.

I went [Yes]

Nezgater

I didn't go [No]

A glottal stop (shown with a '; example only, apostrophe is not used in this way) is used when adding the interrogative prefix to a single syllable verb:

e

is

be'e

isn't

(O) Esteraj bee.

(It) isn't a restuarant

Interrogative Adverbs
These words are placed where the answer would normally go.

What?
This word actually declines like a noun and is treated like one despite bbeing registered as an adjective:

 Co Ekiliberaj beecze?

''What is fun? [Not asking for definition]''

Ekiliber Coj e?

''What is fun? [Asking for definition]''

To Rondusaj beleves et Cog ?

What did you draw a circle on?

On what did you draw a circle?

Others
The other words don't decline, are treated as adverbs [excluding the word order] and replace the answer normally:


 * xzo: where


 * Ê bee xzo?: Where is he?


 * tń: when


 * Ê begate tń?: When is he going?


 * Ce: who


 * Same conditions as Co


 * Ce helbe svarbelt önet?: Who has died?


 * A Cej bee?: Who is she?


 * To Ceg Kolaj begefs?: To whom are you giving cola?


 * Possessive questions actually don't need a verb:


 * Belotesz  Ces ?: Whose boots are these?


 * lit. Whose boots?


 * Response: Belotesz Jes: They are my boots.


 * ​lit. My boots.


 * There is no word for why but you can phrase it like this:


 * Oj beeczes, de?: Why did you do it?


 * lit. You did it, because?


 * Thus, one can simply answer:


 * Oj eczer, de...[reason]: I did it because...[reason].


 * qi: how


 * The most adverbial, so to speak.


 * Oj beeczes qi?: How did you do it?

Quotation
Quotation is treated as a clause and thus must be pre- and proceeded with some sort of punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); most commonly a colon in this case. There exist different particles to indicate types of quotation.

dar
Pronounced /dɐ:ɹ/, this particle is used to indicate that the preceding words after the last colon are what was said.

A Mak zegne: "Szelieu" dar.

She said "Hello" to me

[She Me-DAT said-3rdSing, "Hello" dar]

nńt
Pronounced /nɑ̃nt/, this particle is used in the same situation as the preceding but is used for referencing names and doesn't use the colon.

Ê Slepaj lekte, "Sê Köl so Slepas" nńt e.

He is reading a book called "The book's name"

[He book-ACC read-3rdSing, "The-MAS name the-NEU book-GEN" nńt is-3rdSing]

This literally means He is reading a book, '(it) is "The book's name".

des
Pronounced /dɛs/, this particle is used to indicate something is being spelled. This is used as the letters of the alphabet are often pronounced the same as some words that hold actual meaning. This particle separates the two.

O skribe: "S-Z-E-L-I-E-U" des.

It is written as H-E-L-L-O

It writes: H-E-L-L-O

[It write-3rdSing, "S-Z-E-L-I-E-U" des.]

The alphabet
To pronounce the alphabet, you take a consonant and add the suffix -e /ə/ and a vowel is pronounced as it appears unless it is E (pronounced Ê). However, one doesn't pronounce accents but specifies the letter as:

Ê - E niep Diakritikag (E with an accent; even though it was pronounced with an accent to begin with)

In some dialects, they use neziep with Ê (meaning without; thus Ê without an accent)

Ö - O niep Diakritikag (O with an accent)

Ń - N niep Diakritikag (N with an accent)

Ŝ - S niep Diakritikag (S with an accent)

Numerical System
Numerics are in base 10.

Cardinal Numbers
Numbers are formed with the genetive declension:

One: Onc

Twenty: Döat

Twenty One: Onc Döatas

There are only every irregularities in the first few numbers.

Ordinal Numbers
This gets complicated. The first number in the sequence is converted into an ordinal number. This is done by removing the capitalisation and either adding an e suffix or replacing the last vowel with e.

12: Tölf

12th: tölfe

Numbers involving the genetive case lose their declension and become a prefix to the initial number:

31: Onc Wcotas

31st: Wcotonce

As a result of making extremely long words, they are often pronounced separately:

111: Onc Deutas Eunteras / Jul Eunteras

111th: Eunterdeutonce / Eunterjule