Esperulo

Background
Esperulo is an Esperanto reform I created. Its goal was to make Esperanto a least a little more universal, if only among Indo-European languages. It keeps most of the language the same while hopefully making it significantly easier to learn (I guess making Zamenhof's goal of Esperanto being so easy to learn that it would be "mere play to the learner" a little more real). Its main uses still would surely not reach outside of Indo-European languages, though. Most of the changes made were inspired by Novial, Lingwa de Planeta, and Ido.

Consonants
[p], [t], and [k], should be aspirated, as they are in Lingwa de Planeta. This way speakers of Mandarin Chinese can distinguish between the stops using aspiration and not voiced, which is absent from the language. But if it is more comfortable, speaker may pronounce all the stops as aspirated, though it is not recommend. Most of these phonemes can be pronounced different: whatever is most comfortable for the speaker. The most common differences are: [n], [t], and [d] can be made Dental, [n] can also be made Retroflex, [v] can be pronounced as [w], [f], [ɸ], or [β], [s] can be pronounced as [ʃ], [z], or [ʒ], but only is [tʃ] is not pronounced as [ʃ], [z], [ʒ], or [dʒ], [l] can be made Dental or Velarized, or it can be pronounced as [h] (for Japanese speakers), and [r] can be any Rhotic.

Vowels
[e] is High-mid and [o] is Mid (like in Spanish). The vowels can be pronounced different if it is more comfortable for the speaker. The most common differences are: [i] can be pronounced as [ɪ], [e] can be pronounced as [ɛ], [a] can be pronounced as [æ], [ɑ], or [ɒ], [u] can be pronounced as [ʊ] or [ə], [o] can be pronounced as [ɔ], and all vowels can be rounded or rounded as needed.

Writing System
The alphabet and pronunciation recommendations. The earliest pronunciations are the most recommended. Since Čč is no longer the IPA for tʃ, and so it is more keyboard friendly, Chch is probably the recommend writing of tʃ.

Nouns
A number of things have been changed to Esperanto nouns. First is gender. All nouns that end in "-o" are neuter (i.e. the speaker does not want to specify the gender of the noun), nouns that end in "-u" are male, and nouns that end in  "-e" are female, similar to Novial. Nouns are also inherently indefinite. If you want to specify a singular noun, you say "one" (unu or unua) before the noun to indicate singularity. Plural is marked the same as it is in Esperanto, with "-j". To make a noun definite, you add the article "la" (the), like in Esperanto. Finally, the Accusative case (ending in "-n") is completely optional, like in Ido. All noun forms outside of the indefinite, neuter ending "-o" are optional.

Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives end in "-a" and function the same as the suffix "-ema", meaning a "tendency to do something". For example, instead of "ludema" meaning "playful", just "luda" (omitting the suffix) would mean "playful". Past participials end in     "-an" (i.e. "ludan", played).

Adverbs end in "-en" (i.e. "luden", playfully). They are not used as much as in English, but they are there if needed.

Verbs
Verbs have been simplified from Esperanto. The main verb form suffixes are "-i" which is tenseless (indefinite), and mostly serves as a sort of Infinitive, and "-is", which is specifically Present Tense. To make Past Tense, the word "da" is added before the verb, ending in "-i", and to make Future Tense, add the word "ki" before the verb, also ending in "-i". All other forms are also made by adding auxiliary words before the verb, not by inflecting the verb.

Morphology
The complicated and unpredictable morphology of Esperanto has been cleaned up. Morphology itself is not very good for an IAL, but Esperulo aims to "clean up" Esperanto, not completely change one of the things that makes it what it is. Many suffixes and stems have been removed, none added. The stems are:

- ach (pejorative -- "skribachi", to scrawl, from "write")

- ad (continual -- "kuradi", to keep on running, from "run")

- an (follower of something -- "kristano", Christian)

- (ar (collective group without a specific number -- "arbaro", forest, from "tree")

- (a)j (affectionate form -- pachaju", daddy, from "father")

- (e)bl (possible -- "kredebla", believable, from "believe")

- (e)s (abstract quality -- "amikeso", friendship, from "friend")

- (e)g (augmentive -- "domego", mansion, from "house")

- (e)j (place -- "lernejo", school, from "learn")

- (e)r (smallest part -- "kudrero", stitch, from "sew")

- (e)str (boss -- "lernejestro", school principal, from "school")

- (e)t (diminuative -- "dometo", hut, from "house")

- (i)d (offspring -- "katido", kitten, from "cat")

- (i)nd (worthy of -- "kredinda", credible, from "believe")

- (i)ng (holder, container -- "kandelingo", candle-holder, from "candle")

- (i)sm (doctrine -- "komunismo", Communism)

- (o)bl (multiple -- "duobla", double, from "two")

- (o)n (fraction -- "duona" half of, from "two")

- (o)p (group of specific number -- "triopo", a trilogy, from "three")

- (u)l (active participle -- "esperulo", one who hopes, from "hope", "sanktulo", one who "saints", a saint, from "holy")

b(o) - (in-law -- "bopatro", father-in-law, from "father")

di(s) - (scattering, to do about -- "discheti", to throw about, from "throw")

e(k) - (sudden -- "ekbrilo", a flash, from "shine")

eks - (an "ex" -- "eksedzu", ex-husband, from "husband")

ma(l) - (antonym -- "malgranda", small, from "large")

mi(s) - (incorrect -- "misloki", misplace, from "to place")

pr(a) - (great- -- "pravo", great-grandfather, from "grandfather")

r(e) - (back again -- "rekonstrui", rebuild, from "to build")