Kossian

Monophthongs
Kossian has a total of 12 vowels out of which 7 are considered phonemes (marked as bold in the table above). The status of /y/ is disputed since it only appears as an i-umlaut of /u/ or in loan words.
 * /ɛ ɔ/ and /e o/ are indistinguishable in closed syllables; they are pronounced [ɛ ɔ]
 * /u/ followed by /i/ turns into [y]; i-umlaut does only occur if the vowels are seperated by a single sonorant
 * /i u y/ are pronounced [ɪ ʊ ʏ] in closed syllables
 * /ɛ/ is reduced to [ə] in word final position

Diphthongs
There are a total of 6 diphthongs in Kossian; they are combinations of [a e o] and [ɪ̯ ʊ̯].

Consonants
Kossian has a total of 23 consonants out of which 16 are considered phonemes (marked as bold in the table above). Consonant length is phonemic in Kossian for all consonants. They can be either short or long.
 * /n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velar consonants and [m] before bilabial consonants
 * /p k/ in coda postition are pronounced like /f x/
 * /d/ after /n/ and before a final /ɛ/ is assimilated to the /n/, forming [n:]
 * /f θ x/ are pronounced [v ð ɣ] in clusters with voiced consonants except /r/ or between vowels
 * /x/ is pronounced [h] in the beginning of a word and [ç] after a front vowel
 * /r/ can be pronounced [ɾ r] in free variation

Phonotactics
Kossian syllables always contain a vowel as the nucleus. Both the onset and the coda are optional and follow the following rules.
 * The onset can consist of ...
 * any single consonant
 * any consonant except /l r/ followed by /j/
 * any plosive and non-alveolar fricative followed by /r/
 * any non-alveolar plosive followed by /l/
 * any combination of alveolar fricative and a correspondingly voiced or unvoiced plosive; if the consonants are unvoiced, they can also be followed by /r/
 * combinations of /f x/ and /t/
 * The coda can consist of ...
 * any single consonant except for /m j/, all non-alveolar fricatives, all voiced plosives