Common Saakkih

Common Saakkih is the earliest attested ancestor of the Saakkih languages, named so for their urheimat - the Saakkih peninsula in the modern-day Shinsali confederacy.

General information
Common Saakkih is a highly fusional ergative-absolutive language.

Consonants

 * Consonant gemination is contrastive and occurs in roots, across morpheme boundaries, and in affixes

Vowels

 * There are five diphthongs: /ai ae ao oi eo/

Allophony

 * /r/ is tapped before other consonants or word-finally
 * /l/ is velarized in the syllable coda
 * Vowels become more lax before (not after) the pharyngeal fricative
 * /i/ > /ɪ/
 * /u/ > /ʊ/
 * /o/ > /ɔ/
 * /a/ > /æ/
 * /e/ > /ɛ/

Writing system

 * Except for below, all sounds are written as in the IPA
 * /ħ/ is written as h
 * Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel
 * Geminate consonants are written by doubling the grapheme
 * Stress is marked by an acute accent on the vowel grapheme(s) of the stressed syllable if the word is over one syllable

Phonotactics
Any syllables derivable from (C)(S)V(C) that do not violate the rules below is permissible, where C is any consonant, S is any non-nasal sonorant or fricative, and V is a short or long vowel or a diphthong. Stress
 * Geminate consonants may not occur in word-initial clusters

Stress is very regular and stress positioning is determined by the structures of respective syllables in a root. A syllable is considered light if it has a short vowel and long if it has a long vowel or a diphthong. Stress is characterized by a lengthening of the vowel that is stressed.

Stress in Common Saakkih follows these rules:
 * 1) If a word is monosyllabic, it is stressed.
 * 2) In a multiple-syllable word, stress always falls on either the penultimate or ultimate syllable of a word.
 * 3) Stress always falls on the penultimate syllable if it is heavy.
 * 4) If the penultimate syllable is light and the ultimate syllable is heavy, stress falls on the ultimate syllable.
 * 5) If both final syllables are light, stress falls on the penultimate syllable.

Nouns
Nouns are made distinct based on semantic animacy, wherein animate is further made distinct into human and non-human, providing for three noun classes: human, animate non-human, and inanimate. Most nouns are classified semantically, but as with any animacy system, there are digressions, and in Common Saakkih, these are reflective of their culture. Nouns that name things in nature, things dealing with astrology, or things dealing with weather, despite being semantically inanimate, commonly are classified under animate human or animate non-human. Nouns are declined (slightly) differently according to their animacy class and if the final syllable is heavy or light.

The nominal system is mostly agglutinative, wherein nouns decline for eight cases: ergative, absolutive, dative, genitive, instrumental, ablative, locative, and inessive, and two numbers: singular and plural.

Human noun declension
The first declension table is an example of a heavy-syllable noun and the second is of a light-syllable noun. Noun endings are in bold.