Isgalino

Isgalino:&nbsp Scroll down and you'll see the Alphabet pronunciation and then Diphthongs, they will show you how the language is pronounced. From then on you will be able to read and pronounce the language correctly.

=Alphabet Pronunciation= The letter and how they sound in English words. (Bracketed symbols are IPA)

A- Ant. [a]

B- Big. [b]

C- Car. [k]

K- Kid. [k]

D- Dog. [d]

E- End. [ɛ]

F- Fox. [f]

G- God. [ɡ]

H- Hot. [h]

I- EEl. [i:]

J- Job. [dʒ]

L- Lot. [l]

M- Mob. [m]

N- Nip. [n]

Nn- [ɲ]

O- On. [oʊ] and [ɒ] this pronunciation » oʊ� occurs when the o is at the end of the word.

Oh- used to indicate that the sound is that of [ɒ] and not [oʊ].

P- Pop. [p]

R- Rat. [ɹ]

S- Sat. [s]

T- Top. [t]

U- BOO. [u:]

V- Vet. [v]

Hu- Win. [w] Hu when followed by a vowel.

X- Fox [ks]

Y- You. [j]

Z- Zed. [z]

Diphthongs
Other alphabetical sounds represented by more than one letter; Compared to the pronunciation in English.

Another thing to take notice to is the O at the end of a word in Isgalino is pronounced like in the English word "No". But in a word, not at the end, it is pronounced as a standard Isgalino O. Although when a noun which has "o" at the end is pluralised the "o" does not make the long "o" sound that it would normally make at the end of a word, it instead makes a normal "o" like it would inside a word. E.g. Le stanos.

(Bracketed symbols are IPA for English)

EI long A in English Game. [eɪ]

AI long I in English Friday. [aɪ]

OI like in English Toy. [ɔɪ]

CH like in English Chocolate. [tʃ]

SH like in English Shock. [ʃ]

JH like in the French Bonjour. [ʒ]

AO like in the English Cow. [aʊ]

AU like in English Audience. [ɔː]

OU rarely used in Isgalino but when used is only used at the start of the word or within it and is not required at end. Represents sound like in English Code.

CU like in English QU. E.g. Question. (When followed by o, a, i,e)

GU like in Italian GU. E.g. Lingua. (When followed by o, a, i,e)

TH like in English TH. E.g. The or Thin. [ð] or [θ]

=Basic Grammar= Isgalino uses a similar grammatical construction to Italian and Spanish. The language uses the normal Subject-Verb-Object used in English and other european languages. The construction of grammar isn't unusual and follows many of the same rules as other European languages. The noun before adjective rule of many languages can be used in Isgalino, but the user can change this to what they prefer;

Le grio lufo sereios contenti.

Le lufo grio sereios contenti.

Common verbs
English- Isgalino

Isgalino verbs in their present form always end in "EI".

To/Be- Serei

To/Do- Adei

To/Go- Ei

To/Feel- Sentei

To/Move- Movei

To/Have- Tenei

To/Want- Cierei

To/Function/work- Functei

To/Work- Trabacei

To/Wear- Yevei

To/Need- Nesitei

To/Look- Servei

To/Learn- Aprendei

To/Make- Constructei

To/Whisper- Nisaplei

To/Talk- Saplei

To/Shout- Melisaplei

To/Lose- Perdei

To/Ask- Askei

To/Walk- Carinei (Run - Melicarinei)

To/Stand- Piei (Sit - Nipiei)

To/Start- Comensei (Stop - Nicomensei)

To/Jump- Soltei

To/Come/arrive- Arivei

To/Think- Pensei

To/Know- Sabei

To/Like- Gustei

To/Love- Amei

To/Live- Vivei

To/Laugh- Rei

To/Kill- Matei

To/Help- Helpei

To/Fish- Pesei

To/Farm- Granei

To/Buy- Comprei

To/Born- Berthei

To/Eat/drink- Consumei (The noun. Food is Consuma)

To/Drink- Bevei (The noun. Drink is Beva)

To/Catch- Cogei

To/Use- Usei

To/Sleep- Slumbei

To/Rest- Restei

Can- Podo (Could- Podos)

Will- Ta (Would- Taos)

Shall- Shal (Should- Shalos)

An example sentence using some of the verbs above:

Le graneijo serveios i serveios ad e peseijo, li sereios peseigo in le acua.

In Isgalino there is no word for "went" instead it is the past tense of the verb "go". For example;

Le nijo eios a scola.

Common adjectives
English - Isgalino

Hunger- Fama. Hungry- Fami. Hungrily- Famon.

Thirst- Seta. Thirsty- Seti. Thirstily- Seton.

Happiness- Contenta. Happy- Contenti. Happily- Contenton.

Sadness- Nicontenta. Sad- Nicontenti. Sadly- Nicontenton.

Suffixes & Prefixes
English - Isgalino

Ly- n (Happily - contenton.)

Y/ey- i (Sunny - soli.)

Y/ey- oi (Modesty - modestoi.)

Ful/some- oz (Mouthful - boshaoz.)

Many of these suffixes are also used in Isgalino.

The suffix ly modifies the root-word from an adjective into an adverb.

The suffix y/ey is added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning "having the quality of"

The suffix y/ey is used when forming abstract nouns denoting a state, condition, or quality.

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. A prefix is called a preformative, as they can alter the form of the words to which they are fixed.

Some common prefixes of Isgalino.

English - Isgalino

Un/not- ni/no (Unhappy - nicontenti.) The prefix ni is used in Isgalino to show that the stem of the verb, adjective or noun is now the opposite or unlike.

Re- ri (Redo - riadei.) The prefix ri is used in the same way it is used in English.

Anti- anti (Anti-war - anti-guer.) The prefix anti is used the same way it is in English.

Beyond/extremely- ultra (Ultraviolet - ultra-bon) The prefix ultra is used in Isgalino to emphasise how something is extremely something; e.g. Good, sad, tasty.

Old- palei (Old man - paleijo.) The adjective old tends to be used as a prefix in Isgalino when describing a noun as old.

Pluralising
To pluralise a noun which ends in a vowel add an s. Le shatos.

If the noun ends in a consonant pluralise with es. Medusa teneios mas cebes thei e jo. - Medusa had more heads than a man.

Word gender
In Isgalino to say "The" we would say Le.

A noun ending with "o" means that the noun is masculine.

A noun ending with "a" means that the noun is feminine.

A noun ending with any other letter means it is neither masculine or feminine, and so the "Le" word for "The" is used.

''Cueno es le depei tren? Jhorze le nija nesitei fintrei et in le ora.''

Translation; "When is the next train? Because the girl needs to find it in the hour".

Jhorze means Because in English, it is a mixture of two words, jhor= for, and ze= is.

Jhora means Why in English, it's a mixture of the words, jhor= for, and ce= what.

Pronouns
English - Isgalino

I- Mi

(Me does not exist in Isgalino, Mi means both I, and Me.)

He- Li

She- Shi

It- Zoh

They- Lis

We- Mis

You- Thi

You all/lot- This

Is there some kind of relation between the pronouns? You might ask. There in fact is. The relation is hard to explain in English because English or any other language simply doesn't use a relationship like this, but I will try to explain, once this relationship is understood the pronouns are very easy to understand.

For example, "Li" means "He", and so in Isgalino to say "They" we say "Lis", it literally translates in English as "Hes", literally a pluralization of "He". Why is "He" used when talking about something that has no particular gender? Well that is because in Isgalino masculine nouns etcetera are dominant.

The same thing happens with "We", in Isgalino "Mi" means "I" so to say "We" you would say "Mis" which literally translates in English as "I's", a pluralization of "I".

The same thing happens with "Thi", which means "You". So to pluralize "You" we say "This". Literally "You lot".

Although this concept is unusual and maybe slightly confusing at first when it is understood it makes the pronouns of Isgalino very simple and gives them a good relationship.

Possessive Pronouns
English - Isgalino

My- Mio

Your- Thio

His- Lio

Her- Shio

Our- Miso

You lot's- Thiso

Their- Liso

Its- Zoho

The pronouns are the route, the "o" indicates possession. It also makes remembering them much easier.

Tense
Isgalino has its own way of expressing tense, past, present, future & present continuous(Usually used to express continuing, ongoing actions which are taking place at the moment of speaking or writing.)

Verbs in Isgalino always end in EI, this means the verb is in the present tense. Below is how to change the tense from just present to past, future and present continuous.

To make a verb the past tense in Isgalino we add OS to the end.

To make a verb the future tense in Isgalino we add AS to the end.

To make a verb a present continuing we add GO to the end.

For example, "Michael thought he had a problem running". This would be, "Micel penseios li teneios e problem melicarineigo".

In the sentence "pensei" is the verb "think" so the past tense is "os". "Melicarinei" is the verb "run" so to make Melicarinei present continuing we add "go".

Preterite & present perfect
The preterite denotes an action that began and ended in the past.

I drank all day. - Mi beveios til dia.

Present perfect tense; an action that started in the past and is still going on.

I have been drinking all day. - Moh beveigo til dia.

I have been- Moh

He has been- Loh

She has been- Shoh

It has been- Zohoh

We have been- Misoh

You lot have been- Thisoh

Past Perfect Progressive
I had been- Moh teneios

He had been- Loh teneios

She had been- Shoh teneios

It had been- Zohoh teneios

We had been- Misoh teneios

You lot had been- Thisoh teneios

Future Perfect Progressive
I will have been- Moh ta

He will have been- Loh ta

She will have been- Shoh ta

It will have been- Zohoh ta

We will have been- Misoh ta

You lot will have been- Thisoh ta

The past perfect progressive and future perfect progressive can be replaced by their counterparts: past perfect or future perfect.

Moh teneios carineigo jhor oras cueno mi nicomenseios restei.

I had been walking for hours when I stopped to rest.

Moh teneios carineios jhor oras cueno mi nicomenseios restei.

I had walked for hours when I stopped to rest.

=Dictionary=

=Example text=

Isgalino

Todo demojo serei berthei liberta i icual in respecta i isos. Lis sentei i tenei motiva i consiensa i shalos trabacei helpei ich demojo az companyos.

English translation;

''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They feel and have motive and conscience and should work to help each other as companions.''

Connectives
Isgalino - English

Con- With

Nicon or Nocon- Without (Literally "Not with").

No- Not (E.g. Mi no sabei)

Ad- At

Az- As

Todo- All

Niad- Away (Literally "Not at").

I (Written lower-case when not at the start of a sentence.) - And

Bero- But

O- Or

Jhores- Because

A- To

E- A

Es- Some

Mas- More

Nimas- Less

Ze- Is

Zes- Are

Zoh- It

Se- If

Le- The

Who, what, when, where, why, etc.
English - Isgalino

Who- Cu

What- Ce

Which- Cui

When- Cueno

Where- Cuer

Why- Jhora

This- Esa

That- Eso

Them/those- Esas

Than- Thei

There- Hui

Here- Huoh

Phrases
English - Isgalino

Good morning- Bon mina

Good day- Bon dia

Good evening- Bon sentra dia

Good night- Bon nota

Hello- Hala

Goodbye- Nihala

Welcome- Bonhala

Thank you- Grasi

Please- Plejha

How are you- Como serei thi?

Yes- Sa

No- Nisa

The fact that- Le fecto eso

The thing is- Le cosa es

In fact- In fecto

Colours
English - Isgalino

Colour- Coloro

White- Blanco (Also means "Blank".)

Grey- Gri

Black- Nero

Blue- Blu (Also means "Sky".)

Red- Ru

Green- Gren (Also means "Grass".)

Purple- Perpuro

Yellow- Yelo

Numbers
Isgalino - English

Ono- One

Duo- Two

Trio- Three

Cuatro- Four

Fifo- Five

Seso- Six

Seto- Seven

Oto- Eight

Novo- Nine

Des- Ten

To say eleven in Isgalino we simply say "Desiono". Literally "ten and one". Des means ten, i means and, Ono means one. This pattern continues until twenty and up. The "o" in "Duodes" can be pronounced like it is at the end of a word because the word is a compound of two different words put together to create one. The "o" in compound words is found fairly regularly and as said can be pronounced as long "o" or a short one.

Duodes- Twenty

Triodes- Thirty

Cuatrodes- Forty

Fifodes- Fifty

Sesodes- Sixty

Setodes- Seventy

Otodes- Eighty

Novodes- Ninety

Sent- One hundred

Random food & Drink
English - Isgalino

Rice- Risa

Pasta- Pasta

Soup- Supa

Sausage- Salcha

Bread- Poma

Pasty- Pomo

Cake- Plasa

Egg- Ova

Milk- Lacha

Water- Acua

Juice- Jusa

Flour- Flura

Sugar- Suga

Salt- Sala

Pepper- Pepa

Oil- Ola

Olive Oil- Ola oliva

Pastry- Pastra

Beer- Bira

Wine- Vina

Cider- Sida

Professions (English - er, ist, cian.) (Isgalino - jo or ja.)
English - Isgalino

Artist - Artajo

Scientist - Siensajo

Psychiatrist - Sicistrajo

Guitarist - Gutareijo

Farmer - Graneijo

Musician - Musicajo

Magician - Majicajo

Physician - Sanajo (Also Doctor)

Historian - Istorajo

Fisher - Peseijo

(To make the professions above feminine you change the ending from "Jo" to "Ja".

Subjects
English - Isgalino

Music- Musica

Art- Arta

Maths- Maths

Science- Siensa

Philosophy- Filosofa

Psychiatry- Sicistra

History- Istora

Language- Lingua

Countries & Nationality
English - Isgalino

In Isgalino countries end in "a". Nationality or language of a country end in "o".

For example; Mi serei Ingalino. (I am English).

Similarly to say that you speak English you say; Mi saplei Ingalino.

To say you're from England you say; Mi serei de Ingalina.

England- Ingalina

English - Ingalino

Portugal- Portugalina

Portuguese - Portugalino

America- America

American - Americo

Mexico- Mexica

Mexican - Mexico

Spain- Spanna

Spanish - Spanno

France- Fransa

French - Franso

Italy- Itala

Italian - Italo

Germany- Germana

German - Germano

Household nouns
English - Isgalino

Floor- Pavmenta

Stairs- Scala(s)

Room- Cuarta

Bedroom- Cuarta ruga

Bathroom- Cuarta toleta

Garage- Garajh

Garden- Gardin

House- Haos

Chair- Nipieia

Sofa- Sofa

Television- Teli

Animals
Dog- Cano

Bitch- Cana

Cat- Cato

F.Cat- Cata

Rabbit- Coneglo

R.Doe- Conegla

Bird- Thui

F. Bird- Thuia

Bear- Obo

B.Sow- Oba

Butterfly- Pixa

Wolf- Lufo

W.Bitch- Lufa

Fox- Vulpo

Vixen- Vulpa

Squirrel- Scuiro

F.Squirrel- Scuira

Parts of the body
English - Isgalino

Head- Ceba

Nose- Naza

Mouth- Bosha

Ear- Oda

Eyes- Oca(s)

Teeth- Denta(s)

Hair- Capela (Hair is classed as a singular noun when describing the hair of your head.)

Neck- Neka

Chest- Torsa

Back- Nitorsa

Leg- Pieda

Knee- Pieda-cerva (Leg curve)

Foot- Pia

Toe- Piadeda

Arm- Bracha

Elbow- Bracha-cerva (Arm curve)

Hand- Mana

Finger- Deda

Organs
Heart- Cura

Lung(s)- Pulon(es)

Liver- Actum

Skin- Sila

People/family
English - Isgalino

Family- Familia

Human- Demojo

Man- Jo

Woman- Ja

Boy- Nijo

Girl- Nija

Father- Padro

Mother- Padra

Brother- Brodo

Sister- Broda

Son- Dejo (Literally "Of man".)

Daughter- Deja (Feminine version of "Dejo".)

Adult- Adulto

Child- Niadulto

Baby- Beibi

Friend- Amigo(a)

Friend/associate- Companyo(a)

Cousin- Cusino(a)

Mister- Senno

Miss- Senna

In the kitchen
Chef- Cuco(a)

Kitchen- Cuarta cuco(a)

Knife- Cuta

Fork- Forca

Spoon- Cucha

Ladle- Cuchao

Cleaver- Cliva

Tong(s)- Pinsa(s)

Pan- Pana

Saucepan- Panao

Cupboard- Boxa

Months
Onoari

Duoari

Trioari

Cuatroari

Fifoari

Sesoari

Setoari

Otoari

Novoari

Desari

Desionoari

Desiduoari

The months are simply numbers 1 - 12 but with "ari" on the end, which means "month".

Seasons
Spring-

Summer-

Autumn-

Winter-

War
Army or war unit- Unita Guer

Warrior- Guerjo

King- Rego

Weapon- Arma

Armour- Garda

Helmet- Ceb garda

Shield- Protecta

Sword- Glapa

Axe- Axa

Dagger- Daga

Gauntlet- Glava

Mail(chain mail)- Mala

Bow- Arca

Archer- Arcajo

Arrow- Flecha

Le Isgalino unita guer namo "Le gladas" eses namo jhores de le arma lis usei. Le arma es e glapa.