Lāngārāndot

Alphabet
The Basic Randot Alphabet is based on the Albanian and Estonian alphabets with several changes. There are twenty-six letters in the alphabet, including two digraphs. These represent the twenty-seven sounds of Randot. Like most of the language, the alphabet is very straightforward and consistant, with only one letter having multiple sounds.

The following letters are only used in loanwords: ''C, E, I, Q, W, Y. ''These letters only have one pronunciation, no matter how the loanword is pronounced in the original language.

Phonotactics
Consonant digraphs and trigraphs are common and are pronounced according to the IPA. No consonant cluster is extremely difficult to pronounce (i.e. str is common but kvb would not exist).

There are six vowel dipthongs.

Words with one syllable
No stress.

Words with two syllables
First syllable

oavna "WAV-na"

Words with three syllables
Second syllable

oljüna "o-LYUE-na"

Words with four or more syllables
First syllable and second-to-last syllable

ukazagränna "OO-kah-zah-GRA-na"

Between two vowels
Identical pronunciation to d.

Before an umlaut vowel and after a regular vowel
/ʁ/, like French R.

Anywhere else
Trilled r

Nouns and Attachments
Randot simple nouns have three parts: a gender for adjective (either the feminine o or the masculine u), an object, and a case gender for prepositions (either the word for one nö or the word for two na). Other parts, such as articles, can be added to the word. Because there are no irregularities in the language, it can be seen what order each is always in. Listed below are all the parts that can be added to a simple noun. They are listed in the order they are written and spoken.

Articles
Randot has five articles, which function as both singular and plural.

K is the general definite article. (i.e. the flower)

Dh is the general indefinite article. (i.e. a flower)

G is a definite article and functions like this in English. (i.e. this flower

J is a definite article and functions like that when objects close to the speaker are being talked about. (i.e. that pencil when near the pencil)

X is a definite article and functions like that when objects far away from the speaker are being talked about. (i.e. those people over there)

THE GENERAL DEFINITE ARTICLE IS REQUIRED WHEN THE POSSESSIVE IS USED.

Adjective Genders
There are two adjectives genders which determine which prefix adjectives receive. These genders are similar to the Romance language in respect to an agreement of adjective and noun.

'''THIS PART OF THE NOUN IS REQUIRED ALWAYS. IT IS NOT RELATED TO THE CASE GENDERS IN ANY RESPECT.'''

O is the feminine classifier.

U is the masculine classifier.

Object
THIS PART OF THE NOUN IS REQUIRED ALWAYS

This never ends with ö.

Plurals
Add s when the object ends in a vowel. Add ös when the object ends in a consonant.

Adjectives
All adjectives start with jo when the feminine adjective gender is used and ju when the masculine adjective gender is used. Never pluralized.

Possessive
When the object pertains to someone or something that can be mentioned with a pronoun, add the pronoun without classifiers.

i.e. oljükünna - my book

i.e. oljüvana - his book/her book/its book

When the object's ownership cannot be mentioned with a pronoun from context, it is conjugated as an adjective. However, the gender must fit the object, not the owner.

oavona - grandmother

uavona - grandfather

i.e. oljüjoavona - my grandmother's book/my grandfather's book

Case Gender
This gender shows how the preposition should be declined when needed. The nominative case for the first gender is nö (literally "one") and for the second gender is na (literally "two").

Except for the nominative case, which is left alone when declined, nö and na must be deleted before adding the new stem.

For example:

Oljüna is the word for "book".

It consists of the feminine adjective gender, the object ljü, and the second case gender.

1. k (general definite article) 2. oljüna (book) 3. s (plural) 4. vra (yellow) 5. rö (2nd person pronoun-object)

k + o + ljü + s + jovra + rö + na = koljüsjovraröna "your yellow books"

dholjüjovravä "in a yellow book"

Verbs and Conjugations
Verb infinitives end in either a, o, or u. By adding stems to the present conjugation, all verb forms are possible. There are two voices, imperative and subjunctive. The subjunctive doubles as an imperative.

Example 1
Tšorujupö koljüsna ga kupaltzäsna kogabadvü, marjü.

Put the books and pencils into the bag, please.

The vocabulary used in this sentence is:

tšoru - to put

oljüna - book

ga - and

upaltzä - pencil

ogabadnö - bag, purse, backpack

marjü - please (exp)

1. Tšoru is conjugated into the 3rd person present subjunctive form. 2. The general definite article k is added to the plural forms of oljüna, upaltzä, and ogabadnö. 3. Ogabadnö is declined into invasive case.

Example 2
Havajamüb dhokjalatnjana kjö haxnajamüb dhukazagränvä.

There was once a pretty princess who lived in a castle.

The vocabulary used in this sentence is:

hava - there is (verb)

okjalatnjana - princess (literally "female small royalty")

kjö - *see note 3

haxna - to live

ukazagränna - castle (literally "big house")

1. Hava and haxna are conjugated into the 3rd person preterite indicative form. 2. The general indefinite article dh is added to okhalatnjana and ukazagränna. 3. Kjö is a word used to represent who, what, when, where, why, and how when it isn't an interrogative. (i.e. I got this from the lady who works at the supermarket.) 4. Ukazagränna is declined into invasive case.

Example 3
Kotšjajoxajonumanövä, Upahartuna Kolaxäjä fodajamüb kuhjalösvalä uhomeworkjumanna.

On the third day of school, Professor Kolaxäjä gave her students a lot of homework.

The vocabulary used in this sentence is:

otšjana - day

xa - three

onumanö - school

Opahartuna/upahartuna - teacher, professor

Kolaxäjä - a Randot last name

foda - to give

uhjalna - student

va - his, her

uhomeworkna - homework (loanword, pronounced ho-meh-work)

man - a lot, much, many

1. The adjectives xa and onumanö are added to the word otšjana with appropriate adjective prefixes to make otšjajoxajonumanöna (third school day). 2. The general definite article k is added to otšjajoxajonumanöna to make kotšjajoxajonumanöna (the third day of school). 3. Kotšjajoxajonumanöna is declined into invasive case. (kotšjajoxajonumanövä, on the third day of school) 4. Foda is conjugated into third person preterite indicative form. 5. Va (her, his) is added to the plural form of uhjalna with the general definite article k (which is required when a possessive is employed) to make kuhjalösvana (her students). 6. Kuhjalösvana is declined into entry case. (kuhjalösvalä, he students) 7. The adjective man is added to the word uhomeworkna with the appropriate prefix to make uhomeworkjomanna.

Example Paragraph
Paragraphs are the building blocks of papers. Many students define paragraphs in terms of length: a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences, a paragraph is half a page long, etc. In reality, though, the unity and coherence of ideas among sentences is what constitutes a paragraph. A paragraph is defined as “a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit” (Lunsford and Connors 116). Length and appearance do not determine whether a section in a paper is a paragraph. For instance, in some styles of writing, particularly journalistic styles, a paragraph can be just one sentence long. Ultimately, a paragraph is a sentence or group of sentences that support one main idea.

''Upärägräfösna vujumon kolkjatšrasjopaperösnö. Kuhjalösmanna definajamon upärägräfösna kolangojvanö: dhupärägräfna vuju dhogrupunö da o man osentencesnö, dhupärägräfna tojojo nödufadna dhopacnö, as. Orealidadevü, guj, kujunkuna ga kunajašastna dhofanoxösna osentencesvü vuju kolkjatšrasjopärägräfnö. Dhupärägräfna definaja dak "dhogrupunö osentencesnö o nö osentencenö kjö fazaja dhuunitvä." (Lunsford ga Connors 116). Olangojnö ga uapartšna no husbaja sal dhusadvabnö dhopapervü vuju dhupärägräfna. Prax, dhustylejovutönävä, kustylesjocornalna particular, dhupärägräfna kürätaja vasa nö osentencenö. Uxrat, dhupärägräfna vuju dhosentencenö o dhogrupunö osentencesnö kjö säjupuju nö dhofanoxmanna.''