Kartillian

Consonants
This is the Kartillian consonant system using the IPA.

Every consonant can be geminated, which is represented orthographically by the doubling of the consonant, for example ‹pp›, ‹kk› for /pː/, /kː/.

Several consonants have minor allophones, the most notable of these are:
 * The consonant /h/ can become [j] between vowels, for example zẽẽhat /zeːjæt/.
 * /n/ can become [ŋ] before the velars /k/ and /g/, as which also happens in English.

Vowels
Kartillian has a symmetrical system of vowels, consisting of seven vowels with corresponding long counterparts. The long counterpart of /ɛ/, /ɛː/ has merged with /eː/, so it no longer has a direct long counterpart.

Orthography
The Kartillian Alphabet an extension of the latin alphabet. In addition to 23 of the 26 basic latin letters (Kartillian does not make regular native use of ‹j›, ‹w› or ‹x›), it uses numerous letters with diacritics and two digraphs - all of which count as letters in their own right.

Diacritics
Kartillian employs the use of three diacritics combined with letters to represent sounds which are not easily represented with the basic latin alphabet.

Caron
The caron is used on ‹c›, ‹dz›, ‹n›, ‹s› and ‹z› to produce ‹č›, ‹dž›, ‹ň›, ‹š› and ‹ž›. These caron letters are used to represent the postalveolar counterpart of the otherwise alveolar consonant.

Caron Letters versus I-Digraphs
The letters with carons represent sounds identical to the "i-digraphs": ‹ci›, ‹dzi›, ‹ni›, ‹si› and ‹zi›. The general rule of thumb is that ‹č›, ‹dž›, ‹ň›, ‹š› and ‹ž› are used before consonants, the letter i when representing the vowel /i/ and word-finally, whereas the digraphs ‹ci›, ‹dzi›, ‹ni›, ‹si› and ‹zi› are used before vowels to represent the same sounds. This means that [ʃitʃ] is spelt šič as opposed to siič, whereas [ʃatʃ] is spelt siãč. This is to prevent successions of diacritics making the written language look too complicated.

Usually, the caron letters are retained when noun declensions and verb conjugations create environments where the i-digraphs would be expected. For example the noun boš "water" has the accusative form bošett - retaining the caron letter, rather than taking on the form bosiett which would be expected from its pronunciation.

Case
Nouns take on numerous cases due to the agglutinative nature of Kartillian. The nouns take on different declensions depending on whether the root of the word ends in a vowel or a consonant, however these declensions are not too different from one another.

Plurals
The plural is formed by the ending -i which is added to the end of the noun case ending. For example, the phrase "under the car" is written ni rynnysubãhi. The articles and adjectives also come in plural forms.

Personal Pronouns
Kartillian distinguishes between the first, second and third person, with seperate declensions for both the plural and the singular version of each. For some pronouns whose declined form of one particular case is the same as another case form, a preposition is added. For example the preposition uš which is used in the plural subessive forms of personal pronouns, as the plural forms (sẽssi, dẽssi and eissi) on their own would be identical to the comitative plural forms.

Demonstrative Pronouns
Kartillian does not distinguish between "this" and "that", it only has one demonstrative pronoun: aš, with the plural form of aši, which covers both of these English words.

Note that whilst in English "this" and "that" are used as both the demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners, in Kartillian a completely different word is used for the determiner: vãr.

Case
The demonstrative pronoun is declined as every other noun.

Disjunctive Pronouns
Disjunctive pronouns (ones which are used in isolation, for example: Who said that? Me.) are identical to the vocative form of the pronoun. (For example: Hec kerešer-aš? So.).