Aulandic

Aulandic (Aulendsch ) is a West Germanic conlang with a relatively conservative phonology and a simple (but not too simple) morphology.

=Setting= ...

= Phonology =

Vowels
Monophthongs: The schwa [ ə ] occurs only in unstressed syllables.

Diphtongs: /ai au ɔi je ː  jo ː  wo ː  ɥ ø ː /

Consonants
The rhotic /r/ is realized more commonly as a tap/flap [ ɾ].

Alphabet
The Aulandic alphabet consists of the following 27 letters:
 * Capital: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
 * Lowercase: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, ö, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z

The letter <ö> can be alternatively written as .

Pronunciation
Vowels

The vowels &lt;a, e, i, o, u, y&gt; are long in most stressed syllables that end in a single consonant or no consonants. They are short in most syllables that end in two or more consonants excluding suffixes, and in unstressed syllables. Unstressed e is usually mute or schwa [ ə].

The vowel &lt;ö&gt; is always long /øː/: wöst  /vøː st / "desert".

The pronunciation of the following digraphs is the same regardless of the position:

Consonants

=Morphophonology=

Voicing of simple fricatives
=Basic Grammar= ...

Plural
According to how they form their plurals, Aulandic nouns can be divided in two groups:

1. Nouns with umlaut in plural: This group includes nouns with a, o, oo, u or au as stem vowel; but not all nouns with these stem vowels belong to this group.
 * Monosyllabic words take umlaut and the ending -e: hand "hand" - hende "hands", son "son" - söne "sons", hus "house" - hyse "houses", book "book" - beoke "books". This suffix-e affects the pronunciation of stem-final b, d, g, th and s: voiceless in singular, voiced in plural. Stem-final f becomes v: kalf - kelve
 * Polysyllabic words take only umlaut: appel "apple" - eppel "apples", mooder "mother" - meoder "mothers".

2. Nouns without umlaut in plural:
 * If the word ends in b, d, g, th or s, the suffix -e is added: wind - winde, aug - auge 
 * If the word ends in f, the suffix -e is added and the f changes to v: hleif - hleive 
 * If the word ends in vowel, m, n, l, r, p, t, k, ff or ch the suffix -s is added: stein "stone" - steins "stones"

Articles
Aulandic has a definite and an indefinite article. Since the indefinite article is identical to the numeral ein ("one"), the definite article is often referred to as se artikel ("the article") in the traditional Aulandic grammar.

Definite Article
The definite article can be stressed or unstressed. The stressed form has the function of a distant-neutral demonstrative pronoun: thet hus "the house" (unstressed article) - that hus "this/that house" (stressed article).

Indefinite Article
The singular indefinite article is ein for all genders, identical to the numeral ein ("one"). The word some ("some") can be used as an indefinite plural article.

Adjectives
Adjectives that end in consonant take an -e in plural: thet ald hus ‘the old house’ - thae alde hyse ‘the old houses’ but: thet niu hus ‘the new house’ - thae niu hyse ‘the new houses’

Verbs
Aulandic verbs are divided in weak and strong verbs. In addition to these two main groups, there is a small group of so-called preterite-present verbs.

Weak verbs
Weak verbs form their preterites and passive participles by means of a dental suffix: 

The preterite is formed by adding -(e)de to the stem: opene ~ opende, make ~ makde, hate ~ hatede

The passive participle is formed by adding -(e)d to the stem: opene ~ opend, make ~ makd, hate ~ hated

A mute e is inserted before the dental suffix if the verb stem ends in an n, l or r preceded by a long a, e, i, o, u or y: hale [h ɑ ːl] ~ haled [h ɑ ːlt], halede [h ɑ ːld]; dure [duːr] ~ dured [duːrt], durede [duːrd]

An e pronounced [ə] is inserted before the suffix if the verb stem ends in d or t: hate [h ɑ ːt] ~ hated [h ɑ ːtət], hatede [h ɑ ːtəd].

If the suffix -d(e) follows a voiceless consonant, it is pronounced [t]: makd [m ɑ ːkt], hlachde [xl a xt].

Some strong verbs that have a strong passive participle identical to the infinitive have developed in modern Aulandic a weak passive participle: komd "come", sprekd "spoken", fared "gone, moved". These weak forms coexist with the strong forms, but when the passive participle is used as an adjective, only the weak forms are used: Ick haf spreke = Ick haf sprekd "I have spoken" but the sprekde worde "the spoken words".

Strong verbs
Strong verbs display vowel gradation or ablaut. There are seven classes of strong verbs. Each class is characterized by a vowel gradation sequence of four elements (vowels or diphthongs). Taking as an example the Class 3a sequence i - a - y - u:

- the first element, i, appears in the infinitive and the present tense: finde "to find", ick find "I find"

- the second element, a, appears in the past indicative: ick fand "I found", wi fande "we found"

- the third element, y, appears in the past subjunctive: ef thu fynde... "if you found..."

- the fourth element, u, appears in the passive participle: ick haf funde "I have found"

Class 1

Ablaut sequence: i (long) - ei - e - e: ride reid rede rede "to ride"

With consonant alternation: snithe sneith snede snede "to cut"

Class 2

Ablaut sequence: io - au - ö - o (long): biode baud böde bode "to command" 

With consonant alternation: tiohe tauh töge toge "to pull", kiose kaus köre kore "to choose"
 * A few verbs of this class have u instead of io: u (long) - au - o (long): schuve schauf schöve schove (Also: luke, suge, supe)
 * These verbs in -w are slightly irregular: bru brau bröwe browe, kewe kau köwe kowe "to chew",

Class 3

With nasals (Class 3a), ablaut sequence: i - a - y - u: binde band bynde bunde "to bind"

With liquids (Class 3b), ablaut sequence: e - a - y - o: helpe halp hylpe holpe "to help"

Class 4

Ablaut sequence: e - a - o (all long): bere bar bore "to bear" Class 5
 * A special case with o in the infinitive and present tense is kome kwam/kam kome/komd

Ablaut sequence: e - a - e (all long): geve gaf geve/gevd "to give"

Class 6

Class 7

Preterite-present verbs
The present tense of these verbs has the form of a strong preterite, with vowel-alternation between singular and plural. A new weak preterite is formed with a dental suffix. The verb welle (and its negative form nelle) has a different origin, but is usually included in this group.





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Numbers
Cardinals Multiplicators can be written together when the following numeral is hundred or thusend: tweithusend thrihundred = twei thusend thri hundred (3300)
 * From 0 to 19: null, ein, twei, thri, fior, fif, sex, seven, acht, niun, ten, eilf, twelf, thriten, fiorten, fiften, sexten, seventen, achtten, niunten
 * Decades are formed with the suffix -tig: tweitig, thritig, fiortig, fiftig, sextig, seventig, achttig, niuntig
 * Hundreds: ein hundred, twei hundred, thri hundred, fior hundred, etc.
 * Larger numbers: ein thusend, ten thusend, hundred thusend, ein million (1 000 000), ein milliard (1 000 000 000), ein billion (10^12), ein billiard (10^15), ein trillion (10^18), etc.

Numerals ending in -llion and -lliard take a plural ending: twei millions, thri milliarde

Ordinals Only the last numeral takes the ordinal ending: hundred f io rtig niund (149th)
 * From 1st to 12th: from, tweid, thridd, fiorth, fift, sext, sevend, achteth, niund, tend, eilft, twelft
 * Numerals ending in -ten take the suffix -d: thritend, fiortend, fimftend, sextend, etc.
 * Decades and larger numbers take the suffix -st: tweitigst, hundredst, thusendst, millionst, etc.

Negation
Negation is expressed by means of the particles net and ne:
 * The particle net, placed after the verb or after the object pronoun, negates the whole sentence: Ick drink net. "I don't drink." Ick sa hiu net. "I didn't see her."
 * The particle ne is placed before the negated part of the sentence: Ick drink ne win.

ne + ein &gt; nein: Ick haf nein wordbook. "I don't have any dictionary." ...

=Dictionary=

Numbers
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=Example text= Fader ur 

Fader ur in hemel, heiligd werthe thin nam, Thin rik kome, Thin will sche, hwoo in hemel, swa auk up erth. Gef us hiudag ur daglik braud, End fergef us ure schulde, hwoo wi auk fergeve ure schuldigers. Leid us net in ferseoking, Ak aloys us af the bal. Hwand thin iss thet rik, end se macht, end thet wulder, in eiwigheid, amen.

Se North Wind end se Sunn

Se North Wind end se Sunn streide si eins ym hwa was se starker, thoo ein wanderer kwam hylld in ein warm mantel. Hi kwame överein that jen se kynde thwinge the mann te legje sin mantel af, schylde werthe ansen als starker thann se oother. Se Northwind blew med all sin kraft, thau hwoo meir he blew, thess faster se wanderer hyllde si in sin mantel. Endlik gaf se Northwind sin ferseok upp. Thann schein se Sunn warm, end soans legjde se wanderer sin mantel af. Swa moste se Northwind bekenne that se Sunn was se starker fan bei.