Ungryk (Ruzhmaran)

Classification and Dialects
Ungryk is a collection of dialects with varying intelligibility descended from English spoken around the Black Hills and Surrounding Great Plains region in the far future. Standardised Ungryk is based on the Ruzhmaran dialect, which is the official language of the Creedence Dynasty the current largest and most powerful Ungryk state. Ruzhmaran and Ungryk are often used interchangeably by outsiders and none-Ungryk speakers. Ruzhmaran maybe the official language of the Creedence Dynasty however it is only the first language of around 15% of the total population.

Consonants
Ungryk has a large consonant inventory, which can vary depending on the particular dialect. One of the key ways to identify dialects of Ungryk is through their particular "r" sound, Ruzhmaran and by extension Standard Ungryk use the Epiglottal Trill/Fricative (ʢ) as "r" whilst most other dialects will use ʁ ʀ ʁ̞ ʀ̊.

1) θ͇ acts as an allophone of t͡θ in southern dialects of Ungryk

2) ʎ̞̊ is replaced by ç some speakers

3) t͡ɕ acts as an allophone of c if in a consonant cluster in the western dialects

4) When ħ succeeds a pulmonic dorsal plosive, the two consonants are often rendered as ʡ͡ʜ especially in faster or more casual speech

Sound changes
Ungryk has gone through a significant number of consonantal sound changes.

Nasal changes
The loss of /ɴ/ being either muted or replaced with /n/ in most words

Plosive changes
/b/ replaced with /β/

development of /pʼ/, /tʼ/ and /k'/

Sibilant fricative changes
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ become palatised as /ɕ/ and /ʑ/ /s/ and /z/ become /t͡s/ and /d͡z/

None Sibilant fricative changes
/ɸ/ becomes /ʍ/

/ð/ becomes /β/

/θ/ fortified /t͡θ/

/x/ glottalized to /xʼ/

introduction of /ɣ/

Affricate Changes
/t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ become /c/ and /ɟ/

/k͡x/ is developed

ɢ͡ʁ/ is developed

Approximant Changes
/ɰ/ becomes /ʢ/

Vowels
Ungryk has the following dipthongs; a͡ɪ, e͡ɪ, o͡ɪ, u͡ɪ, ʊ͡ɐ, ʉ͡y

Phonotactics
Ungryk has a fairly relaxed syllabic structure which allows for large consonant clusters, often liquids will act like vowels within syllables.

Native writing system
Ungryk is written in two scripts, the older logographic system referred to as sk̆rvaḱ /t͡sk͡xʢβäkʼ/ in modern Ungryk and as skaʁ̞abak in Classical Ungryk. sk̆rvaḱ graphemes represented individual words which could be further modified using diacritics to show different grammatical meanings such as case, tense etc. Ungryk would evolve to become more synthetic and thus sk̆rvaḱ become inefficient leading to the creation of h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ /xʼonaɮħovt͡sk͡xʢβäk'/ "Prince script." Which was developed by the warrior-aristocrat class as means of secular communication between each other as opposed to sk̆rvaḱ which was almost used exclusivity for clerical purposes. h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ is an abugida which enabled for better representation of Ungryk's morphology than sk̆rvaḱ. h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ was fossilised by King Mk̆eil V of Huaşe /ħʊ͡ɐɕə/ who would conquer multiple Ungryk speaking states creating what scholars refer to as the "first Ungryk Empire." Mk̆eil enforced Huaşen spelling laws onto the conquered territory which lasted during the four and half centuries of Huaşen rule, continuing past the Empire's collapse. Ungryk went through a reduction of vowels between consonants leading to long consonant clusters however words typically were still written in their older format. This would only be solved through the introduction of the mutation symbol, mnḱ /mnkʼ/ "mute" mnḱ was itself affected by this change was originally pronounced as/mənɪk/.

h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ was not updated to match modern Ungryk's larger consonant inventory, it does not have separate graphemes for its ejective plosives nor for its voiceless velar affricative, voiced velar fricative and voiced uvular affricative. Instead the consonants; /k/, /kʼ/, /k͡x/ are given the same grapheme (xʼ is also given this grapheme but it also has its own separate one). The consonants /g/ /ɣ/ /ɢ͡ʁ/ are also represented by a single grapheme.

h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ is written horizontally from right to left, in the boustrophedon style, the majority of the Ungryk speaking states had moveable type however moveable type was unable to recreate the boustrophedon writing style of handwritten h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ therefore it was rejected by the literate class.

Romanisation
Romanisation of Ungryk takes two forms; the older form relies on the direct transliteration of words whilst the newer reformed system transcribes the phonemes of the word. One particular point of contention is the /r/ phoneme. /r/ was an allophone of /t/ and /d/ in between vowels which evolved into its own separate phoneme however it was never given its own glyph in h̆onalhovsk̆rvaḱ and still is written using the glyphs for /t/ and /d/.

Nouns
Nouns decline by definition, gender, case, and number

the structure of nouns can be viewed through this table

Case
Ungryk uses a large case system with sixteen cases. The case of the noun must agree to its gender. Cases are a mixture of prefixes and suffixes as many of them evolved from prepositions and postpositions in English. For example the masculine form of the locative case eit́ (e͡ɪtʼ)evolved from the English preposition at. Ungryk also uses case negation, attaching the negative prefix na (nɑ) can change the case's meaning to its opposite, for example the benefactive case becomes malefactive using na. This can be observed in the following two sentences

k̆erȁrfemşhk̆ vasaihofu

(yk͡xəʢæʢʍəmɕħk͡x βät͡sa͡ɨħoʍu)

1s-real(formal)-fight-past(perfect)-3Mben def-king-ben

"I fought for the king"

k̆erȁrfemşnahk̆ vasaihonafu

(yk͡xəʢæʢʍəmɕnɑħk͡x βät͡sa͡ɨħonɑʍu)

1s-real(formal)-fight-past(perfect)-neg-3Mben def-king-neg-ben

"I fought against the king"

1 Dative case remains as a left over of classical Ungryk however it is rarely used due to the evolution of more oblique case endings.

Gender
Ungryk uses three noun genders, these being masculine, feminine and neuter. Gender is usually shown through if a noun's case takes the masculine, feminine or neuter forms. It can also be shown through verbal personal markers. The masculine is used for male humans and male higher animals whilst the feminine is used for female humans and female higher animals whilst anything else is given the neuter gender. neuter nouns will change their gender if they are possessed by a masculine or feminine noun to the gender of the latter. For example "(a)house" is hamz̨yḱ /ħämʑykʼ/ the word ham is given the neuter stative case suffix of z̨yḱ, however in a sentence such as "his house" hŏz̨ ham /ħœʑ ħäm/ the noun ham  takes the masculine form of the stative case. neuter nouns possessed by both masculine and feminine nouns will usually be rendered as either masculine or feminine.

Definition
Ungryk only marks definite nouns. It uses the prefix va /βä/ on all definite nouns regardless of their gender. As mentioned earlier "(a)house" is hamz̨yḱ /ħämʑykʼ/ whilst "the house" is vahamz̨yḱ /βäħämʑykʼ/.

Number
Ungryk uses three numbers; singular, plural and collective. singular nouns go unmarked the Ungryk for singular "man" man /män/ whilst plural nouns are marked with the suffix z /d͡z/ if they end with a vowel or voiced consonant or with the suffix s /t͡s/ if they end in a voiceless consonant. The Ungryk word for "men" is therefore manz /mänd͡z/. The collective plural is used to refer to all of a particular noun, it is marked with the suffix ol /oɮ/ or /oɬ/ depending on similar phonotactic rules to the plural marker. for example "all men" is manol /mänoɮ/.

Verbs
Ungryk uses complex verbal morphology as verbs conjugate based on tense, aspect, mood, person, evidence and formality. tense and aspect are fused together whilst mood and formality are also fused together, whilst the person markers remain separate as do the evidential marks.

Person
Ungryk verbs are marked for active, stative and oblique persons, this leads to Ungryk being a pro-drop language. person markers change form depending on gender, number and case similar to pronouns. Ungryk person markers and pronouns do not have 1 to 1 correlations to each other, for example a second person plural person marker exists but no second person plural pronoun. Verbs can take virtually infinite oblique person markers although this usually does not occur in most sentences. Only the agentive prefixes come before the verb root, all others come afterwards. A verb root may only have one agentive and one patient marker on it but can have multiple obliques.

Tense and Aspect
Ungryk's tense and aspect system is fused together with its suffixes representing both the tense and the aspect of the verb. There are three tenses; past, present and, future, and three aspects; perfective, habitual and simple. Below is a table showing the tense-aspect verbal conjugations of Ungryk.

Mood
Ungryk marks several different verb moods; realis, interrogative, imperative, conditional, assumptive, optative and speculative. mood suffixes change their form based on the level of formality of the speech. There are three levels of formality; super-formal, formal and informal. Typically suffixes will be more complex if they are super-formal.

Evidentiality
Ungryk marks four levels of evidentiality; very certain, certain, uncertain and very uncertain, each of these levels are further modified based on if the evidence's source is 1st hand, 2nd or if it is inferred.

Syntax
Ungryk is predominately a head-final left branching language, although it uses a mixture of both prefixes and affixes. The alignment system of Ungryk is Active-Stative, with the subject of intransitive verbs being treated like agents or patients based upon if the verb is in the conscious class I, none-conscious class II or neutral verbal class III. The verb "to walk" ʢɵkʼ is class I but  the verb to sleep ɕnd͡z is a class II verb whilst ʍəɬ meaning to fall is class III. subjects of class I verbs are treated as agents whilst subjects of class II verbs are treated like patients, subjects of class III verbs may be treated either way depending on context.

Example text
yr ph̆nseiḱ ȁrk̆emȁk̆aḱaech̆ lejehȁneižyḱ, h̆k̆emyth̆ȁṕaḱv av h̆k̆egrȁnaḱauit́ vaoit́möl

/yʢ pxʼnt͡se͡ɪkʼ æʢk͡xəmæk͡xäkʼäəcxʼ ɮəɟəħæne͡ɪʑykʼ, xʼk͡xəmytxæpʼäkʼβ äβ xʼk͡xəgʢænäkʼäo͡itʼ väo͡itʼmɵɮ/

1-gen bee-plr-erg(neut) 3P(ag)-real-make-pres(hab)-3N-1PX(ben) good-honey-abs(neut), 1PX-reak-meat-keep-pres(hab)-3N(inst) and 1PX-real-sell-pres(hab)-3N-3N(loc) def-loc(neut)-market

our bees produce good honey for us, we use to it to preserve meat and we sell it at the market