Novoslavski

Novoslavski



Novoslavski is a constructed language intended for communication between speakers of different Slavic languages. It is derived from other constructed languages including Slovianski and Neoslavonic, as well as native Slavic languages like Russian and Serbian. The grammar has been simplified considerably by reduction in the number and complexity of inflections in nouns, verbs and adjectives. It is hoped that this has not reduced the resulting language to an Esperanto-like state where a great number of words have become unrecognisable and sound ridiculous to the ear of a native Slavic speaker, but that the sound of the language remains reasonably recognisable to them.

This short course attempts to present the grammar in logical stages, building on the previous sections. It is expected that someone wishing to learn Novoslavski already has some knowledge of one or more Slavic languages, but this is not essential. Throughout the text, all Novoslavski words are given in both Latin and Cyrillic characters, to assist persons who are unfamiliar with Cyrillic texts. Some brief exercises are included as illustrations of the grammar outlined in each section, but it has not been intended to provide a comprehensive vocabulary, as there are excellent dictionaries of Slovianski and Neoslavonic available on the Internet. Novoslavski uses these dictionaries, with some occasional differences in spelling, etc.

 It is possible to utilise either Latin or Cyrillic to write Novoslavski, although Cyrillic is the preferred option as it does not require accented characters. Minor variations in orthography are possible if certain characters are not available on particular word processors, such as the substitution of y,    j, ja   and   ju   for Cyrillic  ы ,    й, я   and  '' ю. ' The alphabets and writing conventions are detailed in the next section. '''Novoslavski is a constructed language intended for communication between speakers of different Slavic languages. It is similar to other constructed languages including Slovianski and Neoslavonic, as well as native Slavic languages like Russian and Serbian. The grammar has been simplified considerably by reduction in the number and complexity of inflections in nouns, verbs and adjectives. It is hoped that this has not reduced the resulting language to an Esperanto-like state where a great number of words have become unrecognisable and sound ridiculous to the ear of a native Slavic speaker, but that the sound of the language remains reasonably recognisable to them. This short course attempts to present the grammar in logical stages, building on the previous sections. It is expected that someone wishing to learn Novoslavski already has some knowledge of one or more Slavic languages, but this is not essential. Throughout the text, all Novoslavski words are given in both Latin and Cyrillic characters, to assist persons who are unfamiliar with Cyrillic texts. Some brief exercises are included as illustrations of the grammar outlined in each section It is possible to utilise either Latin or Cyrillic to write Novoslavski, although Cyrillic is the preferred option as it does not require accented characters. Minor variations in orthography are possible if certain characters are not available on particular word processors, such as the substitution of y, j, ja, je and ju for Cyrillic ы, й, я, ѣ and ю. The alphabets and writing conventions are detailed in the next section. 1 Novoslavski – Новославски by Robert F. Hancock © 2016 Novoslavski – Новославски ALPHABET & ORTHOGRAPHY Novoslavski is written in two alternative alphabets, Latin and Cyrillic. These are shown in the table below : 2 CURSIVE WRITING – CYRILLIC Text in the lessons is given in both normal and italic Cyrillic to familiarise the reader with these alphabets. NOTES : 1. Cyrillic й is used for Latin j, except between two consonants, or following a consonant with no vowel, when ь is used, or before a, e or u, when я, ѣ or ю are used. The combination jo is written as йo in Cyrillic ( the Russian ё is not used ) and ji is written as йи. If the font does not have й, then Latin j may be used. 2. Words which end in consonant + ' are written in Cyrillic with ь ( soft consonant ). 3. In handwriting, a bar is written above т and below ш to distinguish them from п and и. 4. Handwritten л and м begin with a small hook, this is important to distinguish them from и ( which doesn't have a hook and begins above the bottom line ) 5. The palatalised vowels я, ѣ, ю, йи, and йo, or the soft sign ь never follow the letters ц, ч, х, ш or ж. 6. A word can never begin with the letters ы or ь. 3 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 1・ лекция 1 GENDER AND DECLENSION OF NOUNS In Novoslavski, as in most Slavic languages, nouns have grammatical genders ( masculine, feminine, neuter ) and number (singular & plural, and in some cases dual plural). Nouns are also declined in six cases. These are Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental and Locative ( or Prepositional ). The ending of the noun is modified to produce each of the cases, in the singular and plural. Thus every noun can potentially exist in 12 forms, although usually several of these forms are identical. The meaning and use of the cases is described below. Masculine declension Nouns ending in a consonant are usually masculine. For animate beings ( humans and animals ), the Accusative is the same as the Genitive. All other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative. Examples: brat / брат = brother, muž / муж = husband. Feminine declension Most nouns ending in -a or a soft sign ( -t' / -ть,, etc ) are feminine. The declensions of feminine nouns ending in -a / -а and nouns ending in -ja / -я are very similar. Examples: žena / жена = wife, duša / душа = soul. Example: kost' / кость = bone ( Declension pattern for feminine nouns ending in -t' / -ть, etc. ) 4 Neuter declension Nouns ending in -o or -e are neuter. After a soft consonant, the Locative singular ends in -u instead of -e. Examples: selo / село = village ”, polje / полѣ = field. This group also includes words like ime / име = name and vrjeme / врѣме = time. They are declined regularly as though their Nominatives were imeno / имено* and vrjemeno / врѣмено*. Irregular nouns Some nouns, eg oko / око (n.) =eye, and uho / ухо (n.) = ear, which refer to natural pairs of objects, have a dual plural ie, oči / очи (f.) = eyes, uši / уши (f.) = ears. Note that the dual is considered as a feminine noun. The normal plural of neuter nouns can also be used, but the dual is commonly used in colloquial speech. Declension of nouns : Irregular oko / око ; eye The following nouns are declined as a feminine noun of the kosť / кость type: Declension of nouns : Irregular mati /мати = mother; tele / теле = calf; dete /дете = child 5 Uses of the Cases Nominative The Nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence : eg : Pes spijet / Пес спиѣт = The dog is sleeping. Note that Novoslavski does not require an article ( a, an, the ) before the subject noun. Genitive The Genitive is used to denote possession : eg Pes brata spijet / Пес брата спиѣт = The brother's dog is sleeping. It is also used with certain prepositions : eg Pes spijet blizko brata / Пес спиѣт близко брата = The dog is sleeping close to the brother. Here brata / брата is governed by the preposition blizko / близко ( = close to, nearby ), which takes the Genitive case. It is used to indicate a lack of something : eg Brat ne imejet psa / Брат не имеѣт пса = The brother does not have a dog. Here psa / пса is in the Genitive case, meaning literally the brother does not have of a dog. ( ne imejet / не имеѣт = does not have ) Dative The Dative is used to express an indirect object : eg My davali psa bratu / Мы давали пса брату = We gave a dog to the brother. Here bratu / брату is in the Dative case = to the brother. The Dative is also used in expressions such as materi jest hladno / матери ѣст хладно = mother is cold. Here hladno / хладно is an impersonal adjective, and the sentence literally translates as it is cold to mother. The Dative is also used with prepositions : eg My šli k bratu / Мы шли к брату = We went to(wards) the brother. Here bratu / брату is governed by the preposition k / к ( = to, towards), which takes the Dative case. Accusative The Accusative is used to denote the direct object of a transitive verb : eg My davali psa bratu / Мы давали пса брату = We gave a dog to the brother. Here psa / пса is in the Accusative case, meaning that the dog is the object of the verb davali / давали = they gave. It is also used with certain prepositions ; eg Pes spal črez noču / Пес спал чрез ночу = The dog slept through the night. Here noču /ночу ( = night ) is governed by the preposition črez / чрез ( = through ), which takes the Accusative case. It is used with prepositions such as v / в ( = in ) and na / на ( = on ) to indicate motion towards a location. Instrumental This is used to indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed : eg Žena pišet perom / Жена пишет пером = The wife writes with a pen. It is also used with the preposition s / с to indicate association or mutual participation. Eg Žena šla s bratom / Жена шла с братом = The wife went with the brother. Here bratom / братом is governed by the preposition s / с, which takes the Instrumental case. Locative This is used with prepositions such as v / в ( = in ) and na / на ( = on ) to indicate where something is situated : eg Pes spijet na podlogje / Пес спиѣт на подлогѣ = The dog is sleeping on the floor. The vocative Some Slavic languages also have a Vocative, used for addressing a person or object directly, while many other Slavic languages have no Vocative. Novoslavski uses the Nominative for this purpose. Vocabulary 6 (1) The husband went to the country. (2) We gave the wife an overcoat. (3) The brother walked through the fields. (4) The dog is sleeping in the courtyard. (5) She went to the harbour with a friend. (6) The brother writes to a friend with a pen. (7) We gave roses to mother. (8) The soul of the wife slept. ( ona spala / она спала = she slept ) (9) The harbour is close to the sea. (10) The man does not have brothers. 2 Translate the following into English (1) Vrba jest blizko mosta. Врба ѣст близко моста. (2) Človek pišet bratam perom. Чловек пишет братам пером. (3) Prijateli davali pera deteti Приятели давали пера детети. (4) Mati šla čerez travu. Мати шла через траву. (5) Roza jest v polju, blizko vrb. Роза ѣст вполю, близко врб. (6) Žena šla k pristanu. Жена шла к пристану. (7) Deti davali tvaru teleti. Дети давали твару телети. (8) Pes spal v domje. Пес спал в домѣ. (9) Dete pišet človekam. Дете пишет чловекам. (10) Dom ne imejet dvora. Дом не имеѣт двора. 7 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 2・ лекция 2 ADJECTIVES Adjectives in Novoslavski agree with the noun they qualify in number, case and gender. The declensions are very similar and can be illustrated by the following examples : Hard stem adjectives : krasivy / красиви = pretty, beautiful other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative. † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo / -ово instead of -ogo / -ого. Example of adjective with soft stem : starši / старши = older, senior other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative. † These endings are normally pronounced as -evo / -ево instead of -ego / -его. COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Degrees of comparison can be formed by replacing the endings with -ejši / -ейши. Examples are : krasivy/ красиви =pretty > krasivejši / красивейши, krasivejša / красивейша , krasivejše/ красивейше = prettier sveži / свежи = fresh > svežejši / свежейши, svežejša / свежейша, svežejše / свежейше = fresher ( Note starši / старши = older is an irregular comparative of stary / стары = old ) It is also possible to use compound comparative forms with the following prefixes : više- / више- = more, naj- / най- = most, mene- / мене- = less, najmene- / наймене- = least When a direct comparison is being made between two things, the object of comparison is in the Genitive case, following the conjunction čem / чем = than Eg Starša devčinka jest krasnejša čem matere. / Старша девчинка ѣст краснейша чем матере = The older girl is prettier than the mother. ( literally, “than of the mother”). 8 SUPERLATIVES Superlatives are formed from the comparative by addition of the prefix naj- / най -, examples are :najkrasivejši / найкрасивейши, najkrasivejša / най-красивейша, najkrasivejše/ найкрасивейше = prettiest ( literally, most prettier ) najsvežejši / найсвежейши, najsvežejša / найсвежейша, najsvežejše / найсвежейше = freshest. Colloquially, expressions like ona jest najkrasivejša vsih / она ѣст найкрасивейша всих = she is the prettiest of all” are commonly used. ADVERBS Any of the above adjectival forms can be made into an adverb by replacing the declination ending with -o. Adverbs are not declined. Examples are : krasivy/ красиви > krasivo / красиво = prettily, beautifully svežejšo / свежейшо = more freshly IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES Some very common words have irregular comparatives, which are as follows : Use of adjectives in sentences Adjectives may be used as qualifying words by placing them before the relevant noun, and agreeing with it in number, case and gender, as in the following examples : Mladi hlapec vidjet črnogo psa v malom domje / Млады хлапец видѣт чрного пса в малом домѣ. = The young boy sees a black dog in the small house. Here mladi hlapec / млади хлапец = young boy ( Nominative singular, masculine ), črnogo psa / чрного пса = black dog ( Accusative singular, masculine animate ), and v malom dome / в малом доме = in the small house ( Locative singular, masculine ). Starye ženy šli s krasivymi devčinkami v zelene polje / Старые жены шли с красивыми девчинками в зелене полѣ. = The old wives went with pretty girls to the green field. Here starye ženy / старые жены = old wives ( Nominative plural, feminine ), s krasivymi devčinkami / с красивыми девчинками = with pretty girls ( Instrumental plural, feminine ), v zelene polje / в зелене полѣ = to the green field ( Accusative singular, neuter ). An adjective may also be used in place of a noun as either the subject or object in a sentence. Examples : Starye živut v malom domje / Старые живут в малом домѣ = The old ones live in a small house. Brat jest vyši / Брат ѣст выши = The brother is taller. Jesut velikye i malye domy. Oni živut v malom. / Ѣcут великыe и малыe домы.Они живут в малом = There are big and small houses. They live in a small one. Vocabulary 9 NOUNS 1. Translate into Novoslavski : (1) A tall ( high ) young girl is near the window. (2) They see black birds on the left street. (3) The new house does not have a red roof. (4) A red table and black chairs are in the larger room. (5) A willow and a taller tree are in the smallest field. (6) The older boy went towards the blue door. (7) The black and white dogs went through the streets. (8) The green chairs are older than the blue table. (9) The oldest man in the house is sleeping in the newest room. (10) The good boys gave the best roses to the pretty young girls. 2. Translate into English (1) Jesut mnogie beli domy v ulice Ѣсут многие бели домы в уличе. (2) Ona spijet blizko žoltogo stola i modroj Она спиѣт близко жолтого стола и модрой steny. стены. (3) Črny pes jest velikši čem belogo. Чрны пес ѣст великши чем белого. (4) Mnogi devčinki jesut krasivejšie čem Многи девчинки ѣсут красивейшие чем ih* materi. их* матери/ (5) Otec jest starši matere, no ona jest Отец ѣст старши матере но она ѣст mnogo krasivejša. много красивейша (6) Najvyšie dreva živut blizko reki. Найвышие древа живут близко реки. (7) Najkrasivejšie rozi jesut črveni. Найкрасивейшие рози ѣсут чрвени. (8) Žena šla prjamo k velikomu črvenomu Жена шла прямо к великому чрвеному domy. домы. (9) Najmladša devčinka spala v menšoj Наймладша девчинка спала в меншой komnatje. комнатѣ. (10) Hlapeci vidut oči mnogih malih ptic'. Хлапеци видут очи многих малих птиць. 10 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 3・ лекция 3 PRONOUNS Personal pronouns The personal pronouns are declined in six cases in the same way as nouns. The following table shows how they are declined y † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo, -evo / -ово, -ево instead of -ogo, -ego / -ого, -его. When a 3rd person pronoun ( on, ona, ono, oni / он, она, оно, они) is preceded by a preposition, n / н is added between the preposition and pronoun, eg s nim / с ним = with him / it, sred nih / сред них = among them, u njego / у нѣго = by him, na njem / на нѣм = on it, etc.) There is also a reflexive pronoun, sebje / себѣ = (one)self, which refers to the subject of the sentence. It has no Nominative, but is otherwise declined like ty / ты ( sebja – sebje – sebja – soboju – sebje / себя - себѣ себя – собою - себѣ ) Example : On vidjet sebja v zerkalje / Он видѣт себя в зеркалѣ = He sees himself in the mirror. In most Slavic countries, ty / ты and its derivatives are only used in addressing persons in a familiar manner, while vy / вы are used in polite and respectful conversation with people who are not close acquaintances. 11 Possessive Pronouns The possessive pronouns are moj / мой = my, tvoj / твой = your (s), svoj / свой = own ( reflexive ), and naš / нашn= our, vaš / ваш = your (pl) They are adjectives, declined as follows : † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo, -evo / -ово, -ево instead of -ogo, -ego / -ого, -его. • The Accusative of inanimate masculine subjects is the same as the Nominative. The 3rd person possessive pronouns are jego / ѣго = his or its, jejo / ѣйо = her, and ih / их = their. These are the Genitive cases of the 3rd person pronouns and are not declined. When these are used as possessive pronouns, they do not have n / н inserted after prepositions. Demonstrative Pronouns These are sej, sa, se / сей, са, се = this, toj, ta, to / той, та, то = that, vsej, vsa, vse / всей, вса, все = all. They are adjectives and are declined as follows : sej / сей & vsej / всей † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo, -evo / -ово, -ево instead of -ogo, -ego / -ого, -его. 12 Since Novoslavski uses no articles, sej / сей & toj / той are often employed where English would use “the”, but unless there is some need to so distinguish the subject of discussion, they are usually not necessary. Relative pronoun There is only one relative pronoun kotory / которы = which. It is an adjective and follows the normal declension for a hard stem adjective ( like krasivy / красивы). It is used in a subordinate clause to refer to something from another clause, eg Oni vidut dom, na kotorom jest črveny pokryv. / Они видут дом, на котором ѣст чрвены покрыв = They see the house, on which is a red roof. Here na kotorom / на котором = on which ( Locative masculine singular, agreeing with dom / дом in number and gender). Note that in English, the relative pronoun is often omitted, as in “ They see the house with a red roof “. This is not possible in Novoslavski, the pronoun must be used in a subordinate relative clause. Emphatic pronoun The emphatic pronoun is iže / иже = the one, the very same. It has the same form in the Nominative for all genders and numbers. In the other cases, it is declined as the 3rd person pronouns with -že / -же suffixed. (ᴥ Accusative for inanimate subjects. Animate subjects use the Genitive ending.) iže / иже is used to refer more emphatically to something from the main clause, eg Toj dom, v njemže živut moi braty, imejet črveny pokryv. / Той дом, в нѣмже живут мои браты, имеѣт чрвены покрыв = That house, the very one in which my brothers live, has a red roof. Note that n- / н- is inserted between the preposition and jemže / ѣмже, as is done with the 3rd person pronoun. Questions In oral conversation, questions may be indicated simply by an higher intonation of the appropriate word. Since this is not possible in written communication, the interrogative particle li / ли = does it ? Is it ? Is used immediately following the verb in the question. Eg Vaš dom jest li veliki ? / Ваш дом ѣст ли великы ? = Is your house large ? Vocabulary ADJECTIVES § Masculine nouns ending in -' / -ь are declined as follows : 13 ᴥ ᴥ ᴥ ᴥ (ᴥ Accusative for inanimate subjects. Animate subjects use the Genitive ending.) VERBS 1. Translate into Novoslavski : (1) My old horse lives in the wide green field, which is near the river. (2) Their houses are much nicer than ours. (3) Heavy snow fell in your (tvoja) country. (4) You (pl) gave us many big white sheep. (5) The old timer lives in his own small hut in the cold forest. (6) The pigs which live in this field are dirtier than his. (7) Is there frost on the wide river ? (8) That goat, the one that has black ears, went with the pretty girls to the courtyard. (9) Our father reads many big heavy books. (10) The sun shines warmly and the young girls run through your (pl) fields. 2. Translate into English : (1) Starec medlo čitajet mnogi davny knigi v svojem budkje. Ϲтарец медло читаѣт давны книги в своѣм (2) Sovremennye mladeci živut legkejšo čem ih otci. Ϲовременые младеци живут легкейшо чем их отци. (3) Mnogie črveni rozi živut blizko steny našego starogo doma. Многие чрвени рози живут близко стени нашего старого дома. (4) Žena šla so† svoim mužem k hladnomu pristanu. Жена шла со† своим мужем к хладному пристану. (5) Naš stary črny kon' begajet bistrejšo čem jejo belih psov. Наш стары чрны конь бегаѣт бистрейшо чем ѣйо белих псов. (6) Jejo brat spal v tem domje, kotory jest v vuzkoj ulice. Ѣйо брат спал в тем домѣ, которы ѣст в вузкой улице. (7) Devčinki pišut svojemu otcu žoltym perom, kotore ty daval im. Девчинки пишут своѣму отцу жолтым пером, которе ты давал им. (8) Tvoj prijatel' daval tebje to črne pal'to, kotore jest na modrom stolje. Твой приятель давал тебѣ то чрне пальто, которе ѣст на модром столѣ. 14 (9) Vidut li oni more črez se buzkje okno ? Видут ли они море чрез се бузкѣ окно ? (10) Sneg, kotory padjel na naš pokryv, jest hladny i bely. Снег, которы падѣл на наш покрыв, ѣст хладны и белы. † When a preposition before a word produces a cluster of similar consonants, o is inserted to aid pronunciation. 15 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 4・ лекция 4 PRONOUNS Interrogative, definite & indefinite pronouns These are an important group of words which occur frequently in the language. Two of the commonest are kto / кто = who? and što / {to = what? They are declined as follows : † These are pronounced as kovo, čevo / ково, чево. The other indefinite and relative pronouns are summarised in the following table : § nekto / некто = someone, is less vague than kto-nibud / кто-нибуд = anyone. The person named as “someone” may be a particular person known to the speaker, or they may have a partial knowledge of who they are referring to. “Anyone” implies that the speaker hasn't the vaguest idea who it could be. The same applies to the other some- and any- categories. ‡ These forms have the first part inflected as required, followed by -nibud / - нибуд, eg komu-nibud / комунибуд = to anyone. 16 PREPOSITIONS Some more common prepositions and their meanings are given below : Some of the present tense forms of verbs have already been given, eg on, ona, ono čitajet, oni čitajut / он, она, оно читаѣт, они читают = he, she, it reads, they read. The verbal expression in the present tense is made from a combination of the personal pronoun plus the verb stem with a personal ending. The verb is čitati / читати, which is the infinitive form of the verb as listed in a dictionary, meaning to read. From this is taken the verb stem, which in this instance is simply the part čita- / чита-. The personal endings are added to this as follows : 17 Thus the full paradigm of čitati / читати in the present tense is : This is the pattern for verbs of the first conjugation. Some other verbs which follow this pattern are delati / делати = to do, znati / знати = to know, and davati / давати = to give. Imperative Verbs also have an imperative form, as in čitaj, читай = read !( 2nd person singular ) and čitajte, читайте = read !( 2nd person plural ). These forms are used to give an order or an instruction to someone to carry out the action, and as with the use of ty – vy / ты - вы, the plural form is used in respectful conversation. The imperatives are formed by dropping -ješ / -ѣш from the 2nd person singular of the present tense ( if this ends in a consonant, -i / -и is inserted ) giving the singular imperative. To this is added -te / -те to form the plural. Subjunctive The subjunctive expresses a desire for an action to occur, as in “ Let us go to the forest “. In Novoslavski this would use the subjunctive particle nehaj / нехай = let it be, may it be. Thus “ Let us go to the forest “ is Nehaj my idjeme k lesu / Нехай мы идѣме к лесу. ( idjeme / идѣме is the present 1st person plural of idti / идти = to go ). Negation The negative of a verb is formed with the particle ne / не. eg, on ne znajet / он не знаѣт = he does not know. However, when the subject or object is also a negative, Novoslavski uses a double negative construction. For example, Nikto ne znajet togo človeka / Никто не знаѣт того чловека = Nobody knows that man.( Literally, “ Nobody doesn't know that man “, which would actually means the opposite in English ). Likewise On ne znajet ničto / Он не знаѣт ничто means “ He knows nothing “, not “ He doesn't know nothing “, which is the literal English translation. EXERCISES 1. Write out the conjugation of the verb delati / делати in the present tense and imperatives. 2. Translate the following into Novoslavski : (1) Where did rain fall yesterday ? (2) Does anyone know a man who has these ancient books ? (3) To whom did they give their young white horse ? (4) Tell me, where did her husband go yesterday ? (5) He went away from the big house with his old black goat. (6) The sheep run out from behind the tallest tree in the field. (7) The smaller birds slept under the roof of the house close to the harbour. (8) I know the girl to whom somebody gave a new blue overcoat. (9) Let us go to the sea tomorrow with the girl's older brother. (1) Kaku knigu vy čitajete dnjec ? Каку книгу вы читаѣте днѣц ? (2) Si jesut nekakie knigi, kotorie vaš brat daval mne včera. Си ѣсут некакие книги, которие ваш брат давал мне вчера. (3) Nehaj inokto kažet nam kuda ona šla preduvčera. Нехай инокто кажет нам куда она шла предувчера. (4) Što jest pod tom brudnom starom stulje, kotory jest vo vašej budkje ? Што ѣст под том брудном старом стуле, которы ѣст во вашей будкѣ ? (5) Pozdnej, my šli nad most, pod negože begajet bystra široka reka. Поздней мы шли над мост, под негоже бегаѣт быстра широка река. (6) On pišet svojemu mladšemu bratu, jegože vy ne znajete. 18 Он пишет своѣму младшему брату, ѣгоже вы не знаѣте. (7) Kogda-nibud solnce leskajet, my idjeme k morju so svojimi prijateljami. Когда-нибуд солнце лескаѣт, мы идѣме к морю со свойими приятелями. (8) Vsekto znajet kakih človekih živut tam. Всекто знаѣт каких чловеких живут там. (9) Nekak, devčinka padla črez led v hladnu vodu. Некак, девчинка падла чрез лед в хладну воду. (10) V sem selje živut mnogi psi, kotorye begajut kuda-nibud i vsekuda. В сем селе живут многи пси, которые бегают куда-нибуд и всекуда. 19 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 5・ лекция 5 VERBS Many verbs in Novoslavski have a verb stem which is slightly different to the infinitive, and verbs to which this applies are shown in dictionaries with the present tense after the infinitive. The changes which occur are summarised below : [ NOTE after c, č, h, š & ž / ц, ч, х, ш & ж, the 2nd person 1st conj. ending is -eš / -еш, otherwise it is -ješ /-ѣш] Present Tense - 2nd conjugation There is a second pattern of conjugation of verbs which has endings as follows in the present tense ; eg govoriti / говорити = to speak on, ona, ono govorit / on, ona, ono говорит He, etc speaks oni govorjat / они говорятThey speak Dictionaries indicate when a verb is of the second conjugation by showing the present tense after the infinitive. There is no rule which can be applied to identify all 2nd conjugation verbs, this needs to be learned. Most verbs which have the infinitive in -ati / -ати are 1st conjugation, and most with -iti / -ити are 2nd conjugation, but there are exceptions. Some common verbs with their 2nd person singular present tenses are as follows : The imperative of 2nd conjugation verbs is formed by dropping the š / ш ending of the present 2nd person singular and adding -j / -й in the singular and -jte / -йте in the plural, e.g živješ / живѣш > živjej ! / живѣй ! / živjejte ! / живѣйте ! ; stoiš / стоиш > stoij ! / стоий !/ stoijte ! / стоийте ! Past Tense The past tense of a verb is formed from the stem of the infinitive by adding -(je)l, la, lo, li / -(ѣ)л, ла, ло, ли which correspond with a masculine, feminine, neuter or plural subject. An e /je may be inserted in the masculine ending if the stem ends in a hard consonant or group of consonants. For the above verbs, this gives the past participle forms as below ( with several irregularities ). These are used with the appropriate personal pronoun to form the past tense. The endings are the same for both 1st and 2nd conjugations. 20 ⌖These verbs retain the present stem in the past tense, instead of the infinitive stem. §These are irregular forms. All compounds of idti / идти ( verbs of motion ) are of the same pattern. The Verb To Be : byti / быти This is an irregular verb which is part of some tenses of every other verb. Its full conjugation is as follows : Present tense ty budješ byvša / ты будѣш бывша [ 2nd P. f.] vy budjete byvšie / вы будѣте бывшие ono budjet byvše / оно будѣт бывше [ 3rd P.n.] oni budut byvšie / они будут бывшие 21 Conditional The simple future and conditional tenses are unique to byti / быти, all other verbs form their compound future and conditional tenses using the byti / быти tenses as an auxiliary verb. The verb nebyti / небыти = not to be is conjugated similarly. Future Tense The future tense of byti / быти is followed by the second verb in the infinitive. Examples are : Ja budu pisati / я буду писати = I will write My budjeme čitati / мы будѣме читати = we will read, etc Future Perfect This usually refers to an action which will be completed some time in the future. The verb is normally perfective in aspect. These verbs will be covered in a later section. When an imperfective verb like čitati / читати is used in the Future Perfect tense, it has the meaning that the action will continue from the present into the future and will still be happening at the future time. eg, ty budješ [ ješče ] čitavša knigu / ты будѣш [ ѣшчe ] читавша книгу = You (s.f.) will [still] have been reading the book. In this construction the Future tense of byti / быти is used with the Past Active participle of the verb čitati / читати, ie, ty budješ čitavša / ты будѣш читавша. The Past Active participle čitavša / читавша = having read, is an adjective which agrees with the subject of the verb, and so will be in the Nominative case. Conditional Tenses The conditional can be formed in two ways, giving different meanings. When the infinitive of a verb like delati / делати is combined with the conditional of byti / быти, it refers to a state that would exist under some set of conditions. Vy delati byšte / вы делати быште = You (pl) would do ( if some condition now or in the future was true ) Example : Ja byhu pisati jemu, jestli ja znal gdje on živjet. / я быхy писати ѣму, ѣстли я знал гдѣ он живѣт. = I would write to him, if I knew where he is living. ( jestli / ѣстли = If ; ja znal / я знал = I knew ). This is the Future Conditional tense. Past Conditional This is formed from the Conditional of byti / быти plus the Past tense of the verb. Examples : My byhom šli k domu, jestli oni kazali nam što vy byli tam. / Мы быхoм шли к дому, ѣстли они казали нам што вы были там. = We would have gone home, if they told us that you were there.( oni kazali / они казали = They told ) The Past Conditional is more commonly formed with a perfective verb, however, rather than an imperfective one. Refer to Lekcija 7 for more details. The main verb in the conditional clause is in the past tense, even if it refers to the present or future. English also uses conditional expressions like “ I may have ..” etc, indicating a possibility that a conditional action took place, rather than a definite action. In Novoslavski, this can be expressed with the adverb može / може = maybe, perhaps and a conditional. Eg, Može oni byhut vidjeli jejo, jestli ona byla tam. / Може они быхуm видѣли ѣйo, ѣстли онa была там. = Maybe they would have seen her / They may have seen her, if she was there. 22 EXERCISES 1 . Write out the conjugation of the following verbs in the tenses indicated: (1) mogti / могти - present tense (2) pasti / пасти - future tense (3) jedati / ѣдати - past tense (4) hoteti / хотети - conditional (5) vlekti / влекти – past conditional (6) spati / спати – future perfect 2. Translate the following into Novoslavski : (1) Yesterday, when the sun was shining, the boys were able to go to the harbour with their father. (2) Tomorrow we will eat inside your brother's house, and soon he will be able to eat with us.. (3) Whenever I told him something, he would want to know more. (4) When there is snow in the village we are cold and we eat all the time (always). (5) We may have gone somewhere else, if someone gave us a nicer house. (6) Will you (ty) write to your old father soon ? (7) You (Vy) can sleep some other time, somewhere else. (8) The day before yesterday someone took the old horse away from the field. (9) The old timer dragged the table and the heavy books towards the window of his cabin. (10) After that, he fell on the floor and perspired heavily. 23 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 6・ лекция 6 VERBS Passive Voice So far verbs have been discussed in the active voice only, that is, when a subject carries out an action, sometimes on an object, and sometimes on no object. When an object is involved, the verb is described as transitive, for example on vidjel psa / он видѣл пса = he saw a dog. Here the subject is he and the object is a dog. Some verbs do not have an object on which the action is performed, for example pes spal / пес спал = the dog slept, here the verb has only a subject but no object. This is an example of an intransitive verb. Taking the first sentence, it is possible to reverse the sense of action, as in pes byl vidim im / пес был видим им = The dog was ( being ) seen by him, but the second sentence can not be reversed in this way, because the verb spati / спати = to sleep is intransitive. This reversal of the action is described as the passive voice. The verb videti / видети appears as its present passive participle. This is a short adjective, vidim / видим = being seen ); masculine singular, agreeing with pes / пес. There are of course corresponding feminine, neuter and plural forms, vidima / видима, vidime / видиме, vidimye / видимые. They agree with the subject in gender and number. The passive voice can be applied in any of the tenses, as in these examples : ja byl vlekajem v reku / я был влекaѣм в реку= I was ( being ) dragged into the river [Past ] ja behu vlekjen v reku / я бexy влекѣн в реку= I had been dragged into the river [ Pluperfect ] ja jesu vlekajem v reku / я ѣсу влекaѣм в реку = I am (being) dragged into the river. [Present ] ja budu vlekajem v reku / я буду влекaѣм в реку = I will be ( being) dragged into the river. [ Future ] ja budu vlekjen v reku / я буду влекѣн в реку = I will have been dragged into the river. [Future Perfect ] ja byhu vlekajem v reku / я быхy влекaѣм в реку = I would be (being) dragged into the river [Conditional] ja byhu vlekjen v reku / я быхy влекѣн в реку = I would have been dragged into the river. [ Past Conditional] Here vlekjen / влекѣн ( vlekjena / влекѣна, vlekjene / влекѣне = having been dragged) is the past passive participle of vlekti / влекти = to drag. vlekajem / влекаѣм ( vlekajema / влекаѣма, vlekajeme / влекаѣме = being dragged ) is the present passive participle Generally, the past passive participle is formed by replacing the 2nd person present tense ending -ješ / -ѣш or -iš / -иш with -jen / -ѣн ( or -eš / -еш with -en / -ен ). If the present stem ends in a vowel, -n / -н is added to the Infinitive stem. This participle is a short adjective, having masculine, feminine, neuter and plural forms. The present passive participle is a short adjective formed by replacement of the 2nd person present tense ending -ješ / - ѣш with -jem / -ѣм ( or -eš / -еш with -em / -ем ), or -iš / -иш with -im / -им. ( Some verbs have a past passive participle ending in -t / -т) ( Note that intransitive verbs can not have a passive participle ) Some examples follow : First conjugation : Past Passive Participle 24 Second Conjugation : Past Passive Participle govoriti / говорити, говориш > govorjen / говорѣн having been spoken stojati / стояти, стоиш > stojan / стоян* having been stood * -jati / -яти > -jan / -ян The past passive particle can also be used without the auxiliary verb byti / быти, as in the following example : Knigi davajeni byli v domje. / Книги даваѣни были в домѣ. = The given books were in the house. Here davajeni / даваѣни is a shortened adjective agreeing with knigi / книги, meaning that the books have been given ( at some previous unspecified time ). Normally the participle follows its subject. Because the past passive particle is not declined, this construction can only be applied to the subject of a clause. ( In other situations which require a declination ending, a relative clause with the pronoun kotory / которы would be more usual.) Present Active Participle Another participle can be derived from the present stem of a verb, indicating that the subject is doing the action at the present time. Eg spijuči pes ject pod stolje. / спиючи пec ѣст под столѣ. = The sleeping dog is under the table. Here spijuči / спиючи is the present active participle of spati / спати, formed from the present tense stem spi- / спи- by the addition of -juči / -ючи, to form an adjective ( in this case masculine singular Nominative ). Both transitive and intransitive verbs can have an active participle. The present active participle is a fully declined adjective and is not used in a short form. For this reason, the noun to which it applies does not need to be the subject of the clause. For example, we can have Hlapec vidjel spijučego psa pod stolje / хлапец видѣл спиючего пса под столѣ. = The boy saw the sleeping dog under the table. Past Active Participle This is a fully declined adjective, also derived from the present stem, with the ending -vši / -вши, which indicates that the subject has done some action in a previous time, e.g Hlapec čitavši knigu, sidjel b kreslje / Хлапец читавши книгу, сидѣл в креслѣ = The boy, having read the book, sat in the armchair. Vocabulary Conjunctions † The singular is used to refer to the plural also. Thus kartofel' / картофель can mean a potato or potatoes, the plural is not used. EXERCISES 1. Translate into Novoslavski : (1) The new books were placed on the green table and were read often. (2) The birds living in the roof would be seen by the youths if they went out of the house. (3) She was pleased to see her old friend, because she sees him infrequently. (4) That old chair stood by the window yesterday, but tomorrow it will be placed in this smaller room. (5) While everything is being done, they will read some books. (6) The younger girl saw some horses running towards the river. (7) The books are being written by an old timer known by everyone in the village. 25 (8) Her father saw the old goat sleeping under the big willow. (9) When the rain was falling yesterday, we could not go out of the house. (10) We might have seen you, if you were here later. 2. Translate into English (1) Človek potijuči stojal v ulice poka my kazali jemu gdje žive naš brat. Чловек потиючи стоял в улице пока мы казали ѣму гдѣ живе наш брат. (2) Jestli my znali što mladeci ne jedali, my ne byli by delali to. Ѣстли мы знали што младеци не ѣдали, мы не были бы делали то. (3) To starše kreslo bydet vlekjene v su komnatu zautra. То старше кресло будеt влекѣне в су комнату заутра. (4) Si sovremenni knigi byli čitani mladšeju sestroju včera. Си современни книги были читани младшею сестрою вчера. (5) Starša bela koza byla vidjena jedejuča nekaki zeleni ovoč v dvorje. Старшa белa коза била видѣна ѣдeюча некаки зелени овоч в дворѣ. (6) On može byst kazal nam što oni delali, jestli my pisali jemu. Он може быст казал нам што они делали, ѣстли мы писали ѣму. (7) Jego sestra vsegda byst jedati kartofel' s jejo mesom i zelnjem, jestli on byl sveži. Ѣго сестра всегда быст ѣдати картофель с ѣйо месом и зелнѣм, ѣстли он был свежи. (8) Jest prijatno nam imeti pisma iz svojih prijateljev. Ѣст приятно нам имети писма из свойих приятелѣв. (9) Byst bylo lučše jestli ovoč davajen imi byl svežejši. Быст было лучше ѣстли овоч даваѣн ими был свежейши. (10) Pes hočet jedati meso, no my ne imejeme nikaki. Пес хочеt ѣдaти месо, но мы не имеѣме никаки. 26 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 7・ лекция 7 Perfective and Imperfective Aspects Slavic languages have the feature of verbs with two different aspects. The basic difference in aspects is that the perfective refers to an action which has been completed, while the imperfective does not imply whether the action is ongoing or not. Taking as an example the verb čitati ・ читати = to read, this is an imperfective verb. The statement ja čital knigu/ я читал книгу can mean either “ I read a book“ or “ I was reading a book “, moreover it does not convey any suggestion whether or not I finished reading the book. I could have finished it, or I could still be reading it. But when one says ja pročital knigu/ я прочитал книгу, it means “ I read the book ( and have finished reading it )”. The verb pročitati ・ прочитати = to read is the perfective equivalent of the verb čitati ・ читати. In dictionaries, verbs are usually given in pairs like this, as in the following list : For many verbs, the perfective aspect is formed by use of a prefix, eg spati > prespati ・ спати > преспати. Some perfective verbs are derived from different roots, and some verbs are not commonly used in both aspects. The meaning of the perfective may differ slightly from the imperfective, as in žiti / жити & dožiti / дожити ; here the perfective aspect usually implies that the subject has finished living, whereas the imperfective includes the possibility that it is still alive. Non-Slavic speakers will probably find these two aspects confusing, but it is not a major error to use the “wrong” aspect, and by adding some further explanation the desired meaning can still be made clear. Native speakers may prefer one aspect over the other, but both will be understood. Tenses of Perfective Verbs Because perfective verbs convey the idea of an action being completed, their tenses have different meanings to imperfective verbs. There is no present tense, only the past perfect and future perfect, with the corresponding conditional aspects. Examples are as follows : Past perfect : oni svidjeli mnogie pticev spijučih v drevah / они свидѣли многиe птицeв спючиx в древах. = they had seen many birds sleeping in the trees. Past perfect conditional : Vy pročitali byšte knigu, jestli Vy ne byli spijučie / Вы прочитали быштe книгу, ѣстли Вы не были спиючиe = You would have ( read / finished reading ), the book if you were not sleeping. This refers to an event which would have occurred and concluded in the past. 27 Future perfect : mladeci budut pojdivšie k domu otca / младеци будут пойдившие к дому отца = The boys will have gone to their father's house. Future perfect conditional : mladeci byhut pojdti k domu otca, jestli oni zadovolili / младеци быхут пойдти к дому отца, ѣстли они задоволили = The boys would go to their father's house, if they pleased. This refers to an event which would occur and be concluded in the future ( including the immediate future ). Participles Perfective verbs have no present participles, only the past active and passive ( if they are transitive ). Sej stari most, sdelajen davno, može byst upadjel v reku skoro / Сей стари мост, сделаѣн давно, може быст упадѣл в реку скоре. = this old bridge, made ( done ) long ago, may ( maybe would ) have fallen into the river soon. Reflexive verbs These are verbs which have as their object the person or thing which performs the action, that is, the subject and object are the same noun. This is indicated by the word sebja / сеbя ( Accusative of sebe / себе = self ) following the verb. No other object noun is used. Examples are : bojati sebja / бояти сеbя = to fear, be afraid ja boju sebja / я бою сеbя = I am afraid. začrvenjati sebja / зачрвеняти сеbя = to blush ona začrvenjajet sebja / она зачрвеняѣт сеbя = she is blushing smejati sebja / смеяти сеbя = to laugh my smejali sebja / мы смeяли сеbя = we laughed. Many of these verbs are used in the reflexive form only. Verbal Nouns To complete the conjugation of verbs, there is the verbal noun, which is simply the noun which describes the action. From čitati ・ читати comes čitanije ・ читаниѣ, meaning reading. In most cases, the -ti / -ti ending of the infinitive is replaced with -nije / - nиѣ, or -enije / - enиѣ if the stem ends in a consonant. Some examples are : These are neuter nouns and are conjugated as such when necessary. They are used in sentences such as beganije jest moj omiljene sport / беганиѣ ѣст мой омилѣнe спорт = running is my favourite sport. Note that although both end with -ing in English, the verbal noun and the active participle have different meanings, one is a noun which stands for an action, and the other is an adjective describing the action of another noun. Vocabulary § Note the use of the prefix u- / -у here indicates “away from”, rather than forming a perfective verb from the imperfective. 28 EXERCISES 1. Translate into Novoslavski, using perfective verbs where appropriate : (1) After they had seen the big dogs running towards them, the birds flew away quickly. (2) We had arrived at your house yesterday, but nobody was there. (3) The girls had eaten all the fresh fruit. (4) After we had told you that, you laughed. (5) The boys would have sat down at the table, but they did not have chairs. (6) She is afraid that she will fall into the river. (7) The old man was pleased that he was able to sleep. (8) Because she had read the letter, his sister blushed. (9) The books had been placed on the old table the day before yesterday. (10) They would give us food, if we wanted it. 2. Translate into English : (1) Mladši kon' begal k reky, potom on upadjel blizko vysokogo dreva. Младши конь бегал к реку, потом он упадѣл близко высокого древа. (2) My byhom zadovolen, jestli ty prišel s tvojeju ženoju zautra. Мы быхом задоволен ѣстли ты пришел ствоѣю женою заутра. (3) Posle jejo otec sjedal nekol'ko jedu, on sedil v staršom kresle, kotory byl v dvorje. После ѣю отец сѣдал неколько ѣду он седил в старшом кресле которы был в дворѣ. (4) Deti bojali sebja idti k tomu domu, za to že velikie psi žili tam. Дети бояли себя идти к тому дому, за то же великие пси жили там. (5) Posle ti pticy uleteli, my uvideli inyh prohodijučih. После ти птицы улетели мы увидели иных проходиючих. (6) Najstarša kniga v sem domom, kotora byla napišena očen' davno, ject matere. Найстарша книга в сем домом, котора была напишена очень давно, ѣст матере. (7) Jestli Vy ne byl begajuči, Vy ne upastili byst lošo. Ѣстли Вы не был бегаючи, Вы не упастили быст лошо. (8) Za to že oni ne mogli čitati Neoslavski, oni davali vsi ih knigi mnje. За то же они не могли читати Новославски, они давали вси их книги мнѣ. (9) Hotja on často pišet k njej sestre, oh nečesto vidjet jejo. Хотя он часто пишет к нѣй сестре, он нечесто видѣт ѣйо. (10) Preduvčera starec byl vidjen s nego malym črnym psom sedejči v nego budkje. Предувчера старец был видѣн с него малым чрным псом седейчи в него будкѣ. 29 Novoslavski – Новославски LEKCIJA 8・ лекция 8 NUMBERS Cardinal Numbers : These are given below : § jedin / ѣдин is an adjective, its feminine form is jedna / ѣдна & neuter forms is jedne / ѣднe jedin / ѣдин is followed by a noun in the singular, eg jedin stul / ѣдин стул = one chair, jedna komnata / ѣдна комната = one room, jedne selo / ѣднe село = one village. The appropriate declination endings are used as with a normal adjective. ♠ dva / два is an adjective, its feminine & neuter form is dve / две. It is followed by a noun in the plural. eg dva stuly / два стулы = two chairs, dve komnaty/ две комнаты = two rooms, dve sela / две села = two villages. dva / два has a special declination as shown below : eg vy davali rozy dvum devčinkam / вы давали розы двум девчинкам = you (pl.) gave roses to two girls. The remainder of the numerals are indeclinable, the noun following them is declined in the plural, eg My vidjeli sedem konjev / Мы видѣли седм конѣв = we saw seven horses. Pismo bylo čitane četyrnadset' devčinkami / писмо было читанe четырнадсеть девчинками= The letter was read by fourteen girls. Cardinal Numbers (Cont) The numbers above 20 are formed as follows : dvadeset' jedna / двадесеть ѣдна twenty one 21 sedemdeset' / седемдeсеть seventy 70 dvadeset' dva / двадесеть два twenty two 22 osemdeset' / осемдeсеть eighty 80 dvadeset' tri / двадесеть три twenty three 23 devetdeset' / деветдeсеть ninety 90 dvadeset' devet' / двадесеть деветь twenty nine 29 dvesta / двестa 200 trideset' / тридесеть thirty 30 trista / триста 300 trideset' jedna / тридесеть ѣдна thirty one 31 četyrista / четыриста 400 trideset' dva / тридесеть два thirty two 32 pet'sot / петьсот 500 četyrideset' / четыридeсеть forty 40 sedemsot / седемсот 700 30 Numbers such as 3,456 are written tri tysječa četyrista i pet'deset' šest' / три тысѣчa четыриста и петьдесеть шесть = three thousand four hundred and fifty six. Ordinal Numerals These are all adjectives referring to the order of items in a list. They are shown below : In compound ordinal numerals, only the final digit is in the ordinal form, eg 372nd = trista sedemdeset' vtory / триста седемдесеть вторы. Expressing Times Times are expressed as an ordinal number + časina / часина = hour, as in the following examples : ( Prepositions relating to time use the accusative, as do prepositions of motion. ) na četvrtu časinu / на четврту часину = on the fourth hour ( 4 o'clock ). deset' pred šestu časinu / десеть пред шесту часину = ten to six ( literally, ten before the sixth hour ) dvadeset' četyri za osemu časinu/ двадесеть четыри за осему часину = twenty four past eight ( literally, twenty four after the eighth hour ). polčasina osemoj ( časiny ) / полчасина осемой ( часины )= half past seven ( literally, a half hour of the eighth ) ( The word minuty / минуты = minutes is usually omitted, likewise časina / часина can be omitted also.) Time can also be expressed in the military fashion eg na četyrnadset' sta i pet'deset' časinu / на четырнадсеть стa и петьдесеть часину = at fourteen hundred and fifty hours (1450 hours ); na nulnu časinu / на нулну часину = at zero hour. A duration of time is expressed with the preposition za / за ( + Genitive ), eg. Ona žila za sedemdeset' tri let / Она жила за седемдесеть три лет = She lived for ( during ) seventy three summers. Note the use of the noun leto / лето = summer instead of god / год ( = year ). This is normal when referring to the age of a living creature. Dates within a year are expressed in the following manner : ( using the Locative* case with the preposition v / в ) eg. v tysječ devet'sot i osemdeset' petom godu/ в тысѣч деветьсот и осемдeсеть петом году = in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty fifth year ( 1985 ) [* Note god / год = year has Locative godu / году, as do the days of the week, and vek / век = century ] v dva tysječa i devetom godu / два тысѣчa и деветом году = in the two thousand and ninth year (2009). 31 Days of the week, Months ( these are not capitalised ) eg na subotu, četvrty (den') junja /на суботу, четврты (день) юня = on Saturday, the fourth (day) of June. ( na / на + Locative ) na dvadeset' prvom ( denje ) fevruarja / на двадесеть првом (денѣ ) февруaря = on the twenty first ( day) of February. ( na / на + Locative ). ♦ Masculine nouns like maj / май are declined as follows : я в roditi ( rodiš )/ родити ( родиш ) = to be born myti ( mysiš )/ мити ( мисиш ) = to wash 32 EXERCISES 1 Translate into Novoslavski : (1) Tomorrow will be Wednesday, 19th September, 2007. (2) We will be going at 7:15 tomorrow morning. (3) This horse lived here for twenty six years. (4) In January 2007 we saw the brightest comet§ which had been seen for fifty years. (5) This will be the old man's ninety-seventh year. (6) I know that they have 450,000 dinars in the bank∆. (7) The girls had given eight big potatoes to their mother on Friday. (8) Recently there were twenty two goats eating grass in this field. (9) The time in Ljubljana is now thirty four minutes past five o'clock. (10) We have two green chairs and four blue chairs in our house. § bright = jasny / ясни ; comet = kometa / комета ∆ ( ...that = čto / что ); bank = bank / банк 2 Translate into English (1) My byhom prijdti k domu vam na petoku na polchasinu sedmoi, jestli tak vy hočete. Мы быхом прийдти к дому вам на петоку на полчасину седмой, ѣстли так вы хочете. (2) Vaša mladša sestra často vidjena bešet stojuča vne§ okna doma tridecet' treta v sem ulice. Ваша младша сестра часто видѣна бешет стоюча вне окна дома тридесетъ трета в сем улице. (3) V letje, trava v polju jedjena budjet jevo dvadecet' sedem kozami. В летѣ, трава в полю ѣдѣна будѣт ѣго двадесеть седем козами. (4) Tot starec rodil sebja v Krasnodarje na dvadeset' tretom dene fevruarja, v tysječ devet'sot dvanadesetom godu. Тот старец родил себя в Краснодар на двадесетьтретом дене февруаря, в тысеч деветьсот дванадесетом году (5) Tri mladec, jedavšie vsej mesa i kartofely, prosili piti nekoliko hladnu vodu. Три младеци, ѣдавшие всей меса и картофелы, просилипити неколико хладну воду. (6) Vsekto znal čto vaša mati rodila v inokakoj države. Всекто знал что ваша мати родила в инокакой државе. (7) Jestli ona znala gdje vy živete, može ona davno byst prihodila. Ѣстли она знала гдѣ вы живете, може она давно быст приходила. (8) Včera my ne pyhom uvideli sih ovci. Вчера мы не быхом увидели сих овци. (9) Idenije v poljah hvilja* solnce leskajet jest najprijatnejši. Идениѣ в полях хвиля* солнце лескаѣт ѣст найприятнейши. (10) Zautra ty budješ mogti idti inogdje. Заутра ты будѣш могти идти иногдѣ. § vne / вне (+ Gen ) = outside (of ) 33 NOVOSLAVSKI JEZYK – НОВОСЛАВСКИ ЯЗЫК DECLENSION OF NOUNS - MASCULINE
 * Adjectives qualifying animate masculine nouns have the Accusative identical with the Genitive,
 * Adjectives qualifying animate masculine nouns have the Accusative identical with the Genitive,
 * ih / их = of their ( Genitive plural possessive pronoun )
 * sto / сто 100
 * šest'sot / шестьсот 600
 * hvilja / хвиля = while

DECLENSION OF NOUNS – FEMININE

DECLENSION OF NOUNS – NEUTER 34

DECLENSION OF NOUNS – IRREGULAR

ᴥ ᴥ ᴥ ᴥ 35 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES HARD STEM other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative. † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo / -ово instead of -ogo / -ого. SOFT STEM other masculine nouns have the Accusative the same as the Nominative. † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo / -ово instead of -ogo / -ого. DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS y 36
 * Adjectives qualifying animate masculine nouns have the Accusative identical with the genitive,
 * Adjectives qualifying animate masculine nouns have the Accusative identical with the genitive,

† These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo, -evo / -ovo, -evo instead of -ogo, -ego / -ogo, -ego. When a 3rd person pronoun ( on, ona, ono, oni / on, ona, ono, oni is preceded by a preposition, n / n is added between the preposition and pronoun, eg s nim / s nim = with him / it, sred nih / sred nih = among them, u njego / u nѣgo = by him, na njom / na nйom = on it, etc.) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo, -evo / -ово, -его instead of -ogo, -ego / -ого, -его. The 3rd person possessive pronouns are jego / ѣго = his or its, jejo / ѣйо = her, and ih / их = their. These are the Genitive cases of the 3rd person pronouns and are not declined. When these are used as possessive pronouns, they do not have n / н inserted after prepositions. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 37 † These endings are normally pronounced as -ovo, -evo / --ово, -его instead of -ogo, -ego / -ого, -его. EMPHATIC PRONOUN The emphatic pronoun is iže / иже = the one, the very same. It has the same form in the Nominative for all genders and numbers. In the other cases, it is declined as the 3rd person pronouns with -že / -же suffixed. INTERROGATIVE, DEFINITE & INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

38

39 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 2nd person čita-ješ / чита-ѣш čita-jete/ чита-ѣте 3rd person čita-jet / чита-ѣт čita-jut / чита-ют Imperative čita-j !/ чита-й ! čita-jte !/ чита -йте ! Verbal Noun čita-nije / чита-ниѣ reading (n) Pres. Act. Part. čita-juči/ чита-ючи reading (adj.) Pres. Pass. Part. čita-jem/ чита-ѣм being read (adj.) Past Tense singular plural masculine / 1st p Ja čita-l / Я чита-л My čita-li / Mы чита-ли feminine / 2nd p Ty čita-la/ Ты чита-ла Vy čita-li / Bы чита-ли neuter / 3rd p Ono čita-lo / Оно чита-ло Oni čita-li / Они чита-ли Past Active Part. čita-vši / чита-вши having read (adj) Past Passive Part. čita-jen / чита-ѣн having been read (adj.) Pluperfect singular plural masculine / 1st p behu čita-l / беху чита-л behom čita-li / бехом чита-ли feminine / 2nd p bešeš čita-la / бешеш чита-ла bešte čita-li/ беште чита-ли neuter / 3rd p bešet čita-lo / бешет чита-ло behut čita-li / бехут чита-ли Future Indefinite singular plural 1st person budu čita-ti / буду чита-ти budjeme čita-ti / будѣме чита-ти 2nd person budješ čita-ti / будѣш чита-ти budjete čita-ti / будѣте чита-ти 3rd person budjet čita-ti / будѣт чита-ти budut čita-ti / будут чита-ти Future Perfect singular plural masculine / 1st p budu čita-vši / буду чита-вши budjeme čita-všie / будѣме читавшие feminine / 2nd p budješ čita- vša / будѣш чита-вша budjete čita-všie / будѣте чита-вшие neuter / 3rd p budjet čita-vše / будѣт чита-вше budut čita- všie / будут чита-вшие Conditional * singular plural 1st person byhu čita-ti / быху чита-ти byhom čita-ti / быхом чита-ти 2nd person byšeš čita-ti / бышеш чита-ти byšte čita-ti / быште чита-ти 3rd person byst čita-ti / быст чита-ти byhut čita-ti / быхут чита-ти • Present tense; I would read, etc. The Past Conditional byhu čita-l / быху чита-л ; I would have read, etc uses the Past tense verb endings -л, ла, ло, ли with the Conditional of быти. 40 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 2nd person jes-iš / ѣс-иш jes-te / ѣс-те 3rd person jes-t / ѣс-т jes-ut / ѣс-ут Imperative by !/ бы ! by-te !/ бы-те ! Verbal Noun byve-nije / быве-ниѣ being, existence (n) Pres. Act. Part. byv-uči / быв-учи being (adj.) Pres. Pass. Part. NO PASSIVE FORMS Past Tense singular plural masculine / 1st p Ja by-l / Я был My by-li / Mы были feminine / 2nd p Ty by-la / Ты былa Vy by-li / Bы были neuter / 3rd p Ono by-lo / Ono былo Oni by-li / Они были Past Active Part. by-vši / бывши having `been (adj) Past Passive Part. NO PASSIVE FORMS Pluperfect masculine / 1st p feminine / 2nd p be-šeš / бешеш be-šte / беште neuter / 3rd p be-šet / бешет be-hut / бехут Future Indefinite singular plural 1st person bud-u / буду bud-jeme / будѣме 2nd person bud-ješ / будѣш bud-jete / будѣте 3rd person bud-jet / будѣт bud-ut / будут Future Perfect singular plural masculine / 1st p bud-u by-vši / буду бывши bud-jeme by-všie / будѣме бывшиe feminine / 2nd p bud-ješ by-vša / будѣш бывша bud-jete by-všie / будѣте бывшиe neuter / 3rd p bud-jet by-vše / будѣт бывше bud-ut by-všie / будут бывшиe Conditional * singular plural 1st person by-hu / быху by-hom / быхом 2nd person by-šeš / бышеш by-šte / быште 3rd person by-st / быст by-hut / быхут 41 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 2nd person njes-iš/ нѣсиш njes-te / нѣсте 3rd person njes-t / нѣст njes-ut / нѣсут Imperative njeby !/ нѣбы ! njeby-te !/ нѣбыте ! Verbal Noun njebyve-nije / нѣбывениѣ non-being, non-existence (n) Pres. Act. Part. njebyv-uči/ небывучи not being (adj.) Pres. Pass. Part. NO PASSIVE FORMS Past Tense singular plural masculine / 1st p njeby-l / нѣбыл by-li / нѣбыли feminine / 2nd p njeby-la / нѣбылa by-li / нѣбыли neuter / 3rd p njeby-lo / нѣбылo by-li / нѣбыли Past Active Part. njeby-vši / нѣбывши not having been (adj) Past Passive Part. NO PASSIVE FORMS Pluperfect masculine / 1st p feminine / 2nd p njebe-šeš / нѣбешеш njebe-šte / нѣбеште neuter / 3rd p njebe-šet / нѣбешет njebe-hut / нѣбехут Future Indefinite singular plural 1st person njebud-u / нѣбуду njebud-jeme / нѣбудѣме 2nd person njebud-ješ / нѣбудѣш njebud-jete / нѣбудѣте 3rd person njebud-jet / нѣбудѣт njebud-ut / нѣбудут Future Perfect singular plural masculine / 1st p njebud-u by-vši / нѣбуду бывши njebud-jeme by-všie / нѣбудѣме бывшиe feminine / 2nd p njebud-ješ by-vša / нѣбудеш бывша njebud-jete by-všie / нѣбудѣте бывшиe neuter / 3rd p njebud-jet by-vše / нѣбудет бывше njebud-ut by-všie / нѣбудут бывшиe Conditional * singular plural 1st person njeby-hu / нѣбыху njeby-hom / нѣбыхом 2nd person njeby-šeš / нѣбышеш njeby-šte / нѣбыште 3rd person njeby-st / нѣбыст njeby-hut / нѣбыхут 42 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 2nd person id-ješ / идѣш id-jete / идѣте 3rd person id-jet / идѣт id-ut / идут Imperative idi !/ иди ! idi-te !/ идите ! Verbal Noun ide-nije / идениѣ going (n) Pres. Act. Part. id-uči/ идучи going (adj.) Pres. Pass. Part. NO PASSIVE FORMS Past Tense singular plural masculine / 1st p Ja še-l / Я шел My š-li / Mы шли feminine / 2nd p Ty š-la / Ты шла Vy š-li / Bы шли neuter / 3rd p Ono š-lo / Ono шло Oni š-li / Они шли Past Active Part. idi-vši / идивши having gone (adj) Past Passive Part. NO PASSIVE FORMS Pluperfect masculine / 1st p feminine / 2nd p be-šeš š-la / бешеш шла be-šte š-li / беште шли neuter / 3rd p be-šet š-lo / бешет шло be-hut š-li / бехут шли Future Indefinite singular plural 1st person bud-u idti / буду идти bud-jeme idti / будѣме идти 2nd person bud-ješ idti / будѣш идти bud-jete idti / будѣте идти 3rd person bud-jet idti / будѣт идти bud-ut idti / будут идти Future Perfect singular plural masculine / 1st p bud-u idi-vši / буду идивши bud-jeme idi-všie / будѣме идившие feminine / 2nd p bud-ješ idi-vša / будѣш идивша bud-jete idi-všie / будѣте идившие neuter / 3rd p bud-jet idi-vše / будѣт идивше bud-ut idi-všie / будут идившие Conditional * singular plural 1st person by-hu idti / быху идти by-hom idti / быхом идти 2nd person by-šeš idti / бышеш идти by-šte idti / быште идти 3rd person by-st idti / быст идти by-hut idti/ быхут идти • Present tense; I would go, etc. The Past Conditional byhu iše-l / быху шел ; I would have gone, etc uses the Past tense verb endings -л, ла, ло, ли with the Conditional of быти 43 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 2nd person pros-iš / просиш pros-ite / просите 3rd person pros-it / просит proš-ut / прошут Imperative prosi !/ проси ! prosi-te !/ просите ! Verbal Noun pros-enije / просeниѣ asking (n) Pres. Act. Part. pros-uči/ просучи asking (adj.) Pres. Pass. Part. pros-im / просим being asked (adj.) Past Tense singular plural masculine / 1st p Ja prosi-l / Я просил My prosi-li / Mы просили feminine / 2nd p Ty prosi-la / Ты просилa Vy prosi-li / Bы просили neuter / 3rd p Ono prosi-lo / Оно просилo Oni prosi-li / Они просили Past Active Part. prosi-vši / просивши having asked (adj) Past Passive Part. pros-jen / просѣн having been asked (adj.) Pluperfect singular plural masculine / 1st p be-hu prosi-l / беху просил be-hom prosi-li / бехом просили feminine / 2nd p be-šeš prosi-la / бешеш просилa be-šte prosi-li / беште просили neuter / 3rd p be-šet prosi-lo / бешет просилo be-hut prosi-li / бехут просили Future Indefinite singular plural 1st person bud-u prositi / буду просити bud-jeme prositi / будѣме просити 2nd person bud-ješ prositi / будѣш просити bud-jete prositi / будѣте просити 3rd person bud-jet prositi / будѣт просити bud-ut prositi / будут просити Future Perfect singular plural masculine / 1st p bud-u prosi-vši / буду просивши bud-jeme prosi-všie / будѣме просившие feminine / 2nd p bud-ješ prosi-vša / будѣш просивша bud-jete prosi-všie / будѣте просившие neuter / 3rd p bud-jet prosi-vše / будѣт просивше bud-ut prosi-všie / будут просившие Conditional * singular plural 1st person by-hu prositi / быху просити by-hom prositi / быхом просити 2nd person by-šeš prositi / бышеш просити by-šte prositi / быште просити 3rd person by-st prositi / быст просити by-hut prositi / быхут просити 44 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 2nd person jed-ješ / ѣдѣш jed-ete / ѣдѣте 3rd person jed-et / ѣдѣт jed-ut / ѣдут Imperative jedi !/ ѣди ! jedi-te !/ ѣдите ! Verbal Noun jed-enije / ѣдeниѣ eating (n) Pres. Act. Part. jed-uči/ ѣдучи eating (adj.) Pres. Pass. Part. jed-ajem / ѣдаѣм being eaten (adj.) Past Tense singular plural masculine / 1st p Ja jeda-l / Я ѣдал My jeda-li / Mы ѣдали feminine / 2nd p Ty jeda-la / Ты ѣдалa Vy jeda-li / Bы ѣдали neuter / 3rd p Ono jeda-lo / Оно ѣдалo Oni jeda-li / Они ѣдали Past Active Part. jed-avši / ѣдавши having eaten (adj) Past Passive Part. jed-jen / ѣдѣн having been eaten (adj.) Pluperfect singular plural masculine / 1st p be-hu jeda-l / беху ѣдал be-hom jeda-li / бехом ѣдали feminine / 2nd p be-šeš jeda-la / бешеш ѣдалa be-ste jeda-li / беште ѣдали neuter / 3rd p be-šet jeda-lo / бешет ѣдалo be-hut jeda-li / бехут ѣдали Future Indefinite singular plural 1st person bud-u jedati / буду ѣдати bud-jeme jedati / будѣме ѣдати 2nd person bud-ješ jedati / будѣш ѣдати bud-jete jedati / будѣте ѣдати 3rd person bud-jet jedati / будѣт ѣдати bud-ut jedati / будут ѣдати Future Perfect singular plural masculine / 1st p bud-u jed-avši / буду ѣдавши bud-jeme jeda-avšie / будѣме ѣдавшие feminine / 2nd p bud-ješ jed-avša / будѣш ѣдавша bud-jete jed-avšie / будѣте ѣдавшие neuter / 3rd p bud-jet jed-avše / будѣт ѣдавше bud-ut jed-avšie / будут ѣдавшие Conditional * singular plural 1st person by-hu jedati / быху ѣдати by-hom jedati / быхом ѣдати 2nd person by-šeš jedati / бышеш ѣдати by-šte jedati / быште ѣдати 3rd person by-st jedati / быст ѣдати by-hut jedati / быхут ѣдати eaten, etc uses the Past tense verb endings -л, ла, ло, ли with the Conditional of быти. 45 CONJUGATION OF VERBS English Verbal Constructions Infinitive “to [do...]” [ substitute meaning of verb ] plural We do..., are doing... You (pl.) do..., are doing... They do..., are doing Do...! plural We were doing..., used to do..., did... You (pl) were doing.., used to do.,did... They were doing..., used to do..., did... plural We had done... You (pl.) had done... They had done.. plural We shall do.... You (pl.) will do... They will do... masculine / 1st p I shall have done... We shall have done... feminine / 2nd p You (s.) will have done... You (pl.) will have done... neuter / 3rd p He, She, It will have done... They will have done.. Present Conditional singular plural 1st person I would do... We would do... 2nd person You (s.) would do... You (pl.) would do... 3rd person He, She, It would do... They would do.. Past Conditional singular plural 1st person I would have done... We would have done... 2nd person You (s.) have done... You (pl.) would have done... 3rd person He, She, It have done... They would have done... NOTE : Verbs of Perfective Aspect in the Past tense have the meanings I have done, You (s.) have done, etc. In all tenses perfective verbs imply that the action is, was or will be completed. 46 VOCABULARY FROM THE LESSONS LATIN CYRILLIC ITALIC CYRILLIC ENGLISH EQUIVALENT 47 дете девчинка деветь деветьсот деветдeсеть 90 ninety деветнадсеть 19 nineteen деветнадсеты nineteenth деветы ninth днѣц today до + Gen to, until добро well, good добры good дом дождь дожити древо држава душа два два милионы 2 million два тысѣчa 2000 два тысѣчны 2000th двадесеть 20 twenty двадесеты twentieth дванадсеть 12 twelve дванадсеты twelfth двесотны 200th двестa 200 two hundred двор февруарь гдѣ гдѣ-нибуд год горши говорити imp 2 to speak хладны cold хлапец (m) boy хотети imp 1* to want, to wish for хотя although и and ибо because идти imp 1* to go, walk их their 48 или or име (n) name имети imp 1 to have, to possess иночей someone else's иногда sometime or other иногдѣ somewhere or other инокаки another kind инокак some other way инокто someone else иночто something else инокуда to somewhere or other ины another из + Gen from, out of из-за + Gen from behind иже the one, the very same Я I, me януарь (m) January ѣда (f) food ѣдати imp 1* to eat ѣдин 1 one ѣдинадсеть 11 eleven ѣдинадсеты eleventh ѣго his or its ѣйo her ѣстли if ѣшче still, already юль (m) July юнь (m) June к + Dat to, towards как how ? как бы as if как-нибуд anyway каки what kind ? каки-нибуд any kind картофель казати класти книга когда when ? когда-нибуд anytime колико how much ? koliko-nibud adv колико-нибуд колико-нибуд any amount 49 комната конь кость которы которы которы-нибуд коза красивейши красиво prettily, beautifully красивы pretty, beautiful кресло (n) armchair криво falsely, wrongly кривы false, wrong кроме + Gen except кто who? кто-нибуд anyone куда whither ? куда-нибуд to anywhere лед (m) ice легки light, easy лес (m) forest лескати imp 1 to shine летати imp 1 to fly. лево to the left левы left лоши bad лучши better май мало малы марѣц мати медлы менши месец месо милиард милиардны billionth милион million милионны 1,000,000th младец млади 50 mladši younger mnogi many, numerous mnogo much, many modry blue mogti imp 1* to be able moj my morje most mraz može muž na + Acc on, onto ( motion ) myti imp 2 to wash na + Loc on ( location ) nad + Acc on, onto, over ( motion ) nad + Inst on, onto, over ( location ) najgorši worst najkrasivejši prettiest najlučši best najmenši smallest najmladši youngest najnižši lowest najstarši oldest najsvežejši freshest največi biggest najvyši highest napisati naš nečej someone's nečemu for some reason nečesto not often, infrequently nečto something nedavno recently nedelja (f) Sunday negdje somewhere nekako somehow nekaki some kind nekogda sometime nekoliko some amount, a few nekto someone nekotory some nekuda to somewhere 51 немноги few немного few нести ничей ничему for nothing, for no reason ничто nothing нигдѣ nowhere никаки no kind никак no way никаки not any, no amount никогда never никто no-one nikuda to nowhere низки low нижши lower но but ночь новябр ново новы нула 0 zero 0 нулны од окно око октябр он, она, оно они осем 8 eight осемдeсеть 80 eighty осемнадсеть 18 eighteen осемнадсеты eighteenth осемсот 800 осемы eighth отец (m) father отинокуда from somewhere or other откуда whence ? откуда-нибуд from anywhere отнекуда from somewhere отникуда from nowhere отсюда hence оттуда thence отвсекуда from everywhere 52 ovca noun овца овца ovoč noun овоч овоч pal'to noun пальто пальто pasti verb пасти пасти pero noun перо перо pes noun пес пес pet' num петь петь pet'deset' num петьдесеть петьдесеть 50 fifty pet'sot num петьсот петьсот 500 five hundred pet'sotny adj петьсотны петьсотны 500th petnadset' num петнадсеть петнадсеть 15 fifteen petnadsety adj петнадсеты петнадсеты fifteenth petok noun петок петок pety adj петы петы pisati verb писати писати pismo noun писмо писмо piti verb пити пити pod prep под под pod prep под под podloga noun подлога подлога pojdti verb пойдти пойдти poka conj пока пока pokryv noun покрыв покрыв poleteti verb полетети полетети polje noun полѣ полѣ položiti verb положити положити ponedelnik noun понеделник понеделник poprav adv поправо поправо popravy adj поправы поправы correct, right posle prep после после + Gen after poslezaytra adv послезаутра послезаутра the day after tomorrow posred prep посред посред + Gen amidst, among poteti verb потети потети imp 1 to perspire potom conj потом потом then, next povratno adv повратно повратно conversely, backwardly povratny adj повратны повратны backward, reverse pozdnej adv поздней поздней later pravo adv право право to the right pravy adj правы правы right pred prep пред пред +Acc before, ahead of ( motion ) pred prep предпред предпред + Inst before, ahead of ( location, time ) preduvčera adv предувчера предувчера the day before yesterday prespati verb преспати преспати pf 2 To sleep 53 приходити imp 1* To come, arrive приятель приятны прийдти пристан прямо прямы прочитати просити првы птица река роза родити сделати себѣ (one)self седем 7 seven седемдeсеть 70 seventy седемнадсеть 17 seventeen седемнадсеты seventeenth седемсот 700 seven hundred седемы seventh сидети imp 2 To sit седмица сей, са, се сейчас село септябр шесть шестьдeсеть 60 sixty шестьсот 600 six hundred сести pf 2 To sit down шестнадсеть 16 sixteen шестнадсеты sixteenth сестра шесты широки сѣдати сюда сказати скоро смогти 54 sneg noun снег снег solnce noun солнце солнце sotny adj сотны сотны sovremenny adj современны современны modern, contemporary spati verb спати спати imp 2 to sleep spiti verb спити спити sreda noun среда среда stanuti verb станути станути starec noun старец старец starši adj старши старши stary adj стары стары stena noun стена стена sto num сто сто što pron што што stojati verb стояти стояти stol noun стол стол stul noun стул стул subota noun субота субота svežejši свежейши svežejšo свежейшо sveži свежи svinja свиня svoj свой tak так thus, so taki таки such tam там there takože такоже also tele теле teply теплы težki тежки heavy, difficult toj, ta, to adj той, та, то той, та, то that tol'ko adv только только so much, that much tomu adv тому тому therefore trava noun трава трава trety adj треты треты tri num три три 3 three tri tysječa num три тысѣчa три тысѣчa 3000 trideset' num тридесеть тридесеть 30 thirty trinadset' num тринадсеть тринадсеть 13 thirteen trinadsety adj тринадсеты тринадсеты thirteenth trisotny adj трисотны трисотны 300th trista num триста триста 300 three hundred 55 туда thither тут here твой your (s) ты Thou, You (s.) тыднйoви деня week days тысѣч 1000 one thousand тысѣчны 1000th у + Gen at ( motion ) у + Loc at ( location ) ухо улетати улетети улица упасти увидети в + Acc in, into ( motion ) вв + Loc in ( location, time ) ваш your (pl) вчера yesterday век велики великши bigger видети imp 1 to see влекти imp 1* to drag, haul внутри + Gen inside, within вне + Gen outside (of ) вода возити врата врба врѣме всечей everyone's всечто everything всегда always всегдѣ everywhere всей, вса, все all всекаки every kind всекак in every way всекто everyone всекуда to everywhere всяки every вспотети pf 1 to perspire, sweat 56 More comprehensive dictionaries are available from various websites, eg http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/msc-en.html МЕДЖУСЛОВЈАНСКО-АНГЛИЈСКИ СЛОВНИК http://www.neoslavonic.org/vocabulary-NS-EN http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/dynamic_dictionary.html DINAMIČNY MEDŽUSLOVJANSKI SLOVNIK These dictionaries may be used as a source of words for use in Novoslavski, with differences in spelling, grammar and orthography being incorporated according to Novoslavski rules. 57
 * Present tense; I would ask, etc. The Past Conditional is byhu prosi-l / быху просил ;
 * Present tense; I would eat, etc. The Past Conditional byhu jeda-l / быху ѣдал ; I would have

