Türki dılı

Türki dılı is a zonal auxlang that is meant to act the potential lingua franca for the Turkic peoples of Central, North, East and West Asia. Influenced by many Turkic languages, it is slightly simplified and incorporates Turkic vocabulary from calques and disparate origins.

Phonology
Türki dılı's phonology resembles that of Turkish, and to a lesser extent, Azerbaijani.

Consonants
Türki dılı has a total of 24 native sounds, and 2 which are found in loanwords (shown in brackets).

Vowels
Türki dılı, like Azerbaijani, has 9 vowels, shown in alphabetical order: a /ɑ/, ə /æ/, e /e/, ı /ɯ/, i /i/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/.

Vowel harmony
Türki's vowel harmony largely resembles of that in Azerbaijani, using a front and back vowel distinction.

Other vowel harmonies are distinguished as well:


 * twofold (/æ/~/ɑ/): Backness is preserved, that is, /æ/ appears following a front vowel and /ɑ/ appears following a back vowel. For example, the locative suffix is -də after front vowels and -da after back vowels.
 * fourfold (/i/~/y/~/ɯ/~/u/): Both backness and rounding are preserved. For example, the genitive suffix is -in after unrounded front vowels, -ün after rounded front vowels, -ın after unrounded back vowels, and -un after rounded back vowels.

Phonotactics
Türki phonotactics is almost completely regular and limited. The maximal syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C). Although Türki words can take multiple final consonants, the possibilities are limited. Multi-syllable words are syllabified to have C.CV or V.CV syllable splits, C.V split is disallowed, V.V split is only found in rare specific occurrences. The following constraints are applied:


 * All syllables have a nucleus
 * No diphthongs (/j/ is always treated as consonant)
 * No word-initial /ŋ/
 * No long vowel followed by syllable-final voiced consonant (this essentially forbids trimoraic syllables)
 * No complex onsets (except for the exceptions above)
 * No /b, d͡ʒ, d, ɡ/ in coda, except for some recent loanwords such as psikolog and five contrasting single-syllable words: ad "name" vs. at "horse", hac "Hajj" vs. haç "holy cross", İd (city name) vs. it "dog", qod "code" vs. qot "jeans", od "fire" vs. ot "grass",.
 * In a complex coda:
 * The first consonant is either a voiceless fricative, /ɾ/ or /l/
 * The second consonant is either a voiceless plosive, /f/, /s/, or /h/
 * Two adjacent plosives and fricatives must share voicing, even when not in the same syllable, but /h/ and /f/ are exempt
 * No word-initial geminates - in all other syllables, geminates are allowed only in the onset (hyphenation and syllabification in Türki match except for this point; hyphenation splits the geminates)

Stress
The majority of words in Türki are stressed on the last syllable. In this course, for words or word forms where the stress is not on the final syllable, an accent mark (´) will be written over the stressed vowel.

Orthography
The Türki alphabet is written with the Lingua Franca Türka alphabet, which is the Latin script minus w, and nine modified letters (Ç, Ə, Ğ, I, İ, Ñ, Ö, Ş, Ü, Ț), to satisfy the phonological requirements, forming a total of 36 letters. The native names for the letters is simple: the vowel are named the same way they are pronounced and the consonants follow this pattern: consonant + e. H and K are also named ha and ka, however, the Turkic Language Association advises against this usage. It can be also written with a version of the Cyrillic script.

Grammar
Türki dılı is an agglutinative language, meaning that it uses various suffixes to modify the meaning of a word. There are no grammatical genders or articles. The word it can either mean 'dog', 'male dog', 'female dog', 'the dog', 'a dog', 'the male dog', 'the female dog', and so on, depending on context. Thus, he, she, and it are all considered one pronoun, o.

Nouns

 * Dünyalartayezleri. - We are at their worlds.

Türki nouns inflect for, case, number, possession and predication.

Number
Türki dılı number has a simple singular-plural contrast. The plural can be easily made by the suffixes:


 * -ler, when succeeding a front vowel
 * -lör, when succeeding a front rounded vowel
 * -lar, when succeeding a back vowel.
 * -lor, when succeeding a back rounded vowel

Case
The case system of Türki can be exemplified as:

Predication
If a noun is to be in the first or second person, one of the predicative suffixes (or type-I personal suffixes) will show this: Examples:


 * qız - girl, Qızsen. (You are a girl.)

Possession
The suffixes of possession give the person (and number) of the possessor of what is named by the noun: Examples:


 * teyzi - mat. aunt, teyziyem - my mat. aunt

Personal pronouns
The plural forms of the 2nd and 3rd person pronouns may be added for respect and honor. One major form is God, for whom plural forms are used.

Verbs
Verbs also inflect for tense, mood, voice and person.

Tenses
There are seven main tenses in Türki (present, present continuous, present perfect, imperfect, imperfect definite, pluperfect and future).

Mood
Five moods (indicative, subjunctive, potential, optative and imperative) are also present in Türki.

Syntax
A general rule of Türki word order is that the modifier precedes the modified:


 * adjective (used attributively) precedes noun;
 * adverb precedes verb;
 * object of postposition precedes postposition.

Although the most common order of Türki transitive sentences is subject–object–verb (SOV), all six permutations are valid (the subject and object are distinguished by case suffixes). The word order serves to express the theme and focus (rheme) of the sentence. The sentence initial portion is associated with the topic, the position just before the verb is used for the focus, and the post verbal position is used for background or clarifying information.

Lexicon
Türki lexicon mostly consists of Turkic vocabulary, but it also features some calques and loanwords from Romance, Arabic and English.