Kháubaḍų

General Information
I'm getting more experimental with this one. I want to make a language heavily based in connotation and word specificity.

Allophony
The voiceless, apirated liquid/approx.'s often fortify to fricatives (i.e., [l̥ʰ > ɬʰ], [ɭ̥ʰ > ꞎ̥ʰ] , [j̥ʰ > çʰ]). In unstressed syllables, the standard /a, a:, ã, ã:/ become /ɐ, ʌ:, ɐ̃, ʌ̃:/ or /ə, ʌ:, ə̃, ɐ̃:/ in respective open and closed syllables. Currently developing is the allophonic rendering of breathy-voice fricatives as implosives (i.e., [vʱ > ɓ̪], [zʱ > ɗ] , [ʒʱ > ʄ] , [ʐʱ > ᶑ] , [ɣʱ > ɠ]) and breathy-voice plosives to pharyngealized plosives (i.e., [bʱ > bˤ] , [dʱ > dˤ] , [ɖʱ > ɖˤ] , [gʱ > gˤ]).

Writing System
Kháubaḍu is written with devanagari (which functions as a kind of hiragana/katakana to the hanzi) and traditional hanzi characters. There is also an official romanization for Kháubaḍų. Note that devanagari as a writing system has many ligatures  in which letters combine.

Abugida

Each consonant symbol is assumed to have the vowel /a/ as its base. As a place-holder consonant, ह, ha, will be used for vowels. The list for vowels will have the order: 1, devanagari full vowel, 2, devanagari diacritic, and 3, romanization (consonant will just have 2 and 3, re-labled as 1 and 2).


 * Vowels


 * Consonants


 * Characters

As Japanese does with hiragana and kanji, Kháudaḍų uses traditional hanzi characters to represent full words.

Phonotactics

 * 1) Voiced consonants cannot begin a word unless they are breathy
 * 2) Voiced plosives cannot end words
 * 3) Consonants of contrasting voicing cannot be placed adjecent to each other
 * 4) Aspired and breathy-voice consonants cannot be the first in a consonant cluster
 * 5) All consonants can be in a double consonant cluster (given they follow the above restrictions)
 * 6) Liquid/Approx. can still follow a double consonant cluster as long as there is a following syllable with a vowel and that is an open syllable
 * {l, ɭ , n} can be syllabic

Nouns
Nouns use a rudimentary suffix system to show relationships to the verb. Even more simple, adjectives do not take any suffixes or markers at all, other than that they must follow their head noun directly. Declension is focused around Kháubaḍų's alignment, only determining who does what in relation to the verb. This can be interpreted as declining to 5 cases: nominative, accusative, ergative, absolutive, oblique. Oblique I is when a noun has no relation to the verb and is simply being pointed out (although, this could be interpreted as the agent to a copula). Oblique II can be used when an adjective is used as a noun (like possessive adjectives/pronouns), it takes on the other cases, but when used as an adjective, it will use this case (most adjectives will only be in Oblique II, not ever using another case).
 * Oblique I: -ų
 * Oblique II: -∅  (voiced consonants are unvoiced)
 * Transitive
 * Agent: -arū
 * Patient: -az
 * Intransitive
 * Absolutive: -ul
 * Nominative: -ajuk

Agent and Patient in transitive verbs lables which noun is which as, being a fluid-S language, either noun could be the subject depending on tone and position in the sentence.

Intransitive clauses without a labled subject insinuate that anyone could have done the action or the action was accidental. Absolutive, lables a noun in an intransitive clause that is related in some way to the action taking place but insinuates that the noun was not involved or did not cause the action taking place (the latter can also be a person). The Nominative is the subject and agent of the intransitive verb, insinuating intent of doing the verb and being the subject of it; conversely with Absolutive, the Nominative can also insinuate causative.

In terms of plurality, nouns are divided into three classes: Adjective-based nouns are those which have no plural form and require certain adjectives to express plurality.
 * 1) Adjective-based
 * 2) Form-based
 * 3) Alternate

Form-based nouns are those which change form depending on plurality, usually because their plural form can mean something different but are still recognizably similar.

Alternate nouns are those which have different stems for singular and plural forms. These are nouns which are understood as completely different from their singular counterparts. An example which is the same in English is the difference between I and We where I is considared a different word completely from We, although the latter is simply the plural of the former.

Verbs
Verbs do not conjugate to person or number, tense is adverbial or by particle, aspect is by particle, voice is marked on nouns rather than verbs, and mood are, too, by particle.

Tense is determined overall by adverbs which come after the verb. It is important to note that the past is considared the base tense, not needing an adverb, rather than the present as in English. Tense is not rigidly defined and new tenses can be created and synthesized from other adverbs.

Various aspects are indicated via particle. Note that the difference between "continuous" and "progressive" here is that continuous means that the action is unevolving and stagnant whereas that progressive means that the actions is evolving and changing. "Historic" means that the actions had begun a while back, contrasting to "inchoative" which means that the action had begun at the moment of being said. "Near-finished" means that the action is close to being done at the moment of being said.

Like Aspect, Mood is determined by particle. Each verb is required to have one.
 * Indicative: ∅
 * Obligatory/Imperative : ka
 * Optative/Desiderative/Volative : bḷo
 * Jussive/Hortative : bḷo ka
 * Potential/Epistemic/Permissive : yhę

Phrases

 * Noun Phrase

Kháubaḍų is strongly head-initial, meaning that the noun will always be the first word in a noun phrase. This is followed its modifiers, in the order of possessives, adjectives, and postpositions 1. haǰų    bak   pasteṣ hō    (子男उँ•बक्大हौ) boy.OBLI his  big    to    "to his big boy" 2. kǫmblų    ek    gḷhes hō   (房家उँ•एक्紅हौ) house.OBLI their red  to    "to their red house"


 * Genitive Phrase

The possessee is regarded as the head and comes before the possessor. Possessor nouns take the oblique II case and are linked with the clitic ke, written as 的. Ke changes form depending on what starts the following word. 1. haǰų    ke- funs           (子男उँ的求) boy.OBLI GEN-ball.OBLII "the boy's ball" 2. kǫmblų    ŋi- mlać         (房家उँ的牆) house.OBLI GEN-wall.OBLII "the house's walls" 3. ċānų    x'- gamta          (犬उँ的棍) dog.OBLI GEN-stick.OBLII "the dog's stick"
 * vowel, approximants > k'
 * m, mh, n, nh, ɲ, ɲh, ŋ, ŋh > ŋi
 * k, g, kh, gh > x'
 * others > ke

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