Gozhaaq Azure

=Gozhaaq Azure = Gozhaaq Azure [gɔ.ˈd͡ʒaːk' ˈa.zu.ɾe] is fictional language, spoken by the fictional Azura Folk. This tribe is inspired by the Gerudo Folk, a folk of the Legend of Zelda series. I will not go into detail in terms of culture, since the purpose of the page is simply to have a summary of the conlang.

Introduction to Gozhaaq Azure
Gozhaaq Azure is a highly agglutinative (head final) language, having only suffixes. In additon, it is has a rich derivational morphology, allowing to derive from a root nouns, adjectives and verbs. But before we go into morphology, I will talk about Phonology, so that you can read the Glossings.

Consonants
* = Allophones

Note: ([j]) is possible variant of /ʎ/ and ([ɾ]) is a possible variant of /r/. There are no strict rules which form to use in which enviroment. The speaker can decide which one to use.

Vowels
The existing vowels are /i/, /ɔ/, /a/, /u/ and /ɛ/

Script
Almost all IPA symbols correspond exactly to the script in Gozhaaq Azure, of course with some Exceptions:


 * d͡ʒ => 
 * ʎ and j => 
 * r and ɾ => 
 * k =>
 * ɔ => 
 * ɛ => 

Note: There is a special handwriting script and an ancient script, but those will not be a topic on this page.

General Phonology Rules
As you have seen in the table, there two allophones, which are generated by following rules:


 * h -> ç / _ i
 * d͡ʒ -> ʃ / n_[+kons,-voiced]
 * there is actually only one word where this rule can be applied: Nzhita (under) => [nʃta]. Very weird word, its preserved from ancient Gozhaaq Azure.

Syllable Structure
Allowed Structure:


 * CV
 * CVV
 * CV/n/
 * (NC*V)
 * * only voiced consonants, mostly  and 

Morphology
As you have seen, the phonology of Gozhaaq Azure is rather simple and not that interesting. Morphology on the other hand is more interesting in this language.

The root
a root in Gozhaaq Azure is firstly a lexicon entry which can be used as a simple noun (This is used in plain conversation). Some examples:


 * "Va" meaning water
 * "ya" meaning arrow
 * "hala" meaning sky
 * "Ne" meaning continent
 * "qame" meaning gold or money

The ending vowel indicates the gender of a root (with exceptions). There are two genders: Female (mostly ending in "e") and Male (mostly ending in "a")

Determiners
"Va" itself is a root and a noun at the same time. Normaly in formal speech Determiners have to be used. There are the definite determiners (DEF) and the indefinite Determiners (INDEF). They are, of course, all suffixes. Both types of determiners correspond to the gender of the root, by having "-aq", the masculine DEF (M.DEF or MASC.DEF), "-eq", the feminine DEF (F.DEF or FEM.DEF). Then of course "-an" (F.INDEF) and "-en" (M.INDEF).

you get following meanings by attaching the determiners to the roots (Example: "ne" and "va"):


 * "Va" is MASC, therefore: "Vaaq" meaning "the water"
 * "Vaan" meaning "a water" is also possible, but means something like a drop (of water), a puddle, or a sea
 * "ne" is FEM, therefore: "Neeq" meaning "the continent", or with INDEF, "Neen" meaning "a continent"

Plural Suffix
The Plural Suffix "ni" is in the same Domain as the determiners which means that the plural suffix and the determiners cannot coexist. Example ("ne" = continent, "qame" = gold/money):


 * "Neni" meaning "continents"
 * "qameni" meaning a lot of pieces of gold

Case Markers
The next domain is the domain of case markers, which comes after the determiner domain. The Case markers are:


 * ga (NOM)
 * gi (ACC)
 * gu (DAT)
 * go (GEN)
 * ge (LNK)
 * ge is productive linker, being also a coordinator

There is an phonological rule due to a syllable structure clash (example "va" = water):


 * Vaaq + NOM = *Vaaq ga (CC not allowed)
 * g -> ∅ / k_ (or even C_)
 * Repair: Vaaq a = the water (NOM)
 * Deletion is a common strategy in Gozhaaq Azure, it is even marked in the script: Vaaq'a
 * Vaan + NOM = Vaan ga (allowed)

Advanced domain: Applicative (Benefactive (BEN) and Instrumental (INST))
the Linker "ge" allows to attach "-pa" BEN and "-qo" INST to the stem (Example: Qame):

Qame-eq-e-pa

gold(F)-F.DEF-LNK-BEN

"for the gold"

Qame-eq-e-qo

gold(F)-F.DEF-LNK-INST

"with the gold"

Noun Types
We already discussed the phenomenon, where a nouns final vowel indicates it's gender (Type 1 Noun). This is not always the case, there a lot of nouns which have a lexicalised gender feature (although one could say that this feature is generally lexicalised). Categories can be established by looking at the examples:

(Evidence for the lexicalised gender is the attached Determiner)


 * Zhepe (M) = spear, Zhepe-aq
 * Zhevode (M) = animal, Zhevode-aq
 * Nama (F) = name, Nama-eq
 * Zhovese (M) = kingdom, Zhovese-aq

=> Type 2 Noun: Vowel mismatch


 * Sari (M) = Sword, Sari-aq
 * Zotatu (F) = statue, Zotatu-eq
 * Vi (M) = journey, vi-aq

=> Type 3 Noun: No Gender Vowel underlyingly


 * Zho = Ruler, Zho-aq/eq = King/Queen
 * Vo = Human, Person, Vo-aq/eq =Man/Woman
 * Fo = Child, Fo-aq/eq = boy/girl

=> Type 4 Noun: No Gender Feature inherited, mostly human entities

Type 4 Nouns: Special Properties
Type 4 Nouns are somehow special, since not having a gender feature inherited (presumably like Type 1). Type 4 Nouns work exactly as other Nouns but having special meanings which can be derived due to the already mentioned morphology (Example "Fo" = Child)


 * Fo = child
 * Fo-aq = the boy
 * Fo-eq = the girl
 * Fo-ni = boys and girls/children

But there is more possible, which requieres a re-analysis of the determiners:


 * Fo-a = boy
 * Fo-e = girl
 * Fo-a-ni = boys
 * Fo-e-ni = girls

We established that the determiners have an inherited gender marker, but it seems like we could split up the determiners ("Va" = Water):

Va-a-q

Water(M)-MASC-DEF

But *Vaa is not possible, which leads to 2 theories:

2. Same Theory like in 1., but here Class 1 has a Gendermarker which needs a determiner and Class 2 Gendermarker does not need a determiner
 * 1) There are 2 Classes of Nouns: Class 1 = {Type1,Type2,Type3} and Class 2 = {Type4} or simply Class [-hum] and Class [+hum], although not all human entities are in the [+hum] class.
 * 2) * Class 1 Nouns have their own Determiner, which is -aq,-eq,-an,-en
 * 3) * Class 2 Nouns have Gender markers -a,-e and Determiners -q and -n

Theorie 1 Analysis:

Va-a-q

Water.1(M)-M-DEF

"The Water"

Alternative: Since Class two Nouns don't have Gender features inherited, the brackets with the gendermarker in it in class 1 nouns indicate that this noun indeed is a Class 1 Noun.

Va-a-q

Water(M)-M-DEF

"The Water"

Theory 2:

2 Classes of Gender Markers:

Va-a-q

Water(M)-M.1-DEF

"the water"

Fo-a-q

child-M.2-DEF

"the boy"

I prefer to use theory 1.

Pronouns
Gozhaaq Azure is a Pro-Drop Language but Pronouns can still be used, i.e for emphasis:


 * *very rare, not common

Possession
To achieve a possessive meaning, Gozhaaq Azure uses a genitive Construction (example: Qaza = house)

Yo go   Qaza

I   GEN  House(M)

"My House"

Fo-a-q-o                    Qaza

Child-M-DEF-GEN   house(M)

"The Boy's house"

Interestingly, following constructions are also possible:

Yo go   Qaza-a-q/n

I   GEN  House(M)-M-DEF/INDEF

"A/The House of mine"

Fo-a-q-o                    Qaza-a-q/n

Child-M-DEF-GEN   house(M)-DEF/INDEF

"A/The House of the boy"

Adjective Domains
Adjectives Are derived with the suffix "-bi", which is attached to the stem (Example "i" = good, ~the goodness)

i-e-q = the good

i-bi = good

With this information, we can now say:

i-bi                   Fo-e-q

good-ADJ      Child-F-DEF

"the good girl"

This works only when the ADJ is in the position as modificator, it works differently as a predicate:

Predicate Domain
Adjectives have their own Tense markers:


 * -ta for present Tense
 * -ata for past tense
 * -reta for future tense

Example:

Fo-a-q-a                          i-bi-ta

Child-M-DEF-NOM        good-ADJ-PRES

"the boy is good"

Just for the record, here some adjectives (with the ADJ Suffix)


 * atarabi - new
 * bologabi - big
 * semobi - small
 * difubi - difficult
 * ezabi - easy
 * omobi - heavy
 * hazhabi - fast

Fo-e-q-a                              semo-bi-ata

Child-F-DEF-NOM              small-ADJ-PST

"the girl was small"

There are more Suffixes that are possible in this domain but they need an Auxilliary Verb to be grammatical. Since I didn't introduce you to verbs, this section will be desripted later.

Verb Domains
To get a Verb from a root, Gozhaaq Azure, like for Adjectives, uses a special Suffix "-v", which is a verbalizer. But there is no infinitive structure, so only attaching "-v" is ungrammatical. Therefore, after the verbalizer, comes the TMA Morphology:

Some Roots, which are commonly derived to verbs


 * Nemu - sleep

Note: I do not write the gender of the noun, because it is irrelevant in this section.
 * hazha - run
 * Fora - Question -> to ask
 * Bere - drink
 * te - have
 * se - be

The Verbalizer will be written here in the table as well.

This Table also contains the Negation Suffix ("-na", "-ne", "-no", "-a"), because the negation suffix alters depending on the suffix which preceded the negation:

Of course, Negation is not mandatory, it is used only if you want to negate the sentence. This table can be analysed in terms of syncretism, but I won't do a analysis of this here.

Example (hazha = run): Remember: it's a Pro-Drop Language

Hazha-v-ise

run-VBLZ-2SG.PRES

"you run"

Hazha-v-ise-na

run-VBLZ-2SG.PRES-NEG

"you didn't run"

Hazha-v-irizan

run-VBLZ-2/3PL.COND.PST

"you (pl)/they would have run"

Hazha-v-irizan-a

run-VBLZ-2/3PL.COND.PST-NEG

"you (pl)/they wouldn't have run"

Imperative
The Imperative is in the domain of TMA, but of course blocking TMA if it appears. The Suffix is "-e" and the plural suffix for the IMP is "-n"

Passivation
There is the Passive Suffixe "-zho" which is attached after the negation (if there is no negation, then of course it is placed after the TMA-Morphology)

Example: Fora - Question

fora-v-a-(na)-zho

Question-VBLZ-1/3SG.PST-(NEG)-PASS

"He/She/It/I was (not) asked"

AUX-Domain
Auxilliaries are also considered as Suffixes, but to attach them to Mainverbs, a special Auxilliary Linker is used. Some Auxilliaries are written here:

Auxlliary Linker = "-te", mostly shortened do "-t" = 
 * ere - want
 * ode - can
 * use - must/have to
 * efe - CAUS
 * the Causative Affix is in the same domain as Auxilliaries

Example:



Hazha-v-i-t-ere-v-asamo-ne

run-VBLZ-1/3SG-AUX.LNK-want-VBLZ-1PL.PST-NEG

"We didn't want to run"

Note that there is the first Person/third Person marker in the main verb, which doesn't contain any semantic information, since the AUX contains the TMA information for the Subject. Therefore the mentioned semantically empty marker is considered as a default marker, which purpose is to be a bridge from the verbalizer domain to the Linker domain, which is the same domain as the Passivation Domain. This is not en elegant solution, some agglunative languages like quechua nominalize the mainverb and add an AUX to have an AUX construction. There is no reason why this couldn't work for Gozhaaq Azure, therefore here an alternative contruction:



Hazha-t-ere-v-asamo-ne

run-AUX.LNK-want-VBLZ-1PL.PST-NEG

"We didn't want to run"

Since run is already nominalized (because a root is a Noun already) there is no need for nominalization. Hence this alternative construction would be more plausable, I accept both ways (but prefer the second)

Comparative/Superlative
Now that we haved talked about verbs, we can now finally talk about the COMP/SUP, where COMP is in the Domain of Predicate Tense markers of adjectives. The Suffix for the comparative is "-ra", and the superlative, which is attached to the comparative is "-zha". Examples:

qorasee-bi-ra

beautiful-ADJ-COMP

"more beautiful"

qorasee-bi-ra-zha

beautiful-ADJ-COMP-SUP

"most beautiful"

Since the comparative is in the Domain of Tense markers, the tense markers are now blocked, so that a Auxilliary Verb ("se-" - to be) is needed. To form a sentence in the comparative, a comparing object is needed, by added the comparing suffix/particle "yora" after the comparing object, you need a LNK to attach it to the COMP-Object. Example:



Pala-a-q-e-yora, Qaza-a-q-a qorasee-bi-ra se-v-i

Palace(M)-M-DEF-LNK-COMP house(M)-M-DEF-NOM beautiful-ADJ-COMP be-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"In comparison to the palace, the house is more beautiful

It is debatable, whether "yora" is a suffix or a particle. It's likely a suffix, since all other morphology, like INST or BEN is blocked.

Animated Substantive Construction
Since we know that all forms are derived from the root, which is noun, it doesn't necessarly mean that this root is already an animated noun. Take for example the root "tataqa" which means "fight" as in "the fight". But how do you derive an animated noun like fighter?

To do that, there is a complex derivation. I will derive the already mentioned example "tataqa":

The affix for animated nouns is "-i", it is in the domain before the gender marker. Therefore, firstly this affix is attached to the root:

tataqa -> tataqa-i

Secondly, the gender marker has to be attached, so that the speaker know the gender:

tataqa-i -> tataqa-i-a/e

Here we get a clash: In the Underlying form, there are 3 vowels in the row, which is not allowed in Gozhaaq Azure. In this language, such phenomenons are fixed by using deletion or vowel chaning into a glide vowel. Since a glide vowel is considered to be consonant, the clash is fixed. In this construction, the chaning method is used:

tataqaia -> tataqaya

tataqaie -> tataqaye

now this type of nouns are behaving like nouns of Type 1. Therefore, to attach determiners, the gender marker is obligatory:

tataqaya -> tataqayaaq = the male fighter

tataqaye -> tataqayeen = a female fighter

This analysis gives evidence to the cyclic derivation of the language, because phonology is typically the last domain in the derivation steps, but here you have phonological repairing inside of some morphological operations.

Here is the output when a Plural suffix is used


 * tataqayani = male fighters
 * tataqayeni = female fighters
 * tataqaini = fighters

As you can see, in the third example, phonology did not have to repair the clash because there was no clash from the beginning.

Glossing this kind of thing is very hard, but this would be an appropriate approach:

tataqa-y-a-a-q

fight-ANI.SUBS-M-M-DEF

"the male fighter"

unfortunately, this glossing would imply that a gender marker can attach itself to the same gender marker, which could make it recursive. However, the analysis from before shows the word has gone through a reanalysis. Due to the underlying structure, this gloss is still the best way of glossing the beforementioned phenomenon.

Syntax
Gozhaaq Azure is an SOV Language.

Intransitive Sentences
For intransitive sentences, the order is SV. Example:

Vori-a-q-a                      nemu-v-i

warrior-M-DEF-NOM    sleep-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"the warrior sleeps"

Note that the nominative marker is still used, although this argument being the only avaible in the sentence (this is not the case for informal speech)

Transitive sentences
For tranisitve sentences, the order is, as already mentioned, SOV

Vo-a-q-a                        Vo-e-q-i                          nera-v-i

Human-M-DEF-NOM   Human-F-DEF-ACC     like-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"the man likes the woman"

Ditransitive sentences
The order for ditrans. sentences if the following: S,DO,IO,V

Vo-a-n                    ga       Qoniga-a-q-i                  Fo-e-q-u                    da-v-i

Human-M-INDEF NOM   book(M)-M-DEF-ACC  child-F-DEF-DAT     give-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

the man gives the book to the girl

Free word order
Since every argument is marked by case in formal speech, free word order is possible. As you will see in the informal section, there is still an underlying positon of this arguments, since it is possible to not mark the arguments with case. Having no flectional marking, the word order (as in english) is giving the arguments their syntactic role.

Non-realised arguments
It is possible in Gozhaaq Azure to not realise an argument of a verb, even it's actually necessary. Example: trans. Verb needs 2 arguments, but both don't have to be realised. The reason for that that they are actually realised, but have no phonological form.

Non-realised Subjects
As a Prodrop Language, it is obvious that this is possible. Example:

Nemu-v-i

sleep-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"I sleep | She/He/It sleeps"

Qoniga-a-q-i                    ba-v-i

book(M)-M-DEF-ACC    buy-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"i buy the book | He/She/It buys the book"

Non-realised Objects
But you can also not realise an Object, as seen here in the trans. sentence:

Ba-v-i

buy-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"I buy something" (I will leave out other possible meanings, becuase they are irrelevant)

The not realised object is therefore an unspecified object, meaning "something", "someone", etc.

Of course this is also possible for ditranstive sentences:

da-v-i

give-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"i give something to someone"

This opens a theory, that Gozhaaq Azure might be a strict agglunative language, where every sentence is actually one word.

∅SUBJ-∅OBJ-Root-VBLZ-(Person+TMA+...)

But due to the possible free word order the theory has to be rejected.

Coordination
Gozhaaq Azure possesses a very productive Linker "ge", which was already introduced in the Case Section. Generally, a Coordinator connects to phrases of the same type, like PP & PP or VP & VP or even CP & CP. the place of the Coordinator usually differs typologically. In this language, it is the same es in english: The Coordinator is between those phrases:

DP
Vori-a-q-e                    Qame-e-q

Warrior-M-DEF-LNK   Money(F)-F-DEF

"The warrior and the money."

VP
In VP's, there are two coordinators: the productive Linker "ge" and the AUX Linker "te". Both work in the same way, but there is a difference:

The AUX.LNK blocks any TMA of the mainverb, since the AUX Verb does get the TMA. the normal LNK doesn't block TMA of the main verb, its optional:

Hazhiri-v-i                       ge                               Nemu-v-i

run-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES LNK    sleep-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"I run and sleep."

Hazhiri-v-i-ge Nemu-v-amo

run-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES-LNK sleep-VBLZ-1PL.PRES

"We run and sleep"

In this example above, the first verb has the Default marker, which has due to the LNK no real TMA information, the real TMA information is the last verb. This leads to point that in some cases, Pronouns are obligatory to avoid werid constructions:

(*La ga) Hazhirivi ge (*yo ga) nemuvi.

Here might be a problem: Altough i said that TMA is optional, it is actually obligatory, at least for the 1/3SG.PRES form. This form is something of default marker, which has only the purpose to be a bridge between the LNK and VBLZ. But I'm willing to accept this alternative, although I like to use the construction above more.

Hazhiri-ge                              Nemu-v-i

run-VBLZ-LNK    sleep-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"I run and sleep."

I think this will stay as debate, whether the LNK is in the domain of the VBLZ, or after it. The meaning stays the same.

Different Subjects
If I want to say something like, "We run and they sleep", this is of course possible since, the LNK Marker doesn't block TMA. This actually leads to the conclusion that the default marker sould be there, otherwise I give the LNK permission to attach to the Root. And if that's possible, then I should this form in the DP Section:

* Vori-e-a-q                    Qame-e-q

Warrior-LNK-M-DEF   Money(F)-F-DEF

"The warrior and the money."

This violates the phonology, therefore can this be seen as an argument for the default marker.

Here now an example of a different subject construction:

Hazhiri-v-amo            ge      Nemu-v-an

run-VBLZ-1PL.PRES LNK   sleep-VBLZ-3PL.PRES

"We run and they sleep."

Sequential Affix
There is an affix which gives the information of a sequence within the coordination, for example:

I run and then I sleep.

To construct that, the affix "sa" is attached before the LNK:

Hazhiri-v-i-sa-ge Nemu-v-i

run-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES-SEQ-LNK sleep-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

I run and then I sleep.

AP
It does work with AP's as well.

Predicate Construction
Vori-a-q-a                      zhala-bi       ge     urezhi-bi-ta

Warrior-M-DEF-NOM   smart-ADJ LNK   happy-ADJ-PRES

"The Warrior is smart and happy"

This of course works with the sequence-affix:

Vori-a-q-a                      zhala-bi        sa-ge     urezhi-bi-ta

Warrior-M-DEF-NOM   smart-ADJ  SEQ-LNK   happy-ADJ-PRES

"The warrior is smart and then happy"

Modifiying Construction
Zhalabi ge urezhibi Voriaq

"The smart and happy warrior"

Causative
Now finally, we come to the section of the caustive. I did put the causative part not into the verb part due to the complexity of the causative, since whole sentences are needed to understand it fully.

FIrstly I show you causatives in english, which later helps to understand how it works in Gozhaaq Azure.

"He causes me to swim."

In this sentence, "he" is the causer, "me" is the causee and "causes" is the verb, indicating the Causative. All this three semantic arguments can be found in Gozhaaq Azure, however, the structure is a bit different. Firstly, the causative verb in Gozhaaq Azure is a AUX-Verb, "efevin*". So to say, "to cause to swim" would mean "ozhovitefevin".

Next up is the Causer and the Causee, both markes with the Affix "vae". This Affix is in the Domain after and before the case Domain. Sounds a bit weird, but let me explain: "vae" alone does not work, it needs cases to determine whether the argument is the Causer (ga-vae) or the Causee (gi-vae). That means that the Combination of the NOM and the CAUS-Affix gives the semantic interpretation of the Causer and ACC + CAUS-Affix gives the Interpretation of the Causee. Now an example:

Samo ga-vae     ti        gi-vae            ozho-v-i-t-efe-v-amo

We NOM-CAUS  you   ACC-CAUS    swim-VBLZ-DFLT**-AUX.LNK-cause-VBLZ-1PL.PRES

"we cause you to swim."

This sentence is acceptable, but there is one thing that can be added:

Samo ga-vae     ti        gi-vae         ga           ozho-v-i-t-efe-v-amo

We NOM-CAUS  you   ACC-CAUS NOM       swim-VBLZ-DFLT-AUX.LNK-cause-VBLZ-1PL.PRES

"we cause you to swim."

This is a very weird structure, but here is the reason why the causee gets the nominative:

To derive this sentence, you have to look at the "uncausativized" sentence:

ti ga ozhovise.

"you swim"

By causativizing this sentence we get a new argument, the causer, and the Agent becomes the causee, but still can keep his nominative Case, since being the agent. This also works with (di)trans. sentences:

"samo gavae ti givae ga Foaq'i gozhavitefevamo"

"We cause you to speak to the boy"

As you can see, this is a structure which doesn't change the semantic roles and i believe that this something that can be found in nat langs. If you have some language that might have this particular construction you can contact me on discord: Marko Rino.

The causative is even partially recursive:

Zho-a-q-a-vae                    La gi-vae         Vo-e-q-u-vae ga                    Qonega-a-q-i              Fo-a-q-u                 da-v-i-t-efe-v-i-t-efe-v-i

Ruler-M-DEF-NOM-CAUS he ACC-CAUS human-F-DEF-DAT-CAUS book(M)-M-DEF-ACC child-M-DEF-DAT give-VBLZ-DFLT-AUX.LNK-cause-VBLZ-DFLT-AUX.LNK-cause-VBLZ-3SG.PRES

"the king causes him to cause the woman to give the book to the boy."

apparently, "the causee of the causee" is DAT + CAUS

There is actually a recursive method, but this is to complex for a human brain to comprehend when applying it to the langauge, since no one can remember a chain of many causers, bacause for each new causer, there is one more CAUS marker in the verb.

* efevin, or vin is an non existing infitinitive form, just to have a straight translation for verbs in the infinitive form from other languages

** DFLT = Default, the already mentioned default marker, which is in this case an epenthesis marker, discussion about that in another section

Relative Clause
Relative Clauses work almost identical to relative clauses in english, only difference is that the relative pronoun agrees with the NP of the matrix clause:

Voaq'a, qela Yamaaq'i hazhriva, vaqabita.

man, who (to mountain) ran, (is young).

"the man who ran to the mountain is young."

As we can see, there is the relative pronoun qela or qele (for plural also possible, qeli) that functions as a subject in the relative clause.

Diminutive/honorific marker
There is the diminutive Affix for nouns, which is "-zhi" adnd the honorific marker is "zho". This affixes are proposedly in the domain between the determiners and the case markers. To realise this affixes, the determiners are obligatory. One interesting about those is this phenomenon:

Zhiudare - City

Zhiudare-e-n = a city => zhiudare-e-n-zhi = a little city

Zhiudare-e-q = The City => zhidare-e-zhi = the little city

Here are two ways to argue the non existance of the determiner marker

Morphology way
We can assume that the determiners are not in the same domain, they are rather in two different: This would allow us to explain the phenomenon but there major problems:


 * we can't say now that determiners are requiered for the DIM/HON to attach
 * DIM/HON must have a DEF meaning already bacause the DEF requieres a gender marker to get attached. the INDEF marker would delete the DEF meaning in DIM/HON because in comes before DIM/HON

Phonology way
The prefered way, because here we don't have to assume to different domains for the DETs, it stays as it is: Therefore, the DEF gets attached but gets deleted afterwards:

Zhiudare => Zhiudare-e => Zhiudare-e-q => Zhiudare-e-q-zhi

Deleting => Zhiudare-e-q-i => Zhiudareeq'i -> this form is identical to the ACC form, therefore not used

Deleting => Zhiudare-e-"-zhi => Zhiudareezhi (rare but possible: Zhiudaree'zhi)

Informal Speech
Primarly, informal speech is marked in the verb, by replacing the verbalizer "-v-" to its informal form "-∅-".

Hazhi-v-ase

run-VBLZ-2SG.PST

"you ran" (formal)

Hazhi-∅-ase => Hazhiase (Hazhi'ase)

run-VBLZ-2SG.PST

"you ran" (informal)

But the informal form if not that simple, it needs whole tables to see what exactly gets replaced, because unfortunately, not only "-v-" gets replaced:

There are exceptions ( a few):

2SG.PRES of "sevin" (to be): "se"

2SG.PST of "tevin" (to have): "tase"

In Informal Speech, you can leave the DET's morphology:

Vo-a                      ga       Vo-e                        gi         nera-∅-i

Human-M-DEF  NOM    Human-F-DEF    ACC     like-VBLZ-1/3SG.PRES

"Man likes woman"

from context the "definiteness" can be guessed.

Evidence for Default Marker
Some Section above there was a discussion about the problem of the default marker in linking constructions. Now with the informal speech, we get Evidence for the default marker. Here an example we had already:

Hazha-v-i-t-ere-v-asamo-ne

run-VBLZ-1/3SG-AUX.LNK-want-VBLZ-1PL.PST-NEG

"We didn't want to run" (formal)

Now a give you a derivation of this verb:

Hazha => hazha-∅ => hazha-∅-t => hazha-∅-t-ere => hazha-∅-t-ere-∅ => hazha-∅-t-ere-∅-asamo => hazha-∅-t-ere-∅-asamo-ne

"hazhat'ereasamone" (hazha't'ere'asamone)

as you can see, this gives evidence for the defaultmarker, which is actually a epenthesis sound coming from the phonology domain. This also works with the normal LNK btw...

Sample Text
Vorieq'a Tezhineeq'o tonare gi'qava. Urezhibiata. Le go Voaq'a [Logan] zhate namava, qela forazeebi Qaradaan ga teva. Vorieq'a Logan gi lefava, yaqe Azura Vorieni go Foloaq'i perelazhava.

the female warrior was going along side the river. She was happy. Her Man's name was Logan, who had a strong body. The female warrior had to leave the Logan, since she belonged to the Azura Warrior people.