Norling

Norling (Norlingsk), (also Heathish Hæthska, Loquntian Norse Lokkuntisk Norsk) is a constructed language based primarily in Old Norse, Old High German/Bavarian, and Old English. It is the official language of the Republic of The Kingdom of Loquntia and is one of only three languages in which a law can be written in Loquntia. Norling is very closely related to, and partially mutually intelligible with the Northern Germanic languages Icelandic, Faroese, Danish, and Swedish, while containing a few Anglo-Frisian loanwords.

Pronouns
Nominative Accusative/Dative
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * mett
 * ås
 * dheg
 * jet
 * jæt
 * han/hon/it
 * dem
 * }
 * }

Genitive
Genitive pronouns in Norling can be used in one of three ways:
 * It å mar hund → "It is my dog"
 * Hundete år marer → "They are my dogs"
 * Hundet å maret → "The dog is mine."


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * mar
 * var
 * dar
 * jer
 * jær
 * hanser/honner/itter
 * dejr
 * }
 * }

Nouns
Nouns in Norling have similar declensions to Danish, along with extra articles. Each noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter, and there are two absolute states and only one of them declines with the nominative or accusative/dative. Below are the three noun states and declensions.

Definite State Pronouns

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! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom. Sing. ! Nom. Plu. ! Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu.
 * dæ
 * da
 * de
 * die
 * die
 * die
 * dæm
 * dam
 * dem
 * dem
 * dem
 * dem
 * dæ
 * da
 * de
 * die
 * die
 * die
 * }

Definite State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu. ! Loc. Sing. ! Loc. Plu.
 * barnen
 * kjilda(r)
 * kindet
 * barnene
 * kjildare
 * kindete
 * barnern
 * kjildarn
 * kindern
 * barnerne
 * kjildarne
 * kinderne
 * barnvard
 * kjildvard
 * kindvard
 * barnevard
 * kjildavard
 * kindevard
 * }
 * }

Indefinite State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu. ! Loc. Sing. ! Loc. Plu.
 * en barn
 * an kjild
 * et kind
 * enne barne
 * anne kjilde
 * ette kinde
 * en barnern
 * an kjildarn
 * et kindern
 * enne barnern
 * anne kjildarn
 * ette kindern
 * tilvard en barn
 * tilvard an kjild
 * tilvard et kind
 * tilvard enne barne
 * tilvard anne kjilde
 * tilvard ette kinde
 * }

Verbs
All verbs are either predominately transitive (ending in -a in the infinitive form), predominately intransitive (-e), or both, in which case they fit one or the other. Rarely, verbs may have the same meaning but a different transivity, such as gå and vende, or hygja and þinke. Below are examples of each of the simple tenses with the verb hygja and þinke, both mean "to think" but the former is predominately transitive while the latter is predominately intransitive.

Present Tense

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! scope="row" | ! Pronoun ! Transitive (-a) ! Intransitive (-e) ! 1st singular ! 2nd singular ! 3rd singular ! 1st plural ! 2nd plural ! 3rd plural
 * ig
 * hygj
 * þink
 * du / j
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * hie, sjie, it
 * hygja
 * þinke
 * vi
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * jæ
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * dej
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * }

Past Tense

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Pronoun ! Transitive (-a) ! Intransitive (-e) ! 1st singular ! 2nd singular ! 3rd singular ! 1st plural ! 2nd plural ! 3rd plural
 * ig
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * du / j
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * hie, sjie, it
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * vi
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * jæ
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * dej
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * }

Future Tense

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Pronoun ! Transitive (-a) ! Intransitive (-e) ! 1st singular ! 2nd singular ! 3rd singular ! 1st plural ! 2nd plural ! 3rd plural
 * ig
 * vil hygja
 * vil þinke
 * du / j
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * hj, sjie, it
 * villa hygja
 * villa þinke
 * vi
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * jæ
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * dej
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * }

Present/Past Perfect
The present and past perfect work as they do in other Germanic languages, utilizing the verb hafa and the infinitive of the noun, as in "Ig haf vendedh" and "Dej haft vendt"

Present Participle/Gerund
The gerund in Norling is its own word placed after the infinitive, and can be used as the verb "genga" as in "He goes" = "Hie venda"; "I am going" = "Hie ar vendageng" or "Hie gengar venda". The gerund is not often used.

Adjectives/Adverbs
In Norling the ending and location of adjectives changes according to whether or not the affected noun(s) are plural. This phenomenon is demonstrated below: An adjective can also be used as a noun such that "ill" is "the bad one" and "iller" is its plural.
 * Et ill hund
 * Et hund iller
 * Ette hunde iller

Not including standalone words like "vel" (well) and "nu" (now), most adverbs are made by appending -eg to an adjective, like "fasteg" (without moving) and "kvikkeg" (quickly). Adverbs are placed after the verb and do not pluralize nor decline as in "hie rynner kvikkeg"

Relative Pronouns

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! scope="row" | ! Here (har) ! There (þar) ! Where (referring to place) (ƕer) ! Nominative ! Accusative/Dative ! Locative
 * har
 * þar
 * hver
 * hidher
 * þidher
 * hvidher
 * hidhervard
 * þidhervard
 * hvidhervard
 * }

Alphabet
The Norling alphabet is referred to predominately as the Fuþark, being faithful to the original term used to refer to the Norse set of runes, but it is also referred to as the Alfabet.

Other Phonemes
These phonemes are represented by these letters but the letters do not indicate these sounds exclusively.

U to Ie
Some words change stem instead of regular pluralization
 * fut = foot → fiet = feet
 * gus= goose → gys= geese
 * tuþ= teeth → tieþ= teeth

Inclusion of H
In order to prevent creating a diphthong in words such as "ku" where the stem does not end in an E, there is an H placed before the suffix. Examples: "dhe ku" → "kuhen" and "dhe sku" → "skuhen".

F to V Mutation
The letter F at the end of most nouns will turn into a V when pluralized examples include: Stem changes occur in many verbs in their past participles, vorka= work; vrut= worked
 * solfen (the self) → solvene (the selves)
 * an elf (an elf) → anne elve (elves)
 * en stæf (a staff) → enne stæve (staffs)