Naqhamat

General information
Naqhan language is a language spoken in the mountainous Eastern territory of Arga bordering the North Etexum. It is a secret language developed in 181 OE by the men of Naqhakoe to cover their information from the women. Today it is used as an everyday language by the men of Naqhakoe.

Vowels
1 Allophones of [i y] after uvular and pharyngeal consonants.

Alphabet
The Cyrillic and Latin scripts can be used for transliteration.

Nouns and verbs
Nouns in Naqhamat have 4 classes. Example verb "ana", "live": The verb "live" can also be expressed by the verb "anak' a", "to be living" Naqhan is an agglunative language. For example naqhamat' (Naqan language) consists of the root -naq- (people), construct suffix -a-, and the root mat' (language). The noun c'x'ap'q (child) is formed of the root -c'x'- (man) and the root -ap'q- (small). Verbs can also be agglunated, for example vtaqhaq'aeno (he lives well) is formed of the class prefix v- (masculine), root -taqh- (good), suffix -aq'- (adverb marker), umlauted root -aen- (live), and the -o ending. The similar phrases can be said as zac'x'ab taqhaq'aeno (this man lives well), taqhanuh'an vo (his life is good), zac'x'oh'anuh'ab taqh vo (this man's life is good) vtaqhaq'anak' vo (he is living well), or zac'x'ab taqhaq'anak' vo (this man is living well). Now we'll analyze some of those examples.

Verbs
Complex verb structure (example verb vtaqhaq'aenabumako - if he will be living well...): The same phrase can be said as vtaqhaq'aenumak' vako.

Perfect verb form
The perfect is formed by adding -as- to the verb stem.

vtaqhaq'aenaso - he has lived well (already).

Future tense of verbs
The future tense is formed by adding -ak- to the verb stem.

Future tense (unspecified)
Unspecified near future (soon...) is formed by adding -j-ak- to the verb stem (itself a form of the future tense).

Unspecified future (at some time in the future) is formed by adding -b-ak- to the verb stem.

As you can see, both unspec. future stems are formed with the future infix.

Past tense of verbs
The past tense of verbs is formed by adding -am- to the verb stem. Example:

v-taqh-aq'-aen-o - he lives good

v-taqh-aq'-aen-am-o - he lived good.

Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive is made by adding -um- to the verb stem, and is used to express "if" clauses (like in Russian).

v-taqh-aq'-aen-um-am-o - if he had lived well...

Conditional mood
The conditional mood is made bu adding -ar- to the verb stem and used to express "would" clauses.

Vtaqhaq'aenaro, temul arumalufo. - He would live well, if someone gives him gold.

Literally: He well would live, gold if give (supine) him.

Jussive mood
The jussive mood is mostly used to express "must" clauses. It is made by adding -im- to the verb stem.

Imperative
The imperative is formed by adding a prefix t- to the plain verb stem.

Supine
The supine is formed by adding -alu- to the verb stem.

Passive voice
The passive voice is formed like the present continuous, but without the verb a (to be).

C'ah'fu namakak'. - his name is written (passive verb).

Cah'fu namakamak'. - his name is written (written = adjective)

Case system
The Naqhan language has 7 cases: absolutive, ergative, instrumental, dative, partitive, genitive (possessive), vocative, reflexive (intransitive).

The accusative case is used for past constructions. For example, the sentence C'x'ab bark' xmaza means "(That) man eats an apple", with c'x'a (man) in ergative case and bark' (apple) in absolutive. But "(That) man ate an apple" is translated as C'x'a bark'an xmazama (absolutive-accusative). In plural, the endings are attached to noun, and then the plural ending is added.

Construct state
The construct state is expressed by adding the -a- suffix to the owner noun and prefixing it to the possessed noun.

If the owner noun's last sound is q, it is aspirated.

If the owner noun's last sound is qh, it loses its aspiration.

If the possessed noun's beginning sound is a vowel, the suffix is -ah'-

If the owner noun's last sound is a vowel, the suffix is -h'a-.

If the suffix is placed between two vowels, it becomes -h'ah'-.

Possession
c'x'afi - my man

c'x'afa - your man

c'x'afo - his man

c'x'afu - his man

c'x'aha - our man

c'x'afta - your man

c'x'afka - their man

c'x'afe - their man

The possessiion can be added to verbs to indicate the object (like in Farsi).

Dogamo-fi ket. - He gave me a book.

Definite article
The definite article is expressed by the prefix ba-: c'x'a - bac'x'a, pal - bapal, mat' - bamat'.

Quirkly, adjectives follow the nouns with the definite article (*taqh bac'x'a - bac'x'a taqh).

Locative cases
There is a lot of locative cases in Naqhan. The na- prefix is added to express direction to, and without a suffix it means "towards".

The fu- prefix is added to express direction from, respectively.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
C'x'okoneb bozot babake shaq h'aq'əmba'e baynamak' ba. Nabin saf sxarashe baruramak' sha, bəvarima'e dasalu natat ah'ukaserba.