Ancient Qâêr

=Brief Overview= Qâêr is a VSO structured language with most of the focus and inflections around the verb with a few particles as well.

Qâêr is the native language of the people of the same name. It was spoken on the planet of Sâfaolehracópah. Presently however it is only spoken in the Râlôrin Province, albeit a watered down and slighty evolved version of the language, and this province is located on the continent Hehrânniâ. The traditional Qâêr was also spoken on the continents Âtínrelmá, Fáriâ, Fâern, Fêlabôrin and Falerân however then afterwards through magical tampering the Qâêr were rendered extinct and their language was carried on only by the Râlôrin who migrated to Hehrânniâ. The other races, namely the Hwâfin, Êlfârin, Cîben, Âldârin, Skafânok, Ôbâdem, Erdâl, and Harâm now speak, though heavily evolved, their own advanced dialects all descended from the original langauge of Qâêr.

=Basic Grammar=

Dipthongs

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Dipthong ! English Pronunciation o
 * eo
 * oɪ
 * ae
 * eɪ
 * ao
 * aʊ
 * ei
 * aɪ
 * oe
 * ei
 * aɪ
 * oe
 * oe
 * oe
 * }

Consonants
Consonant Rules

Q & Hw are stand alone consonants, as in only vowels can be placed either side of them. The rules with consonants are as follows; Nasals, Approximants and Stops can be first but not Fricatives. Fricatives only come before Stops, but before and after Approximants and never with Nasals. Nasals however can come before Stops and after Approximants. Aprroximants can also come before stops but this is rare.

Consonant Groupings Allowed

Before Vowels; fr-, st-, dh-, nj-, nr- (i.e syllables consisting of these consonant groups followed by a vowel, possibly with consonnts after the vowel and this is all pronounced as one syllable)

After Vowels; -nt, -nd, -mb, -rm, -rn, -rs, -rl, -ld, -lt, -lf, -dh, -lm, -ln (i.e syllables with these consist of a vowel followed by these consonant groups which is pronounced all as one syllable)

Other Groupings that are Spoken Seperately and Only come After a Vowel; -ft, -lf, -lm, -ln, -ml, -nl, -mp, -mr, -nr, -nm, -sp (i.e the syllable ends with the first consonant in these groupings even though they are placed together and they are not spoken as one syllable, except for the ones which also appear in the above groups in which case it depends on the word)

All other consonant groupings do not, and are not allowed therefore cannot, appear in Qâêr.

Syllable and Stress
Syllable Structure - (C)(C) V (C)(C)

The rule for stress placement in Qâêr is that the accentuated vowel in the word is always stressed however there are strict rules regarding stress placement which are as follows. In words two syllables long the second syllable is always stressed regardless of which syllable has the accentuated vowel.

In regrds to words with three or more syllables; in a three syllable word the second syllable is alwys stressed, however when the word is lengthened wither by affixes or other words this sress pattern changes. In words with four syllables the thrid syllable is always stressed along with the first syllable if it is accxentuated, if not then only the third syllable is stressed. In relation to words with five or six syllables then second and fifth syllable is stressed unless the fourth or sixth syllable is accentuated then stress moves there. In the rare case where the fourth, fifth and sixth syllable are accentuted then only the second and fifth syllable are stressed, it is only when the fifht syllable is unaccentuated that the stress swaps either to the fourth or fifth. In any other words longer than five and six syllables this five and six syllable word rules apply.

Noun, Verb and Adjective Structure
Nouns Structure

Verbs Structure

Adjective Structure
 * Adjectives cannot be inflected with comparitive and the "More" prefix at the same time.

Aspect and Tempus
The Imperfective 2 Aspect here seen in the table is the Conative Imperfect Aspect and is further explained in the Aspect Section.

Imperfective and Perfective Aspect
Ongoing States are always inflected in Imperfective Aspect as well as Habitual actions, not in Perfective which is how English works.

Example; He raised his sword and struck the enemy.

Here both verbs are in Perfective which would be correct in English.

Example in Qâêr; He was raising his sword and striking the enemy.

Imperfective is used also in situations where the action is Habitual and also used to describe a background situation,

''Example; I used to walk to school every day.(Habitual Imperfective) vs. I walked to school every day. (Perfective)''

''Example; The rain was beating down. (Imperfective) vs. The rain beat down. (Perfective)''


 * Imperfective is always used in this cases as this is the proper grammatical way in Qâêr and to use Perfective in this context is wrong.

Perfective is used to refer to an action viewed as a whole, and it is equivalent to the aspectual component of past-perfective tenses variously called "aorist", "preterite", and "simple past".

Example of Perfective; He raised his sword and struck the enemy.

Using The Conative Imperfect
The Imperfective aspect also adds the idea of To-Try-To-Do-Something which is known as Conative Imperfect. This means that the same verb, either in the Conative Imperfect or Perfective aspect is used to convey verbs such as Look and See, Search and Find and e.c.t where the Perfective one is See or Find and the verb inflecfted in Conative Imperfect becomes Look or Search and so on. The difference between these two actions, the verb and the same verb when it is inflected, is that one (Perfective) conveys the success of the action (Find) and the other verb is trying to succcessfully complete the action however success is not always clear, attained or come to 100% completion.

Example in Greek; `ekouomen - "We Listened" vs. `ekousamen - "We Heard"

In this case there will be for example one verb for 'to hear' and then when inflected with the Imperfective 2 affix the verb becomes 'to listen'.

General Usage of Aspects
In general conversation the Perfect aspect is used unlike English which uses Perfective.

The perfect aspect such as; I had/have/will have Gone.

The Imperfective aspect is used in ongoing actions and habitual actions (see above).

The Conative Imperfect apect is used in respective to Perfective Aspect to convey "Trying Verbs".

The Perfective aspect is used written and historical documents.

The Inceptive aspect is used for the start or beginning of actions or for actions that are going to begin or had begun in a certain time reference.


 * Example; I am beginning to go, I was beginning to go, I will be beginning to go.

The Continuative aspect is used when the action is still going on or being carried through, also for actiosn thet were still in action and actions that will still be going on in the future.


 * Example; I am still eating, I was still eating, I will be still eating

The Terminative aspect is used when the action is being completed or finished, or in actions that were being cpompleted or will be completed at a certain time.


 * Example; I am finishing going, I was finishing going, I will be finishing going

Personal Pronouns
In relation to the above, just take note of the Affixes.

Affixes and Their Meanings
There are many affixes in Qâêr however here is a basic list of the ones that won't be mentioned anywhere else on this page.

Negation
Verb negation is done by adding the prefix nao- to any particular verb one wishes to negate. Double negation is done by adding the prefix nelnao- to any verbs.

The negation of adjectives is done also in a similiar fashion by adding the negation prefix nao- to the adjective thus obtaining results such as Happy - Unhappy

Derivation
All the following are Prefixes.

Adjective > Adverb - er(ê) Example; Quick > Quickly

Verb > Noun - ho(l) Example; To Write > Writer (This is a concrete Noun)

Adjective > Noun en(o) Example; Happy > Happiness (This is an abstract noun)

Adjective > Adverb ce(n) Example; Happy > Happily

Noun > Verb co(l) Exmple; Glory > Glorify

Noun > Adjective ar(o) Exmple; Recreation > Recreational

Adjective > Noun or(o) Example; Slow > Slowness

Transitive Verbs > Intransitive Verbs -- Ablaut o/ô/ó

Intransitive Verbs > Transitive Verbs -- Ablaut i/î/í

Adjectives > Transitive Verbs -- h(a) Example; Rich > Enrich

Nouns > Transitive Verbs -- h(ê) Example; Rapture > Enrapture

Verb Affixes
In this section the different affixes that relate solely to verbs will be discussed.

The Inchoative Verb (Inceptive Verb)
This verb conveys the process of beginning or becoming. The inceptive prefix which is added onto verbs to represent the start or beginning of that particular action. This therefore negates verbs such as 'to start' pr 'to begin'.

The prefix to create the Inceptive Verb is - pá

The Catenative Verb
A Catenative Verb is a verb which takes other verbs as objects, Exmple; We promised to try practicing tennis more often.

Here in the aboce example the verb 'promised' is catenative and takes the verbs "to try" (Infintive Form) and "practicing" (Gerund Form) as its objects. In English catenative verbs are not marked however in Qâêr a verb has to be inflected with the Catenative suffix to become a Catenative Verb.

The suffix to change verbs to Catenative form is - âr

Control Verbs
In linguistics, a control construction (also called equi-NP deletion) is a clause that contains a main clause (or matrix clause), the predicate of which has two complements — an embedded clause (or subordinate clause) complement and a nominal complement that acts as the semantic argument of the main clause and of the embedded clause. This nominal argument is the controller (or antecedent). Verbs that occur in control structures are control verbs (or equi verbs).

Exmple in English - George tried to escape

Of course in the above sentence there are two verbs, so how does one distinguish between which verb is a control verb and which isnt? Well in English one simply doesn't know without foreknowledge however in Qâêr a distinction is made between normal and control verbs.

Control Verbs in Qâêr are created and shown with a variated form of middle voice which inflects in the verb that will be or is taking the place of a Control Verb. There are too variants of the variated particle, one which refers to the Subject and one which refers to the Object.


 * Example in English - Georgina expected to win the race


 * Here the control verb is Expected and the Subject is Georgina with the Race as the Object.


 * In this sentence both verbs refer to the subject, that being Georgina.


 * The gerund form can also be used - Georgina remebered winning the race.


 * Here the control verb is remembered but still both verbs refer to the subject.


 * This is because it doesnt make sense in English to write - Georgina expected Georgina/Herself to win the race.

In Qâêr with reference to Control Verbs that relate to the Subject a slgihtyl variated form of the middle voice, Insert Here is used which attaches onto the control verb (not the secondary verb) which shows that the control verb is actually a control verb and that it and the following paired verb act refer to the Subject.


 * Thus the Qâêr translation looks like this in English - Georgina expected[(Subject)herself] to win the race.
 * This setout above along with the suffix that attaches to control verbs makes it obvious that both verbs take Georgina as the subject.


 * The layout of this sentence, because it uses control vebrs, differs from normal sentence structure. As follows;


 * Expected[CV Suffix] - Subject(Georgina) - win - [the]Race(Object)


 * *Both verbs that relate to the subject (or Object as below) would be in the finite perfective aspect and only the control verb takes case.

In relation to control verbs with secondary verbs that all refer to the Object instead of the Subject Qâêr has a similiar pattern to above.

Example in English - She convinced him to do it.


 * Here the control verb is convinced. Syntactically Him is only the direct object of convinced however semantically Him is the patient of convinced and the agent of to do so therefore both verbs are acting on Him which therefore becomes the Object of both verbs.

In Qâêr this is done by using variated form of the the original control verb suffix Insert Here, however this one symbolises that the control verb and following secondary verb act on the object and not the subject like the suffix above.

Therefore applying this siffix the Qâêr translation into english looks like this;


 * Convinced[CV Suffix] - Subject(She) - Object(Him) - Do
 * The sentence structure changes a little bit as both verbs refer to the Object therefore the secondary verb comes after the Object.
 * * Remember that Both verbs would be finite perfective and only the control verb takes tense.

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are usually used informally in everyday speech as opposed to the more formal Latinate verbs, such as “to get together” rather than “to congregate”, “to put off” rather than “to postpone”, or “to get out” rather than “to exit”.


 * Literal Usage

Many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, and readers or listeners will easily understand a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition: Verb and adverb constructions can also easily be understood when used literally: An adverb in a literal phrasal verb modifies the verb it is attached to, and a preposition links the subject to the verb.
 * "He walked across the square."
 * "She opened the shutters and looked outside."
 * "When he heard the crash, he looked up."


 * Idiomatic Usage

I will not be discussing Idiomatic Usage in reference to Phrasal Verbs (At least not Here) because the English language has different Idioms to Qâêr as they are completely different languages. If the reader is interested in finding out more about the Idiomatic Usage of Phrasal verbs then I encourage you to visit this internet site;


 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasal_verb

Phrasal Verb Patterns

 * Particle Verbs

Intransitive - When I entered the room he looked up.

Transitive - Switch off the light.

In Qâêr a Transitive particle verb has a nominal object in addition to the adverb and the object always comes after the adverb and the adverb comes after the verb when there is also an agent/subject as in the English sentence;


 * The gas gave off fumes. - The verb particle, here seen as gave off always comes first making it - gave off [the]gas fumes


 * Also with Transitive Particle verbs, when the object is a pronoun is comes after the verb/adverb as in - Switch off it, NOT like English where - Switch it off.

Sentence Structure
Particle* + Negater* + Verb + Adverb + Determiner* + Noun Erg + Adjective + Noun Abs + Adjective + Preposition* + Noun* + Adjective* + Conjunction* Phrase Structure - VP NP PP = SVO (Note – PP = NP + P) Qâêr has no adjectives and this means that all words that would normally be used as adjectives take the place of verbs. To get Adv.’s and Adj.’s these are then derived from Verbs and are distinguished by affixes.
 * = If Applicable

Example ‘Beautiful She’ = She is beautiful ‘Run erêBeautiful She’ = She runs beautifully ‘She xoRun enoBeautiful’ = She is a beautiful runner. These prefixes are er(ê) which is placed onto verbs to make them Adverbs, en(o) which is placed onto verbs to make them Adjectives and finally, xo(l) which is placed on Verbs to derive their Noun counterparts, e.g. To Cycle – A Cyclist, To Run – A Runner e.c.t

Determiner – this, that, two five, my, his, their, some, many Adjectives – fat, ugly, red Noun – mother, mountain, boat, tree Adverbs – quickly, furiously, sleepily, tauntingly Verbs – jumped, ran, swim Noun – house, land, plan Prepositional Phrase or Word – through, over, on Example – ‘His fat mother hilariously ran through the house.’

Distinctions
Nouns

- Difference between plural and singular

- Un/Defined

- Possessiveness

Personal Pronouns

- Number ( I vs. We)

- ‘We’ has two forms, inclusive and exclusive of you

- Animacy (one for living and non-living)

- No distinction between he and she or in the third person Possessive

Verbs

- Comparative

- ‘More’ Prefix

- Mood

- Voice

- Aspect/Tense

- Agreement

Declension Table for Nouns
Singular

Cases Living Non Living Defined Undefined Defined Undefined Ergative o a e i Absolutive jo ja re ri Genitive jô jâ rê rî Possessive or(â) ar(â) er(o) ir(o) Inalienable Possessive ro(l) ra(l) me(n) mi(n) Partitive ôl(e) ôl(o) el(e) il(o) Dative seo(n) sao(n) sei(n) sae(n) Locative ler(o) ler(a) ler(e) ler(i) Abessive res(o) sâs(o) lei(t) le(o) Instrumental qel(o) qâs(e) mre(l) âs(e) Equative je(s) rôn(á) fjo fja

Plural Cases Living Non Living Defined Undefined Defined Undefined Ergative ô â ê î Absolutive jó já ró rí Genitive jô jâ rê rî Possessive om(â) am(â) em(o) ím(o) Inalienable Possessive mô(l) mâ(l) me(l) mi(l) Partitive ól(e) ól(a) êl(e) îl(o) Dative reo(n) rao(n) rei(n) rae(n) Locative len(o) len(a) len(e) len(í) Abessive rôs(o) sâs(a) lê(t) ale(o) Instrumental qêl(o) qâs(a) nra(l) ês(a) Equative jê(s) jî(s) fjê vátâ(l) Note – Vocative case is the only case that is added as a suffix whereas the others are prefixes. The way vocative case works is that it cuts the last two letters off and then the suffix then added. Vocative case – Inflects on the person’s name regardless of gender. The inflection is - (t)ó Example – Name – Brutus Vocative Case - Brutó

Verb Agreement
Verbs have 6 inflections for agreement. These consist of; {Agent Living -- Agent Non-Living} [Subject & Object Living -- Subject & Object Non-Living] (Subject Living/Object Non-Living -- Subject Non-Living/Object Living)

The verb will have an Infix to reflect these differences between the Agent, Subject, and Object.

Cases
Note – See Declension Table for Nouns Qâêr works in the Ergative – Absolutive Case. Note – Ergative/Absolutive - agent of transitive is alone while intransitive subject and transitive object is the same case. – Transitive verbs require both a direct object and one or more objects while Intransitive verbs do not take an object and has only one argument (its subject) and has a valency of one. This means that the Agent is separate from the Subject and the Object and the Subject and the Object are combined. For example, I killed her. She killed me. Me slept. Where I is the agent and Me is the subject and object. In English and other Indo-European languages it is Nominative – Accusative which means the Agent and Subject are the same with the Object being different. For example in English it would be I killed her. She killed me. I slept.

(Erg) Ergative case – Agent

(Abs) Absolutive Case – Subject or Direct Object

(Dat) Dative Case – Indirect Object (He gave Mary Ten Dollars) OR To sth/sbdy (He gave it to Mary)

(Gen) Genitive Case – Description Man of honor OR Origin Men of Rome

(Part.) Partitive – Part from/of a group of sth. Wheel of cheese Group of men

(Poss.) Possessive my briefcase (alienable – able to be taken away)

(In. Poss.) Inalienable Possessive John’s nose (inalienable – unable (without surgery) to be taken away)

(Voc) Vocative – ‘Et tu, Brute?’ – Brute (here in Latin) is vocative of Brutus

(Loc) Locative – The action done by sth/sbdy (i.e. the mouse was eaten by the cat)

(Abe) Abessive – Lack of sth. - less in Eng.

(Ins.) Instrumental – Instrument ‘I wrote a note with a pen’

(Equ) Equative – Likeness ‘He runs like a girl

Affixes and What They Mean
Past and Future Tense

(Note – For present tense the words are just left as they are without these prefixes attached).

To distinguish between past and future tense two prefixes are added onto the beginning of the word. These prefixes are nî and nê. The prefix nî is for future tense (derived from Nîqêtir meaning ‘Never’ in Fáriân) and the prefix nê is for past tense (derived from Nêbinôr meaning ‘History’ in Fáriân).

Negating

The particle Nêl is attached to the beginning of the verb to negate the action. This word is derived from the Fárean word Nelân meaning never. Double Negative Nêlnao and is simply added before the verb.

Comparative

Comparative is measured and inflected in the verb. There are three stages of comparative with one superlative.

Verb Types

In Draft still Monotransitive, Ditransitive, Transitive, Intransitive, Modal Particle, Static/Dynamic, Infinitive Verb, and Catenative Verb

Infinitive

The ‘to’ infinitive used in infinitive verbs (i.e. I like to jump) will be inflected as a suffix on verbs in Qâêr, one of only 2 suffixes present in the entire language, also one from only three affixes breaking the rule of ‘all affixes being prefixes in Qâêr’. However with every NatLang there are exceptions and this is one of them (only being three in the entire Qâêr language).

How it works is that its inflected with the suffix – (p)ín example – Lóto (verb ‘move’) = Lótopín (‘to move’)

Catenative

The Catenative verb form is used when a verb is using other verbs or gerunds as objects in a sentence. An example being – ‘We promised to agree to try practicing playing tennis more often.’

Note however that not all verbs can be Catenative; however when a verb is being used as a catenative verb is takes the other only suffix in Qâêr which is –âr. So in the above sentence the verb promised, here in the past form and in the catenative form, note that verbs are not always in catenative from and not all can be catenative, though it would be inflected like this in Qâêr; (nê + promised + âr = nêpromiseâr) – Note that the English word promise was used here.

Voice
Active

Middle

Passive

Voices are prefixes that are attached in front of the verb to indicate the voice affecting the noun in the ergative case, or when lacking one then in the absolutive case. Examples are in English and Qâêr.

English – He gave Mary Ten Dollars

Qâêr – (Simple Past)Give (Erg)He (Abs)Mary Ten (Dat)Dollars

English – He has given Ten Dollars to Mary

Qâêr – (Active)Give (Erg)He Ten (Abs)Dollars (Dat)Mary

English – Mary was given Ten Dollars by Him

Qâêr – (Passive)Give (Abs)Mary Ten (Dat)Dollars (Loc)Him

English – He washes himself with the soap.

Qâêr – (Middle)Washes He (Ins)(The)Soap

Manner Time Place
Setout used – SOV example in Qâêr – ‘(fut.)ride (Erg)I mine (Abs)horse today (Dat)(the)shop’ English – ‘I will ride my horse to the shop today.’

Mood and Modality
Moods Chosen:

Indicative (Realis)

Optative

Subjunctive

Speculative

Potential

Jussive (Cohortative in 1st Person)

Dubative

Conditional

Hypothetical

Imperative

Interrogative (Particle)

Deliberative (Relate to Interrogative)

Precative (Relate to Interrogative)

Mood attaches to verbs as a prefix. For the Interrogative mood, the structure will follow closely to that of the Japanese. This means that a particle will be used and placed at the beginning of the sentence and will be used to transform sentences into questions. The Precative and Deliberative mood will relate here by inflecting on this particle, and only on this particle, thus making the question into a request or ‘Ought to be done question’. This particle will be ‘lê’ and be placed before all other words in the sentence.

Interrogative Words
The interrogative particle lê will be inflected with prefixes and these will phrase interrogative words such as what, where e.c.t. The interrogative particle without one of these prefixes will just be turned into a normal question.

What = qâlo + lê – qâlolê

Where = qin + lê – qinlê

When = qeose + lê – qeoselê

Who = qeno + lê – qenolê

Why = qî + lê – qîlê

How = qâna + lê – qânalê

How Much = sjonâ + lê – sjonâlê

Sjonâ is derived from the Fáriân word Sjinolâme which means ‘to barter’. Note – when using any of these interrogative words for linking words however, just the prefix is used, not the prefix with the particle. In the example sentence – ‘John knows where the shop is.’ would be ‘Know John qin shop.’

=Dictionary=

=Examples=

Basic Numbers
The Qâêr number system is similiar to the English or German one, in that the system is based of the nuumber ten. The basic numbers from 0-10 are as follows;

0 - âs

1 - onno

2 - sont

3 - qes

4 - loto

5 - ros

6 - mello

7 - seles

8 - opo

9 - nesso

10 - kâros

Teen Numbers
With the numbers 11-19 however there is a different pattern involved;

11 - kârosonno

12 - kârosont

13 - kâroqes

14 - kârosloto

15 - kârosros

16 - kârosmello

17 - kâroseles

18 - kârosopo

19 - kârosnesso

In relation the two numbers 13, the basic sonsonant rules apply, they state that no other consonant can come before or after the consonants Q or Hw (the number three being Qes) which is the reason why the -s from kâros drops off in the number thirteen. Regarding the numbers 12 and 17 (kârosont and kâroseles repsectively) there is only one s, (the numbers being: kâros + sont = kârosont / kâros + seles = kâroseles respectively) because in the number system the doubling of consonants when joining numbers is forbidden and over time with degredation the sound is reduced to one s instead of two s's anyway (two s's having a different pronounciation than a single s).

Sentences
fênos lân qâlârellâ lostêr seonaresímá

norâ nîtêr lân rejaresímá

qânorâ nîtêr lân rejaresímá

assó eon sontólá jodâcofîn jofâjenêm