Nova Latina

Made by: M. Syarif

This constructed language is used only for the authors personal use.

=Setting= Nova Latina is a simplification of the Latin language by changing the inflections and additional vocabulary from Italian and Arabic. Plus, article-like endings inspired from the case system of Slavic languages.

=Basic Grammar=

Orthography
The systems of writing used are Latin and Arabic. In writing Arabic words in the Latin orthography, the accuracy of the pronunciation is maintained through the use of letter combinations and diactrics. The pronunciation and orthography are mostly that of Italian added with some new combinations and different sound value to accomodate Arabic pronunciation.

For Latin orthography:

A : like 'father'

B : as in English, though it is emphasised should it be placed on the end of a word.

C( a,u,o, ï ) : it is pronounced as in English : call

C( i,e ) : as in Italian, English : chapter, German 'tsch'

Ch : in Arabic words they correspond to Arabic: (خ) or like in Italian(pronounced like 'k').

D : as in English

Dh : in Arabic words corresponding to the sound of 'dhal' (ذ )

D`h : Arabic dal sound followed by ha' sound

Dü : corresponding to Arabic 'düad' (ض) /dˤ/

E : as in Italian

Ë : corresponding to Arabic (ء)

Ê : corresponding to Arabic (ع)

F : as in English

G : as in Italian and optionally like in Arabic (i.e. Eng.: judge)

Gh : pronounced like Dutch 'g', corresponding to Arabic (غ) /ɣ/

G`h : Arabic gim (ج) sound followed by ha' (ه) sound

H : always as in English and Arabic

I : as in English 'ee'

J : consonantal 'i', as a semi-consonant

K : seldom used

Kh : Arabic caf (ك) sound followed by ha' (ه) sound

L : as in English

M : as in English

N : as in English

O : as in Italian

P : as in English

Qu : as in Italian

Qü : corresponding to Arabic (ق), but if unable to properly pronounce it, it may be pronounced like the above.

R : as in English

S : as in English

Sc(i/e) : as in Italian

Sh : as in Italian 'sc(i/e)', Arabic caf (ك) sound followed by ha' (ه) sound

Sü : corresponding to Arabic süad (ص)/sˤ/

T : as in English or Italian

Th : corresponding to Arabic ' tha` (ث)

T`h : Arabic ta' (ت) sound followed by ha' (ه) sound

Tü : corresponding to Arabic ' tüa` ' (ط)

Thü : corresponding to Arabic ' tüa` ' ( ظ)/ðˤ/

U : as in Italian

V : as in Italian and optionally like in Arabic

X : as in Italian

Xh : pronounced like the Slavic 'rough h', corresponding to Arabic (ح) /ħ/

Z : as in Arabic, never like in Italian

The vowels have two lengths, long and short. For short vowels, they are written with plain letters (a, i, e, o). For long vowels, it can be either one of these:


 * 1) By the use of accents: for example : á, í, ú, é, ó
 * 2) By doubling the letters : aa, ii, uu, ee, oo

Accent
In monosyllabic words -mostly pronouns, adverbs, articles and prepositions, the stress it is unstressed or stressed depending upon position. If there are two or more monosyllabics come after another only one is stressed and the other is unstressed or all unstressed altogether. When a monosyllabic word or string of words is next to a polysyllabic word, it is usually unstressed. These trait of monosyllabic words are so for flexibility in poetry.

In disyllabic words, the stress falls on the first syllable (i.e. the penultimate). However, for Arabic words, the stress falls on long vowels.

In polysyllabic words, the stress or accent falls on either the third to last(penult) or second to last. Normally, it is correct to choose either one.

Substantives
Nova Latina's substantive are devided into five categories which are nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and articles. In this language there are four cases each are:


 * 1) Nominative: Subject of sentence or clause


 * 1) Genitive: Ownership, to be used exactly as the English of X or X's construction


 * 1) Ablative: Prepositional


 * 1) Accusative: As object

The following are the description:

Nouns
Nouns are declined according to numbers and cases. Nova Latina has two numbers, singular and plural, and four cases, nominative, genitive, ablative, and accusative. For nouns or any substantives to be declined, they are grouped into three classes, first, second, and third declension. The noun stems are classified based on the ending which are -o/-u, -a, and -e.

Stem -o/-u
 * Nominative/Faêilus : -us(sing.) -i(plur) eg.: alberus - alberi
 * Genitive/Idüafata : -i(sing.) -orum(plur) eg.: alberi - alberorum
 * Ablative/Magrurus : -o(sing.) -obe(plur) eg.: albero - alberobis
 * Accusative/Mafêulus (s/p): -um(sing.) -oi/os(plur) eg.: alberum - alberoi/alberos

Stem -a
 * Nominative/(s/p): -a(sing.) (plur)-e eg.:
 * Genitive/ (s/p): -ae(sing.) (plur)-aro eg.:
 * Ablative/ (s/p): -at/ae(sing.) (plur)-abo eg.:
 * Accusative/ (s/p): -am(sing.) (plur)-as eg.:

Stem -e
 * Nominative/(s/p): -e/-i eg.:
 * Genitive/ (s/p): -ei/-ero eg.:
 * Ablative/ (s/p): -ei/-ibo eg.:
 * Accusative/ (s/p): -em/-es eg.:

Adjectives

 * Positive: declined like nouns (every adjective either ends in -us, -a, or -e)
 * Comparative 1: formed by adding the word 'plus'
 * Comparative 2: formed by adding the suffix -ore(-e stem)
 * Superlative 1: formed by the word 'il plus'
 * Superlative 2: formed by adding the suffix -issimus

Adverbs
Adverbs are made by adding the feminine singular nominative/marfu forms with the suffix -mente.

Pronouns
The Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns are as follows: (Prepositional=Ablative=Magrur)

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns is used to ask question like: "Who/what ran over there?"

But for sentences like, "Did he forced you?" or "You made that?", instead of the pronouns uses the interrogative particle 'an' when starting the sentence.

The interrogative pronoun has the same forms as the relative pronoun.

The Demonstrative Pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns are of two kinds there are the near and far. There are two forms of the near demonstrative that are interchangeable.

Far: cuellus(m.) cuella(f.)

Near1: cuistus(m.) cuista(f.)

Near2:

The Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns when in use are differentiated into two:

1. Same Case: It is when the noun it modifies have the same case in both clauses. The use of therelative pronoun alone would be sufficient. The position of the pronoun is free. In this type of sentence the word 'item'(too, also) is in use.

ex: Clause1: La cellula facevit seam ATP(The cell made ATP) Clause2: La cellula beruit mytochondriam(The cell bears mytochondria)
 * Sentence: La cellula facevit seam ATP, qua beruit mytochondriam.

2. Different case: It is when the noun it modifies have distinct cases in each clause. The relative pronoun agrees with the first clause while the second clause uses 'illus/illa'.

ex: Clause1: Facevi unum aeroplanum(I made an airplane) Clause2: Il Aeroplanus volavit ante nos (The airplane flew before us)
 * Sentence: Facevi aeroplanum quem illus volat ante nos.(I made an airplane which flew before us.)

Articles
Definite article

Indefinite article

The Indefinite article uses the numeral unus(one).

Indeclinable marker: case marker for indeclinable nouns such as abbreviations, foreign terms/names(that havent been naturalised), etc. Such words are listed in the dictionary without the genitive and or plural inflection. The particle comes before the noun, as such: 'ASEAN'(an abreviation, fem.)=sea ASEAN, 'e-mail'(a foreign term, mas.)=seus e-mail, Jimmy Kimmel(a foreign name, mas.)=seus Jimmy Kimmel. The only exception is when such words use articles or adjectives.

The markers are identical to the second and first declension endings of substantives.

Verbs
Verbs are classified into four categories: first, second, third and irregular conjugations. A verb has two voices (active, passive), five tenses(present, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect), three moods(indicative, subjunctive, imperative), two participles(active, passive), and an infinitive. The infinitive is also called the non-finite form, while the finite forms are the participles and the rest of the verb forms. Verbs when in the participial form inflect by case and number. When in finite forms they are by number, person, voice and tense.

The conjugation of finite verbs are in the sequence of 1st, 2nd, 3rd person; singular, plural number. Which is: 1st singular, 2nd singular, 3rd singular, 1st plural, 2nd plural, 3rd plural.

Indicative

#First Conjugation

Present tense: -o, -as/-asi, -at/-ati, -amus/-amos/-amo, -atis/-ate, -ant/-an/-anno

Perfect tense: -avi, -avisti, -avit, -avimus, -aviste,-avirunt/-avirun/-avirunno

Future tense: -abo/-ascio, -abis/ascis, -abit/ascit, abimus/ascimus, -abitis/ascitis, -abunt/ asciunt*

Past Perfect tense: -aver(am,as,at,amus,atis,ant)

Future perfect tense: -aver(o,is,it,imus,itis,unt)


 * The -sc- can be substituted with -r-, so too is the case with -b-.

#Second Conjugation(Infinitive: -ere, -ure Present Active Participle: -ente Past/Passive Participle: -utus)*

Present tense: -eo, -es/-esi, -et/-eti, -emus/-emos/-emo, -etis/-ete, -unt/-un/-unno

Perfect tense: -evi, -evisti, -evit, -evimus, -eviste,-evirunt/-evirun/-evirunno

Future tense: -ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erunt

Past Perfect tense:-ever/uer(am,as,at,amus,atis,ant)

Future perfect tense: - ever/uer(o,is,it,imus,itis,unt)


 * The verbs with infinitive -ure are declined with the -u- discarded and sometimes further added -i- in the present, and in the perfect uses -ui insted of -uvi.
 * The -r- in the future tense is interchangeable with -b-.

#Third Conjugation 

Present tense: -io, -is/-isi, -it/-ieti, -imus/-imos/-imo, -itis/-ite, -iunt/-iun/-iunno

Perfect tense: -ivi, -ivisti, -ivit, -ivimus, -iviste, -iverunt/-ivirun/-ivirunno

Future tense: -iro, -iris, -irit, -irimus, -iritis, -irunt

Past Perfect tense:-iver/uer(am,as,at,amus,atis,ant)

Future perfect tense: -i ver/uer(o,is,it,imus,itis,unt)

Some verbs are partially irregular, that is in the perfect tense and past participle are different from the indicative/stem, they will be listed in a sequence such as this: infinitive-pres.part.-past.part. The regular ending for the perfect is -(a,e,i)v-.

Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive mood is used to:

1. State a wish, command

2. State an assumption, supposition, or a hypothesis (uses particle: si[if])

3. State a conditional sentence contrary to fact(uses particle: si[if]), if not, use the indicative

4. State a purpose (uses particle: ut[for])

5. State a result (uses particle ut/sic[thus, that])

#First Conjugation

Present tense: -aem, -aes/-aesi, -aet/-aeti, -aemus/-aemos/-aemo, -aetis/-aete, -aent/-aen/-aenno

Perfect tense: habea(m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) +Past/Passive Participle

Past Perfect tense: habuisse(m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) +Past/Passive Participle

Future perfect tense: -avess(im,is,it,imus,itis,unt)

#Second Conjugation(Infinitive: -ere, -ure Present Active Participle: -ente Past/Passive Participle: -utus)*

Present tense: -eam, -eas/-easi, -eat/-eati, -eamus/-eamos/-eamo, -eatis/-eate, -eant/-ean/-eanno

Perfect tense: habea(m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) +Past/Passive Participle

Past Perfect tense: habuisse(m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) +Past/Passive Participle

Future perfect tense: - evess/uess(o,is,it,imus,itis,unt)


 * The verbs with infinitive -ure are declined with the -u- discarded and sometimes further added -i- in the present, and in the perfect uses -ui insted of -uvi.
 * The -r- in the future tense is interchangeable with -b-.

#Third Conjugation 

Present tense: -io, -is/-isi, -it/-ieti, -imus/-imos/-imo, -itis/-ite, -iunt/-iun/-iunno

Perfect tense: habea(m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) +Past/Passive Participle

Past Perfect tense: habuisse(m,s,t,mus,tis,nt) +Past/Passive Participle

Future perfect tense: -i vess/uess(o,is,it,imus,itis,unt)

Passive voice

Essere(in the main verbs tense, number and mood) + Main Verb(in past/passive participle)

Irregular Verbs


 * Essere

Indicative

Present tense: som/sum, esi, est, estis, sunn/sunt

Perfect tense: fui, fusti, fuit, fumus, fustis, furunn, furunt

Future tense: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunn/erunt

Past Perfect tense: -saraver(am,as,at,amus,atis,ant)

Future perfect tense: saraver(o,is,it,imus,itis,unt)


 * Second conjugation:

Verbs ending in -cere: perfect: -xi past participle: -ctus

-gere: perfect: -xi/-gi past participle: -ctus

-vere: perfect: -vi past participle: -tus

-uere: perfect: -ui past participle: -utus

-niere perfect: -ssi past participle: -ssus


 * Special cases:

-facere, feci, factus

Prepositions
All prepositions use the Ablative or Magrur case. But there are two exceptions: de and ad. 'De' uses Magrur to have the meaning 'from, and uses Idafa when it means 'of'. Ad uses Maf3ul when the meaning is the sense of motile direction and uses Magrur to have the meaning of posession, perspective, and facing a direction.

circa ((Mag./Abl.): around

cum/cun (Mag./Abl.): with

da (Mag./Abl.): from

de (Idaf./Gen.): of

dopos ((Maf./Acc.): after

ecceptus (Mag./Abl.): except

estra (Mag./Abl.): out of

ex (Maf./Acc.): out from

in (Mag./Abl.): in

in (Maf./Acc.): into

per (Maf./Acc.): through

pos ((Maf./Acc.): then

senza (Mag./Abl.): without

=Dictionary=

Nouns

 * aeroplánus,-i(m.):airplane
 * álberus,-i(m.): tree
 * amíca,-e(f.):friend
 * amícus,-i(m.):friend
 * annotazióne
 * attáccus,-i(m.): attack


 * biláncia,-e(f.): scale, device for weighing
 * bomba,-e(f.): bomb
 * cavállus,-i(m.): horse
 * capitánus,-i(m.): captain, chief


 * carta,-e(f.): paper
 * casa,-e(f.): house
 * cellula,-e(f.): cell(Bio.)
 * cerclus, -i(m.): circle
 * chalífatus,-i(m): caliph
 * chalifatia,-e(f.): caliphate
 * cielus,-i(m.): sky
 * cittáte,-ati(f.): city
 * computrátus.-i(m.): computer
 * crise,-i(f.): crisis
 * dharrata,-e(f.): atom


 * difficoltáte,-i(f.): difficulty
 * Il Dius(m.): the God
 * domus,-i(m.): dome
 * duce,-i(m.): leader, duke
 * flore,-i(m.): flower, blossom
 * flume,-i(m.): river
 * folia,-e(m.): leaf
 * forza,-e(f.): force
 * La ~: the Force, military, police
 * fratéllus,-i(m.): brother
 * fraternitáte,-i(f.): fraternity
 * fruttus,-i(m.):fruit


 * giardínus,-i(m.): garden
 * gihádus,-i(m.): jihad
 * hora,-e(f.): hour
 * idéa,-e(f.): idea
 * degiúnus,-i(m.): fasting
 * jatímus/a,-i/-a(m.&f): orphan
 * igne,-i(m.): fire
 * issula,-e(f.): island
 * libertáte,-i(f.): liberty
 * laude,-i(f.): praise
 * lume,-i(m.): light
 * luna,-e(f.): moon
 * madinata,-e(f.): city
 * masgid,-i(m.): mosque
 * matre,-i(f.): mother
 * mella,-e(f.): honey
 * mense,-i(m.): month
 * mente, -i(f.): mind
 * misúra,-e(f.): measurement


 * modestia,-e(f.): modesty
 * musulmana,-e(f.):muslima
 * musulmanus,-i(m.):muslim
 * (il)nafsus,-i(m.):self
 * nome,-i(m.): name (variation/s of this word: nomine)
 * natióne,-i(f.): nation, people (variation/s of this word: nazione)
 * nota, -e(f.): note
 * occlus, -i(m.): eye
 * omo,-meni(m.): man (variation/s of this word: homo, huomo, uomo)
 * pace,-i(f.): peace
 * patre,-i(m.): father
 * pisce,-i(m.): fish
 * la polizia,e (f.): the police
 * pomma,-e(f.): apple
 * porcus,-i(m.): pork, pig
 * preambolus, -i(m.): preamble
 * rege,-i(m.): king
 * regína,-e(f.): queen
 * rosa,-e(f.): rose
 * rota,-e(f.): wheel
 * rotatióne,-i(f.): rotation
 * Il Signóre (m.): the Lord
 * salámata,-e(f.): salvation, peace
 * sale,-i(f.): salt
 * sanctitáte/santitáte, -i(f.): sanctity
 * sheichus,-i(m.): sheikh
 * sidde, -i(f.): seat
 * sole, -i(m.): sun
 * spada, -e(f.): sword
 * terra,-e(f.): earth, land
 * vale,-i(m.): valley
 * via,-e(f.): way, street
 * vita,-e(f.): life
 * voce,-i(f.): voice
 * zaitúnus(m.): olive oil

Adjectives

 * For adjectives, if the masculine and feminine forms are different, the masculine singular is written first, then the feminine singular suffix is written.
 * antiquus,-a: old
 * bonus,-a : good
 * clarus,-a : clear
 * cortus,-a: short
 * deliciosus,-a: delicious
 * dulce: sweet
 * facile : easy
 * felice : happy
 * flavus,-a: yellow
 * fortus,-a: strong
 * frescius,-a: fresh
 * grande : great, grand
 * grave : heavy
 * hostile : hostile
 * iustus,-a: just
 * lacrimosus,-a : tearful
 * longus,-a: long
 * magnus,-a: big, great
 * -magiore: bigger, greater
 * -maximus: biggest, greatest
 * malus,-a : bad
 * mascuus,-a: macho
 * masculinus,-a: manly, virile
 * mortale : deadly
 * mortus,-a: dead
 * nativus,-a: native
 * nerus,-a: black
 * novus,-a: new
 * pacicus,-a: peaceful
 * politicus,-a : political
 * proprius,-a: proper, respective
 * robus/rodus,-a : red
 * solidus,-a: solid, compact
 * tantus,-a: only, mere, just
 * lucrifere : profitable
 * vanus,-a : vane
 * verde : green
 * xhalálus,-a: halal
 * xharámus,-a: haram
 * xhajjus,-a: life
 * xhajjus,-a: life

Verbs

 * agere, agi, actus: to do, act
 * amare: to love
 * collegere, collexi, collectus: to collect
 * coquere, cocui, coctus: to cook
 * corrupere: to corrupt
 * cupire: to love
 * devere: to have to, to have a debt
 * dicere, dixi, dictus: to say
 * ~ de: to say about
 * dominare: to dominate
 * dormire: to sleep
 * ducere, duxi, ductus: to lead
 * edire: to eat
 * essere: to be
 * facere, feci, factus: to make
 * ferure: to bring, to bear
 * habere: to have
 * habitare: to dwell, live (in)
 * legere, lexi, lectus: to read
 * loquere, loqui, loquitus: to speak
 * luminare: to luminate
 * mangere: to eat, consume
 * memenire: to remember
 * mitere, missi, mittus: to send
 * morere, morevi, moretus: to die
 * noscure(-i): to know
 * poniere, possi, possus: to place, put
 * potere/posere: to be able
 * regere: to rule, to be king
 * regulare: to regulate
 * reminere: to remind
 * rotare: to rotate
 * salinare: salinate
 * sapere: to know
 * scribere,scribsi,scriptus: to write
 * tangere, tanxi, tanctus: to touch
 * volere: to want

Particles & Other Words

 * alcuna: any


 * alcunus/i: some
 * anche: too, even though, also
 * come: as if, like, as
 * ed: and
 * hi/qui, ha/qua: here
 * ma: but
 * posche: since


 * qualche: some, (inter.) any


 * qualcosa: something, (inter.) anything
 * quando: when
 * quindi: therefore
 * -Arabic Vocabualry and their Latin Counter Part
 * -English-Nova Latina Dictionary
 * -English-Nova Latina Dictionary


 * -Polysyllabic_antepenultimate_accent_words

Numbers
Unlike the Classical Latin language, Nova Latina applies declension to numerals just like any other adjectives. The paradigm will be based upon the declination for the numeral one, two, three, or one thousand in the Classical language.


 * For cardinal:


 * unus, una
 * dui, duae
 * tres
 * quatrus
 * cinques
 * sessi (declined like a singular third declension adjective)
 * sette/septe
 * ottus (declined like a singular third declension adjective)
 * nove
 * dece
 * dece

For 11 to 19, it would be formed as the following:
 * 11, 14, 19 are formed by erasing the 2 final letters of each numerals plus deces. Thus: undeces, quattordeces, noveces or noudeces
 * 12, 13, 18 are formed by erasing the final most letter of the numeral plus deces

For 20-30, it would be formed as this (follows first(f.) and second(m.) declensions):

20: viginti,-e

30: triginti,-e

40: quatraginti,-e

50: quinginti,-e

60: sessuaginti,-e

70: settuaginti,-e

80: ottaginti,-e

90: noginti,-e


 * For ordinal:
 * 1) primus
 * 2) secondus
 * 3) tresius
 * 4) quartus
 * 5) quintus
 * 6) sestus (declined like a singular third declension adjective)
 * 7) settimus/septimus
 * 8) ottimus (declined like a singular third declension adjective)
 * 9) nonus
 * 10) decimus

For 11 to 19: turn '-deces' into 'decimus/-a'

For 20-90: turn '-ginti/-e' into '-gintesimus/-a'

100: centesimus/-a

For 200-900: turn '-centi/-e' into '-centesimus/-a'

1000: milesimus

=Example text= ... Poem

Quando pensavi che haveo fattus unam bontatem

Ma vedeo che siat niente nello mondo

Quando arrivavi ego hi per vedere lam belletiam

Ma vedeo che siat niente nello mondo

Anche quando stavi di avanti dellae portae giardini

Qualique esti, vedeo che niente siat nello mondo

Translation:

When I thought that I have made a good

But I see nothing in the world

When I arrived here to see the beauty

But I see nothing in the world

Also when I stood in front of the garden gate

Whatever it is, I see nothing in the world.