Lili

WARNING: This version of Lili is outdated and will be remade from scratch.

Lili is an engineered language that aims to let the speaker decide how ambiguous or unambiguous to be. It offers many resources to ambiguate or disambiguate a word or a sentence.

Vowels
a: /a

e: /ɛ

i: /i

o: /ɔ

u: /u

Consonants
b: /b

c: /ʃ

d: /d

f: /f

g: /ɡ

j: /ʒ

k: /k

l: /l

m: /m

n: /n

p: /p

r: /r

s: /s

t: /t

v: /v

x: /x

y: /ɣ

z: /z

Morphology
Hyphenated words like "z-ca" are degree words. "z-ca" means "sadness-happiness" and is inflected this way:

zuoca: very sad (-3)

zueca: sad (-2)

zuaca: a bit sad (-1)

zuca: neutral (0)

zoca: a bit happy (1)

zeca: happy (2)

zaca: very happy (3)

Also:

zoeca: sadder

zoaca: happier

zeuca: saddest

zeaca: happiest

The vowels are the same for every degree word. For example, "k-ta", means "cold-hot", so "kueta" means "very cold".

Syntax
Lili has a SVO word order for non-switch sentences, and has a unusual way of forming sentences. Ignoring "p" and "t", which we'll see later, the elements that occupy the odd positions of a sentence are operands, while the elements that occupy the even positions of a sentence are operators. There is always an odd number of elements in a sentence, so that a sentence always starts and end with an operand, alternating between operands and operators. See the following transitive sentence: jecel naki rasu: a dog eats (some) food "jece": dog (operand) "nak": to eat/drink (operator) "rasu": food (operand) Every word is separated by an "i" or an "l" (they're interchangeable), everything is lowercase, there is no punctuation and spaces are completely arbitrary, so you can write the sentences like this: jecelnakirasu jeceinakirasu jeceina kirasu jecelnaki rasu Or anything you want. Spaces are irrelevant.

Since the number of the elements must always be odd, you cannot say "jecelnak" if you want to say that a dog eats or drinks. There is a way to say it. "jecelnakirasu" and "jeceldinakirirasu" mean exactly the same thing. jecel di naki ri rasu jece: dog (operand)

d: (operator)

nak: to eat/drink (operand)

r: (operator)

rasu: food (operand)

Now, "nak" has become an operand, so you can say "the dog eats (or drinks)" as: "jecel dinak".

Parentheses
Consider the following sentence: "I feed my dog" cifcaolpi cidel jece c: I (first person singular pronoun) (operand) fcao: to feed (operator) p: (open parenthesis) c: I (first person singular pronoun) (operand) de: possessive (operator) jece: dog (operand) There is a parenthesis in this sentence, because if you don't put any parenthesis, "del jece" would refer to the whole sentence, and it would mean "the dog of the fact I feed myself", which makes no sense. "del jece" refers only to "c", therefore the parenthesis must be placed before "c". A parenthesis is closed with "t", but "t" cannot appear at the end of a speech.

Switch
Adding an e- before an operator switches A and B. So that: rasule naki jece Means "The dog eats (some) food". Switch sentences have a OVS word order.

Basic sentences
The most basic sentence is made by a subject, a verb, and an object. For example, "I love you" can be translated as: civarij c: I (operand) v-r: hate-love (non-romantic) (operator) j: you (operand) Another type of sentence are intransitive sentences, which are formed by subject + "d" + verb cidipajb: I walk c: I (operand) d: (operator) pajb: to walk (operand)

Basic sentences with a parenthesis
Without a parenthesis, the last operand modifies the whole thing that was said before. For example, if you want to say:"I eat a red apple", you have to say: cinakipi rendi kidokf c: I (operand) nak: to eat (operator) p: (open parenthesis) rend: apple (operand) k: (operator) dokf: red (operand) Without the parenthesis: "cinaki rendi kidokf" would mean "The fact that I eat an apple is red", because "dokf" ("red") would modify everything that was said before, instead of just "apple". If you can't pronounce a word correctly, you can add an "i" just before or just after the word. So, you can pronounce and/or write it as "dokfi", in this case, and nothing will change.

Verbal tenses
Verbal tenses are indicated with the operand "p-f" ("past-future") after the operator "z". For example: cidinaki zipuf c: I (operand)

d: (operator) nak: to eat (operand)

z: (introduces time) (operator) p-f: past-future (operand) "p-f" ranges from "puof" (distant past), to "puf" (present), to "paf" (distant future).

Evidentiality
After the operator "av", the following operands act as evidential markers:

xao: experienced event

xeu: hearsay

dop: inference (for example, saying:"Someone took my mobile phone" if you don't see it in the place you left it)

zuf: speculation (when you have no idea what you're talking about, similar to see word "might")

Example sentence: "he/she might be sleeping". reldi cafalavi zuf re: he/she/it (operand)

d: (operator)

cafa: to sleep (operand)

m: (operator)

zuf: (speculation) (operand)

Other words can be used, such as "keck" (school). "avirikeck" means "I learned it at school".

Singular and plural markers
"sn" is the singular marker", "pn" is the plural marker. They go after the operator "k". rend: apple(s) rendi kisn: an apple rendi kipn: more than one apple "gn" is the marker for generalizations (it's optional, though): aboti kigni diduesm: humans are stupid abot: human (operand) k: (operator) gn: (generalization marker) (operand) d: (operator) d-sm: dumb-smart (operand)

Genders
After the operator "k", the operands "na" means "female" and "vu" means "male" cidinak: I eat/drink ciki naldinak: I (female) eat/drink ciki vuldinak: I (male) eat/drink

Case prepositions
There are a lot of operators that can be used as prepositions that function like cases. For example "cm" is the comitative operator, that means "in company of", "with". cidi pajb icmij: I walk with you c: I (operand) d: (operator) pajb: to walk (operand) cm: (comitative) (operator) j: you (operand) "ns" is the instrumental operator, that means "by the means of". cidina kinsizrau: I eat with a fork c: I (operand)

d: (operator)

nak: to eat/drink (operand)

ns: (instrumental) (operator)

zrau: fork (operand)

Negative and interrogative sentences
After the operator "k", "u" turns something negative, and "ba" turns something interrogative. For example: ji naki rendi zipedalkiu: you didn't eat any apple today j: you (operand)

nak: to eat/drink (operator)

rend: apple (operand)

z: (introduces time) (operator)

peda: the past part of today (operand)

k: (operator)

u: negative marker (operand) ji naki rendi zipedalkiba: did you eat any apple today? j: you (operand)

nak: to eat/drink (operator)

rend: apple (operand)

z: (introduces time) (operator)

peda: the past part of today (operand)

k: (operator)

ba: interrogative marker (operand) It is possible to only turn a part of the sentence interrogative or negative to express some nuances. jikiul naki rend zipeda: it was not you who ate an apple today ji nakipi rendikiulti zipeda: it was not an apple the thing you ate today ji naki rendi zipi pedalkiu: it was not today that you ate an apple etc.

Types of questions
"ba" is the standard yes/no interrogative.

Other types of interrogatives are "ab" and "ub". "ab" means the speaker prefers the answer to be a "yes", while "ub" means the speaker prefers the answer to be a "no". Compare: jlabo cici zipefi kiab: will you hug me? (I hope yes) jlabo cici zipefi kiub: will you hug me? (I hope not) These questions can be used as an implicit imperative in the future form, but can be used in the past as well. jlabo cirel zipuefi kiab: did you hug that person? (I hope yes) jlabo cirel zipuefi kiub: did you hug that person? (I hope not) "bae" means the speaker thinks the answer is "yes", while "bao" means the speaker thinks the answer is "no".

"abae" means the speaker thinks and wants the answer to be "yes", "abao" means the speaker wants the answer to be "yes" but thinks the answer is "no", "ubae" means the speaker wants the answer to be "no" but thinks the answer is "yes", while "ubao" means the speaker wants and thinks the answer to be "no".

Relative pronoun
"reu" is the relative pronoun, that means "that/who/which". For example: aboti reulpi kacairi xuxo: (lit.) a person who causes death (a killer) abot: human (operand) reu: (relative pronoun) (operator) p: (open parenthesis) kaca: to cause (operand) r: (operator) xuxo: death (operand) Yes, that's the way to say "killer" in Lili. There is no "-er" suffix like in English, so you need to say "a person who [does something]".

"Like"
There are three ways to say "like" to compare something to something else. Vocabulary: j: you (operand) d: (operator) fauk: to smell (like) (operand) kak/kek/kok/kuk: like (operator) kbac: goat (operand)

"kak": A does something, B does that as well jidi fauki kak ikbac: you smell like a goat (you smell, and a goat smells too) "kek": A does something in the same manner as B jidi fauki kek ikbac: you smell like a goat (the smell is similar) "kok": A does something in the same intensity as B jidi fauki kok ikbac: you smell like a goat (the intensity is similar) "kuk": A does something in the same manner and intensity as B jidi fauki kuk ikbac: you smell like a goat (smell and intensity are similar)

From an individual to a group
"koze" modifies a noun to indicate the collection of every individual. Most English words don't have a translation. abot: human aboti kikoze: humankind rasu: food rasul kikoze: all the food that exists, as a whole

Everyday, a guy looks at me
catelki voklezipi abotikivui bcuaic cate: day (operand)

k: (operator)

vok: every (operand)

ez: (switched "z") (operator)

p: (open parenthesis)

abot: human (operand)

k: (operator)

vu: male (operand)

bcua: to look (at) (operator)

c: I (operand)

This sentence is ambiguous, because we don't know if it's always the same guy or if the guy can be different everytime. There is an optional way to disambiguate this sentence, putting "dob" after the operator "k" to indicate that the guy is always the same, and "tob" to indicate that it can change. catelki voklezipi abotikivul kidobi bcuaic: (the guy is always the same) catelki voklezipi abotikivul kitobi bcuaic: (the guy can be different each time)

Expectations
"To expect" in English has two meanings: "to want", and "to think something will happen". They are translated as "casu" and "keco" respectively. cicasul vtau: I expect (want) an answer cikecol vtau: I expect (think that will happen) an answer c: I (operand)

casu/keco: (operators)

vtau: answer (operand)

Requests
After the operator "k", "rob" indicates that it's a request. jlabo cici kirob: please hug me j: you (operand)

aboc: hug (operator)

c: I (operand)

k: (operator)

rob: (request) (operand)

Emotions and tones of voice
After the operator "m", a word that indicates emotion or tone of voice, indicates that the sentence is said with that emotion or tone or voice. cicasulpi clabo ciji timinuca "I want to hug you" (said with a smile). c: I (operand) casu: to want, wish (operator) p: (open parenthesis) c: I (operand) aboc: hug (operator) j: you (operand) t: (close parenthesis) m: (introduces emotion or tone of voice) (operator) nuca: smile (operand)

You can also use "m" as an operand, then use "r", and then the name of the motion, to use them as emoticons. mirinuca: (smile emoticon)

Conditionals
"rac" means "therefore", and "erac" is the switch of "rag", it means "because". jlabo cici racipi cidizaca: you hug me, therefore I'm very happy cidizacal eragipi jlabocic: I'm very happy, because you hug me "rof" means "if A, then B". It's passive "erof" is a bit difficult to translate in English, but it's something like:"it would be A, if B" jlabo cici rofipi cidizaca: if you hug me, then I'm very happy cidizacal erofipi jlabocic: I would be very happy if you hug me "rer" can either mean "rac" or "rof" jlabo cici reripi cidizac It's not specified whether the listener hugs the speaker.

Affirmative or negative
"au" after the operator "k" ambiguates the sentence, rendering it affirmative or negative. relabo cici klau: he/she hugs me, OR he/she doesn't hug me. Can be translated in English approximately as "He/she doesn't necessarily hug me", but without the awkwardness. Useful when you don't want to admit something.

Yes/no
a: yes

au: yes OR no (when you don't want to answer)

u: no

Weather
Usually, saying "rejd" (rain) or "kavo" (snow) is enough to say "it rains" or "it snows". If you want to specify it's unambiguously a verb, then say "weather event" + "d" + "suba", for example: rejdidi suba: it rains But it's unnecessary. "rejd" is enough, even though it can be either a noun or a verb if alone. If you want to specify "rain" as a noun, use the noun suffix "un" after the operator "k". rejd: rain/it rains rejdidi suba: it rains rejdi klun: rain (noun)

Reflexives
"caj" is the reflexive pronoun, and can be used interchangeably with normal pronouns. clabo cic = clabo cicaj = I hug myself

Sexual orientations and fetishes
There are two words to describe your sexual preferences: "zoge" and "fnau". "zoge" means you want to have sex with someone, while "fnau" is a fetish. "Towards" is "r". They can be either operands or operators. zogeirigog: homosexuality zogeiricta: heterosexuality zogeirizev: bisexuality zogeiriyuedo: pedophilia zogeirixuxo: necrophilia zogeiripn: polygamy fnauirigava: foot fetish cizogelgog: I'm gay cizogeicta: I'm straight cifnaulgava: I have a foot fetish aboti zeulpi zogeirigog: gay person

The first time
"The first time she hugged me, I was very happy". Let's see how to translate this.

"Time" (in the sense of "occurrence") is "raop". "One" is "ras". To turn a cardinal number into an ordinal number, use "rod". "First" is "rasikirod". "The first time" is "raopikipi rasikirod(iti)". "She hugged me" is "relkinal abocic". To connect these two sentences, we must use the operator "dac". "raopikipi rasikiroditi dacipi relkinal abocic(iti)" means "the first time she hugged me". "I was very happy" is "cidizaca". To connect these two sentences, we must use the operator "ez", which is the switch of "z". The complete sentence will be: raopikipi rasikiroditi dacipi relkinal aboci citi ezipi cidizaca

Expressing your opinion about something
Use the operand "b-ga" (bad-good) and refer to the whole sentence. For example: jidi zbefi kibuega: you're fat (I don't like it) jidi zbefi kibuga: you're fat (I have a neutral opinion about it) jidi zbefi kibega: you're fat (I like it)

No offense, but...
When people say "no offense" in English, they usually don't mean it at all, but in Lili, it's different. The operand "sne" (after the operator "m", this time) helps clarify that the intention of the speaker is not to offend. The operand "snu", on the other hand, means that it's an insult, or that the listener is annoying the speaker, while "sna" means the sentence is a compliment. Using the operand "sne" indicates that the listener is not annoying the speaker. Fun fact: "snu" can be used as a generic insult, although with no exact meaning. jidisnu: you are [generic insult here] jidisna: you are [generic compliment here]

Politeness
Use these operands after "m". "z-je" is an operand that indicates whether a sentence or a word is polite or informal.

zuoje: vulgar (-3)

zueje: impolite/informal (-2)

zuaje: informal (-1)

zuje: neutral (0)

zoje: polite (1)

zeje: formal (2)

zaje: honorific (3)

True and false insults
As we saw before, "snu" is used to insult someone, but it only works if something is true. "spu" is the metaphorical insult. For example: jigei pcuci mispu: you are an excrement It's not true that the listener is an excrement, but the speaker says it as an insult. Every word becomes an insult with "sap", so a lot of creative insults can be made. It can be disambiguated in "spub" and "spuc". "spub" is an actual insult, it means the speaker is angry at the listener, while "spuc" is a playful insult. Same thing goes for "snu" (the insult for true sentences), it can be disambiguated in "snub" (angry insult) and "snuc" (playful insult). "spu" and "snu" can be ambiguated into "stu", which is the most generic insult, irrespective if the sentence is true or not. "stu" can be disambiguated into "stub" (angry insult) and "stuc" (playful insult).

Birth and death
There are no direct translations for "birth" and "death". We must use the word "cebe", which means "becoming, transition". "Birth" is translated as "fafulkicebe" ("fafu" = "life", and "cebe" = "becoming"). Basically, it means that something that was not alive becomes alive. "Death" is the same thing. "xuxo" means "death", but only as a state. The transition from life to death is called "xuxoikicebe". Bizarre words can be created with "cebe", for example "ckaulkicebe", "the process of becoming red". It can be used as an operator as well, for example: cicebelzuecal zipuf: I'm becoming sad now.

Sarcasm and metaphors
After the operator "m", "sra" is the operand that indicates that something is sarcastic, while "nta" indicates that it's a metaphor. Sarcasm and metaphors can be combined with each other. cicebeixuxo: I'm dying (literally, i.e. the speaker is dying) cicebeixuxoi minta: I'm dying (metaphorically, i.e. the speaker is uncomfortable) cicebeixuxoi mipintalkifua: I'm dying (metaphorically or literally)

My book
"de" is the possessive, but it's ambiguous. cidelonda: my book Did I buy it? Did I write it? It's unspecified. cidebionda: my book (I bought it, but someone else wrote it) cidekionda: my book (the one I wrote) Note that this distinction isn't valid for every word. In doubt, use "de".

Ambiguate the value of a degree word
There is no direct translation of the word "temperature". Instead, we must use k-ta ("cold-hot"), put a "u" instead of the hyphen ("kuta"), and use the operand "van" after that. "kutalkivan" means "unspecified value of cold-hot", and means "temperature". Something like "cidipi vurikivaniti kolji" can mean "I love you", "I hate you", or anything in between. "kutalkivani kibega" means "a pleasant temperature".

A place where they sell food
"rasu" is "food". "sera" is "to sell". "seralkoi rasu" is "to sell food". "vems" is a place for activities. "vemsi kipi seralkoi rasu" is "a place where they sell food".

Meat
"cvuv" is the animal meat for human consumption. "[animal]" + "de" + "cvuv" means "the meat of [that animal] as food". For example, "akro" is chicken, but doesn't usually refer to its meat as food (unless it's obvious by the context). To refer to its meat as food, say "akroldei cvuv".

Days of the week
zava: Sunday

buoz: Monday

mazn: Tuesday

vefn: Wednesday

done: Thursday

apro: Friday

avep: Saturday

Permissions and prohibitions
orab: compulsory

crao: encouraged

sodo: permitted

zvaz: discouraged

ynau: prohibited sodoiri smoki kiba: is smoking [here] permitted? cicraoikbaz: I encourage criticism

Habitual aspect
"baz" is the habitual aspect, and it goes after the operator "k", as usual. cinakirendi kibaz: I habitually eat apples cifba dianami kibaz: I habitually watch cartoons cifba dipi anami kidobiti kibaz: There's a cartoon I habitually watch cifba dipi anami kidobiti kipi bazi zipuef: There's a cartoon I used to watch

The listener makes the speaker feel an emotion
After the sentence, after the operator "m", insert [emotion + "erag" + "j"]. Don't forget to use the parenthesis correctly. For example "I love you (you're making me feel very happy)": civariji mipi zacale ragij

Seasons of the year
vesna: spring

retom: summer

osen: autumn

zmau: winter

The difference in "smelling" and "having a smell"
In English, there is no lexical difference between smelling something and having a smell, or any other of the 5 senses either. In Lili, there is this difference: ("cfad" means "soft")

fbab vs faub cifba bicfad: I feel a soft thing (i.e. I'm touching something soft) cifau bicfad: I feel soft (i.e. if you touch me, you'll feel soft) fbac vs fauk cifba cibega: I'm smelling a good thing cifau kibega: I smell good (i.e. a good smell emanates from me) fbad vs faud: cifba dibega: I'm looking at something good cifau dibega: I look good fbaf vs fauf (hearing) fbag vs faug (taste)

Topic marker
"top" is the topic marker. It broadly means "as opposed to something/someone else". For example: cinakipi rendikisniti zipuaf: I just ate an apple cikitopi nakipi rendikisniti zipuaf: it was me who just ate an apple cinakipi rendikisniki topiti zipuaf: I just ate an apple (and not something else)

My hand
There are two meanings of "my hand", though one is extremely unlikely cidelvado: my hand (the one of my body) cidezivado: my hand (the hand of someone else that I consider to be my property) "cidezivado" can be used, in an unlikely hypothetical case, if I cut off someone's hand and consider it to be mine.

Vocative
Name of the thing you're calling + "v" + sentence abotikinalvipi cilabanij: I love you, girl.

In a certain style
"kub" means style. "pef" "means "future". "kubikipef" means "futuristic style".

About questions again
"bab" is an interrogative marker that means the question is affirmative for the speaker. "bac" means the question is negative for the speaker jidizecal kibab: are you happy, too? (I am) jidizecal kibac: are you happy? (I'm not)

It's cold, according to whom?
"saz", "sez" and "soz" mean"to have an opinion (that)", but they're different. For example, consider the three following sentences: axobiki robikiul eragi kueta: don't go outside, it's cold (ambiguous) axobiki robikiul eragipi cisazikueta: don't go outside, it's cold (see below) axobiki robikiul eragipi cisezikueta: don't go outside, it's cold (see below) The second sentence is strange, because why would a speaker discourage someone else from going outside based on his/her own perception of cold? It's clear that the speaker is projecting his/her own perception of cold onto another person, that's why the word "sez" needs to be used. "saz" means you don't care about people agreeing with you, while "sez" means you want people to agree with you. In the case of "don't go outside, it's cold", the speaker is not merely stating his/her own opinion about the temperature, he/she wants the listener to agree as well. "soz" can either mean "saz" or "sez".

Emotions caused by something
"me" is the operator that indicates the speaker doesn't necessarily feel like that in the moment he/she says it, but something causes the speaker a certain emotion. For example: buvolmel pucue: a clown scares me/clowns scare me

Difficult and easy
"Difficult" and "easy" have two meanings each. "z-de" means "difficult-easy" in the sense that something is difficult or easy to do, while "s-zu" means "difficult-easy" in the sense that something is unlikely or likely to happen. For example: aboti reulpi xekalki zede: a person who gets angry easily (see below) aboti reulpi xekalki sezu: a person who gets angry easily (see below) The first sentence means that the person described finds getting angry to be an easy achievement.

The second sentence means that the person described often gets angry for little to no reason.

Usually, in English, "a person who gets angry easily" is meant as in the second sentence, and the meaning of the first sentence would be considered a unusual interpretation.

To be used at the following conditions
"uzdu" is an operator that means "to be used at the following conditions". For example, "avub" means "vehicle", and "avubluzdulpi samirigeog" means "terrestrial vehicle" (e.g. a car, bus, truck, bike, train etc.).

"avub" = "vehicle"

"uzdu" = "to be used at the following conditions"

"p" = (open parenthesis)

"sam = "on"

"r" = (operator)

"geog" = "land"

Substitute "geog" (land) with "capen" (body of water), and you'll get "avubluzdulpi samiricapen", which can mean any vehicle that travels on water (boats, ships, etc.). Substitute "sam" (on) with "s" (in) and you'll get "avubluzdulpi siricapen", which means "submarine".

Case system
Coming soon

Locative-temporal system
Coming soon

Interrogative dummy word
Coming soon

Consensuality
Coming soon

Frequence
Coming soon

Wishes and reality
Coming soon

Vocabulary (work in progress) (610 words)
zava: Sunday

mazn: Tuesday

vefn: Wednesday

done: Thursday

apro: Friday

avep: Saturday

orab: compulsory

sodo: permitted

zvaz: discouraged

ynau: prohibited

ab: interrogative marker (the speaker hopes for an affirmative answer)

aba: to learn

abae: (see "types of questions")

abao: (see "types of questions")

abev: school bell

abka: pattern, motif

aboc: hug

abom: cool (in the sense of "good", not temperature)

abot: human

abre: depression (condition)

abuf: mouse (animal)

abuj: predator (animal)

abuv: vertebrate

abvu: school subject

abzu: truth

acko: flower

actag: hashtag

ad-n: old-new

adre: hell (afterlife)

adu: hybrid between A and B

aeke: euphoria (feeling)

afef: sailor

afof: to drive (a vehicle)

afre: withstanding

agoc: salmon

ajam: to host (a guest)

ajok: port

akom: window

akro: chicken

amda: table

anam: cartoon

anamu: anime (Japanese-style cartoon)

ananas: ananas

antar: Antarctica

apra: carbonated (drink)

apun: wine

arka: home (i.e. the house, city or country where one lives; not in the sense of a building)

artuk: the Arctic

asb-: famine-condition with plenty of food

asen: influence

asma: hill, mountain

asmar: to whisper

asob: to play (a game), game

asus: laptop

asvu: season (of the year, not of a TV Series)

ateb: pizza

audo: audio (media)

auds: AIDS

ausk: ice-cream

autus: autism

avub: vehicle

avuj: paralysis

avut: car

avutbez: bus

azupa: abortion

axob: exit (of a building)

axud: entry (of a building)

ba: interrogative marker

bab: (see "about questions again")

bac: (see "about questions again")

banana: banana

baru: to bring

basa: sibling

barza: to stutter

baum: tree

baz: (habitual aspect marker)

bebo: beer

benk: to study

besku: to surf (the waves, not the web)

besne: friend

bete: to sit down

bevj: withdraw (e.g. money from a bank)

bman: company (friendly presence)

bofo: round (shape)

bosko: forest

bovn: doctor

bt: but

buab: monkey

b-fa: harmful-healthy

budo: cloud

bufu: to have a different opinion, to disagree

bukb: invertebrate

buod: ice

buoz: Monday

b-va: dark-bright

buvo: clown

bvea: oven (traditional or microwave)

b-nt: boring-interesting

b-ga: bad-good

b-ra: rude-friendly

c: I (first person singular pronoun)

ca: hello

cabk: to play (e.g. a video, audio)

cada: caress

cafau: cocoa

caft: fruit juice

caj: (reflexive)

campo: shampoo

canad: t-shirt

c-ne: sweet-sour (taste)

canda: short-sleeved t-shirt

candu: long-sleeved t-shirt

canud: hat

capa: star

capen: a natural body of water (e.g. river, lake, sea, ocean)

casu: wish

casv: dream (wish)

cebe: the act of becoming

cfau: to sleep

cfuf: to run

ckau: red

cfum: mute person

ckap: law (human)

crao: encouraged

ctao: the Sun

ctem: to fall

ctuk: door lock

cubv: (music) track

cucd: animal (excluding humans)

cumb: fish

cumd: mammal

cumk: insect

cund: day (bright part of the 24 hours)

cvad: soft (in a tactile way)

cvau: surgeon

cvea: relaxation

cvub: immortal

cvuv: meat

cuta: cat

cuxo: to be awake

cvab: mortal (one who can die)

dabn: dawn, dusk

dafa: to teach

dajp: petal

daka: present, gift

dakt: tomorrow

dapta: treeless land due to the cold summers, tundra

davo: arm

decu: cherry

demc: end of the world, doomsday

dena: to ignore

desko: disco

dnau: underwear

doer: creativity

doku: heartbeat

dopo: dawn, sunrise

dorbo: thief

duga: to turn off (an electronic device)

dvan: bittersweet (taste)

d-sm: dumb-smart

fabeb: to imitate

faec: bald

faed: glasses (things you put on your eyes)

faem: hair (on your scalp)

faoc: natural disaster (fire, earthquake, tornado etc.)

fafu: life

fnau: fetish

fapt: exotic

fasn: to miss (feel the lack of something you previously had)

faub: to feel (in a tactile way)

fauk: to have a smell

faud: to look (like)

fauf: to sound (like)

faug: to taste (like)

faz: always the same (see "a couple ambiguous sentences")

fbab: feeling (touch), to feel

fbac: smell (sense), to smell

fbaca: actively smelling something

fbacu: passively smelling something

fbad: to see, to watch

fbada: to watch

fbadu: to see

fbaf: to hear, listen

fbafa: to listen

fbafu: to hear

fbag: to taste

fcem: blind

fpuk: flu (disease)

feda: the future part of today

foba: gun

ford: chair, armchair, couch

gog: same sex

fram: water

frob: enemy

ftom: deaf

fua: affirmative or negative marker

fuba: ceiling

fubad: rifle

fubk: self-esteem

fucb: firearm

fucd: cold weapon

fuoca: flood

fuoce: earthquake

fuoco: fire (natural disaster)

fufk: floor (the bottom of a room)

fuz: variable (see "a couple ambiguous sentences")

f-st: slow-fast

kabak: government

kaca: to cause

kaba: to give (as a present)

kabe: to give

kabo: to lend

kadk: stone

kadv: to slap (someone)

kaen: to spend an entire night awake

kama: fridge

kamb: peach (fruit)

kamc: wool

kana: thanks

kanada: Canada

kapr: thorn

kapt: granite (rock)

kask: to cancel

kasp: taste (preference)

katek: to softly pat someone's back in sign of comfort

kave: snow

kavm: goal (something to reach)

kaxe: from a lower elevation to a higher elevation, upwards

kebab: kebab

koze: turns words like "human" into "humankind"

kbac: goat

kbad: to turn off (an electronic device)

kbao: glass (substance)

kbaz: criticism

kbem: bread

kbuz: armchair

kcum: heart (organ)

kej: here

keck: school

keun: to follow (physically)

kevk: house

kmub: onion

koba: to get (receive)

koek: heart (figuratively)

kofe: coffee

komb: climate

kompu: computer

kona: language

kondo: air conditioning

konu: to follow (on a social network)

kopa: thirst

kope: idea (as a solution to a problem)

kopu: cutlery

koun: to follow (a lifestyle, philosophy)

krec: Christmas

krev: grass

ktau: yesterday

ktem: can (there is a possibility that...)

kuak: duck

kub: style (see "in a certain style")

kubz: horse

kuda: heating (stove, fireplace, radiator, etc.)

kudab: stove

kudac: fireplace

kudak: radiator

kukox: river

kurk: pickled

kuruk: wolf

kvor: blood

kxax: mosquito

kx-m: person who knows very little-person who knows a lot

kxen: flat (not the building)

jece: dog

kxau: loud

k-ta: cold-hot

mabek: philosophy (subject)

j: you

jaka: door

jaya: hunger

rasu: food (both solid food and beverages)

jemr: to get lost (somewhere)

jnoa: word

jopa: butt, ass

gab: sometimes

gack: to punch (someone)

gaja: ridiculizing laughter

gama: to fly (can both mean as an animal and in an airplane)

gamu: law (e.g. math, physics)

gana: to fly (as an animal)

gank: poison, venom

gansa: to fly (in an airplane)

garok: slavery

gava: foot

gave: to discover, discovery

gauv: electricity

geam: closet, wardrobe

geog: land, soil, landmass

gema: pomegranate

geudo: gravel

goba: couch (furniture)

goxa: rice (food)

goso: funny

graj: overcast (weather)

gruk: to be able to, to manage to (do something)

guag: ocean

guca: Internet

guga: lake

guog: butterflies in your stomach (emotion)

gura: tickle

guza: to wish (e.g. good luck)

gn: generalization marker

m: emotion or tone of voice

mam: parent

maub: tropical

mauk: volume (space)

maug: cancer (disease)

meba: middle ages

mena: everywhere

mevu: friendly laughter

mope: drug (street drugs or psychiatric medications)

mora: world (as in "my world" when referring to things you like)

muka: face

mukb: microscope

musa: oil (food)

nag-: wrong-right (not in a moral sense)

nta: (metaphor)

na: female

nak: to eat, to drink

nan: grandparent

nana: grandparent (mother's parent)

nano: grandparent (father's parent)

nao: meow

n-st: ugly-beautiful (aesthetically only)

u: negative marker

zev: male or female

nave: ant

nema: to cry

ndae: to interact

nt-n: strict-permissive

nukd: sand

obgu: to agree

ofsa: son, daughter

okae: bottle

ok-m: unstable-stable

ogob: to turn on (an electronic device)

onda: book

zrau: fork

opto: question

orur: to lose (the possession of something, e.g. someone stole something from the speaker, or someone died)

osen: autumn

osur: to scream in pain

otup: to open (something)

ovab: helicopter

ovub: airplane

oxam: volume (sound)

ozka: to guess

paba: plate

paga: prince, princess

paje: to understand

pak: pure

panap: glass (drinking vessel)

panda: panda

pcuc: excrement

peda: the past part of today

pamp: pun

parb: building

pata: bed

paxp: pig

pebuc: peluche

pend: sheep

pengu: penguin

pent: pillow

pobak: polar

prasn: explosion

poda: weather

poru: to win (in a game)

poste: kiss

puano: piano (musical instrument)

puc-: fear-courage

puka: to slam (e.g. a door)

pura: plastic

purs: to build

puvde: lapidation

overkraft: hovercraft

ovov: eye

ovto: answer

pasta: pasta

p-f: past-future

raen: online

renok: eel

renuk: earwax

foar: dusk, sunset

nanj: tired (e.g. after a hard work)

raop: time (occurrence of an event)

ras: one

raunu: lion

raxo: lamp

rbao: island

rcao: philosophy (lifestyle)

rend: apple

reda: ambiguity

repa: kindness

retc: to suggest

retom: summer

rejd: rain

rkao: finger

rod: (turns a cardinal number into an ordinal number)

roda: sky

rojdu: to lock (e.g. a door)

rondon: London

ronme: track (not in a musical sense)

rotva: rottweiler (dog breed)

rupa: inside of a building

zoge: sexual orientation, to be sexually attracted (by)

runa: the Moon

rurb: to lose (not finding something anymore)

rung: to feel (emotion, feeling) (i.e. hunger, happiness, pain etc.)

sact: cigarette

sasa: stair

sase: to run (e.g. a code, an app, a program, a game)

saxa: sugar

sbak: boot (clothing)

sbek: elevator

sboc: sock

scoka: soccer

kamera: camera

serc: massage

serus: lemon

seto: to knock

skaba: mould

skad: free (that which costs no money)

skap: to burn

skazu: story, movie, videogame

skuam: to swim on the beach

skud: not free (that which costs money)

smau: valley

smav: smartphone

stum: dance

sned: to succeed

snod: disappointment

sono: spider

soza: sci-fi

sozur: social network

srasa: page (of a book)

srase: page (of the Internet)

stat: status (social network)

subtu: candy

s-ka: dirty-clean

s-zu: difficult-easy (see "difficult and easy")

sutu: fishing

sera: to sell

saz: (see "it's cold, according to whom?")

sez: (see "it's cold, according to whom?")

soz: (see "it's cold, according to whom?")

smok: to smoke (cigarettes)

sord: sword

spu: metaphorical insult

spub: metaphorical angry insult

spuc: metaphorical playful insult

sra: (sarcasm)

suba: to be (weather)

sucu: sushi

skane: (idiom.) happy new year!

smur: to yell angrily

sn: singular marker

sna: compliment

sne: non-offending

snu: offending, insult

snub: angry insult

snuc: playful insult

soe: interrogative dummy word (see "interrogative dummy word")

stu: generic insult (true or false)

stub: generic angry insult

stuc: generic playful insult

tazb: day (period of 24 hours)

tbau: pants, trousers

teda: today

tcop: planet

tcot: stick, cane

tcuba: chihuahua (dog breed)

tcuda: objective (camera)

tcus: good night (the listener is going to sleep)

tebe: chair

tedab: dictionary

tkek: religion

toxu: to write

tsou: smartphone, tablet, computer

tsuk: urine

tukac: key

tupa: to kick

tupo: fire (not in the sense of natural disaster)

tustu: toast (food)

t-pa: lack of empathy-empathy

tuvu: television

terja: cotton

ubugo: telescope

ucuc: vinegar

uf-f: mean-sweet (personality)

uodo: synaesthesia

uof: to bark

uofa: calcium (mineral)

ur-d: imprecise-precise

usa: united states of america

utb-: unacceptable-acceptable

uvak: analyze, analysis

uxum: mathematics

vaub: nostalgia

vebe: random

v-nd: unnecessary-necessary

vec: full (of)

veta: vocabulary (amount of words a person knows)

vkuk: sharp

vrac: restaurant

v-zp: morally wrong-right

top: (topic marker)

t-st: dirty-clean

xama: hallucination

xame: war

z-ca: sadness-happiness, sad-happy

vado: hand

vafo: dream (actual dream, not wish)

van: (unspecified value)

xao: (experienced event)

xeu: (hearsay evidentiality)

dop: (inference)

vok: every

zuf: (speculation)

cta: different sex

pn: plural marker

re: he/she/it

tapa: to talk, to speak

tavb: salt

tben: train (mean of transport)

tcoko: chocolate

ub: interrogative marker (the speaker hopes for a negative answer)

ubae: (see "types of questions")

ubao: (see "types of questions")

urub: smile

un: noun suffix

uzdu: "to be used at the following conditions"

vaba: boat

veka: to rotate, rotation

vesna: spring

vu: male

vubc: ship

vabe: night (dark part of the 24 hours)

v-fe: pain-pleasure

v-ve: annoyance-pleasure

v-ze: (can mean "v-fe" or "v-ve")

v-ma: rude-sweet (personality)

vcux: weapon

vems: a place for activities (hotel, park, hospital, restaurant, school etc.)

voru: to lose (in a game)

xamu: to hit with a car

xejo: egg

xeko: non-consensual

xokar: thunderstorm (weather)

xopo: loneliness (not necessarily invoking a negative feeling)

xrok: to destroy

xt-k: weak-strong (physically)

xtet: cake

x-ke: non violence-violence

x-ta: cold-friendly (personality)

xrau: heart (organ)

xumo: to cook

x-ka: calm-anger

xuxo: death

yomo: to read

cate: day (period of time from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59)

zamp: to jump

zeje: wind

zezo: fly (insect)

zgab: head

zb-f: slim-fat

zm-b: small-big

zvon: to call (by phone)

pajb: walk

y-do: young-old

ab-n: relationship refusal/romantic love

abku: to ruin, make unpleasant

baru: to bring

cebe: to become

cm: comitative preposition

d: (connects an operand to an operator)

dac: that (see "the first time")

dan: (connects a subject do a passive verb)

fcao: to feed

k: (usually connects a noun to an adjective)

kak: "like" (A does something, B does that as well)

kek: "like" (A does something in the same manner as B)

kok: "like" (A does something in the same intensity as B)

kuk: "like" (A does something in the same manner and intensity as B)

m: (introduces an emotion or tone of voice)

narb: to stop (doing something)

ndae: to interact with

ns: instrumental preposition

r: (connects an operator to an operand)

rag: therefore

rer: can mean "rag" or "rok"

rok: if A, then B

de: possessive (similar to 's in English)

deb: non-creative possessive (see "my book")

dek: (creative possessive) (see "my book")

dez: (an unlikely possessive) (see "my hand")

v: vocative

v-r: hate-love (non-romantic)

yaku: translate, translation

s: (introduces location)

z: (introduces time)

sam: on (touching the top of something)

zada: sexual arousal

zbao: to know, knowledge

zduba: to surf (the web)

zmau: winter

zrau: desert (biome)

zvuk: sound, noise

z-de: difficult-easy (see "difficult and easy")

z-ka: safe-dangerous

z-je: vulgar-honorific

ge: copula