Akhaz

Overview

Akhaz is an agglutinative - inflecting language based on trilitteral roots, as in Semitic languages. There are 5 grammatical cases used in Akhaz: nominative, genitive, accusative, intrumental and vocative; 4 grammatical moods: indicative,  imperative,  conditional and energetic; 6 tenses: future, present, past simple, past continous, past perfect, past perfect contionous; 2 voices: active and passive; 2 genders: masculine and femine; 2 numbers: singular and plural (although archaic dual number is sometimes used). Akhaz is VSO language, which means that in sentences first comes verb, then subject and object at last position (the same as in questions in English). However, as inflecting language, Akhaz allows word order to be completly free.

= Setting = Akhaz is spoken by Dwarves (uli Khzurim) from world of Soil, a world where steampunk technology of Dwarves mixes with grim Human magick and Orcish tribal ancestry. Akhaz has around 50 million speakers around the globe, and 5 main dialects: Lebnaghid, spoken on the Blood Plains and in the main area of Industrial Mountains; Jorkhavid, spoken in the northern Industrial Mtns. and on Khuldun Plateau; Knushmiy, spoken by Dwarves that long ago settled in the Humanish Kingdoms; Haghistanid, which is spoken by small population in the Sand Mtns. and is the most similar to Old Akhaz; and Hlughid ("Gibberish"), spoken by savage and primitive tribes of Dark Dwarves living in jungles all over the Soil. This article generally focuses on Lebnaghid dialect, as it has the biggest pool of speakers and is used in the biggest dwarven city of Bazenkrak, where cultures from all over the Soil mixes.

= Basic Grammar =

Pronounciation
Sounds /c/, /f/, /x/ and /w/ do not exist in Akhaz.

a - as in Asperger, usually tends towards ä

b - bit

d - death

e - envelope; "e" is always pronounced, even at the ends of the words

g - ago

h - head

i - bee

j - York

k - count

l - laser

m - many

n - nurse

o - ortography, usually tends towards ö

p - pin

r - razor

s - snore

t - turn

u - food, usually tends towards ü

v - velocity

z - zebra

Additionally, aspirated forms for most consonants exist, and for purpose of this article they will be written as consonant+h, so "th" doesn't mean the same sound as in thorn, but the aspirated "t" as in tore.

Nouns
Nouns have 2 genders (maculine and femine), 2 numbers (singular and plural) and 5 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, intrumental and vocative), which are marked with case endings and changes in the definite article. Nouns have different case endings depending on gender and last letter.

Masculine
Masculine nouns are those that use ul as definite article and ends in all consonants except "t". There are 5 declensions types for masculine nouns.

1. Nouns that ends in k, kh, g, gh, so karak - citadel, building; azmag - head.

singular     plural                singular       plural

N. karak     karakim            azmag         azmagim

G. karakh   karakhim         azmagak     azmagkim

A. karkaz    karaku              azmagaz     azmagu

I. karakim   karkorm          azmagim     azmagorm

V. karkor! karaki! azmagor! azmagi!

Last "k" in karak in genitive changes to "kh" because of general rule that consonant + consonant = aspirated consonant.

2. Nouns that ends in n, nh, m, mh, so nalom - security (this noun has irregular plural form, as it uses buil-in-root "m" rather than adds additional -im), akzen - shoulder.

singular          plural             singular     plural

N. nalom        nalim             akzen         akzenim

G. nalomi       nalimi            akzeni        akzenimi

A. nalomaz    nalimz            akzenaz     akzenimz

I. nalomar      nalimr            akzenar     akzenimr

V. nalomu! nalomim! akzenu! akzenim!

3. Nouns that ends in d, dh, p, ph, b, bh, th, so azard - fire.

singular         plural

N. azard         azardim

G. azardi        azardak

A. azardoz     azardum

I. azarde        azardi

V. azardan! azardo!

4. Nouns that ends in s, z, zh, so halez - water.

singular         plural

N. halez         halzim

G. halezk       halezmu

A. halezu       halzim

I. halezem     halzum

V. halezu! halzu!

5. Nouns that ends in l, r, rh, so zrul - dirt, dzal - ear.

singular    plural         singular     plural

N. zrul        zrulim        dzal            dzalim

G. zrulak   zrulum       dzalak        dzalum

A. zrulaz    zrulzim       dzalaz        dzalzim

I. zrulmu   zrulum        dzalmu     dzalum

V. zrulu! zrulum! dzalu! dzalum!

= Dictionary = ...

= Example text = ...