Mestian/Lexicon

Aquatics

 * pírka, pirkássa - aqu. I
 * (generic) fish, piscine animal


 * ·pírk· - 1a/6cs/8b
 * ·pínk· / ·púr-gh· / ·pí-žd·
 * itr. swim, float, be afloat; be buoyant


 * dásu, dasúšša - aqu. V
 * blackfish


 * gẽlą, ghelímmą - aqu. IV
 * salmon

Rocks

 * rhýka, rhykássa - ina. I
 * pebble, small stone


 * béč, béčella - ina. VIII [*bet-š]
 * boulder, large stone


 * betéšis, betemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [be(t)-tešis]
 * rocky, stone, of stone


 * palãmā, palammášša - ina. III
 * bedrock, river bottom, sea floor

Metallurgy

 * ûra, ūrássa - neu. I [ūr-a]
 * iron, crude iron


 * álira, alírassa (alíssa) - neu. I [alir-a]
 * copper


 * ûšša, ūššássa - [ūr-ša]
 * iron object, item either made up of iron or having iron as the material of its most significant component
 * coll. iron objects, iron items; iron regalia


 * ûššaš, ūššašélla - [ūr-ša-š]
 * iron ore, iron-bearing mineral

Birds

 * itáran, itarássa - ani. I
 * swan


 * dârab, dârabašša - ani. IX
 * fowl


 * íšt, ištášša - ina. IX
 * bird nest

Reptiles

 * ĩkur, ikkússa - ign. II
 * snake

Dragons

 * trakún, trakúnnu (trąkún, trąkúnnu) - ign. VI
 * small dragon (<10kg)


 * pîlī, pīlíššą - ign. V
 * medium female dragon (20kg ~ 50kg)


 * sóroš, soršélla - ign. VIII
 * wing (of a drake, dragon)

Amphibians

 * ýšpę, yšpímmę - aqu. IV
 * tadpole


 * býrī, byríššą - ́ 'aqu. V''
 * tadpole


 * ǽljā, æljássa - aqu. III
 * frog

Insects

 * fášša, faššássa - neu. I
 * beehive

Pet Mammals

 * pítta, pittássa - ani. I
 * cat, feline


 * 'ttálī, 'ttalíššą - ani. V [(pi)tta-lī]
 * kitten, small cat


 * ndéna, ndenássa - ani. I
 * dog, hound


 * vũsur, vussússa - ani. II [*vuẖ-sur]
 * mouse


 * pęghán, pęghássa - aqu. I
 * otter

Silvan Fauna

 * lĩją, lijjímmą - ani. IV [*liẖj-əw]
 * deer


 * lijjpráždžā, lijjpraždžâšša - neu. III [*liẖj-pras-džā]
 * the presence of deer (at a location, in a forest etc.)
 * the bedeeredness (of a location, etc.)


 * sỹlur, syllússa - ani. II
 * doe, hind


 * lijjpílin, lijjpilínnu - ani. VI [*liẖj-pilin]
 * doe, hind, young female deer


 * ãž, āžélla - ani. VIII [*ẖāž]
 * elk, moose


 * āžápnā, āžapnášša - neu. III [āž-apnā]
 * elklands, area inhabited by elks
 * ——→ Biomes

Physiology

 * apákas, apakássa - ign. I
 * breath, air in lungs


 * ·pífpi· - 1cs/6a/8b
 * ·púfpi-ŋ· / ·pífpi-xu· / ·pirr·+
 * itr. urinate
 * trn. urinate
 * + urinate upon


 * pífpan, pifphmúnnu - aqu. IV
 * urination


 * pífpan, pifphrúnnu - aqu. IV
 * urine

Anatomy

 * âghur, aghússa - neu. II
 * egg, ovum


 * awãraŋ, awarhúnnu - ani. VI
 * muscle fibre


 * sîliš, sīlišélla - aqu. VIII
 * eye, eyeball


 * káran, karássa - neu. I
 * foot


 * kúraš, kurašélla - neu. VIII
 * bone


 * zôdan, zōdássa - neu. I
 * blood


 * tẽran, stērássa - neu. I [*tẖēran]
 * skin, leather

Grip, Manuum

 * âkan, ākánnu - neu. VI
 * arm, hand


 * ássam, assánnu - neu. VI
 * hand


 * dúffū, duffúššą - ina. V
 * grip, hold (on sth. 2)


 * ·dúffu· - 2bs/6cp/8s
 * ·z-dúffu-(ž)-agha· / ·dúffu-gha· / ·dúffu-(ži)-s·
 * trn. hold
 * trn. hold a part of


 * assundúffū, assunduffúššą - ina. V
 * hand's grip, armful, handful


 * kérex, kerrášša - ina. IX
 * palm (of the hand)

Face

 * vánur, vanússa - ign. II
 * nose, nostril


 * vanovánur, vanovanússa - ign. II [āmreḍita of vánur;-nússa < vano-vánur]
 * snout, nose (intensive; of animals, (metaphorically) animalistic of humans)


 * vỹl, vyghę́llu - ina. VII
 * eyebrow; eyebrow ridge


 * kóvat, kovílla - aqu. IV dt.
 * eyes

Physiology

 * tâlhel, tallêlle - ani. VII
 * blink/eyeblink


 * nugárī, nugaríššą - ani. V
 * tiredness, exhaustion


 * nugárpras, nugarprássa - adj. cA
 * tired, exhausted


 * kẽlen, khēlúnnu - ign. VI
 * skin, (smooth) hide
 * leather, worked leather

Quantity

 * lílas, lilássa - adj. cA
 * lílas/lilássa
 * liléja/lilájša
 * lílu/lilúšša
 * lilésa²/lilíšša²
 * pos. much, many, plenty of, a lot of
 * comp. more, more of
 * sup. most, all of


 * úlan - adv. incomp.
 * úlan / úlā / úlla
 * so, so very, very
 * Remark: the adverb has three generally interchangeable forms; the only placement rule is that, when used twice, either úlan or úlā may be used, and only in such a way that úlā comes right next to the head that it modifies.


 * lilîldžā, lilīldžâšša - neu. III [lil-īl-džā]
 * majority, the most, most


 * líndžā, lindžâšša - neu. III [lin-džā < *lil-džā]
 * a lot, plenty


 * lilîggdžā, lilīggdžâšša - neu. III [lil-īkk-džā]
 * all of, everyone, every


 * úktur, uktússa - ina. II
 * a small chunk, a bit, bit; piece of debris/rubble


 * awájdžā, awajdžášša - neu. III [awaj-džā]
 * some, some of, a small amount of, an indeterminate amount of


 * péjpā, pejpâšša - neu. III
 * measure, indicator


 * émas, emássa - adj. cA
 * only, the only; unique

Flora

 * *·piẖšiẖ· - unattested (†)
 * ·pa:ppãš· - 1bs/7a/8a
 * ·pa:ppãš-ešte· / ·pa:ppãš· / ·pi:ppĩš-(uni)-s·
 * itr. grow
 * itr. inch. sprout, sprout from + )


 * pĩšī, piššíššą - ina. V
 * fruit


 * tûrī, tūríššą - ani. V
 * tree, lignic mass; wood, timber


 * î, ijášša - ani. IX [*ij]
 * leaf

Crops

 * ãdan, ādássa - neu. I
 * rice

Acoustics

 * qásā, qasášša - neu. III
 * sound, acoustic perception


 * téril, terlêlle - neu. VII
 * sound of a heartbeat, heart tick; low frequency (singular) tick

Death

 * segárī, segaríššą - ani. V
 * mass exctinction, mass death


 * ápen, apénnu - ani. VI
 * death, of an individual or in general; usually considered to be active or agentive

Decay

 * ·ĩlma· - 1cp&1gp/6a/8a
 * ·ĩlma-ŋ-w· / ·ĩlma-axu· / ·ĩlma-(ži)-s·
 * itr. decay, fall apart
 * itr. decay into


 * ·ajãlma· - 1cp&1gp/6a/8a [*-aj-ælẖma-]
 * ·ajãlmaŋ-w· / ·ajãlma-axu· / ·ajãlma-(ži)-s·
 * itr. fall down, crumble down
 * itr. fall down onto + aj +

Static Activities

 * ·kíla· - 1cp/6cp/8a(8b) 1a/6a/8b irr. tel/atel.
 * ·kíla-ŋ· / ·kíla-gha· / ·kíla-(ži)-s· (·kíl-ppa-žd·)
 * ·ki:kíl[n]a· / ·ki:kíla-axi· / ·ki:kílda-žd·
 * itr. sit
 * itr. inch. sit somewhere
 * trn. sit on


 * kikíldžā, kikildžâšša - [ki:kíl-džā] neu. III
 * seat, place to sit at


 * ·ghyr·+ - 1a/6cp/8a
 * ·gh[n]yr· / ·ghyr-ghá· / ·ghyr-(únu)-s·
 * itr. wait for nothing in specific
 * trn. wait for


 * ghyrásī, ghyrasíššą - neu. III
 * waiting
 * waiting for

Active/Dynamic Activities

 * ·dér· - 3d/6cp/8a
 * ·dér-gh-(unu)-ŋ· / ·dér-gha· / ·dér-(ži)-s·
 * trn. do, perform, execute
 * trn. do/perform/execute some of


 * deršpéšis, deršpemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [der-špešis]
 * doable, performable, executable
 * possible


 * fĩ, fijášša - neu. IX [*fijiẖ, *fijarša]
 * ascent, climb


 * ·ą́lh· - 1cp/6cp/8a [*-V́(gh/w)-əlhə-]
 * ·ą́l-ŋ· / ·ą́l-gha· / ·ą́lh-(unu)-s· [*-V́G-əlh(ə̱)-ŋ- / *-V́G-əlh(ə̱)-gha- / *-V́G-əlh-]
 * itr. twist, bend out of shape
 * itr. curl, coil
 * Remarks: the verb is a partial reanalogisation from its derivatives; the actual root was most likely always prefixed in pre-Mestian


 * ·nûlh· - 1cp/6cp/8a [*(a)núw-əlhə-]
 * ·nûl-ŋ· / ·nûl-gha· / ·nûlh-(unu)-s·
 * trn. twist, bend sth. out of shape


 * ą́lhsī, ąlhsíššą - neu. V [ąlh-sī]
 * twisting, curling, coiling, bending

Lative

 * ·prón· - 5/7/8a
 * ·pérg· / ·pa:párg· / ·prón-(nu)-s·
 * itr. go, move, do a lative action or motion


 * ·ýš· - 6cp&1gs/6cp/8a
 * ·ýž-gha-j· / ·ýž-gha· / ·ýš-(unu)-s·
 * itr. jump


 * jur-(t)-ýš· - 6cp&1gs/6cp/8a [jur(ē) + ·ýš·]
 * itr. jump up, jump into the air


 * yšún, yšúnnu [yš-un]
 * jump, leap, hop
 * onom. hop


 * ·tá· - 3d/6cs/8a
 * ·tá-ŋ-gh· / ·tú-gha· / ·tá-(nu)-s·
 * trn. measure a quantity of
 * trn. measure the quantity/dimension in the vicinity


 * jī-tá· - 3d/6cs/8a [jī-ta]
 * jī-tá-ŋ-gh· / jī-tú-gha· / jī-tá-(nu)-s·
 * trn. move
 * refl. dep. move oneself


 * us-tá - 3d/6cs/8a [us-ta]
 * us-tá-ŋ-gh· / us-tú-gha· / us-tá-(nu)-s·
 * trn. assemble
 * trn. assemble/put some of together


 * jur-tá· - 3d/6cs/8a [jur(ē) - ·tá·]
 * jur-tá-ŋ-gh· / jur-tú-gha· / jur-tá-(nu)-s·
 * trn. carry, bring
 * + carry/bring across/over

Location

 * ·iráva· - 1a/6cp/8a
 * ·irá[m]va· / ·iráva-gha· / ·iráva-(ži)-s·
 * itr. be (somewhere) + AdP
 * itr. be located at + AdP


 * tǽnkē - adv. [tænt-kē]
 * here, near me
 * Remark: this adverb is not interchangeable with tǽŋkē


 * márštas, marštássa - neu. I
 * location, place


 * pfâris - adv.
 * in varying degrees of intensity depending on the location
 * remark: can only modify adverbs that modify verbs

Human Illnesses

 * sýllkur, syllkússa - ani. II [syll-kur]
 * jaundice

Medicine

 * ·íq· tãmas - 1gs&1f/6cs/8a [unknown second component]
 * ——> ·ÍQ·
 * itr. cure, practice medicine
 * itr. + cure a disease, be a remedy for

Sexuality

 * fissâ, fissášša - neu. III
 * masturbation


 * ·íq· físsas - 1gs&1f/6cs/8a
 * ——> ·ÍQ·
 * itr. masturbate


 * ōlúlu, ōlulúšša - adj. cD
 * 'hot & bothered', sexually aroused

Genī, Peoples

 * íčur, ičússa - ani. II
 * human; man


 * ičúlu, ičulúšša - adj. cD [ič-ulu]
 * human, of humans


 * Mastâmī, Mastāmíššą - ani. V [mastā-mī]
 * a Mestian individual, a Mestian

Political Geography

 * sírtur, sirtússa - ani. II
 * nation, country, state


 * entá, entássa - ani. I
 * territory (of a nation/state)

Heroism, Glory

 * ûrul, ūrmélle - ign. VII [*ûrmul]
 * hero, vir


 * ·ūré· - 1cp/6a/8a
 * ·ūré-ŋ· / ·ūré-xi· / ·ūré-(ži)-s·
 * itr. shine, radiate, be glorious


 * árkan, arkássa - ani. I
 * patriarch, man of authority; respected/revered one

Architecture

 * lũghun, luhúnnu - ina. VI
 * wall (usually stone or rock, artificial)


 * ĩkh, īkhášša - ina. IX [ẖīkẖ]
 * foundation, basis of walls/floors, wireframe of pillars/walls, reinforcement, 'bones' of a building


 * ·nũkh· - 1a/6cp/8a [*(a)nu-ẖīkẖ-]
 * ·nũ[ŋ]kh· / ·nũg-gha· / ·nũkh-(unu)-s·
 * trn. put, place at


 * párpa, parpássa - ina. I [from a Herder language]
 * ceiling, top of a room


 * avárpa, avarpássa - ina. I [presumably from *aj-bárpa]
 * floor, 'below the ceiling', bottom of a room


 * ŋérel, ŋellêlle/ŋerrêlle - ina. VII
 * floor


 * ustâsī, ustasíššą - neu. V [us-ta-asī]
 * structure, make-up, assemblage; componentage, component make-up


 * óffan, offánnu - ina. VI
 * house, small family household


 * kíštun, kištúnnu - ign. VI
 * brick

Dynasty, Lineage, Names

 * žûl, žūlášša - ina. IX
 * given/birth name


 * sõmon, sommónnu - ina. VI
 * taken name, acquired name


 * áš, ášella - ina. VIII
 * surname, family name, last name


 * žôv, žōvášša - neu. IX
 * call, calling (of an animal)


 * ·žvár· - 1a/7/8a [from an ablaut of žôv]
 * ·žvá[n]r· / ·žôv· / ·žvár-(unu)-s·
 * refl. be called, be named, be denoted
 * trn. call sby.
 * + with the name/using the name
 * trn. utter a name

Given Names

 * Pára, Parássa - ani. I
 * a male given name


 * Nãra, Narhássa - ani. I
 * a female given name of westerlander origin


 * Mãghan, Mãghassa - ani. I
 * a male given name of herder origin

Sensations

 * ·vę́p· - 1a/6cp/8a
 * ·vę́[m]p· / ·vę́b-gha· / ·vę́p-(unu)-s·
 * trn. tickle


 * vę́psī, vępsíššą - neu. V [vęp-sī]
 * tickling (as a concept)


 * vępjéšis, vępjemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [vęp-ješis]
 * tickleable

Philosophy

 * akãkī, akakkíšša - ina. V
 * revelation, epiphany


 * ĩn, ĩnnu - aqu. VI
 * mind


 * sarĩn, sarĩnnu - aqu. VI
 * reason, logic (of a person), sanity


 * sírū, sirúššą - ani. V
 * life, existence


 * ·síru· - 1cp/6a/8a [backformation from sírū]
 * ·síru-ŋ· / ·síru-xu· / ·síru-(ži)-s·
 * itr. exist
 * inch. + be born as


 * píttrū, pittrúššą - ani. V [pit-trū < *pit-tirū < *pit-sirū]
 * boredom


 * píttpras, pittprássa - adj. cA [pitt(r)-pras]
 * boring

Literature & Linguistics

 * ȳjá, ȳjássa - ina. I
 * spoken word, utterance


 * šára, šašássa - ina. I [from Sarrhan]
 * written word


 * ·ȳj-lá· - 1cp/6a/8a [ȳj-la; inflected by analogy with ·laká·]
 * ·ȳj-lá-ŋ· / ·ȳj-lâxi· / ·ȳj-lá-(ži)-s·
 * trn. speak, utter, say
 * trn. quote, recite a part of


 * ·šā-lá· - 1cp/6a/8a [šā-la < šaš-la; formed by analogy with ·ȳj-la·]
 * ·šā-lá-ŋ· / ·šā-lâxi· / ·šā-lá-(ži)-s·
 * trn. write
 * trn. write a part of


 * šāláqur, šālaqússa - ani. II [šaš-la-qur]
 * writer, scribe


 * šárjan, šarjássa - ina. I [šar-j-an]
 * book, inscription


 * šarjákur, šarjakússa - ina. I [šar-j-a-kur]
 * book


 * šâttā, šâttašša - neu. III [contraction of šālátā]
 * script
 * the Dragon Imperial script, used to write (among others) Mestian


 * útša, utšássa - ina. I [*utˀ-ša]
 * the Sarhan beadcord script
 * (by extension) beadcord records compiled in the Sarhan script
 * strings of beads, cords of beads; bead-cords


 * ·bat+· utšíssa
 * itr. read; lit. touch beadcords
 * +« ux» read

Vocalisations

 * ·pũ· - 1a/6cp/8a [*-puẖ-]
 * ·púmm· / ·púhha· / ·pũnus·
 * itr. shout, yell

Art, Aesthetics

 * ·laká· - 1cp/6a/8a
 * ·laká-ŋ· / ·laká-axu· / ·laká-(ži)-s·
 * trn. decorate
 * trn. spray with


 * sákka, sakkássa - ina. I
 * dot, fleck


 * 'kka, kkássa - ina. I
 * tiny dot, tiny fleck, dotlet/flecklet


 * sprájspur, sprajspússa - ina. II
 * appearance, look
 * character, silhouette

Pleasantries

 * ōráka, ōrakássa - ina. I [ōrak-a]
 * pleasantness, nicety/niceness (as a concept)


 * ōrápras, ōraprássa - adj. cA [ōra(k)-pras]
 * pleasant, nice, hospitable (of people)


 * ōrágdžā, ōragdžâšša - neu. III [ōrak-džā]
 * pleasantness, nicety, hospitability (of people)


 * ·šmã· - 1cp/6cp/8a
 * ·šmã-ŋ· / ·šmã-gha· / ·šmã-(nu)-s·
 * trn. be delighted by
 * trn. take pleasure in doing or carrying out


 * šmãra, šmarhássa - neu. I [šmã-ara]
 * euphem. brothel, house of pleasure

Displeasantries

 * ajpírpa, ajpírpassa - neu. I [aj-pirp-a]
 * insult, slander


 * ·pírp· - 1gs/6a/8a atel.
 * ·púrp-i· / ·pírp-axi· / ·pírp-(unu)-s·
 * trn. insult


 * aj=pírp· - 1gs/6a/8a tel. [aj=pirp]
 * aj=púrp-i· / aj=pírp-axi· / aj=pírp-(unu)-s·
 * trn. insult

Sociology

 * ũndī, ūndíššą - neu. V
 * people, nation, folk


 * lûr, lûssa - ani. II [*luur]
 * (collective) people, mass of people, men, women etc.


 * lelûr, lelûssa - ani. II [āmreḍita of lûr, lûssa < *lue-lúur]
 * (collective) people, mass of people (intensive)

Age

 * êŋqajn, ēŋqúnnu - neu. VI
 * life, freshness, ripeness


 * ēntéja, entájša - adj. cB
 * young, fresh, full of life, new


 * pílin, pilínnu - ani. VI
 * girl, young woman (especially older than thirteen or fourteen)


 * avýrta, avyrtássa - ani. I
 * boy, young man (especially older than thirteen or fourteen)


 * ávī, avíššą - ani. V [from avýrta]
 * (endearing) young man, boy, lad

Personality & Traits

 * saráka, sarakássa - neu. I [sar-aka(?)]
 * honesty, sincerity, frankness


 * sarákpras, sarakprássa - adj. cA [sarak-pras]
 * honest, sincere, frank

Mental

 * ·âwę· - 1cp/6a/8a
 * ·âwę-ŋ· / ·âwę-xi· / ·âwę-(ži)-s·
 * itr. think, consider
 * trn. think (tenker)
 * trn. think/be of the opinion that (synes)


 * ·sál· - 1bp/6a/8a
 * ·sál-(ž)-ešte· / ·sál-li· / ·sál-(ži)-s·
 * trn. remember a thing, an event
 * trn. remember a person
 * trn. + remember a characteristic/property of a person


 * salásī, salasíššą - neu. V
 * memory
 * + a memory of


 * inkájpras, inkajprássa - adj. cA [*inkai-pras]
 * imbecilic, moronic

Politics

 * tándžā, tandžâšša [tán(es)-dža] - neu. III
 * tension, conflict

Secrecy

 * pŷrī, pȳríššą - neu. V [pȳr-ī]
 * secret


 * pȳrúlu, pȳrulúšša - adj. cD [pȳr-ulu]
 * secret, mysterious, unknown


 * šára pȳrúlak, šašássa pȳrulássa - phr. [fixed phrase]
 * secret word
 * password, watchword
 * linguistic shibboleth
 * remark: the phrase may refer to both written and spoken secret words, passwords and shibboleths, even though it uses šára:šašássa — a word that otherwise strictly refers to written words


 * pȳrúlut, pȳrulúšša - neu. IX [pȳr-ul-ut]
 * colloquial shortening of šára pȳrúlak; password

Government

 * ·pta·+ - 1cp/6a/8a
 * ·pta-ŋ·+ / ·ptāxú· / ·pta-(ží)-s
 * itr. be a ruler
 * trn. rule the political entity of
 * trn. rule sby.
 * + rule/be a ruler in


 * ·éna· - 3ap/6a/8a [*én-a]
 * ·ésna-(ž)-aj· / ·énāxu· / ·éna-(ží)-s
 * trn. allow
 * + allow sth to sby


 * énqę, enqímme - neu. IV [*én-qę]
 * that which is allowed
 * legislative/governmental/authoritative mandate


 * enqâra, enqārássa - neu. I [enqę-ara]
 * council, parliament


 * ø̂ha, ø̄hássa - neu. I [from Marpanni]
 * legitimacy (of a regime, ruler, faction)


 * ø̄hjurtúqur, -qússa - ani. II [ø̄h-jurtuqur]
 * imperial official, emissary


 * ptaghán, ptaghrúnnu - neu. VI [pta-gh(r)an]
 * ruled area
 * province of the Imperium
 * province (in general)


 * ptaghrájan, ptaghrajássa - neu. I [pta-ghra-jan]
 * (con)federacy; state made up of multiple areas/provinces


 * zor-tá· - 3d/6cs/8a [zor-ta < zol-ta]
 * zor-tá-ŋ-gh· / zor-tú-gha· / zor-tá-(nu)-s·
 * trn. inherit sth.
 * + from sby.


 * zortásī, zortasíššą - neu. V [zol-ta-sī]
 * inheritance


 * zortáqur, zortaqússa - ani. II [zol-ta-qur]
 * noble
 * inheritor


 * zortatáqur, zortataqússa - neu. II [zol-ta=ta-qur]
 * nobility


 * zortáqjan, zortaqjássa - neu. I [zol-ta-q-jan]
 * nobility


 * zortáqę, zortaqímmę - ina. IV [zol-ta-qę]
 * inherited property


 * zortaqŷn, zortaqŷssa - ina. I [zol-ta-qi-j-an > zorta-qȳn]
 * noble estate; feudal land property


 * zortášša, zortaššássa - ina. I [zol-ta-s-ša]
 * the Imperial feudal system of inheritance


 * zortákkur, zortakkússa - ani. II [zol-ta-q-kur]
 * Emperor, Imperator


 * zortákkjan, zortakkjássa - ani. I [zol-ta-q-k-jan]
 * imperial dynasty; sequence of emperors


 * Zortághrjan, Zortaghrjássa - neu. I [zol-ta-ghr-jan]
 * the Dragon Imperium


 * ptághan, ptaghrúnnu - neu. VI [pta-ghan]
 * reign, rule, regime
 * remark: frequently used to count time according to length reign or a regime's existence

Warfare

 * pûnī, pūníššą - neu. V [*pūn-iẖ]
 * victory


 * pūnápnā, pūnapnášša - neu. III [pūn-apnā]
 * battlefield


 * ·íj· pūnísis - 1gs&1f/6cs/8a
 * ——> ·ÍJ·
 * itr. win, be victorious


 * kẽššjan, khēššjássa - neu. I [kẽl-š-jan]
 * "mass produce of leather jacket utilisation"
 * leather-clad army; army

Weaponry

 * qétta, qéttassa - ina. I
 * spear, spearhead


 * íššis, iššášša - ina. IX [*išš-is]
 * sword

Armour

 * kẽšša, khēššássa - ina. I [kẽl(en) + -ša]
 * leather garment
 * (of armour) leather jacket


 * khēššíkkā, khēššikkášša - ina. III [kẽl-š-ikkā]
 * leather vendor

Food Rituals & Utensils

 * eléta, elétašša - neu. III
 * table knife


 * sĩ, sĩšša - neu. IX [*siẖ]
 * table, desk, counter top, flat surface at waist level

Mestian Dishes

 * ājjãdan, ājjādássa - neu. I [āmreḍita of ãdan;-dássa < *aẖdi-áẖdan]
 * small, sticky rice cake with a sweet core (usually made of fruit, honeyed fruit jam or honeyed nuts)

Relationships

 * májis, majsášša - ani. IX
 * friend


 * înda, īndássa - ani. I
 * acquaintance, buddy, casual friend


 * sĩ, sĩššą - ani. V [*ẖsī]
 * neighbour

Emotions

 * ékal, eglêlle - ign. VII
 * happiness


 * eglápras, eglaprássa - adj. cA
 * happy


 * ·vęr·+ - 4b/6b/8b 4a/6b/8b irr. tel/atel. inch.
 * ·s-vęr-d·+ / ·vęr-rh·+ / ·vąr-žd·+
 * ·s-vęr-gh·+ / ·vęr-rh·+ / ·vąr-žd·+
 * itr. begin to be able to love
 * trn. start to love, begin to love

Kinship

 * ēsánta, ēsantássa - ani. I
 * ancestor, predecesor


 * gárū, garúššą - ani. V
 * brother, male cousin


 * jãllū, jāllúššą - ani. V
 * sister, female cousin


 * pæntúr, pæntússa - ani. II
 * brother

Commerce, Economy

 * ·pâgh· - 1a/7/8a
 * ·pâ[ŋ]gh· / ·pâg· / ·pâgh-(unu)-s·
 * itr. be worth, have value
 * trn. have the worth of


 * ·ĩw· - 1bs/6cs/8a
 * ·ũw-(n)-ešte· / ·ũw-(nu)-gha· / ·ĩw-(nu)-s·
 * trn. sell an item
 * trn. sell some of


 * ĩwghan, īwghmúnnu - neu. VI [ĩw-ghan]
 * store, shop, marketplace lot; place where sales are conducted

Populational Ailments

 * sípa, sipássa - ina. I
 * hunger, famine

Violence

 * ·být· - 1a/6d/8b
 * ·bý[n]t· / ·býzd· / ·býžd·
 * trn. kill, incapacitate, murder
 * trn. cull, cull some of

Tactile

 * ·bat+ - 1gs/6a/8a
 * ·búti· / ·bat-áxi· / ·bat-(únu)-s·
 * trn. touch

Religion

 * Sprênta, Sprêntašša - ign. III
 * (a personified embodiment of the celestial body) the Sun, Sprênta


 * Dãpškur, Dāppškússa - aqu/ina. II [*daẖv-š-kur, *daẖv-š-kur-sa]
 * (a personified embodiment of the aquatic mass) the Sea, Dãpškur
 * remark: Dãpškur is considered an amaglamation of all the seas and masses of water, an aquatic supra-entity


 * túna, túnassa - ign. I
 * a type of deity, divinity

Astronomy

 * óllą, ollímmą - ani. IV
 * sky, firmament


 * ólkur, olkússa - ani. II [ol(l)-kur]
 * sky (intensive)


 * sprêntā, sprêntašša - ign. III
 * (as a celestial body) the Sun
 * (as a personified embodiment of the celestial body) the Sun (Sprêntā)
 * remark: the noun features an uncharacteristically short nominative suffix; the rest of the paradigm is regularly determinable from the partitive stem

Hydrology

 * dãva, daffássa - aqu. I
 * sea


 * tĩlpī, tīlpíššą - aqu. V
 * bay, gulf; partially enclosed large sea

Hydronymy

 * Twánnī, Twanníššą - aqu. V [*Twarniẖ]
 * the river Twanni, a major Nimerote river (formed and drained primarily in Nimeria)


 * Tárpī, Tarpíššą - aqu. V
 * the river Tarpi


 * Dẽres, Dēresášša - aqu. IX
 * the river Deres

Ecology

 * pifpára, pifparássa - aqu. I [pifp-ara]
 * swamp, marsh

Climatology

 * qáma, qamássa - aqu. I
 * rain

Biomes

 * āžápnā, āžapnášša - neu. III [āž-apnā]
 * fig.  taiga

Pedology

 * sírtur, sirtússa - ani. II
 * soil, earth


 * sirttéšis, sirttemmášša - adj. cEŠIS [sirt-tešis+]
 * terrestrial, pertaining to soil


 * entá, entássa - ani. I
 * soil, dirt; mud


 * rânta, rântassa - ina. I
 * powder, powdered earth


 * rânkur, rānkússa - ina. II [rān(t)-kur]
 * dirt, dust


 * 'bálī, balíššą - aqu. V
 * mud

Gemology

 * píllī, pillíššą - ina. V
 * gem, precious stone, gemstone


 * tšális, tšalsášša - ina. IX
 * jade, white jade


 * tšaltéšis, tšaltemmášša - adj. ign/aqu/ani/ina/neu. [tšal-tešis]
 * jaden, of jade, of white jade


 * kílis, kilsášša - ina. IX
 * lapis lazuli


 * úxū, uxúššą - ina. V [*utˀuẖ]
 * pearl, bead

Optics

 * ·fíra· - 1cs/6a/8b
 * ·fúra-ŋ· / ·fíra-(a)xu· / ·fížd·
 * itr. shine, spark, glow intensely


 * ā-fíra· - 1cs/6a/8b [ā-fíra]
 * trn. shine onto
 * trn. reveal part of
 * trn. reveal part of


 * firkúšis, firkummášša - adj. cEŠIS [fír(a)-kušis]
 * shining, shiny, bright


 * fírqan - adv. [fír(a)-qan]
 * brightly, shinily


 * ·léra· - 1cp/6a/8a [-ler-a-]
 * ·léra-ŋ· / ·léra-axu· / ·léra-(ži)-s·
 * trn. reveal
 * trn. reveal part of


 * lérqan - adv/postp. [ler-qan]
 * + showing/revealing
 * + showing/revealing a part of


 * firxúždžā, firxuždžâšša - neu. III [fir-(a)xu-ž-džā]
 * glimmer, sparkle, shine


 * ·héjp· - 1a/6a/8a
 * ·héj[m]p· / ·héjp-axu· / ·héjp-(unu)-s·
 * itr. see, be able to see, be sighted
 * trn. see, see part of
 * trn. look at, look at a part of


 * hejpásī, hejpasíššą - neu. V [hejp-asī]
 * seeing, sight
 * + seeing, looking at
 * + seeing part of, looking at a part of


 * kóvat, kovílla - aqu. IV dt.
 * eyes

Colours

 * múla, mulássa - ign. I
 * black


 * pǽker, pækrášša - aqu. IX
 * light blue, silvery, silvery-blue


 * sýlla, syllássa - ani. I
 * yellow
 * Remark: sometimes used to describe Westerlander skin tones

Fire

 * ·firúra· - 1cp/6a/8a [*fi-fura-]
 * ·firúra-ŋ· / ·firúra-(a)xu· / ·firúra-(ži)-s·
 * itr. burn, be aflame


 * ·firúra-gh· - 3d/6a/8a [*fi-fura-gh-]
 * ·firúra-gh-(ži)-ŋ· / ·firúra-gh-(a)xu· / ·firúra-gh-(ži)-s·
 * trn. burn, light, set aflame


 * firurásī, firurasíššą - neu. V [firura-sī]
 * burning, 's burning


 * firurghásī, firurghasíššą - neu. V [firur(a)gha-si]
 * burning, 's burning of, of a part of


 * êpa, ēpássa - ign. I
 * small fire, burning (camp)fire


 * pémmer, pemmérašša - ign. IX
 * smoke


 * pýffī, pyffíššą - ign. V [onomatopoetic]
 * ash, combustion residue

Time

 * pēn - adv.
 * before, earlier;
 * Remark: also a postposition


 * pnan - adv.
 * later, after;
 * Remark: also a postposition


 * swá - adv.
 * again, anew


 * tẽrkūt - adv. [locative of tẽrkur]
 * today, this day, on this day


 * tẽrkuvi pnan - adv. phrs. [tẽrk-uvi + pnan]
 * after today, tomorrow


 * tẽrŋan - adv. [colloquial clipping of tẽrkuvi pnan]
 * tomorrow


 * hôf - adv.
 * later, tonight


 * práppā - adv. [prap(i)-kā]
 * when even, never even, at no time, at what time; sarcastic, ironic, emphatic, negative or expecting of negative

Calendar

 * tẽrka, stērkássa - aqu. I
 * day, daytime


 * íkenan, ikénunnu - aqu. VI
 * night


 * tẽrkur, stērkússa - aqu. II [*tẖērk-(k)ur]
 * time that includes both day and night
 * calendar day


 * pę́jdža, pęjdžássa - neu. I
 * morning
 * tomorrow day


 * vĩlli - adv. [from *viẖl-di?] - adv.
 * at around noon, early in the afternoon


 * élī, elíššą - neu. V
 * year, calendar year

Indeterminates

 * áwaj - pron. ind.
 * awájlla, awájkka, awájssa, awájčča, awájtta
 * someone, something


 * awêtta - pron. ind.
 * somewhy, for some reason

Interrogatives

 * prákaj - pron. int.
 * prakájlla, prakájkka, prakájssa, prakájčča, prakájtta
 * who? what?


 * prakêtta - pron. int.
 * why?


 * prápi - pron. int.
 * when?


 * prákē - pron. int. [pra-kē]
 * near what? in which area? close to what?

Derivation

 * -tešis+, -temmašša+ - adj. cEŠIS
 * derives material adjectives from nouns
 * derives partitive adjectives from nouns


 * -pras, -prassa+ - adj. cA
 * derives adjectives indicating presence of noun


 * -(u)lu(+), -(u)lušša+ - adj. cD
 * -ulu/uleja/ulu/ulak/ulak
 * derives adjectives characteristic or intrinsic to the noun


 * -džā, -džâšša - neu. III
 * derives abstract nouns from adjectives


 * -(a)sī, -(a)siššą+ - neu. V
 * derives abstract verbal nouns from verbs


 * -kur, -kussa+ -  II
 * derives augmentative or intensive nouns from other nouns; preserves gender


 * -lī, -liššą+ -  V
 * derives diminutive or reduced nouns from other nouns; preserves gender


 * -ša, -šassa+ - ina. I
 * derives nouns denoting an object or a collection of objects materially made up from nouns


 * -špešis+, -špemmašša+ - adj. cEŠIS
 * derives agentive abilitative adjectives from verb roots


 * -ješis+, -jemmašša+ - adj. cEŠIS
 * derives accusative-argument abilitative adjectives from verb roots


 * -kušis+, -kummašša+ - adj. cEŠIS
 * derives imperfect participles from verb roots


 * -qan - adv.
 * derives active imperfect adverbial participles from verb roots


 * -qele - adv.
 * derives active negated imperfect adverbial participles from verb roots


 * -qur, -qussa -  II
 * derives nominative argument agent nouns from verb roots


 * -qę, -qimmę+ -  IV
 * derives accusative argument patient nouns from verb roots
 *  erg.  derives nominative argument subject nouns from intransitive verbs


 * -jī, -jiššą+ -  V
 * derives partitive argument nouns from verb roots


 * -ara+, -arassa2+ -  I
 * derives locations and location types from a noun that is characteristic to or reminiscent of such a location
 * derives locations and location types from verb roots where the location indicates high frequency of the performance of the action of the verb from which it derives


 * -apnā+, -apnašša2+ -  III
 * derives locations and location types from a noun indicating high presence of it
 * derives locations and location types from an animal noun indicating habitat or locus of collection


 * -ikkā+, -ikkašša2+ -  III
 * derives nounsA from other nounsB such that A is characterised by or possesses a large amount of B
 *  obsct.  derives nouns from organ or body part nouns indicating meat derived from the processing of said organ or body part


 * -epfas+, -epfassa2+ - ign. Is
 * derives nouns from organ or body part nouns indicating meat derived from the processing of said organ or body part


 * -(gh)an, -ghmunnu+ -  VI
 * derives nouns that indicate the action of a verb from the stem of said verb
 * Remark: in all case forms that begin with a vowel, the velar fricative only occurs anaptyctically intervocalically, but otherwise is present even after consonants when followed by a consonant


 * -(gh)an, -ghrunnu+ -  VI
 * derives nouns that indicate the material produce of a verb from the stem of said verb
 * Remark: in all case forms that begin with a vowel, the velar fricative only occurs anaptyctically intervocalically, but otherwise is present even after consonants when followed by a consonant


 * -jan, -jassa+ -  I
 * derives mass produce nouns from their basic makeup (link > chain, word > book)


 * -tā, -tašša -  I
 * derives tool nouns from verb roots


 * -ut, -ušša -  IX
 * derives nouns characterised by an adjective from said adjective


 * -jurtuqur, -jurtuqussa -  II
 * derives agent nouns from other nouns; 'one who brings/carries X'

Ethnonymy

 * -mī, -miššą+ - ani. V
 * derives nouns denoting members of an ethnic or linguistic group from a noun denoting the group's language of choice or tradition


 * -myllī, -mylliššą+ - ani. V
 * derives nouns denoting inhabitants or members of a populational group who live in the vicinity of or inside the noun from which they're derived

Verb Morphosemantics & Derivation
Verb derivational morphology is more closely tied to its inflectional morphology. It uses prefixes, morphosemantic aspect affixes and circumfixes that are the combination of one prefix and one morphosemantic aspect affix that, in tandem, do not express the meaning that the sum of their parts would indicate.

Prefixes

 * to= - pref. [=ton]
 * a verb prefix that indicates that the action was carried out secretly or in secrecy by the agent; does not imply agency or volition


 * gh(i)= - pref.
 * an obstructive prefix that increases the valency of an intransitive or monotransitive verb without an oblique component; it transforms verbs of the form Xundefined does Yundefined (to Z/) so that Xundefined → X and introduces a new argument such that Wundefined ⇒ X 
 * X does Y (to Z) → W prevents X from doing Y (to Z)

Morphosemantic Derivators

 * -præ- - morphs.
 * -pr- / -præ- / -ip- / -ipræ-
 * a morphosemantic affix applicable only in the nonpresent, indicates a prospective future with an expectation that the action will not, or will almost, be fulfilled -- prospective defective


 * -q- - morphs.
 * -q- / -*ẖkˤi- / -iq- / -iqi-
 * a morphosemantic affix indicating a volitive form; "want/ed to X". Can be stacked with other morphosemantic verb items.

Phrases

 * 'dda târa - phrs. postp. [(na)dda târa]
 * aside from, besides, notwithstanding


 * ustúhqan - phrs. postp. [us-tú-gh-qan]
 * having assumed that, having assumed, having deduced that
 * lit. obsol. having assembled

Generic Verbs

 * ·íq· - 1gs&1f/6cs/8a
 * ·úq-r· / ·úkkh· / ·íqs·
 * trn. consciously perform/do
 * Remark: used as a generic verb to form phrasals with nouns that have no corresponding verb; the resulting phrasals are effectively intransitive in meaning


 * ·îj· - 1gs&1f/6cs/8a
 * ·ûšš· / ·ûjj· / ·îjs·
 * trn. achieve, accomplish
 * Remark: used as a generic verb to form phrasals with nouns that have no corresponding verb; the resulting phrasals are effectively intransitive in meaning

Interjection

 * lã (lā) - part. [*laẖ]
 * negative response, no
 * Remark: the particle lã has an alternative, lā, that is unstressed.

Discourse Markers

 * tar - part.
 * introduces a contrary statement, commonly also a question, that carries a tone of inagency or powerlessness
 * but, though


 * kā - adv.
 * marks for emphasis, contrarity or defiance of expectations or odds
 * even

Conjunctions

 * tā - conj.
 * and, as well as; links two NPs as one argument or constituent.
 * and, plus; links digits in a number


 * jȳ - conj.
 * stylistic variant of  used to avoid repetition; often used to link larger NPs as one argument or constituent

Copulas

 * ūmi - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; copular particle that links its subject and predicate  in simple copular constructions of the shape <ūmi  >


 * ūmil -part. cop.
 * negative complement of ūmi


 * eza - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; copular particle involved in copular topicalisation


 * eril - part. cop.
 * negative complement of eza


 * qan - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; existential copula that asserts the presence of, a part of , or the property of 1 & 2
 * qan XYZ


 * qanil - part. cop.
 * negative complement of qan


 * pē - part. cop.
 * am/is/are; copular particle that links subject with its property  or an adjective  in simple copular constructions of the shape 


 * pēl - part. cop.
 * negative complement of pē

Prepositions

 * us - prep.
 * between
 * remark: this preposition takes either an object in either the dual or plural, or objects of any number linked by 


 * anu - prep.
 * into


 * ase - prep.
 * across, across the surface of


 * aj - prep.
 * down onto


 * ki - prep.
 * about, concerning

Postpositions

 * pit - postp.
 * during, while


 * sar - postp.
 * through, via


 * =ton+ - postp.
 * below, underneath


 * kē - postp.
 * near, in the area of


 * ā (ghā) - postp.
 * like, such as
 * Remark: the alternative, ghā, occurs after vowels


 * pēn - postp.
 * before
 * Remark: also an adverb


 * pnan - postp.
 * after
 * Remark: also an adverb


 * jī - postp.
 * above, atop


 * jurē - postp. [from a nominalisation of jī]
 * up, upwards


 * są - postp.
 * inside the belly/gut/stomach of


 * ux - postp.
 * in, inside of
 * into, unto


 * zol - postp.
 * from X moving towards the speaker

Meta-Terminology

 * Nimerote [from Nimeria, from Nimǽrī < Nimɛ́riẖ]
 * relating to or characteristic to Nimeria