Old Shax

General Information
This is the long lost North African romance language. It manifested in the Maghreb: specifically in modern-day Morocco, the Roman Empire's Mauritania. The East Roman Empire's side of North Africa was influenced by Greek and gave birth to coptic and other such languages. Though, influence from Western Romance languages, namely Iberian, have made it closer to those such languages. It's sister language, Vandalic, followed a much different path. Mauritania was enamored by the Vandals and have borrowed from it*.

("wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" <- for collapsible tables)

(*) With permission of course ;)

(†) In Verbial Phrases in Syntax

Vowel
All vowels can be nasal

Stress
Stress falls on primarily on the closed syllable (except if it's ultimate) or a pre-rhotic syllable; if there isn't one of those conditions, the stress falls on the penultimate. Note that stress on the ultimate syllable is on an open syllable followed by a closed syllable in a two syllable word. On two, open syllable words, the stress falls on the ultimate syllable if the ultimate syllable is of a nasal vowel, diphthong, or nasal diphthong. Nasal vowels carry more strength than non-nasal vowels so if any above condition is not ture, the stress will fall on the nasal vowel.

Sandhi
The vowels [u] and [i] may be freely exchanged for [w] and [j] respectivally before vowel regardless of word barriors (u amu [w.amu] - I like/love). Identical vowels between word boundries may also fuse into one sound (u sũ ũ fezuã [u sũ fezwã] - I am a person). Also, voiced consonants such as [b], [d], and [g] may become [v], [ð], and [ɣ] respectivally intervocallically between word boundries as well. [r] is an unstable phoneme and is often removed word finally if a dental or alveolar phoneme, except [s] and [z], follow it in the next word. Note that vowel nasality is also quite free: if there is a nasal vowel near any vowel, the adjecent vowel[s] may become allophoniclly nasal as well.

Alphabet

 * I/Y and U are [j] and [w] respectivally before another vowel
 * Intervocalically, [b] > [v], [d] and [θ] > [ð], [g] and [x] > [ɣ]
 * K is [ɣ] intervocallically

Multigraphs

 * (*) These negate the intervocallic ruel
 * If one vowel is nasal in a set, all the vowels are nasal: (amãi [amãɪ̯̃])

1st Declension
selua [sɛlwa] - forest Contains only feminine nouns ending in [a].

2nd Declension
lovu [lovu] - wolf Contains only nouns ending in [u].

3rd Declension
faθ [faθ] - father Contains only masculine nouns. This is also the declension for gerunds.

4th Declension
re [re̞] - the truth of the situation/events, a witnesse's claim [in a court of law], reality [as opposed to a fantasy] (can be used to call someone crazy or deluded) Contains only feminine nouns.

Changing gender
Masculine nouns can change to feminine nouns by using the 4th declension and feminine nouns can use the 3rd declension.

Declension
Adjectives decline just like what they're modifying (ex with biũ, good: lovu biu, nice wolf, or selua bia, friendly woods/forest).

States
A comparitive is marked with the construction "more/most" + adjective-"io" (+ "than" + the thing being compared). A superlative adjective is adjective-"ixu."

Transformations
A verb can become an adjective through the use of its present participle. A noun can become an adjective by placing it the way an adjective would be and declining it to what it's modifying. An adjective can become a noun by the same process as a noun would become an adjective. Note that some adjective cannot be noun and vice versa (i.e. pliccu must be an adjective).

Adverbs
Adverbs simply take the full adjective and end it with -mẽ.

Morphology
Full article here.

Reflexive
Put the corresponding accusative pronoun with the verb (ex: u me lu [u me lu] - I wash myself).

Postpositional
Being a head initial language, Shax puts its postpositions (or compound prepositions) after the noun. The noun take the Nom-Acc case. Sometimes, the noun will the Gen-Dat case. Note: the noun takes the appropriate article.

Nouns with adjectives
A nominal phrase has the noun at the head (which is the first word) with adjective following it. Adjectives follow it in a logical order of which descibes the noun best or which is the most important quality. Therefore, a change in the adjective can also change the semantic of the noun. Though in colloquial speech, the order is irrelevant and one would simply list to their whim.

Genitive Nouns
The owner takes the genitive case and turns into a modifier, but it is placed before the owned noun. mau faθi lovu means "My father's wolf."

Word Order
A personal pronoun is necessary before every verb form in Shax. If the clause uses pronouns alone, it is SOV (ex: u me lu - I wash myself, u θe θuve - you confuse me, u ele dormiau - I'll sleep [over] there; but u sũ fezuã - I am a person). Note that interrogative sentences function as any normal verb would in Shax.

Negation
The general negation marker is a no before the main verb and after the main pronoun. Though, specific types of negation may be placed by using no as a prefix (i.e.: nobody, never, nobody ever, no where).

Conditional Clauses
Conditional clauses where there is a requirement clause then a condition clause require the indicative then a subjunctive. But, sentences where there is only a condition (like I'd do that) require the verb to be able to in the subjunctive.

Subordinate Clauses
These are introduced with either ’ã or ce'. '’ã is that; ce means who/whom. The introductory words are necessary and almost never omitted except in very informal or uneducated speech. Subordinate clauses go after independent clauses and are separated by a comma before ’ã or ce. The verb conjugates to the person taking the nominative in the independent clause.

Copula
There are two auxillary verbs used for a copula: to be and to have. When it's a construction with a noun and an adjective, he is good, one would use to have and the adjective as a noun.

Time and Place
Time is written in order: year, day-month ĩdu time(hour-minute) a. Place goes: country, (state, province, etc) ĩdu (everything else in English's order with a postposition of a).

Lexicon
Standard Shax/Lexicon

Complete
Fezuãr naxũθu liverrar o gualar avu suda jinda o su kaccus. Eler són dotè avu xada logga o muaida e eler deváin θodu cerrosié ũdamẽ. Fezuãr θodu dotén koccur o liverrar a, 'ã delhán Delhé ĩdu, jiθẽijur nuavu; I jiθẽiju desón suda éθniste, su secsu, suda lẽgui, suda regũi, suda oviniu pliccu o suda oviniu giu, suda faθia, su tabaccaixtae, suda frovrea, e xitxuexõr ecceθa.

Text
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Translation
Fezuãr naxũθu liverrar o gualar avu e suda jinda o su kaccus avu. Eler són dotè loggar o muaidi avu e eler deváin θodu carrosié ũdamẽ.

IPA
[fe̞ˈzw̃ã naʃũðu live̞ˈrar o̞ ɣʷalar avu e  suða ʒinda ʊ su xakus avu]. [e̞ˈle̞r ˈso̞n do̞te̞ lo̞gar o mw̃ãɪ̯̃ði avu ˈɛ e̞le̞ de̞vaɪ̯n̪ ˈθo̞ðu karo̞ˈsje̞ ʊ̃ð̃ãmẽ̞].

Literal Translation
People born liberties and equality with and dignity and rights with. They are endowed logic and morality with and they must all to be courteous unanimously.

Text
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Translation
Fezuãr θodu dotén koccur o liverrar a, 'ã delhán Delhé ĩdu, jiθẽijur nuavu; I jiθẽiju desón suda éθniste, su secsu, suda lẽgui, suda regũi, suda oviniu pliccu o suda oviniu giu, suda faθia, su tabaccaixtae, suda frovrea, e xitxuexõr ecceθa. Pluavu: jiθẽiju no arai fezuẽ badi-terrtuarir statiu pliccu, statiu juredisiũ, o statiu ẽténnasiunu fe.

IPA
[fe̞ˈzw̃ã θo̞ðu ðo̞ˈte̞n xo̞ˈkur o̞ live̞ˈrar a] [ã ðe̞ˈlʲan de̞ˈʎẽ̞ j̃ðu nwavu] [i ʒiˈðẽ̞ɪ̯̃ʒu ðe̞ˈso̞n suða ˈe̞θniste̞] [su ˈse̞ksu] [suða ˈlẽgʷi] [suða ˈre̞gʷ̃ĩ] [suða o̞ˈvinju pliku o suða ɔˈvinju gju] [suða ˈfaðja] [su tavakaɪ̯ʃˈtaɛ] [suða fro̞vrɛa j ʃitʃwe̞ˈʃũr e̞ke̞ða]. [̪plwavu] [ʒiˈðẽ̞ɪ̯ʒu nwaˈraɪ̯ fe̞ˈzw̃ẽ̞ badite̞rtwaˈri ˈstatju pliku] [statju ʒuˈre̞disjũ] [õ̞ statju ẽ̞ˈte̞nasiunu fe̞].

Literal Translation
People all endow rights and liberty with, that declare Declaration in, discrimination not-with; This discrimination is from one's ethnicity, one's gender, one's language, one's religion, one's belief political and one's belief in-general, their native-country, one's social-class, one's property, or situations etc. Also: descrimination will not have person's country's state-of-affaires political, state-of-affaires jurisdictional, state-of-affaires international through.

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