Old North Etexan

Setting
Old North Etexan (read as "Old North Etekhan"), current native name: Elešata gaʕarayacim (The Scientists' Language), old native name: Elešata šәyašayacim (Language of the Men) or just Etexki (Eastern) was an ancient, now extinct, language of the northern part of Etexum Kingdom of the planet Argā. It is currently used only in the northern part of Etexum Kingdom by scientists and for religious purposes.

Acute accent
The acute accent marks stress, and in native writing it is represented by a sign similar to circumflex.

Writing system
The Etexan writing system is an abugida and evolved thousands of years from logograms and cuneiform.

Basic grammar
The nouns have a number of cases.

Absolutive case
The basic case.

Abessive case
The abessive case indicates lack of something.

Ablative case
This case indicates movement from sb.

Ergative case
This case indicates a subject of a verb.

Accusative case
This case indicates a direct object of a verb.

Locative case
This case indicates position on, in, ve khule.

Genitive case
This case indicates mainly possession.

Introessive case
This case indicates movement to a sb.

This/that ...
The words "this" or "that" are indicated by another case.

Construct state
Nouns take -a or -'a in the construct state. For example, beyit-um is "house", but "house of the monk" would be beyita qcancat, with the word "monk" (qcan) in possessive/genitive case.

Definite article
The definite article is e-. Look at the examples:
 * e-lešat(um) (the language)
 * e-beyit(um) (the house)
 * e-qcan(um) (the monk)
 * e-xavak (e-xavka) (the star)

Verbs and verb constructions
Unlike Semitic languages, the dictionary form is present simple in common/masculine form of 3rd person. The primary construction is aśāt. It denotes the base action, utim aśāt - it does. A distinct common form of pronoun exists, but it is mostly replaced by the masculine form of corresponding pronoun.

The secondary construction is eśit - it/he makes.

The third construction is h'iśat yat (causative) - it/he causes, causes someone to do.

The fourth construction is n'iśat (si) - it/he is doing (with itself)

The fifth construction is əśt li-, and it is passive form of aśāt construction.

The sixth construction is iśāt li-, and it is passive form of eśit.

The seventh construction is hi'śat li-, and it is passive form of h'iśat yat, respectively.

There are also 3 nonstandard constructions that are mostly used to form adjectives and participles.

The first aux. construction is hiśə'aśt, and it means "acting, active".

The second aux. construction is itxə'aśt, and it means "made".

The third aux. construction is hixtə'aśt, and it means "caused"

The past forms are made by adding yə- to a present construction for past simple and yələ- for past continuous.

The future forms are formed by adding na-.

The participle is formed by adding certain time adverbs, such as sakum "now".