Kihā́mmic

pá mamûnám ontā́ bán : non nobis solum : not for ourselves alone

General information
The Kihā́mmic language (Kihā́mmic Latin: Lố kihāmatī́zô tárak, pronounced [ˈlo kɪhɑːmaˈtiːzo ˈtaɹak]) is the main language spoken in Kihāmát. It is an inflected fusional nominative-accusative language, which has two numbers, three genders and nine cases. There are approximately two million native speakers of Kihā́mmic at present; about two thirds of the country's population, the majority of the remaining third speak Kihā́mmic fluently as their second language. The language belongs to the isolated Panlaffic language family, which is indigenous to the eight islands that make up Kihāmát. There are six other extant Panlaffic languages.

Brief history of Kihāmát
Kihāmát, formally known as The Socialist Republic of Kihāmát (Lố Kihāmátī aguntokôvanatī́zô agənamīšā́n, pronounced [ˈlo kɪhɑːˈmatiː agʊntɒkovanaˈtiːzo agənamiːˈʃɑːn]), comprises of eight closely grouped islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The islands have been unified as one sovereign state since AD 1316, prior to this there had been five separate royal families. The Kihā́mmic Civil War was the result of tensions between the five countries. The Civil War commenced in late 1298 and did not finish until the accord of 1316, which effectively saw the largest of the kingdoms assume control of the others and thus The Kingdom of Kihāmát ( Lố Kihāmátī yegašā́n, [jɛgaˈʃɑːn]) was born. The new government was highly centralised, ruled by the monarch and a selected council.

The monarchy lasted for over three hundred years, but was replaced by a republic in 1638, after a popular revolution due to prolonged food shortages due to the mismanagement of farming land. The Kihā́mmic Republic ( Lố Agənamīšā́n kihāmatī́zô) replaced the monarch with a president and created a non-partisan parliament, general elections to the parliament would take place every four years and presidential elections would occur at the same time. In the 1680s unofficial political allegiances that had developed led to the creation of the first political parties in the country. In 1691 it was a requirement to be a member of registered political party in order to be a member of the National Parliament and presidential elections were abolished an the leader of the party with the most votes assumed the office of President. The Kihā́mmic Republic remained continuously stable until the 1870s. A series of floods had devastated the islands in between 1869 and 1871, meaning that once again food was in short supply. After the natural disasters there were numerous protests throughout the country criticising the government’s handling of the situation, left-wing politics was ascending. The staggering results of the 1881 general election shown are shown below:


 * Communist Party of Kihāmát - 64.2%
 * Kihā́mmic Socialist Party - 21.6%
 * Liberal Party of Kihāmát - 7.1%
 * Conservative Party of Kihāmát - 5.3%
 * Kihā́mmic Nationalist Party - 1.1%
 * Kihā́mmic Monarchist Party - 0.7%

A year and a half after the Communist Party gained control of the parliament they announced the foundation of a new Kihā́mmic state, The Communist Federation of Kihāmát (Lố Kihāmátī hartamôvanatī́zô kalāšā́n, [haɹtamovanaˈtiːzo kalɑːˈʃɑːn]). The parliamentary system was replaced by a less centralised system, whereby the country was split into 5 autonomous regions, with a supreme council of government officials on the largest island.

By the end of World War II in 1945, in which Kihāmát played no part, the Communist régime had become more and more centralised and was met with popular protests during the 1940s. The protests became more and more frequent during the early 1950s, the government resisted the popular appeals and elections were abolished in late 1953 (the last elections having taken place in 1949) as the government saw the public as too ill-minded to make a rational judgement when voting. This only heightened public discontent with the régime and in 1955 the country came to a stand still, the Parliament Building was stormed by protesters and the Communist Party ousted from power, replaced by an interim government made up of politicians of various political persuasions. Political parties began to reform and elections were held the following year, the result of which are shown below:


 * Kihā́mmic Socialist Party - 31.6%
 * Conservative Party of Kihāmát - 29.3%
 * Liberal Party of Kihāmát - 17.2%
 * Independent - 8.2%
 * New Party of Libertarian Kihā́mmic Communist - 7.1%
 * New Kihā́mmic Nationalist Party - 5.4%
 * Party For A New Kihā́mmic Kingdom - 0.7%
 * Communist Party of Kihāmát - 0.5%

Following these election results the elected government held a referendum six months later concerning the type of government to use. The options for and results of the referendum are displayed below:


 * Socialist state: democratic elections every five years, collective leadership rather than a head of state, decentralised semi-autonomous regional control, small scale regional privatisation in certain industries, regular referenda on important matters of state. - 38.4%
 * Parliamentary republic: democratic governmental and presidential elections every five years, semi-decentralised regional control, privatised economy. - 31.7%
 * Federative republic: regional autonomy, regional elections every four years, supreme control by a supra-regional body, supra-national and presidential elections every six years, privatised economy. - 24.6%
 * Communist state: semi-democratic elections every six years, elections for Premiership every five years, centralised governmental control, no privatisation. - 4.9%
 * State capitalist nation: Centralised non-partisan system, semi-democratic elections every five years, election of Premier by committee, no privatisation, highly centralised economy. - 0.4%

Three months after result of the 1956 referendum The Socialist Republic of Kihāmát was proclaimed as the successor to the interim government. Kihāmát has not undergone another régime change to date and very little has changed in the structure of government, though currently the influence of political parties is beginning to dwindle as more and more unaffiliated politicians are being elected.



Geography of Kihāmát
The Kihā́mmic islands are found in the North Pacific Ocean approximately 1000mi (1600km) from the coast of Mexico.

The islands


As mentioned above, the country is made up of eight islands, which had previously been divided into five kingdoms. The list below corresponds to the number map of the islands on the right hand side:


 * 1) The Island of Raibáûī (Lû́ Raibáûī ailī́, [ˈlu ɾaɪ̯bˈau̯iː aɪ̯ˈliː])
 * 2) The Island of Laāláûī (Lû́ Laāláûī ailī́, [laɑːlˈau̯iː])
 * 3) The Island of Tōrnáûī (Lû́ Tōrnáûī ailī́, [tɔːɹnˈau̯iː])
 * 4) The Island of Rātəná (Lû́ Rātəná ailī́, [ɾɑːtənˈa])
 * 5) Upper Fnórāt (Lố Fnórāt vī́samô, [fnɒɹat ˈviːsamo])
 * 6) Lower Fnórāt (Lố Fnórāt lốmô, [ˈlomo])
 * 7) Rock Island (Lû́ Nukailī́, [nʊkaɪ̯ˈliː])
 * 8) The Rock of the Church (Lố Nukā́č, [nʊˈkɑːtʃ])

Former kingdoms
The coloured map below shows how the five kingdoms were divided up:




 * Red : The Kingdom of Raibáûī (Lố Raibáûī yegašā́n)
 * Yellow : The Lôppic Kingdom (Lố Yegašā́n lôpatī́zô)
 * Blue : The Kétassic Kingdom (Lố Yegašā́n ketasatī́zô)
 * Purple : The Duchy of Rātəná (Lố Rātənī́ yāšā́n)
 * Green : The Kingdom of the Fnórāts (Lố lámī Fnorātámī yegašā́n)

Phonology and orthography
The Kihā́mmic language can be written in either the native Panlaffic script, in which all Panlaffic languages are traditionally written, or in the Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet used below.

Consonants
Kihā́mmic has twenty consonants, although there are some letters that represent two phonemes.

P p : [p] voiceless bilabial plosive

L l : [l] alveolar lateral approximant, [ɫ] velarised alveolar lateral approximant (directly before another consonant)

M m : [m] bilabial nasal

N n : [n] alveolar nasal, [ŋ] before g and k

D d : [d] voiced alveolar plosive

H h : [h] voiceless glottal fricative

K k : [k] voiceless velar plosive

R r : [ɹ] alveolar approximant (in the middle of a word), [ɾ] alveolar tap (at the start of a word)

B b : [b] voiced bilabial plosive

Þ þ: [θ] voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative, [ð] voiced dental non-sibilant fricative

V v : [v] voiced labiodental fricative

Z z : [z] voiced alveolar fricative

Ž ž: [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar fricative

F f : [f] voiceless labiodental fricative

G g : [ɡ] voiced velar plosive

S s : [s] voiceless alveolar sibilant

Š š: [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

Č č: [tʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar affricate

T t : [t] voiceless alveolar plosive

Y y : [j] palatal approximant

Vowels
There are twelve vowels in the Kihā́mmic alphabet, some of these may vary depending on dialect.

A a : [a] open front unrounded vowel, [æ] near-open front unrounded vowel (rare, dialectical)

Ā ā : [ɑː] open front unrounded vowel

E e : [ɛ] open-mid front unrounded vowel, [e] close-mid front unrounded vowel (at the end of a word, dialectical)

O o : [ɒ] open back rounded vowel

Ô ô : [o] close-mid back rounded vowel

Ō ō : [ɔː] open-mid back rounded vowel, [ɔ] open-mid back rounded vowel

I i : [ɪ] near-close near-front unrounded vowel, [i] close front unrounded vowel (dialectical)

Ī ī : [iː] close front unrounded vowel

Ə ǝ : [ə] mid-central vowel, [ɜ] open-mid central unrounded vowel (rare, dialectical)

U u : [ʊ] near-close near-back vowel

Û û : [u] close back rounded vowel, [uː] close back rounded vowel

Ū ū : [uː] close back rounded vowel

Phonotactics
Most of the consonant clusters and diphthongs are self-evident, however, the less obvious of these are shown below:

GK gk : [kː] germinated voiceless velar plosive

KG kg : [kː] germinated voiceless velar plosive

KH kh : [kɦ] voiceless velar plosive, voiced glottal fricative

GKH gkh : [ç] voiceless palatal fricative

KGH kgh : [ç] voiceless palatal fricative

Alphabet
As previously mentioned, all of the Panlaffic language have traditionally been written in the Panlaffic alphabet. However use of the Romanised alphabet is gaining use.

Panlaffic alphabet
The Panlaffic alphabet is a true alphabet. An example of its use is on the Coat of Arms of Kihāmát, as shown to the left. The word on the scroll spells "Kihāmát" in its native script.

Although the Panlaffic script in the past had two case, majuscule and minuscule, only the majuscule is now generally used and the minuscule is never used in any official context.

Romanised alphabet
N.B.:
 * Acute accents over vowels indicate primary stress.
 * A and ā are always stressed if it the last letter of a word.
 * Ə is never stressed unless it is the only vowel in the word.
 * Pluralisation moves the stress to the infix, -am-, unless this violates the above stress rules.

Overview
The table above gives a basic idea of the structure of Kihā́mmic grammar.

Cases
The Kihā́mmic language has nine case:
 * 1) Nominative
 * 2) Accusative
 * 3) Genitive
 * 4) Ablative
 * 5) Allative
 * 6) Instrumental
 * 7) Prepositional
 * 8) Terminative
 * 9) Comparative (or equative)

Nominative case
The nominative case is used to name something as well as to denote the subject of an action or state.


 * "The dog"
 * "The dog bit the man"

Accusative case
The accusative case denotes the direct object of a transitive verb.


 * "The dog bit the man"

Genitive case
The genitive case denotes possession or relationship as well as a lack or replacement of something.


 * "The boy's  father"
 * "The party member"
 * "There is no water"
 * "Instead of sweets, eat fruit"
 * "We can't go without him"
 * "Everyone is here except her"
 * "The school had to close because of the snow"
 * "Thanks to the rain, the field was flooded"
 * "Amongst the contestants was last year's winner"
 * "For the sake of the plants, it must rain"
 * "Despite the snow the school was open"
 * "Pick a number from one to ten"
 * "He knelt in the presence of the King"

Ablative case
The ablative case is used to indicate movement away from, out of or off something or somewhere, as well as source.


 * "I left that town a month ago"
 * "They moved away from the city centre a while ago"
 * "He got out of the car"
 * "Get off the roof!"
 * "He is from England"
 * "Get out from under the table!"
 * "I'm just leaving Michael's [house]"
 * "According to the papers that restaurant is fantastic"

Allative case
The allative case is used to indicate movement to, into, onto, under or towards something or somewhere.


 * "I came to this city last year"
 * "They moved into their new house last week"
 * "The cat ran under the table"
 * "They went and hid behind the sofa"
 * "Go along the river and past the hotel"
 * "Can we try and walk beyond those hills?"
 * "Jump over the fence!"
 * "Are we going to Michael's [house] tonight?"

Instrumental case
The instrumental case denotes either the use of an object to perform an action or company.


 * "He writes with his best pen"
 * "I went to the cinema with my family"
 * "The museum was opened by the mayor"
 * "You can get to the school quicker via that shortcut"
 * "Go along the river then past the hotel"
 * "They went across the bridge"
 * "We need to go through the tunnel"
 * "I'm going to the shops for some milk"
 * "I'm just going to pay for these"
 * "These are for adults, not children!"
 * "He ran around the track several times"
 * "The house is surrounded by the police"
 * "He's arguing for speed cameras"

Prepositional case
The prepositional case denotes a location, such as in, at, on, under et cetera, as well as about or concerning.


 * "Moscow is in Russia"
 * "I can't talk at the moment, I'm at work"
 * "The lamp is on the desk"
 * "Our dog is under the table"
 * "We're talking about the match"
 * "Keep this between us"
 * "Pick a number between one and ten"
 * "I must get home before my delivery"
 * "I'm in front of your house"
 * "I stood near the bus stop"
 * "We'll wait by the bridge"
 * "The plane is now over Milan"
 * "What's behind that door?"
 * "The house is beyond those hills"
 * "There is a bridge across the river."
 * "We're waiting outside your house"
 * "He knelt in the presence of the King"
 * "There is a fence around the park"
 * "The ladder is leant against the wall"
 * "There is a café opposite my house"
 * "Next to the pub is a bank"
 * "I'm still at Michael's [house]"
 * "I'm against smoking in public"

Terminative case
The terminative case is used in phrases that involve limitations of time or distance.


 * "I'm working until the weekend"
 * "Go as far as the café"
 * "During the lesson they took notes"
 * "After the match they went home"
 * "We'll be home in five minutes"
 * "Can I stay for another hour? "
 * "By four o'clock you have to have left"
 * "Pick a number from one to ten"

Comparative case
The comparative case is used to mark a similarity to something or that two things have the same quantity of something.


 * "He swims like a fish"
 * "I have approximately £1000 in the bank"
 * "The sky is a reddish colour"

Nouns
Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter; two numbers: singular and plural; they are also declined according to case.

Diminutives and augmentatives
Diminutives add -ûn(á/û) unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case add -kûn(á/û).

Augmentatives add -at(á/û) but add -mat(á/û) when the word ends in a vowels.

Adjectives do not change according to diminutives or augmentatives.

Articles
Articles appear as both definite (i.e. "the") and indefinite (i.e. "a", "an" or "some") and are declined as nouns.

Definite
The definite articles correspond to the English "the" and the French "le", "la", "l'" or "les".

Indefinite
The indefinite articles correspond to the English "a", "an" or "some" and the Portuguese "um", uma", "uns" or "umas".

Adjectives
In Kihā́mmic, an adjectives agrees with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case.

Type I
Type I adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -nômô.

Type II
Type II adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ôvan.

Type III
Type III adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -amô or -ômô (but not -nômô).

Type IV
Type IV adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -atī́zô.

Type V
Type V adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ónsô.

Comparatives
To say phrases involving comparisons such as "The dog is bigger than the cat", the word "rū́namô" [more] precedes the adjective and the adjective is followed by "kā́" [than]. So the example sentence translated as:

"Lố gốt [is] rū́namô ránômô kā́ lá kará"

N.B.: rū́namô declines appropriately as a type III adjective.

Superlatives
To use superlatives, for example, "This dog is the biggest than the cat", the word "ródamô" [most] is placed before the adjective. Thus the sentence above translates as:

"Lố gốt [is] lố ródamô ránômô"

N.B.: ródamô also declines as a type III adjective.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are declined just as noun, except for the fact that plural personal pronouns do not exactly resemble the pluralised version of the corresponding singular personal pronouns. The plural forms of the second and third person personal pronouns can be used as polite personal pronouns as well, just as in French "vous" can be the plural or polite form of "you" and as "Вы" can also do the same in Russian.

Plural
The neuter second person singular is used in cases where either gender may apply and plural neuter pronouns are also used for mixed gender groups.

Reflexive
To form reflexive pronouns (i.e. myself/ourselves et cetera) the suffix -ná is added to singular pronouns and -nám added to plural pronouns. For example myself, masculine accusative, in Kihā́mmic is ekôná and ourselves, neuter instrumental, is mamûnám.

Verbs
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, number, gender, voice, mood and aspect.

First conjugation
First conjugation verbs have the ending -áþ in the infinitive. For example, garanáþ, meaning "to play", is conjugated as follows:

Singular
Indicative mood

Present:

Past:

Future:

Conditional mood

Imperative mood

Plural
Indicative mood

Present:

Past:

Future:

Conditional mood

Imperative mood

Participles
Participles are adjectives and decline as such, they are always type III adjectives.

Second conjugation
Second conjugation verbs have the ending -ū́t in the infinitive. For example, kasū́t, meaning "to drink", is conjugated as follows:

Singular
Indicative mood

Present:

Past:

Future:

Conditional mood

Imperative mood

Plural
Indicative mood

Present:

Past:

Future:

Conditional mood

Imperative mood

Third conjugation
Third conjugation verbs have the ending -óš in the infinitive. For example, fûrnóš, meaning "to stand [up]", is conjugated as follows:

Singular
Indicative mood

Present:

Past:

Future:

Conditional mood

Imperative mood

Plural
Indicative mood

Present:

Past:

Future:

Conditional mood

Imperative mood

Reflexives
Reflexive verbs are produced the same way as in English. That is, the appropriate verb is followed by the reflexive counter-part of the verb's subject in the accusative case.

Negatives
Verbs are made negative by bā́n [not] accompanying the verb, normally proceeding it.

Irregular verbs
There are only eleven irregular verbs in Kihā́mmic, they are:
 * 1) sád: to be
 * 2) ímat: to have
 * 3) venád: to go
 * 4) libád: to like
 * 5) hotád: to want
 * 6) mégač: to be able
 * 7) snarát: to know
 * 8) námač: to have to (moral obligation)
 * 9) koslát: to need (urgent need)
 * 10) akáfad: to kill
 * 11) šônát: to run

Genitive case

 * bá (+gen.) = no
 * "There is no water"
 * rānā́ (+gen.) = instead of
 * "Instead of sweets, eat fruit"
 * káz (+gen.) = without
 * "We can't go without him"
 * mī́ (+gen.) = except
 * "Everyone is here except her"
 * zûtā́ (+gen.) = because of
 * "The school had to close because of the snow"
 * sûčā́ (+gen.) = thanks to
 * "Thanks to the rain, the field was flooded"
 * gṓ (+gen.) = amongst
 * "Amongst the contestants was last year's winner"
 * pá (+gen.) = for the sake of
 * "For the sake of the plants, it must rain"
 * magrā́ (+gen.) = despite, in spite of
 * "Despite the snow the school was open"
 * rā́ kā́ (+gen.) = more than
 * "That's been there for more than a week!"

Ablative case

 * ayán (+abl.) = away from
 * "They moved away from the city centre a while ago"
 * ayû́n (+abl.) = out of
 * "He got out of the car"
 * ayón (+abl.) = off
 * "Get off the roof!"
 * nán (+abl.) = from
 * "He is from England"
 * "Pick a number from one to ten"
 * nánt (+abl.) = from under
 * "Get out from under the table!"
 * nábōn (+abl.) = out from behind
 * "They got out from behind the sofa"
 * kašā́ (+abl.) = according to
 * "According to the papers that restaurant is fantastic"

Allative case

 * ôynán (+all.) = to
 * "I came to this city last year"
 * ôyû́n (+all.) = into
 * "They moved into their new house last week"
 * ốnunt (+all.) = under
 * "The cat ran under the table"
 * ôbṓn (+all.) = behind
 * "They went and hid behind the sofa"
 * ôgnā́ (+all.) = past
 * "Go along the river and past the hotel"
 * ôkīnā́ (+all.) = beyond
 * "Can we try and walk beyond those hills?"
 * ônā́ (+all.) = over
 * "Jump over the fence!"

Instrumental case

 * sū́ (+inst.) = with
 * "He writes with his best pen"
 * sūá (+inst.) = with [animate]
 * "I went to the cinema with my family"
 * ká (+inst.) = by
 * "The museum was opened by the mayor"
 * "The house is surrounded by the police"
 * ûká (+inst.) = via
 * "You can get to the school quicker via that shortcut"
 * ûčā́ (+inst.) = along
 * "Go along the river then past the hotel"
 * ûkrā́ (+inst.) = across
 * "They went across the bridge"
 * ûyû́n (+inst.) = through
 * "We need to go through the tunnel"
 * pá (+inst.) = for
 * "I'm going to the shops for some milk"
 * "I'm just going to pay for these"
 * "These are for adults, not children!"
 * ûsū́ (+inst.) = around
 * "He ran around the track several times"
 * krā́g (+inst.) = about
 * "We're talking about the match"
 * ûpróv (+inst.) = for, in favour of
 * "He's arguing for speed cameras"

Prepositional case

 * yû́n (+prep.) = in
 * "Moscow is in Russia"
 * yán (+prep.) = at
 * "I'm still at Michael's [house]"
 * "I can't talk at the moment, I'm at work"
 * yón (+prep.) = on
 * "The lamp is on the desk"
 * yén (+prep.) = off
 * "The cat is off the chair"
 * únt (+prep.) = under
 * "Our dog is under the table"
 * ətā́ (+prep.) = between
 * "Keep this between us"
 * "Pick a number between one and ten"
 * tā́ (+prep.) = before
 * "I must get home before my delivery"
 * yûtā́ (+prep.) = in front of, before
 * "I'm in front of your house"
 * grū́ (+prep.) = near
 * "I stood near the bus stop"
 * čā́ (+prep.) = by
 * "We'll wait by the bridge"
 * nā́ (+prep.) = over
 * "The plane is now over Milan"
 * bṓn (+prep.) = behind
 * "What's behind that door?"
 * kīnā́ (+prep.) = beyond
 * "The house is beyond those hills"
 * akrā́ (+prep.) = across
 * "There is a bridge across the river."
 * péəd (+prep.) = outside
 * "We're waiting outside your house"
 * ūnā́ (+prep.) = out of
 * "We're out of the office"
 * ízgrā (+prep.) = around
 * "There is a fence around the park"
 * kót (+prep.) = against
 * "The ladder is leant against the wall"
 * sádan (+prep.) = opposite
 * "There is a café opposite my house"
 * û́čnā (+prep.) = next to
 * "Next to the pub is a bank"
 * prôvā́ (+prep.) = against, opposed to
 * "I'm against smoking in public"

Terminative case

 * yû́nə (+term.) = until, as far as
 * "I'm working until the weekend"
 * "Go as far as the café"
 * "Pick a number from one to ten"
 * ə́tə (+term.) = during, in
 * "During the lesson they took notes"
 * "Can I stay for another hour? "
 * kī́nə (+term.) = after
 * "After the match they went home"
 * "We'll be home in five minutes"
 * yánə (+term.) = by
 * "By four o'clock you have to have left"
 * û́š kā́ (+term.) = less than
 * "I've been here for less than two years"

Comparative case

 * nṓd (+comp.) = like
 * "He swims like a fish"
 * ízgrāk (+comp.) = approximately, about
 * "I have approximately £1000 in the bank"

Other vocabulary
Other list of vocabulary can be found below:


 * Countries
 * Numbers
 * Cardinal
 * Ordinal