Taurahe

Taurahe refers to the native languages spoken by the Tauren from the Warcraft universe. There are numerous dialects of Taurahe, as most tribe retain their own version of the language. The most common dialect by far is Bloodhoof Taurahe, the native tongue of High Chieftain Baine. Bloodhoof Taurahe has supplanted ceremonial Taurahe in areas of trade and tribal politics.

Consonants
There are 19 consonants. Symbols in parenthesis indicate where orthography differs from that of the phonemic symbol.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! Labial!! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal !Nasal !Plosive !Affricate !Fricative !Approximant
 * m || || n || || || ||
 * p b || || t d || |||| k ||
 * || || || || tç (ch) dʝ (j) || ||
 * v (f/v)|| ð (th) || s z || || ç (sh)|| || h
 * w || || lˠ (l)|| ʐ̞ (r)|| j (y)|| ||
 * }

Allophony
Voiced fricatives /v/ and /ð/ are voiceless except as the final consonant of a word.


 * /vira/ > [fəɪʐɐ] fira - hinterland
 * /ðodʝa/ > [θoʊdʝɐ] thoja - troll

/n/ is pronounced as [ŋ] in the syllable coda.

The sequence /nj/ is pronounced as [ɟ].

When two identical syllables appear in sequence, the first /k/ becomes [t]:
 * /ko komi/ > [to koʊmɪ] - water
 * /ki kila-ni/ > [təɪ kɪlaɔnɪ]

Vowels
There are four vowels, superficially written as /a i o u/. These vowels appear have 2 allophones, depending on stress.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! /a/ !! /i/ !! /o/ !! /u/ !Stressed !Unstressed
 * aɔ̯ || ə̯ɪ || oʊ̯ || y̯ʉ
 * ɐ || ɪ || o || *
 * }


 * /taka/ > [taɔ̯kɐ] hold
 * /piki/ > [pə̯ɪkɪ] spark
 * /kodo/ > [koʊ̯do] kodo
 * /nuka/ > [ny̯ʉkɐ] milk

/u/ does not appear in unstressed position.

Phonotactics
Syllable structure is limited to (C)V(n).

Stress
Stress is trochaic. The penultimate syllable of a word always takes main stress, and secondary stress falls on the first syllable and every odd syllable thereafter. A syllable will not have secondary stress if the following syllable has main stress.

Sentence Structure
Clause structure is verb-subject-object.

Noun Phrase
The noun phrase consists of 5 parts: adjective phrase, class marker, plural marker, noun, case marker.

Class
In Taurahe, nouns are considered to fall into 4 groups or classes: divine, animate, inanimate, and construct. Each class

Divine nouns are the most spirited of phenomena, like magic, fire, weather, and celestial bodies.
 * ha anshi - the sun
 * ha kahi - the rain
 * ha Halo - ''the Earthmother
 * ha musha - the moon

Animate nouns refer to living persons, animals, and also some personified things like some trees and mountains.
 * eth' akalake - the man
 * etha shu - the child
 * etha fithiyi - the hunter
 * etha kodo - the kodo

Inanimate nouns are objects that can be found in nature without the influence of architecture or agriculture or engineering etc.
 * ko mochi - the tree
 * ko pake - the blood
 * ko anyavi - the berry
 * ko lapo - the stone
 * ko ume - the fish

Construct nouns are objects which do not occur naturally.
 * o hakaji - the arrow
 * o kude - the shield
 * o kolobi - the jar
 * o hapenyi - the clothing

Person
There are two other class markers, an and chi. These replace the class markers (usually etha), and they indicate that the noun is in first or second person, respectively.


 * Ki tachora-tiki eth' akalake sa etha thoja. - The man was hitting the troll.
 * Ki tachora-tiki an akalake sa chi thoja. - The man (me) was hitting the troll (you).

Plural
The plural marker is mu.
 * ko sheni - bone
 * ko mu sheni - bones

The plural marker is not required when an explicit number adjective modifies the noun.
 * ichi ko sheni - a white bone
 * ichi ko mu sheni - white bones
 * suha ko sheni - two bones
 * suha ichi ko sheni - two white bones

Case
There are 4 grammatical cases in Taurahe. Absolutive, ergative, locative, and lative.

There is no marker for the absolutive case.
 * Ki fu kazi ruja o kolobi. - The brown jar broke.

The ergative marker is sa. It distinguishes the subject from the object in sentences with 2 nouns.
 * Ki tifo-ki eth' akalake sa ruja o kolobi. - The man looks at the brown jar.

The locative marker is ni. It refers to static locations.
 * Ti ki ko rohi ni o kolobi. - The jar is on the ground

The lative marker is to. It is used to mark movement to a location.
 * Ki chipa-ki mura eth' akalake sa o kolobi yela yela ko rohi to. - The sad man buries the jar in the cold, cold ground.

Compound Nouns
A productive way to form new words is via compounding. The hyphen between the combining words is not obligatory.


 * ko hakaji-atho - fletching
 * o komi-kolobi - water jug
 * ha toronpi-kahi - winter rain

Verb Phrase
The verb phrase consists of 4 parts: adverb space, modal particle, verb, and tense-aspect.

Modality
There are 3 modal particles, ki, he, and do.

The particle ki is used to mark the realis mood.
 * Ki lalota-ki etha mu fiji. The children are playing.
 * Ki fu mun eth' akalake sa ko moanyi. The man ate the fruit.

He marks the epistemic mood.
 * He lalota-ki etha mu fiji. The children might be playing.
 * He fu mun eth' akalake sa ko moanyi. The man may have eaten the fruit.

Do marks the deontic mood.
 * Do lalota-ki etha mu fiji. The children ought to be playing.
 * Do fu mun eth' akalake sa ko moanyi. The man ought to have eaten the fruit.

Tense-Aspect
There are 5 tense-aspects: past perfective, past imperfective, present, future perfective, and future imperfective. With the exception of fu, which appears before the verb, tense-aspect markers must attach directly to the verb because they affect its stress pattern.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * + Conjugation for regular verbs
 * fu
 * -tiki
 * colspan=2|-ki
 * -ni
 * -niki
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * + English gloss "do"
 * did
 * was doing
 * colspan=2|does/is doing
 * will do
 * will be doing
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * +Regular verb: towa- walk
 * fu towa
 * towa-tiki
 * colspan=2| towa-ki
 * towa-ni
 * towa-niki
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !Perfective !Imperfective !Past !Present !Future
 * +Irregular verb: luk go to
 * fu yun
 * luhi
 * colspan=2| luhi
 * lunyi
 * lunyiki
 * }

Numbers

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Digit !Cardinal !Ordinal
 * 1
 * u
 * enure
 * 2
 * suha
 * suhama
 * 3
 * koba
 * kopama
 * 4
 * tone
 * tonema
 * 5
 * u ko tone ni
 * enure ko tone ni
 * 6
 * kude
 * kutema
 * 7
 * u ko kude ni
 * enure ko kude ni
 * 8
 * shatuji
 * shatuchiji
 * 9
 * u ko shatuji ni
 * enure ko shatuji ni
 * 10
 * suha ko shatuji ni
 * suhama ko shatuji ni
 * }
 * shatuchiji
 * 9
 * u ko shatuji ni
 * enure ko shatuji ni
 * 10
 * suha ko shatuji ni
 * suhama ko shatuji ni
 * }
 * suhama ko shatuji ni
 * }

Colors

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"


 * black
 * tenka
 * brown
 * ruja
 * white
 * eche
 * }
 * eche
 * }