Läd̛âng

General information
Läd̛âng (pronounced [lādʰâŋ]) is a language isolate that is spoken almost exclusively on an island 200mi (500km) of the southern most tip of Vietnam.

Phonology and orthography
Läd̛âng has a fairly complex phonological system, especially for native speakers of English. This is mainly due to the tonal system and nasal vowels.

Consonants
There are twenty-nine consonants in Läd̛âng. Plosive consonants have aspirated counterparts that are counted as separate letters, as is the digraph "ng".

B b : [b] voiced bilabial plosive

B̛ b̛ : [bʰ] aspirated voiced bilabial plosive

C c : [x] voiceless velar fricative

D d : [d] voiced alveolar plosive

D̛ d̛ : [dʰ] aspirated voiced alveolar plosive

H h : [ɣ] voiced velar fricative

G g : [g] voiced velar plosive

G̛ g̛ : [gʰ] aspirated voiced velar plosive

J j : [j] palatal approximant

K k : [k] voiceless velar plosive

K̛ k̛ : [kʰ] aspirated voiceless velar plosive

M m : [m] bilabial nasal

N n : [n] alveolar nasal

NG ng : [ŋ] nasal velar

P p : [p] voiceless bilabial plosive

P̛ p̛ : [pʰ] aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive

R r : [r] alveolar trill

S s : [s] voiceless alveolar sibilant

Š š : [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

Ŝ ŝ : [ʂ] voiceless retroflex sibilant

Ś ś : [ɕ] voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

T t : [t] voiceless alveolar plosive

T̛ t̛ : [tʰ] aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive

W w : [w] voiced labio-velar approximant

Z z : [z] voiced alveolar fricative

Ž ž : [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar fricative

Ẑ ẑ : [ʐ] voiced retroflex sibilant

Ź ź : [ʑ] voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

Vowels
Läd̛âng is a tonal language, there are eight "base" vowels and five tones. The eight base vowels are:

A a : [a] open front unrounded vowel

Æ æ : [ə] mid-central vowel

E e : [e] close-mid front unrounded vowel

I i : [i] close front unrounded vowel

O o : [ɔ] open-mid back rounded vowel

Œ œ : [œ] open-mid front rounded vowel

U u : [u] close back rounded vowel

Y y : [y] close front rounded vowel

Tones and nasal vowels are shown by accents. There are six different diacritics used to show these vowel properties, they are:
 * Acute : ´
 * Circumflex : ˆ
 * Diaeresis : ¨
 * Grave : `
 * Háček : ˇ
 * Tilde : ˜

A table of these vowels is shown below:

Alphabet
There are thirty-six letters in the Läd̛âng alphabet:

Basic grammar
Läd̛âng is an analytical language with two numbers (singular and plural) and two genders (masculine and feminine). The language lacks grammatical cases and verbs are not conjugated apart from for tense.

Masculine nouns end in a, b, b̛, c, d, d̛, e, g, g̛, h, i, k, k̛, ng, p, p̛, r, t or t̛.

Feminine nouns end in æ, j, m, n, o, œ, s, š, ŝ, ś, u, w, y, z, ž, ẑ or ź.