Patchélogue

This page is basically a English-translated English-rewritten version of 帕提语 on a Chinese conlang wiki. No, even further. I started re-writing the original Chinese version basing on this page.



=Classification and Dialects=

Patigulh(/'pʌtɪgʊl/, VżɑiκṡЦ/'pʰatʰik⁼uɫʷ/, lit."Language of Patchouli") is an artlang created by Kaihan Zhang, a Chinese student.

In the Patigulh universe, Patigulh is spoken by about 120 million people in Patikyou and is the official language of it. Numerous dialectical varieties also exist.

Patikyou(VżɑiᴚȷS̱̄/'pʰatʰikʰɪəʊ/, lit."Land of Patchouli") is an empire in an alternate universe which is far from ours.

=Phonology=

Consonants

 * 1) [h/kʰ/k⁼] are palatalised [ɕ/tɕʰ/tɕ⁼] before [i], but the spelling doesn't change.
 * 2) [pʰ/tʰ/kʰ] are disaspiratised [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] after[s/ʂ], the spelling also change.
 * 3) [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] are unreleased [p̚/t̚/k̚] at the end of a syllable, expect when ends with two consonants like [lp⁼].

Syllables
The basic syllable structure of Patigulh is "(CCC)(A)V(A)(CCC)". Where "A" stands for Approximants which are indicated by vovel or digraph letters. A consonant cluster can (but rarely) have up to three consonants, and one or two normally.

Words may begin with a stop with an "s" before it, or a affricative. Words may end with a stop with an "s" before or after it, or a nasal with a same-POA stop or fricative.

If odd number of consonants are between syllables, the later one will get one more consonant than the former. As in ɒiևᴚbẓƞ(ding-kcrn)thought. If it was even number, they will get same amount of consonants. As in ɑżʌbẓƞ(tab-crn)food. But affricatives are treated as single consonant: As in vżɑqi(pa-tsi)knowledgeable.

Stress
Words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable, and nonstandard stress is indicated by an accent mark over the vowel of the stressed syllable.

The stress of a Vowel-Consonant-Vowel word is commonly on the last vowel, it is considered a nonstandard stress and thus should be indicated.


 * Compare ṣqı̯(Osé)[o'sɛ]"I teach" and ṣbı̣(Oce)['ɔʃe]"from that time"


 * A Class Ⅱ verb can have its stress not on its stem, but on the syllable after the stem:


 * ṣqı̯u(Osélh)"to teach" → ṣqı̯(Osé)"I teach" → ṣqiʎṣq(Osímas)"We teach"

The suffixes never affect a word's stress. Like:


 * The stress of qżʌżn-ż('sabal-a)"cat-ɴᴏᴍ" is still on the "sa", not on the second-to last syllable like "sa'bala". Pay attention to that it is not considered a "nonstandard" stress.

As for compound words, the stress is on the last word's original stress.

=Writing System=

Patigulh is written in Hijilaiya(ᖷiκinẓ̇ȷZ̄/xitɕ⁼i'laija/, lit."Saint-script"), which looks like Latin letters, for it was created after some ancient barbarians discovered some English comic books a time-traveller dropped.

The Latin transliteration given below is never used by Patikyou people, only by the author, in order to make Patigulh more readable to real people.

There are recently 26 letters in Hijilaiya, starting with "Patci"(V), ending with "EᏆki"(Ī̱):

Aside from single letters, there are some letter combinations that makes different pronounciations from provided above.

Orthography
Unless when appearing at the end of a word, v(p), ɑ(t) or ᴚ(k) won't appear behind a q(s). If they had to, they only become ʌ(b), ɒ(d) or κ(g).


 * ʞżƞżqı̣q(hanases)"he says" + -ɑ-(d)"-ed" → ʞżƞżq ɒ ı̣q(hanasdes)"he said"

Plosives like p/t/k/b/d/g, when followed by another plosive, the first one will be reduced to a [ʔ]. The spelling only changes when the two plosives have the same places of articulation.
 * ɑżʌı̣q(tabes)"he ate" + -ɑ-(d)"-ed" → ɑżʌɒı̣q(tabtes)[tʰɐʔt⁼ɛs]"he ate"
 * ɑżʌı̣q(tabes)"he ate" + -ʌ-(b)"will do" → ɑż k ʌı̣q(ta'bes)[tʰɐʔp⁼ɛs]"he will eat"

Spellings like ȷi(yi), ſṡ(wu) or even uẓ(jr) are banned in Patigulh.

ᴚ(k), κ(g) or ʞ(h) paralize before i(i) , but the spelling doesn't change. And they don't paralize before ȷ(y). For example: ᴚiṩ(qiou) is pronounced as /tɕʰɪəʊ/, and ᴚȷṩ(kyou) is pronounced as /kɪəʊ/, thus: While:
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ ȷ ṩ(Gensoukyou)"Fantasy-land"
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ i ṩ(Gensouqiou)"Fantasy-ball"

q(s) paralize and become [ɕ] before i(i) in some dialects, but the spelling doesn't change.

Punctuation

 * Due to histical issue, Patigulh commas will be represented by both "｡"(Halifidth CJK period) and "₉"(subscript 9) in this page.


 * Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżqı̣ ẓ₉ ⌊Z̄nṣʞżȷṩ⨟ ſṣq ƞı̣λż ɒı̣q ⌊⌊Vżɑbiṩni⌉⌉,⌉, ᗄi ʞżƞżqı̣u ƞz̊ƞ, Δbiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ẓ bi ɒı̣q Vżɑbiṩni; Z̄żż₉₉₉ ȷṣʎṣ₉₉,
 * Patchouli says: "Hello! My name is 'Patchouli'". What did she say? She said that she is Patchouli! Ah... maybe....


 * ṣi⨟ Dṡ; ʞṣu ɑżʌı̣ ɒṡq vżƞ Λı̣κiɑƞiʎṣ₉ ʞṣu qżƞᴚṣ·⅄iɑż·κżṡ S̱ɑṣᴚż₆ ʌnṩᴚʌı̣ ɒṡq Γṣnṣ⸲ ni ɒṡq ᖷżṡqɒı̣ʎ ᴚżʎʌı̣⸲ qṣʌı̣ƞʌı̣ ɒṡq ⅄ṡʎżſṣ, ɑz̊ʌi̊₉₉₉,

If the quotation can be considered as a word in the sentence, punctions should be added both inside and outside the quotation. Otherwise, punctions should only be added inside the quotation marks.


 * Γṣ żnʞżƞżqɒı̣ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉, (Wo alhanasde "Alohajou.".) I didn't say "Hello".
 * Γṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou.") Me: "Hello."

The final punction inside a quotation can be omitted if it is a period, unless it appears between a double quotation mark and a single quotation mark:


 * Γṣ ʞżƞżqɒı̣ ⌊Γṣ żnʞżƞżqɒı̣ ⌊⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ⌉⌉,⌉, (Wo hanasde "Wo alhanasde 'Alohajou'.".) I said "I didn't say 'Hello'".
 * Γṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou") Me: "Hello"

If only the first half of the sentence needs exclaiming, an exclaim-comma should be used.


 * ṣi⨟ Γṣ ꓘṣᴚı̣ƞ iu, (oi!, Wo Koken ilh.) "Hey, I'm here!"

What would be called a "comma-spilt" in English is legal in Patigulh, by using a specific "subject comma".


 * ꓘṣnż₆ ɒı̣q Vı̣ʎʌiſṣ(Kola, des Pembiwo.)*This, is a pen.

There is no question mark in Patigulh. In interrogative sentences, there should be a rised tone(or linguistically, "suprafix") on the word being asked about, whose dots should be changed into rings (or "rised-tone mark"s):


 * ꓘṣnż ɒı̣q ꓘı̥ȷs̥. (kola des Kewo^?.) "This is what^?."
 * Γı̥z̥ ɑżʌɒı̣q ꓘṣnṣ. (wer^? tabdes Kolo) "Who^? ate this."

There is no colon in Patigulh. A comma is placed wherever, in English, a colon would be used.


 * Jṣ ʞżƞżq｡ ⌊żnṣʞżȷṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas, "Alohajou.".) I say:"Hello.".

The hyphen is used where English would use one. In addition, it is used in multy-word proper nouns, such as a book's name.


 * Πż·nżȷı̣ƞyżʌiև·Kı̣ƞqṩᴚȷS̱̄ɒı̣ƞ·bı̣ɒiЦ (La-layenfabing-GensoukyOUden-cediLH)The Plan to Harem-ize Gensoukyou

Capitalization
The first letter of any noun(including verbal noun) should be capitalized. And the last letter of a proper noun should be capitalized too. Case suffixes of proper nouns should be placed before the capitalized last letter.


 * ᑫṡiᴚ Z̄ ſż ɑżʌı̣ ꓘẓ̇ᴚiſṣ,(SuikAwa tabe Kaikiwo.)"Suika eats cake."
 * ᑫṡiᴚżſż ɑżʌı̣ ꓘẓ̇ᴚ Ī ſṣ,(Suikawa tabe KaikᏆwo.)"Watermelon eats Keiki."

Name of books, as is written as many words connected with hyphens, should be written in italics with its first and last letter capitalized. If a noun or another proper noun appears in it, the original capitalization is preserved:


 *  Π ż·nżȷı̣ƞyżʌiև·Kı̣ƞqṩᴚȷS̱̄ɒı̣ƞ·Ьı̣ɒi Ц ſż ɒı̣q Λṡᴚṣ (La-layenfabing-GensoukyOU-CediLH des Buko)The Plan to Harem-ize Gensoukyou is a book.

=Grammar=

Nouns
In Patigulh, nouns decline based on number and case, gender is shown by atricles.

Number
Usually, plural form of a countable noun is made by adding plural suffix -ʎ(m) to the ending of the singular noun, regardless of whether the word ends by a consonant or vowel, except becoming -iʎ(im) after another "m". However, some nouns change irregularly.
 * qżʌżu(sabalh)"cat" → qżʌżn ʎ (sabalm)"cats"
 * ʎiᴚi(miqi)"mouse" → ʎiᴚi ʎ (mikim)"mouse"
 * ṣȷṣ(oyo)"eye" → ı̣ȷı̣(eye)"eyes"
 * ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boob" → ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boobs"

In patigulh, uncountable(mass) nouns can have a "singular"(technically "singulative") form made by attaching a -ƞ(n), or -iƞ(in) after another "n", after the stem.
 * ʎinẓ̇q(milais)"rice" → ʎinẓ̇q ƞ (milaisn)"a grain of rice"
 * ʎiq(mis)"water" → ʎiq ƞ (misn)"a vessel of water"

Case
4 "regular" cases are marked in Patigul, They are:
 * 1) 1st case: Nominative.
 * 2) 2nd case: Ablative, Genetive , Instrumental
 * 3) 3rd case: Lative, Dative , Beneficial.
 * 4) 4th case: Accusative

Take a sentence in both English and Patigulh fot example:

We take your money to the king from (your) home to the palace by (our) hands for our country.

Ataiwa Oteme Hase la Pelisi tuqimas dus Moniwo le Regi Gogawi.

What case the noun before the verb is can affect the meaning of the whole sentence.

Besides four "regular" cases, Patigulh also features four other "sub-cases".

Sub-cases are used for preposotion phrases, participle phrases and gerunds.


 * Jṣ ɒı̣ẓ Δżʌiƞż Aṡiᴚżʎ ı̣ƞ qżvnibı̣u AṡiᴚZ̄ſṣ(Woder tabina suikamen saplicelh Suikawo)"My eating watermelons surprises Suika."

I'm not sure what this phenomenon is actually called among real linguists. The most similar term I found is "Oblique-Nominative/Ablative/etc." but I doubt if it does makes sense.

Gender
There are 2 genders in Patigulh, which is not divided by sеx but by consciousity. It is mainly shown by changing the article of the noun.

It should be noticed that a noun's gender isn't fixed. For example, a train can be conscious when operated by a driver, a person can be unconscious when knocked out.

The only three kinds of words that needs seprating genders are: articles(as menitoned below), verbs in 3rd/4th person declension and third personal pronoun bi/ɑż(ci/ta)it-ᴄɴsᴄ/it-ᴜɴsᴄ.

Among the verbs, a special verb iu/żu(ilh/alh)exist-ᴄɴsᴄ/exist-ᴜɴsᴄ conjugates irregularly by gender, not only in 3rd/4th person declension.

Pronouns
In Patigulh, pronouns are divided as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns pluralize based on person, number, case and gender(3rd pronoun only).

There are three different methods to decline, but the declensions of sub-cases are same with normal noun's in all methods. Except in the half-irregular one, where the main-cases' and sub-cases' declension are the same.


 * 1) Z̄ƞɑżn(antai)"you&we" is inclusive and Z̄ɑẓ̇(atai)"we" is exclusive. That is:  Z̄ƞɑẓ̇(antai)"you&we" includes "you" inside "we", while Z̄ɑẓ̇(atai)"we" does not:
 * VżɑbiṩnĪſż ʞżƞżqı̣q ЬiƞᴚĪſi ẓ｡ ⌊Z̄nżṡqɑ (Z̄ƞɑẓ̇/Z̄ɑẓ̇)ſi ᴚı̣ᴚṣƞı̣u qʎiɒż,⌉,
 * PatcioulIwa hanases CinqIwi r: "Alaust (Antai/Atai)wi kekonel smida.".
 * Patchouli tells Shinki: "Please allow (you&me/us) get married".
 * →Patchouli wants to marry (Shinki/Alice).
 * 1) Patigulh features a "fourth person" pronoun ᑫṡ(su)"alt-it" (or "Obviative" in real linguists). It is used when the "third person" pronoun had already referred to someone else(normally the subject), for example:
 * VżɑbiṩnĪſż ſiɒiɑı̣ ẓ ʎżniqZ̄ſż ſżq ɑżɑqκṣ (biq/qṡq) S̱̄vẓ̇ſṣ,
 * PatcioulIwa widite r MalisAwa was tatsgo (cis/sus) OUpaiwo.
 * Patchouli saw that Marisa was touching (her/alt-her) chest.
 * →Marisa is touching (Patchouli's/herselfs) chest.

The genetive case of a personal pronoun is same to its ablative form, except having the first letter in lower case for it is used as an adjective, not a noun.

Add a żṡɑṣ(auto)"self" after a pronoun's genetive form to form its reflexive form.

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns is very regular in Patigulh. It can be numerously generated by using the pre- and suffixes shown below:

P.S.: Red words are made-up English words to appproximate Patigulh words.

The difference between qṣƞ(son)"this" and ṣƞ(on)"thy" is that qṣƞ is something close to the listener, while ṣƞ is something far from both the listener and the speaker.

ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" and ſı̣(we)"who" means the same. But ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" is only used as a conjunction of nominal clauses, while ſı̣(we)"who" is only used as a pronoun. The same goes with ɑṣu(tolh)"which thing" and ƞżƞ(nan)"what".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Patigul do not decline. Comparatives and superlatives are shown by two adverbs: κı̣ƞ(gen)"more" and qẓ̇(sai)"most".


 * κżṡ(gau)"high" → κı̣ƞ κżṣ(gen gau)"higher" → qẓ̇ κżṣ(sai gau)"highest"

The opposite of comparative and superlative are shown by nı̣q(les)less and nıiqɑ(list)"least".

Articles
There is no undefined article in Patigulh. A singular noun appear without any article means the same.

Verbs
''Caution: This section is in (hilariously unfrequent)reforming progress. Any given information could change.''

In Patigulh, verbs conjugate basing on tense, voice, number, and person(including gender in 3rd person). Aspects are basically shown by auxialy verbs and participles.

Verb-stems in Patigulh always end with a consonant. When importing vovel-ending verbs from other languages, qṡn(sul)to do will be attached as a suffix.

Class
Regular verbs in Patigulh are divided into two classes of declensions:
 * Class Ⅰ: Identified by having their infinitives ending with -ṡ(u): ƞṣʎṡ(nomu)"to drink"
 * Is the "normal" class of a verb devired from other parts of speech.
 * Class Ⅱ: Identified by having their infinitives ending with -ı̣n(el): ɑżʌı̯n(tabél)"to eat", or -ı̣ƞ(en): qṡʞı̣ƞ(suhen)"to look for".
 * Not productive anymore. That is, new verbs are always categoried into Class Ⅰ.

Person
Person suffixes takes the very place of infinitive suffixes, and goes after tense suffixes.

Tenses
The tense-aspect system of Patigulh consists of twelve(that is, 3×4) composite tenses, which is formed by composing three simple tenses and four aspects.

The simple tenses are: past tense, present tense and future tense.

Past tense is formed by adding a "t" betweem the verb's stem and person suffix. And as for future tense, it is a "b".

Aspects
There are actually five simple aspects in Patigulh, but two of them are treated differently(see below).

The aspects are: simple(imperfect) aspect, retrospective(A.K.A. perfect) aspect, continuous aspect and prospective aspect.


 * Retrospective(Perfect) aspect: Brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past.
 * Continuous aspect: Emphasising that the situation is ongoing, not indicating whether it is evolving.
 * Differ from English Progressive aspect(evolving; I am eating) by including both progressive aspect and stative aspect(non-evolving; I know French).
 * However, even the author himself forget this rule and treat it the same as real progressive aspect.
 * Prospective aspect: Brings attention to the anticipation of an imminent future situation
 * Approximate to English "be about to do" or "got to do".

The three aspects are all formed by auxiliary verbs and participles.


 * Con.: iɒż(ida)to be + Prs.Ptcp.
 * Ret.: ʞży(haf)to have + Pst.Ptcp.
 * Pro.: κı̣ɑ(get)to get + Fut.Ptcp.

When not specificslly mentioned, all verbs below are in 3rd-animative singular declension in the usage chart below.


 * P.S.:In Patigulh, the clause uses the same tense as the main clause, even in Future tense.

Participles
Patriciples doesn't decline by person. Thus the Participle siffix -iև(ing)-ᴩᴛᴄᴩ takes the place of person suffixes.

As for the irregular verbs, their participles are based on their stem form.

Participles can also be used as an adjective or adverb.

Unlike in English, past participles in Patigulh can't mark pasaiveness, which is marked by passive participles.

Gerunds
P.S. I once heard that English "gerund"s,real "gerund"s and "verbal noun"s aren't the same, but I've not worked that out yet.

As for the irregular verbs, their gerunds are based on their stem form.

The (past/future) gerunds are used to express the action happen (before/after) the verb.

Irregular verbs
TO BE RE-WRITTEN

Passive voice
Passive voice is indicated by preffix ʌi-(bi-).

“Verbal number”
Besides three time aspects, Patigulh also features two other aspects: Momentane and Iterative.


 * Momentane: Indicates the action is sudden and short-lived.(I kicked once)
 * When the object is in plural, it also suggests that the action is applied to all the objects at once.(I ate the biscuits at once.)
 * Iterative: Expresses the repetition of an event observable on one single occasion.(I kicked for times)
 * When the object is in plural, it also suggests that the action is applied to all the objects one by one.(I ate the biscuits one by one.)

As these two aspects indicates the "times" of an action, they are treated totally different from other three "time aspects". To be specific, instead of auxiliary verb and participle, they are expressed by suffixes which looked exactly like plural and singila tive suffixes.

When the subject is in plural, and the object is in singular:
 * Itr.Asp. suggests that the action is performed by each subject separatly.
 * Regular Aspect suggests, well, nothing.
 * Mon.Asp. suggests the subjects perform the action together.

When both subj. and obj. are in pl., Patikyou people just uses corresponding adverbal phrases instead of plainly suggesting: ȷżɒqı̣ƞ(yadsen) [through]once and ɑżɒṣqı̣ƞ(tadosen) [through]many times.

Among Patikyou grammarians, these two aspects aren't regarded as aspects but "Verbal number".

Volition
Volition in Patigulh is only shown in intransitive verbs and some "sensoring" transitive verbs.

Volition of intranstive verbs are indicated by case of the subject(techinally, "agent"):


 * ſi qnżyı̣,(Wi slafe.)"Me sleep(accidentally)."
 * ſṣ qnżyı̣,(Wo slafe.)"I sleep(delibrately)."

Volition of "sensoring" transtive verbs are indicated by using nominative or d/lative case for the subject:


 * ſṣ ſiɒṣ ɑżƞ(Wo wido tan)"I see it"
 * ſiẓ ſiɒṣ ɑżƞ(Wir wido tan)"I look at it"

Prepositions
The nouns after a preposition should be in sub-case.

Position Prepositions
In the table below, the red words are the root words, black ones are derived words, blank combinations are considered not making sense or unneeded.

The "at" class prepositions are used to form adverbtive modifying phrases, which comes before the verb it modifies:
 * Dı̣ żnż ʞżqı̣ƞ  qɒı̣vṣ. (De la hasen sdepo.) [ At the house walk.] "Walk at the house ".
 * Πi nż ʞżqı̣ƞ qɒı̣vṣ. (Li la hasen sdepo.) [ In the house walk.] "Walk in the house ".

The "of" class prepositions are used to form adjective modifying phrases, which comes before the noun it modifies:
 * Πiyṣƞ nż ᴚiɒı̣ƞ żƞ ẓ̇vṩ, (Lifon la qiden an aipou.) [ In-of the tree an apple.] "An apple in the tree ."
 * Jṣ ɑżʌı̣ niyṣƞ nż ᴚiɒı̣ƞ żƞ ẓ̇vṩſṣ, (Wo tabe lifon qiden an aipouwo.) [I eat in-of the trees the apples] "I eat apples in the tree ."

There in no disguntion between directional and static prepositions because the directionalness is indicated by what the case of the noun to the preposition is.

Unlike in German, Dative noun after preposition indicates directionalness, not staticness.


 * ni biq ʞı̣ȷż ɒı̣ƞ (li cis heyaden)"in seinem Zimmer"/"in his room"
 * ni biq ʞı̣ſż ɒı̣ʎ (li cis heyaden)"in sein Zimmer"/"into his room"

It should be noticed that verb-modifing and noun-modifing prepositions in Patigulh not only uses different prepositions, but also should be put in different places.

Non-Position Prepositions
In Patigulh, the word for "expect" is iʞżƞ(ihan)"unincluding", which is diversed from ʞżƞ(han)"including". And "besides(prep.)" is κṣʞżƞ(gohan)co-including.

English prepositional "for" have two correspondences in Patigulh:
 * yṣƞ(fon)"of", for beneficary and goal "for", as in "for the king".
 * When indicating beneficary, the noun after it should be in sub-dative.
 * qnṡ(slu)"through", for time "for", as in "for one day".

Conjunctions

 * ı̣ɑ(et)and
 * qı̣ɒ(sed)but

With "wel" you can choose both, with "aut" you can only choose one, and with "nand" you can choose none.
 * ȷı̣u(wel)"and/or" żṡɑ(aut)"either/or, xor" ƞżƞɒ(nand)"nand"

Clauses
PS: It is now still a mess.
 * ẓ(r)"that" — introduces any nominal clause and direct speech.
 * ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"who" — introduces nominal clause of person.
 * ɑṣu(tolh)"what" — introduces nominal clause of object.
 * ɑṣb(toc)"when" — introduces nominal clause of time.
 * ɑṣᴚ(tok)"where" — introduces nominal clause of place.
 * ɒżև(dang)"when" — introduces adverbial clause of time.
 * ṡʌi(ubi)"where" — introduces adverbial clause of place.


 * ſṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u qiẓ ɑṣb ſṣ ɑżʌı̣u,(wo hanaselh cir toc wo tabelh.)[I told him (when I ate)]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about the time I ate.
 * ſṣ ɒżʎ ſṣ ɑżʌı̣u ʞżƞżqı̣u biẓ,(wo dang wo tabelh hanaselh cir.)[I (when I ate)told him]"I told him when I ate."
 * → I told him about something else at the time I ate.

=Syntax=

Head direction
Adjectives always come before the noun they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Possession
Possession is made by using the particle yṣƞ(fon)of, which is similar with "of" in English. Possession can also be marked by using a noun's "genetive" case form, which is basically its ablative case form used as an adjective. For example:


 * ſṣ q ẓ̇vṩ｡ ɒṡ q ẓ̇vṩ,(Wos aipou, dus aipou.)"My apple, your apple."
 * Yṣƞ VżɑbiṩnÎƞ ẓ̇vṩ, VżɑbiṩnÎ ſı̣ ẓ̇vṩ,(Fon PatcioulIn aipou. PatcioulIwe aipou.)"Apple of Patchouli. Patchouli's apple."

There is no real possessive pronoun like English "mine/yours". Patigulh use a compound noun like "my this" or "your that" instead.


 * ſṣ qκṣu ｡ ɒṡ qṣu ,(Wosgol, dusol.)"Mine, yours."

Voices
Passive voice is formed by adding the prefix ʌi(bi) before the verb:


 * qżʌżnż ɑżʌ ʎiᴚiſṣ,(Sabala tab mikiwo)"Cat eats mouse."
 * ʎiᴚiſż qżʌżnı̣ ʌi ɑżʌ qżʌżnṣ,(Mikiwa sabale bitab)"Mouse is eaten by cat."

The object of the original sentence becomes the new subject, and the original subject becomes an adverbal noun in ablative case.

Declarative
The Affirmative Sentences in Patigulh uses a SVO word order.

To make a sentence negative, the prefix żn(al-)"don't-" should be added to the beginning of the verb. However, this prefix has many other forms:

<--! 买kau 卖kaufen -->

By the way, the negative suffix for adjectives/adverbs change its form in similiar patterns:

When the usage of adverbs causes ambiguty in negatilization, put the adverb ƞı̣ɑ(net)"not" at the beginning of a sentence or before the adverb instead.


 * ſṣ iᴚżni żʎʌẓ̇ɑṣ(Wo ikali ambaito)Angrily, I didn't buy.
 * ƞı̣ɑ ſṣ iᴚżni ʌẓ̇ɑṣ(Net wo ikali baito)I did not buy angrily.
 * → I either bought without anger; or didn't buy, with anger.
 * ȷṣ [ƞı̣ɑ iᴚżni/iniᴚżni] ʌẓ̇ɑṣ(Wo [net ikali/ilikali] baito)[Not angrily/unangrily], I bought.

Interrogative
Questioning sentences in Patigulh is devided into "general questions" and "special questions".

Before going further, notice that Patigulh don't have question marks.

General questons (Yes/No questions) are created by taking the verb(and its adverb) to the beginning of the sentence.


 * Dṡ ȷṩᴚni ɑżʌɑı̯qɑ ż Ẕ̄vṩſṣ,(Du joukli tabtést a aipouwo,)[Thou slow-ly eat-ᴩsᴛ-1sɢ a-ᴜɴsᴄ apple-ᴀᴄᴄ]"You ate an apple slowly."
 * Jṩᴚni ɑz̊ʌɑı̯qɑ Dṡ ẓ̇ Ẕ̄vṩſṣ,(Joukli tabést du ai sago,)"Slowly ate you an apple?/Did you eat an apple slowly?"

Special questons (Wh- questions) are created by taking the subject or object or anything with interrogative pronouns.


 * ᴚṣnż ɒı̣q ᴚı̣ſs̥. (kola des kewo\?.)[ᴀᴩᴩ.ᴅᴇᴍ-ɴᴏᴍ ᴄᴏᴩ.ᴩʀᴇ.3sɢ.ᴄᴏɴs ɪɴᴛ.ᴅᴇᴍ\Q.]"What is this?"
 * ſı̥ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣnṣ. (ye\? tabelh kolo) "Who ate this."

Imperative
Imperative in Patigulh can be easily made by simply add the interjective ɒı̣(de)"imp." (or qʎiɒż(smida)"please" to show polite) before the whole sentence.


 * ɑżʌı̣qɑ,(Tabest.)"You eat."
 * ɑżʌı̣qɑ ɒı̣,(Tabest de.)"Eat."
 * ɑżʌı̣qɑ qʎiɒż,(Tabest smida.)"Sir, please eat."
 * ɑżʌiʎżq qʎiɒż,(Tabimas smida.)"Sirs, please eat."
 * Use 2nd plural imperative to a singular object to show the greatest politeness Patigulh can show.

Subjunctive
Subjunctive mood can be made by adding the prefix iy-(if-) to the beginning of the verb. Regardless of whether it starts with a consonant or a vovel.

The subjunctive suffix comes before the passive suffix: iyʌiɑżʌɑı̣qɑ(ifbitabtest)"you would have been eaten".

The tense of subjunctive verbs agrees with other verbs in the context.


 * Jṣ ſiqṣ ᴚı̣ ſṣ iyɒż i nṣniſṣ,(Wo wiso ke wo ifda loliwo.)"I wish that I were a girl."
 * Jṣ ſiqɒṣ ᴚı̣ ſṣ iyſż nṣniſṣ,(Wo wisdo ke wo ifwa loliwo.)"I wished that I had been a girl."

A subjunctive verbal phrase can be used alone in interrogative mood, to express what is expressed as "what if…" in English.


 * i̊yʌi̊bi̊ɑz̊ʌɑı̥q(ifbicitabtes\?)[sᴜʙᴊ-ᴩᴀss-ᴄᴀᴜs-eat-ᴩsᴛ-3sɢ.ᴄɴsᴄ\Q]"What if s/he were made to eat?".


 * 虚被-使-吃过三动单？

=Miscellaneous=

Number
Patigulh uses base 12. Numbers bigger than 24(or 20 in base12) are represented like: [Y]ɒż[X], meaning [Y]×12+[X].

Add κṣ after a number to make it an adjective: ɒṣqκṣ nṣκʎ(dosgo logm)"two 'six's".

Ordinal words are regularly formed by adding "-di" after the numeral: yṡiƞɒi(fuindi)fifth. Irregularly: ʌṣʌ/ɒbṣƞ/qiṡ/ɒbin (bob/dcon/siu/dcil) first/second/third/fourth.

Words like "once/twice(adv.)" are formed by adding "-ts": ȷżkɑq/ɒṣqɑq/qżƞɑq (ya'ts/dosts/sants) once/twice/trice, among which ȷżkɑq(yadts)once can also be used as noun, meaning "time" as in "three times".

Diminutives and augmentatives
"A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment."

In Patigulh, dimunitivation is shown with a ẓ(r) added at the end of a word. Regardless whether it ends with consonants or vovel. The dimunitivation suffix comes before the case and plural suffix.


 * qżʌżu(sabal)cat → qżʌżnẓ(sabalr)kitten → qżʌżnẓʎ(sabalrm)kittens → qżʌżnẓʎż(sabalrma)kittensᴬᶜᶜ

"An augmentative (abbreviated aug) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes."

In Patigulh, argumentativation is shown with a ṣ(o) or ṣκ(og) added at the start of a word.


 * ʞżq(has)house → ṣʞżq(ohas)your honorable house

Answering Question
Patigulh features a four-form system of question-answering words as Early English did.

=Lexicon=

Main articlle: Patigulh/Lexicon

The table of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns can be found above.

Suffixes
Suffixes can change the word's meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on.

Prefixes
Prefixes can change word's meaning to a related one. They seldon change the word's kind.

Swadesh table
=Example text=

Daily phrase

 * 1) żnṣʞżȷṩ;(Alohajou!) Hello!
 * 2) żnṩ;(Alou!) Hi!
 * 3) bżniṣƞżnż;(Calionara!) Goodbye!
 * 4) bżni;(Cali!) Bye!
 * 5) qṣniʎżqı̣ƞ,(solimasen.) Sorry.
 * 6) żniκżƞqż,(Aligansa) Thank you!
 * 7) qκı̣ɒẓ̇;(Sgedai) Fuск уоu!
 * 8) *See more ways to swear in Patigulh/Expletive.

"Our tent was blown away!"
There was a completed example text here till I updated so many new grammars that I decided to have it rewritten totally.

VżɑbiṩnĪſż ı̣ɑ Πı̣ʎiniȷZ̄ſż yṣ Γẓ̇niyʌiƞı̣ʎ iᴚɑı̣ƞ żƞ Jṩᴚẓ̇ȷżʎZ̄ɒı̣ʎ, Dżև Πı̣ʎiniZ̄ſż ſżq qnżyqṣ｡ VżɑqiṩnĪſż bibṡᴚɑı̣ biƞ ſı̣ᴚqṣ ı̣ɑ ʞżƞżqɒı̣q ẓ｡⌊Πı̣ʎĪẓ｡ ſiɒiſi ṣƞ qɒı̣nżyṡu S̱ᴚs̆ſṣ ɒı̣⌉, ⌊ᖷẓ̇｡ VżɑbĪẓ｡⌉｡ ɑṣ qnżyiy I̱ȷı̣ɒı̣ƞ Πı̣ʎiniȷZ̄ſż ſṣƞɑı̣ ẓ｡ ⌊ɒs̥ᴚs̥ɑz̊ ṣᴚẓſı̣u⌉, ⌊Γiɒiſi ɒı̣;⌉｡ VżɑbiṩnĪſż iʞżvini ʞżƞżqɒı̣q ẓ｡⌊Jṣnı̣ƞ z̊ƞbi̊ɒi̊ևᴚɑı̥ɑ S̱nż Di⌉, Πı̣ʎiniȷZ̄ſż qnṡ iqı̣ Ɑqẓ̇ɑı̣ƞ ſiɒiɑı̣ nż S̱ᴚs̆ſṣ ı̣ɑ ṡκżƞżni ʌı̣ᴚʞżƞżqı̣q ẓ

Patchouli-ɴᴏᴍ and Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ for out.live-ғᴛʀ-ɢᴇʀ-sᴜʙ.ᴅᴀᴛ go-ᴩsᴛ-3pl on Youkai.moutain-sᴜʙ.ᴅᴀᴛ. when.ᴄᴏɴᴊ Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ be.ᴩsᴛ.3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ sleep-ᴩᴛᴄᴩ, Patchouli-ɴᴏᴍ ᴄᴀᴜs-shake-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ 3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ.ᴩʀᴏɴ.ᴀᴄᴄ be.awake-ᴩᴛᴄᴩ and say-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ that.ᴄᴏɴᴊ:"Remi-ᴅɪᴍ, look.at-2sg that star.full sky-ᴀᴄᴄ ɪᴍᴩ". "ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴊ, Patchy-ᴅɪᴍ,", with sleep-ᴀᴅᴊ eye.ᴩʟ-sᴜʙ.ᴀᴄᴄ Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ ask-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ, "what.event-ɴᴏᴍ\Q occur-ᴩsᴛ". "Look.at-2sg ɪᴍᴩ!", Patchouli-ɴᴏᴍ ɴᴇɢ-happiness-ᴀᴅᴊ say-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ ,"anything-sᴜʙ.ᴀᴄᴄ ɴᴇɢ-ᴄᴀᴜs-think-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴜɴsᴄ\Q that.thing-ɴᴏᴍ 1sg.ᴩʀᴏɴ.ᴀᴄᴄ". Remilia-ɴᴏᴍ through some time-sᴜʙ.ᴀᴄᴄ look.at-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ the.ᴜɴsᴄ sky-ᴀᴄᴄ and end-ᴀᴅᴊ-ᴀᴅᴠ back-say-ᴩsᴛ-3sg.ᴄɴsᴄ that.ᴄᴏɴᴊ

Patchouli and Remilia went to Youkai Moutain for camping. When Remilia was sleeping, Patchouli woke her up and said: "Look at the starry sky, Remi." Remilia asked with sleepy eyes: "Yeah, Patche. What's wrong?" "Just look at it!" Patchouli said unhappily, "Didn't that remind you of anything?" Remilia looked at the sky for a while and eventually replied: "It made me thought about how big the universe is, and how small we mortals are." "Oh, Remilia Scarlet, you stupid!" Patchouli yelled angrily, "Why didn't you think about that our tent was blown away by the wind?!"