Metin

General information
Metin is a language spoken by about 57 trillion people in the Metii'nz'ou'ku and the surrounding areas, like Koryouz'ou'ku and Ishnnai'zou'ku. Metin is a Lingua Franca rather than a native language, it was spoken in its true form about 50 millenia ago at the founding of Metii'nz'ou'ku, since then, it has split into many daughter languages, which use old Metin as a language of common communication.

Vowels
Phonemes with * are marginal

''Letters in parantheses are romanizations. Sequences of sounds that could be confused for digraphs are seperated by a dash ( sx, /ʃ/ vs. s-x, /sx/).''

Consonants
The consonants marked with apostrophes are lateral sounds

To pronounce them, put the tip of your tongue at the base of your bottom teeth. Then, bend the rest of your tongue upwards until the center of your tongue is pressed against the base of the top teeth. Then, make a plosive, nasal, fricative, or lateral with your tongue in this position. You should sound like you have a lisp.

Plosive consonants and fricatives make a three-way distinction, voiceless, voiced, and breathy. v~w is considered an approximant, although it surfaces as the voiced bilabial fricative v before or after labial vowels. All fricatives, even aspirated ones, may occur at the end of syllables. There is no breathy Gh, nor are there p or b sounds (except in rare circumstances). The only consonant clusters in the Metin language are affricates and l clusters, such as kl, tl, dl, and dlh. l clusters may be voiceless, voiced or breathy. There are also x clusters, px, tx, t'x, and Tx, there are only 4, and they are always voiceless.

Nasals are  only distinguished from eachother in the onset of a syllable, at the end of a syllable, they become the archiphoneme m*, which represents a nasal which agrees with the following consonant in place of articulation. If followed by a vowel, m* becomes, /m/.

Approximants can also carry no secondary articulations. There is also an archiphoneme for syllable final approximants, that is l*. l* becomes ł before voiceless non-retroflex consonants, r before retroflex consonants, vowels, and voiced consonants, and l before voiced palatal and dental consonants.

Vowels
Vowels are divided into two groups, normal and lateral.

A normal vowel has the tongue held straight during production. They cannot occur after a lateral or retroflex consonant.They are divided int three groups. The first group is the fronted vowels, or palatals, which are are i, e and á. The neutral mid vowels are ï, ë, and a. . The final group is the back vowels, or labial vowels, u, o and à.

A lateral vowel is produced with the tip of the tongue at the base of the teeth and the rest of the tongue bent upwards. Frontness and backness are not distinguished, only openness and labialness. There are only two pure lateral vowels, unlabialized i' and labialized u', the other lateral vowels are dipthongs with i' and u', aa' is a dipthong of aa and i', o' is a dipthong of o and u'.

Phonotactics
A syllable may optionally have an onset with any one consonant or the permitted consonant clusters (listed in consonants section). The nucleus must consist of a vowel or sequence of vowels (vowels do not dipthongize, rather a sequence of vowels is pronounced with each vowel distinct.) The (optional) coda may be any fricative (including h and other breathy fricatives.

Grammar
Metin is a polysynthetic, VSO language with most grammatical information indicated on the verb

Noun morphology
Metin numbers are divided into genders, which hold prefixes marking for the four cases and number. Number is not obligatory to mark, especially for inanimate nouns.

Gender 1
Gender 1 is exclusively for humans. The l* in sual*me and kal*me indicates that it is the archiphoneme l*, which changes to r before voiced consonants (see phonology)

Gender 2
Gender 2 is usually used to mark machines and complex objects, and to make machines of verbs. It does not have a plural form, although the prefix dha can be used optionally

Gender 3
Gender 3 is used to mark a variety of inanimate objects.

Gender 4
Gender 4 is also used for inanimate objects, usually large immobile objects, or cities.

Gender 5
Gender 5 is used for uncountable objects, like water or sand.

Gender 6
Gender 6 is used for abstract concepts and qualities, like love, justice, or colors. Gender 6 nouns are also uncountable.

Verbs
The Metin verb is by far the most complex part of Metin grammar. Most of Metin verb morphology involves prefixes, allthough there are a handful of suffixes that can occur. "imfusyijaxkiásáhorkeehis": he let you down bit by bit hanging from a rope (I saw so)

Evidentiality
Evidential prefixes are the simplest part of the Metin verb. They indicate how the speaker knows about what they're talking about. They have only two forms, one for if they are followed by lexical prefixes and one if they are not. Examples of usage: iemïdheu: he/she's climbing (I see him climbing) vs. imhaadheu: he/she's climbing up (I see him)

uoqïdheu: he/she's climbing (someone told me/ I read it) oqhaadheu: he/she's climbing up (someone told me/ I read it)

Lexical prefixes
Lexical prefixes are a large and varied group. Some, like "ha" and "fu", indicate direction of motion. "syija" indicates that a string or rope was somehow involved. "ma" is used in subjunctive clauses to mean "if" There is no strict limit on the number of lexical prefixes a verb may have, allthough it is rare for there to be more than 3. The lexical prefixes are ordered roughly like this.

direction>instrument>posture>time

fu-syija-txë-łi-  huhedheu

down-with rope-entire body-long time     climbed(refexive)

He climbed down slowly with a rope a while ago.

Lexical prefixes will be listed in the dictionary rather than the grammar, except for a few of the more important.

Inner prefixes
Inner prefixes bear the greater portion of the grammar in Metin, and they interact with eachother in complex ways, thus, it is difficult to talk about them in isolation.

The subject prefixes
These are the basic forms of the subject prefixes. The prefixes rarely surface identically to their basic form, but instead change according to their environment. The verb below shows the forms of the prefixes when they are not preceded nor followed by any other prefixes.

Bare subject prefixes
Notice two things: Every subject prefix recieves an initial cononant (o to wo, iz to hiz), vowelless prefixes get a peg hï, f changes to hu, yał changes to yeł, and the verb recieves the suffix -wa to indicate plurality.

With evidentials
This table shows the form of the prefixes when preceded by an evidential. Notice how the subject prefixes are now almost identical to their base forms (except f, which has changed to u. f changes to u whenever it is sandwiched between two consonants.)

With lexical prefixes
This table shows the forms of the subject prefixes when preceded by a lexical prefix. Notice how the lexical prefix's vowel is long in the forms marked with an *, and short elsewhere. Forms marked with a * trigger what is known as the ''lexical prefix vowel change. ''The lexical prefix vowel change usually lengthens the prefixes vowel, but occasionally other changes will happen (For example, the lexical prefix drai changes to drayee before an *, as in drayeefdheu (drai-f*-dheu), "You barely finish climbing." Vowel changes will be listed next to a lexical prefix's entry in the dictionary.

Classifiers
Classifiers are prefixes that come after the subject prefixes, usually indicating transitivity. There are 2 classifiers, a and e

Combination of subject prefixes with classifier e
These subject prefix-classifier combinations are highly irregular and must be learned by rote. As before, forms arked with an * will trigger lexical prefix vowel change if preceded by one. The following table shows what these prefixes look like with preceding lexicals.

Combination of subject prefixes with classifier a
Classifier a behaves almost identically to classifer e. It is most frequently found in intransitive verbs. and with lexical prefixes

Simple Noun phrases
A simple noun phrase consists of at least 1 noun, the head noun, declined for case/

fïgoon "chair"

The head noun may be followed by one or more descriptors, such as adjectives or demonstratives

fïgoon Za "that chair"

fïgoon mui's "beautiful chair"

It may be followed by a postposition

fungoon mui's Za dez "by that beautiful chair"

It may be posessed, in which case the head noun recieves a suffix marking the person and number of the posessor, and the posessor is marked in the oblique case.

fïgoomen mui's suarme Za "that person's beautiful chair"

fïgoomi mui's oarme Za "those people's beautiful chair"

fïgoomo "my chair"

fïgoomen "his/her chair"

It may recieve a preposition

txoh fïgoon ta "along with this chair"

Complex Noun phrases
Conjunctions

Two noun phrases may be linked by conjunctions such as ppi or zxá

fïgoomen quo Za ppi fïtooq tliue ta "that white chair and this green plant"

fïgoomen quo Za zxá fïtooq tliue ta "that white chair or this green plant"

fïgoomen quo Za hi fïtoq tliue ta hu "that white chair, this green plant, and other things"

Comparisons

Comparisons in Metin are structured like this "Quality-posessive suffix-quantity-OBL-head noun-mu-compared noun

luquoyen zhaax fungoomen mu funtooq Za. whiteness-3ps great OBL-chair mu plant that "The chair is whiter than the plant" (Literal: The chair's whiteness is great compared to that plant."

luquoyen Gui fungoomen mu funtooq ta. "the chair is less white than that plant."

The copulas Dhaa, bhaa, and mimi.
The copula always comes first in the sentence

Dhaa

Noun phrases may be marked equivalent by the copula Dhaa

Dhaa sime te sibeh suałsuho. "That person by you is my friend's sister"

COPULA person here-by you sister-3ps OBL-friend-1ps

Or be stated without the copula to convey the same meaning

sime te sibeh suałsuho. (same meaning)

bhaa

The copula bhaa is used in the same way as Dhaa, but changes the phrase to a question. It is used most often in the respectful and distant registers.

bhaa sime te sibeh suałsuho? "Is that person by you my friend's sister?"

Like Dhaa, bhaa may be ommited, the only indication that the statement is a question being the tone of voice. bhaa is most commonly ommited in the close informal register.

sime te sibeh suałsuho? (same meaning)

mimi

The copula mimi indicates that two noun phrases are not equivalent. It is used like the other copulas.

mimi sime te sibeh suałsuho "That person by you is not my friend's sister"