Norling

Norling (Norlingsk), (also Heathish Häthska, Loquntian Norse Lokkuntisk Norsk) is a constructed language based primarily in Old Norse, Old High German/Bavarian, and Old English. It is the official language of the Republic of The Kingdom of Loquntia and is about 70% mutually intelligible with Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian.''

Nominative

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * ig
 * vi
 * dhu
 * j
 * jä
 * hj/sjÿ/it
 * dhej
 * }
 * }

Accusative/Dative

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * mett
 * ås
 * dheg
 * jeg
 * jäg
 * han/hon/it
 * dhem
 * }
 * }

Genitive
Genitive pronouns in Norling can be used in one of three ways:
 * It å maj hund → "It is my dog"
 * Hundete år majer → "They are my dogs"
 * Hundet å majet → "The dog is mine."


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * mar
 * var
 * dhar
 * jer
 * jär
 * hanser/her/itter
 * dhÿr
 * }
 * }

Nouns
Nouns in Norling have similar declensions to Danish, along with extra articles. Each noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter, and there are two absolute states and only one of them declines with the nominative or accusative/dative. Below are the three noun states and declensions.

Construct State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom. Sing. ! Nom. Plu. ! Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu.
 * dhä barn
 * dha kjild
 * dhe kind
 * dhÿ barne
 * dhÿ kjilde
 * dhÿ kinde
 * dhäm barn
 * dham kjild
 * dhem kind
 * dhem barne
 * dhem kjilde
 * dhem kinde
 * dhä barnern
 * dha kjildarn
 * dhe kindern
 * dhÿ barnern
 * dhÿ kjildarn
 * dhÿ kindern
 * }
 * }

Definite State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu.
 * barnen
 * kjilda(r)
 * kindet
 * barnene
 * kjildare
 * kindete
 * barnern
 * kjildarn
 * kindern
 * barnerne
 * kjildarne
 * kinderne
 * }
 * }

Indefinite State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu.
 * en barn
 * an kjild
 * et kind
 * enne barne
 * anne kjilde
 * ette kinde
 * en barnern
 * an kjildarn
 * et kindern
 * enne barnern
 * anne kjildarn
 * ette kindern
 * }
 * }

Verbs
All verbs are either predominately transitive (ending in -a in the infinitive form), predominately intransitive (-e), or both, in which case they fit one or the other. Rarely, verbs may have the same meaning but a different transivity, such as gå and vende, or hygja and þinke. Below are examples of each of the simple tenses with the verb hygja and þinke, both mean "to think" but the former is predominately transitive while the latter is predominately intransitive.

Present Tense

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Pronoun ! Transitive (-a) ! Intransitive (-e) ! 1st singular ! 2nd singular ! 3rd singular ! 1st plural ! 2nd plural ! 3rd plural
 * ig
 * hygj
 * þink
 * dhu / j
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * hj, sjÿ, it
 * hygja
 * þinke
 * vi
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * jä
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * dhej
 * hygjar
 * þinker
 * }

Past Tense

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Pronoun ! Transitive (-a) ! Intransitive (-e) ! 1st singular ! 2nd singular ! 3rd singular ! 1st plural ! 2nd plural ! 3rd plural
 * ig
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * dhu / j
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * hj, sjÿ, it
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * vi
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * jä
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * dhej
 * hygjt
 * þinkt
 * }

Future Tense

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Pronoun ! Transitive (-a) ! Intransitive (-e) ! 1st singular ! 2nd singular ! 3rd singular ! 1st plural ! 2nd plural ! 3rd plural
 * ig
 * vil hygja
 * vil þinke
 * dhu / j
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * hj, sjÿ, it
 * villa hygja
 * villa þinke
 * vi
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * jä
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * dhej
 * villar hygja
 * villar þinke
 * }

Present/Past Perfect
The present and past perfect work as they do in other Germanic languages, utilizing the verb hafa and the infinitive of the noun, as in "Ig haf vendedh" and "Dhej haft vendedh"

Present Participle/Gerund
The gerund in Norling is its own word placed after the infinitive, and can be used as the verb "genga" as in "He goes" = "Hj vend"; "I am going" = "Hj år venda geng" or "Hj gengar venda". The gerund is not often used.

Adjectives/Adverbs
In Norling the ending and location of adjectives changes according to whether or not the affected noun(s) are plural. This phenomenon is demonstrated below: An adjective can also be used as a noun such that "ill" is "the bad one" and "iller" is its plural.
 * Et ill hund
 * Et hund iller
 * Ette hunde iller

Not including standalone words like "vel" (well) and "nu" (now), most adverbs are made by appending -eg to an adjective, like "fasteg" (without moving) and "kvikkeg" (quickly). Adverbs are placed after the verb and do not pluralize nor decline.

Other Phonemes

 * indicates that it is not the mandatory phoneme, but rather is known from context.

Stem Change

 * Some words change stem instead of regular pluralization, et füt = foot; ette fÿt = feet
 * Stem changes occur in many verbs in their past participles, vorka = work; vraut = worked

F to V Mutation
The letter F at the end of most nouns will turn into a V when pluralized examples include:
 * solfen (the self) → solvene (the selves)
 * an elf (an elf) → anne elve (elves)
 * en stäf (a staff) → enne stäve (staffs)

Inclusion of H
In order to prevent creating a diphthong in words such as "ku" where the stem does not end in an E, there is an H placed before the suffix. Examples: "dhe ku" → "kuhen" and "dhe sku" → "skuhen".