씬국어

Overview
씬국어 /ɕɪn'guge/ or Shin'guge is a Koreanic agglutinative language which features extensive borrowing from Japanese due to its proximity to Japan's west coast. Shin'guge is a minority language in the South-East of South Korea, in part of what is today the island of Geoje in the South Gyeongsang region.

Etymology
The etymology of the language Shin'guge is derived from the Korean character 신 sin (hanja 神) meaning 'spirit/deity', referring to the strong cultural influence that Buddhism exerted on Geoje, and 국 gug meaning 'nation' along with the suffix 어 e (used to form languages) or 말 mal 'speech'. The English language name, Deitian, is seldom used although keyed from the genitive case of Latin word Deus, 'Dei' (literally 'of deity/god').

Consonants
* Unvoiced consonants in Shin'guge are heavily aspirated, much more so than in English. It is disputed among linguists whether consonants contrast between voiced and unvoiced or the unusual voiced vs aspirated.

Assimilation and allophony
All voiced obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are subsequently devoiced to their voiceless counterpart, [b, d, g, β, dʑ] to [p, t, k, ɸ, tɕ].

Monophthongs

 * /e/ and /o/ occur only as allophones of /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in stressed positions.

Korean Hangeul
{| class="fandom-table" !Letter !ㅂ !ㅍ !ㄷ !ㅌ !ㄱ !ㅋ !ㅈ !ㅊ !ㄴ !ㅁ !ㅇ !ㅎ !Sound !Transcription !Letter !ㄹ* !ㅅ !ㅆ !ㄲ !ㅃ* !ㅓ !ㅏ !ㅣ !ㅡ !ㅜ !ㅗ !ㅐ !Sound !Transcription !Letter !ㅕ !ㅑ !ㅛ !ㅠ
 * /b/
 * /p/
 * /d/
 * /t/
 * /g/
 * /k/
 * /dʑ/
 * /tɕ/
 * /n/
 * /m/
 * /ŋ/
 * /h/
 * b
 * p
 * d
 * t
 * g
 * k
 * j
 * ch
 * n
 * m
 * ng
 * h
 * /ɾ~l/
 * /s/
 * /ɕ/
 * /χ/
 * /ɸ~β/
 * /e/
 * /a/
 * /i/
 * /y/
 * /u/
 * /o/
 * /ø/
 * r~l
 * s/ss
 * sh
 * kh
 * f~v
 * e
 * a
 * i
 * ü
 * u
 * o
 * ö
 * colspan="8" rowspan="3" |

Digraphs
ㅝ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅢ...

we, wa, wö, üi... !Sound !Transcription
 * /je/
 * /ja/
 * /jo/
 * /ju/
 * ye
 * ya
 * yo
 * yu
 * }
 * Rieul ㄹ is pronounced /ɾ/ word-initially, /l/ word-finally, /l/ when geminated, /ɾ/ intervocalicaly and between a vowel and an /h/, and /ɾ/ elsewhere.
 * Fieup ㅃ is pronounced /ɸ/ word-initially, /β/ intervocalicaly and /ɸ/ elsewhere.
 * Doubled consonant letters, such as Fieup, represent different phonemes, specifically fricatives (ㅃ, ㄲ, ㅆ).

Postpositions
The Case Markers and Postpositions in Shin'guge are as follows:
 * These suffixes may be appended to verbs to introduce a new clause.

1 The exclamatory suffix -네 changes its form and placement in the verb as follows: 하네, 하네요, 함나이다.

Personal pronons
* NB: It must be noted that personal pronouns in Shin'guge do not employ case markers in the Nominative case, as do nouns.

Verbs
Shin'guge verbs are conjugated according to person and level of politeness of which there are three (plain, polite, formal). Every verb form in Shin'guge has two parts: a verb stem, plus a sequence of inflectional suffixes. Verbs can be quite long because of all the suffixes that mark grammatical contrasts. Shin'guge conjugates verbs according to person, unlike Korean, Jeju and Japanese. However, the formal/honorific style is a special case in which the verb is not conjugated according to person, thus pronouns and nouns are required to understand sentences. This verb form is always used when referring to the speaker.

A Shin'guge verb root is bound, meaning that it never occurs without at least one suffix. Grammatical categories of verb suffixes include voice (active or passive), tense (past, present, or future), aspect (of an action – complete, experienced, repeated, or continuous), and clause-final conjunctives or sentence enders chosen from various speech styles and types of sentences such as interrogative, indicative and imperative.

Infinitive form
The infinitive form is the lemma form of a Shin'guge verb which always ends in da 다. For example, 태다, 만나다, 화다.

Finite verb endings
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Shin'guge. Their structure when used as the predicate of a clause is prefix + root + up to six suffixes, and can be illustrated with a template: * The negative prefix is an 안 "not".

Examples: 초 과가 목리엇음니다 cho gwaga mogriessümnida (I made him eat). 오님, (과) 소기 인덧어요 onim, (gwa) sogi indesseyo (Sir, he was here.)

I Voice may be causative or passive. If omitted then it is the active voice. Causative is ri 리, passive is hi 히.

II Present tense gets no suffix. Future tense is (o)re (오)러, past tense is -ess/ass 엇/앗. If there is no intervening consonant at the end of the stem, the vowel reduces: i.e. the verb o-da 오다 "to come" is becomes wa-ss 왓 in the past. The verb ha-da 하다 "to do" is an irregular he-ss 헛 in the past. The progressive (a.k.a continuous "-ing") tense is formed by adding (e)gu (어)구 onto the stem, followed by the verb "to be" 인다 conjugated.

III The formal suffix is -m ㅁ after a vowel (it is normally written in the same block as that vowel), -üm 음 after a consonant.


 * This shows deference towards the audience of the conversation, for example when speaking to one's elders. If speaking to one's elders, one would use the formal suffix.

IV The syntactic moods, other than the default indicative 니, are: the imperfective -di 디, or d ㄷ; the subjunctive -shi 씨, or sh ㅆ, including the formal imperative form; 니 is only used in the formal form.

V The pragmatic moods, are the indicative:

...the interrogative:
 * -da 다 (formal), and e/a 어/아 (polite, plain)

...the volitive:
 * -ka 카 (formal), -ya 야 (polite), and 가 -ga (plain)
 * -da 다 (formal), -o 오 (polite, plain)

...the propositive:


 * -ba 바 (formal), -ja 자 (polite), and -nya 냐 (plain)

...the imperative:

VI Person conjugation:
 * -o 오 (formal), -ru 루 (polite), and -ra 라 (plain)


 * 1st Singular: (아)모
 * 2nd Singular: (아)너
 * 3rd Singular: Ø
 * 1st Plural: (아)수
 * 2nd Plural: (아)터
 * 3rd Plural: (아)리

VII The polite suffix yo 요 (-iyo 이요 after a consonant) appears in the polite style. It expresses one's relationship to the audience.

Honorific suffix
The honorific suffix - syo, employed to express the speaker's respect to the addressee, and the addressee only. And of course the respect shown by the honorific suffix is the result of degradation of the speaker's status against the addressee(s). This is mostly always used when referring to the addressee, implying a second person conjugation, thus eliminating the need for the formal pronoun 오더. For example:


 * 1) 잘 감니다 [jal gamnida] - It is going well - context: a businessman making a speech in formal style in a formal setting showing no deference to the audience while speaking in a general sense.
 * 2) 온디서 오숌니카? [ondi-so osyomnika?] - From where are you coming? - context: a child speaking to an elder or someone in high authority in formal style while also showing deference to the addressee by employing the honorific affix -쇼 -syo in non-past tenses, and -쑈 -shyo in the past tense.

Near-future tense
* The future determiner ending in -l is used to construct the near-future tense. A rieul -ㄹ is added to the verb stem ending in a vowel, and -öl -앨 after a consonant. It’s also worth noting that you don’t need to add anything to verbs with stems ending in ㄹ. This is followed by the verb 가다 conjugated, in this case, the third person.

Progressive tense
The progressive or continuous present tense is formed with a special form of the verb 이다 which is conjugated as follows:

Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect tense is formed relatively simply. Add -assoss 앗옷 if the verb stem ends inㅏor ㅗ, or -essoss 엇옷i f the verb stem ends in any other letter. This has the meaning of 'had done/been...'.

Future in the past tense
The future in the past tense is formed by adding -s ㅅ to -ore making 오럿 -oress.

Conditional mood
The conditional mood (-씨거 / -씨것어) is used only in hypothetical sentences and in if clauses, where the first verb in the first clause receives the suffix 만, meaning 'if'. The four types of conditional sentences are:

For example:
 * ZERO: simple present + simple present = 아머닌 뿌라만, 잔디닌 초자.  If it rains, the grass gets wet.
 * 1st: simple present + simple future = 아머닌 뿌라만, 초자러모. If it rains, I will get wet.
 * 2nd: simple past + present conditional = 아머닌 뿌랏어만, 화리닌 라씨거. If it rained, the flowers would grow.
 * 3rd: pluperfect + past conditional = 아머닌 안 뿌랏엇어만, 니 안 초자씨것어. If it hadn't rained, you wouldn't have gotten wet.


 * 코기 였옸오너만, 씰씨것어너. (Kogi yessossone-man, shilshigessene) If you were (had been) there, you would have known. [3rd]

It is conjugated as follows:

Desiderative mood
The desiderative mood is used in Shin'guge when politely suggesting something to the listener or when asking about the listener's preference or intention. It can refer to the present or future only. It may also be used to make a very polite request. It corresponds to  'would (mind/like to)' in English. 앨러 becomes ㄹ러 after a vowel-ending stem. It is conjugated as follows:

Adjectives
Most adjectives in Shin'guge end in ㄹ. However, adjectives derived from verbs end in -n ㄴ or -ön 엔, no matter the speech level. Adjectives can be derived from verbs by adding these suffixes to the verb stem. For example, the verb to confuse 콘라다 konrada becomes 콘란 konran (confusing). The verb to eat 목다 mogda becomes 목엔 mogön. Unlike Korean adjectives, Shin'guge adjectives do not conjugate as do verbs.

Example sentences:


 * The coach is confusing the players 콫인 선리가 콘라구 인더 (kochin senriga konragu inde) VS the confusing coach began practice 콘란 콫인 런쑤가 하지멋어 (konran kochin renshuga hajimesse).

Superlative and Comparative adjectives
Superlative and comparative adjectives are easy to form as basic adjectives are. Just add, de'o 더오 for comparative adjectives (-er) and gajan 가잔 for superlative adjectives (-est) before the adjective.

Adverbs

 * 빠릴 (faril) – quick → 빠리거 (farige) – quickly
 * 맜일 (mashil) – delicious → 맜이거 (mashige) – deliciously
 * 머질 (mejil) – awesome → 머지거 (mejige) awesomely

Lexicon

 * 더/여 = yes humble/casual
 * 아니 = ani
 * 그 = the
 * 토 (word) / ~고 (verbs) = and
 * 묜 = if
 * 묜저 = when
 * 멘 = how many/much
 * 뫄러 = who
 * 뫄 = what
 * 모디 = where
 * 뭐 = why
 * 묘지 = which
 * 모톻거 = how
 * 무순 = every, each
 * 멘 지깐여 = what time is it?
 * Noun-여(안)이다 = there is(n't)/are(n't)
 * can; to be able to = 수 이루다
 * cannot; not to be able to = 수 옶다
 * to be = 이다
 * to have = 이루다
 * not to have = 옶다
 * to eat = 목다
 * to live = 살다
 * to learn = 마나부다
 * to teach = 카루다
 * to speak/say/tell = 말다
 * to write = 슥다
 * to read = 일가다
 * to watch = 미다

Days of the week

 * Monday = 달의날
 * Tuesday = 콰서의날
 * Wednesday = 수의날
 * Thursday = 목서의날
 * Friday = 금의날
 * Saturday = 안씩의날
 * Sunday = 양의날

Numbers

 * one = 한
 * two = 둘
 * three = 선
 * four = 넌
 * five = 다손
 * six = 요손
 * seven = 일곤
 * eight = 요둘
 * nine = 아혼
 * ten= 욜


 * eleven = 욜한
 * twelve = 욜돌
 * thirteen = 욜선
 * fourteen = 욜넌
 * fifteen = 욜다손
 * sixteen = 욜요손
 * seventeen = 욜일곤
 * eighteen = 욜요둘
 * nineteen = 욜아혼
 * twenty = 스물

Honorific titles
Shin'guge has many honorific titles, although does not distinguish the gender of the speaker towards the recipient as Korean does i.e. 형 vs 오빠 and employs different honorific titles for one's own grandparent vs an old man/woman. Most titles can be appended with the respectful suffix -님 and all names with -산. Unlike Korean, it is acceptable in Shin'guge to add -산 to the end of a surname alone without it being rude e.g. 리산 ri-san "Mr Ri".

Example text
All people who work with their hands are partly invisible, and the more important the work they do, the less visible they are. In northern Europe, when you see a labourer ploughing a field, you probably give him a second glance. In a hot country, anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez, the chances are that you don't even see him. I have noticed this again and again. In a tropical landscape, one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm-tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch.

모든 사름리 뫌거 일하리 쑤리와 부분거 면낼여리고, 더오충욜 하리, 이카 미룰인여. 키타유롭외, 묜저 학타가 갈구고 더더로동자가 미너, 오라거 과어거 둘반 씨선가 추아너. ...