Norling

Norling (Norlingisk), (a.k.a. Heathish: Häþisk, Loquntian Norse: Lokkuntisk Norsk, Nickname: þå) is a constructed language based primarily in Old Norse, Old High German/Bavarian, and Old English. It is the official language of the Republic of The Kingdom of Loquntia and is one of only three languages in which a law can be written in Loquntia. Norling is very closely related to, and partially mutually intelligible with the Northern Germanic languages Icelandic, Faroese, Danish, and Swedish, while containing a few Anglo-Frisian loanwords.

Pronouns
Nominative Accusative/Dative
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * met
 * ås
 * deg
 * je
 * jä
 * han/hon/it
 * dem
 * }
 * }

Genitive
Genitive pronouns in Norling can be used in one of three ways:
 * It ar mer hund → "It is my dog"
 * Hundete ar merer → "They are my dogs"
 * Hundet ar merer → "The dog is mine."


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Singular ! Plural !1st Pers. !2nd Pers. !2nd Pers. Formal !3rd Pers.
 * mer
 * var
 * der
 * jer
 * jär
 * hans/honner/itter
 * þer
 * }
 * }

Nouns
Nouns in Norling have similar declensions to Danish, along with extra articles. Each noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter, and there are two absolute states and only one of them declines with the nominative or accusative/dative. Below are the three noun states and declensions.

Definite State Pronouns

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! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom. Sing. ! Nom. Plu. ! Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu.
 * dä
 * da
 * de
 * die
 * die
 * die
 * däm
 * dam
 * dem
 * dem
 * dem
 * dem
 * dä
 * da
 * de
 * die
 * die
 * die
 * }

Definite State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) child ! Feminine (kjild) child ! Neuter (kindur) child ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu. ! Loc. Sing. ! Loc. Plu.
 * barnen
 * kjildan
 * kindret
 * barnene
 * kjildane
 * kindrete
 * dä barnern
 * da kjildern
 * de kindrern
 * dä barnerne
 * da kjilderne
 * de kindrerne
 * barnenvard
 * kjildanvard
 * kindretvard
 * barnenevard
 * kjildanevard
 * kindetevard
 * }
 * }

Indefinite State

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="400px;"

! scope="row" | ! Masculine (barn) ! Feminine (kjild) ! Neuter (kind) ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Sing. ! Nom./Acc./Dat. Plu. ! Gen. Sing. ! Gen. Plu. ! Loc. Sing. ! Loc. Plu.
 * en barn
 * an kjild
 * et kind
 * enne barne
 * anne kjilde
 * ette kinde
 * en barnern
 * an kjildern
 * et kindern
 * enne barnern
 * anne kjildern
 * ette kindern
 * tilvard en barn
 * tilvard an kjild
 * tilvard et kind
 * tilvard enne barne
 * tilvard anne kjilde
 * tilvard ette kinde
 * }

Verbs
Most verbs do not conjugate except for certain often used ones. Rarely, verbs may have the same meaning but a different transivity, such as gåha and vende, or hygja and þinke.

In their infinitives they (in most standard cases) end in either "-a" if they are transitive and "-e" if they are intransitive.

Present Tense
The present tense is simply expressed using the root of the verb. Examples:
 * He is running = Hi geng ryne
 * It is good = It ar bra
 * We are lost = Vi ar hlöster
 * Y'all leave = Jä lief

Imperfect/Subjunctive Tense
The imperfect present tense indicates something that is done constantly or as a standard, and it is made by adding "-aþ" or "-eþ" to the root of the word, it is also used rarely in a subjunctive mood.
 * He runs = Hi gengaþ ryne
 * It is good = It bin bra (irregular)
 * We be lost = Vi bin hlöster (irregular)
 * Y'all leave = Jä lieveþ

Past Tense
The preterite past tense is a acheived by writing a stem change and ending the root with "-t", or "-et"/"-þ" where applicable, depending on the verb.
 * He was running = Hi gengt ryne
 * It was good = It art bra (irregular)
 * We were lost = Vi vern hlöster (irregular)
 * Y'all left = Jä lieft

Future Tense
There are two future tenses, one being the equivalent of the English "shall" and the other of the English "will".
 * He shall run = Hi skal genga ryne
 * It will be good = It wil bin bra (irregular)
 * We shall be lost = Vi skal bin hlöster (irregular)
 * Y'all will leave = Jä wil lieve

Present/Past Perfect
The present and past perfect work as they do in other Germanic languages, utilizing the verb hafa and the infinitive of the noun, as in "Ig haf vendt" and "Dej haf vendt" There are two future tenses, one being the equivalent of the English "shall" and the other of the English "will".
 * He has run = Hi haf gengt ryne
 * It has been good = It haf bint bra (irregular)
 * We have been lost = Vi haf bint hlöster (irregular)
 * Y'all have left = Jä haft lieft

Present Participle/Gerund
The gerund in Norling is its own verb: "Hi geng venda".
 * He is running = Hi geng ryne
 * It is being good = It geng bin bra (irregular)
 * We are being lost = Vi geng bin hlöster (irregular)
 * Y'all are leaving = Jä geng lieve

Adjectives/Adverbs
In Norling the ending and location of adjectives changes according to whether or not the affected noun(s) are plural. This phenomenon is demonstrated below: An adjective can also be used as a noun such that "ill" is "the bad one" and "iller" is its plural.
 * Et ill hund
 * Et hund iller
 * Ette hunde iller

Not including standalone words like "vel" (well) and "nu" (now), most adverbs are made by appending -eg to an adjective, like "fasteg" (without moving) and "kvikkeg" (quickly). Adverbs are placed after the verb and do not pluralize nor decline as in "hi ryn kvikkeg"

Relative Pronouns

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! scope="row" | ! Here (har) ! There (þar) ! Where (referring to place) (hvar) ! Nominative ! Accusative/Dative ! Locative
 * har
 * þvar
 * hvar
 * hidher
 * þidher
 * hvidher
 * harvard
 * þvarvard
 * hvarvard
 * }

Alphabet
The Norling alphabet is referred to as the Fuþark, or more rarely the Alfabet being faithful to the original term used to refer to the Norse set of runes, but it is also referred to as the

Alfabet.

Other Phonemes
These phonemes are represented by these letters but the letters do not indicate these sounds exclusively.

Stem Change
Some words change stem instead of regular pluralization
 * füt = foot → fyt = feet
 * gös= goose → gys= geese
 * tuþ= teeth → tieþ= teeth

Inclusion of H
In order to prevent creating a diphthong in words such as "ku" where the stem does not end in an E, there is an H placed before the suffix. Examples: "de ku" → "kuhen" and "de sku" → "skuhen".

F to V Mutation
The letter F at the end of most nouns will turn into a V when pluralized examples include: Stem changes occur in many verbs in their past participles, vorka= work; vrut= worked
 * solfen (the self) → solvene (the selves)
 * an elf (an elf) → anne elve (elves)
 * en stäf (a staff) → enne stäve (staffs)