Thalutian/Grammar

Thalutian Grammar (Thalúkskéloska) is that grammar of the Thalutian language.

Thalutian follows a Subject-Object-Verb typological system and is highly agglutinative (in terms of both prefixes and affixes). The language has five genders; four of which make use of determiners represented by suffixes and decline according to case, number and gender while the other makes use of free-standing definite and indefinite articles which never declines.

Nouns
Thalutian nouns have one of five grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter, common gender, omnigender) and are conjugated according to case and number.

Genders
Thalutian makes use of all four (masculine, feminine, neuter and common gender) genders found in the Thalic languages family but has, uniquely, a fifth gender, the omnigender. As with most languages, the gender of a noun does not necessarily correspond with the actual gender of the real-life object.

The common gender 

The common gender, marked in dictionaries as (c), is applied to nouns which may be either masculine or feminine (which depends on the real-life sex of the object which is referred to) but not omnigender nor neute r.

Example: The uninflected Thalutian word for parent is  ba  which takes the common gender as it can become  batt (father) or  taba (mother), where - tt serves as the masculine singular definite suffix, while  ta- serves as the feminine singular definite prefix. This often occurs in the cases of nouns such as parent, teacher, worker. If the gender of the real-life object, the masculine is used by default.



Omnigender The omnigender is used for certain Thalutian nouns that are not considered neutral, masculine nor feminine, rather that are considered masculine and feminine. The formation of the omnigender is realtively simple: the noun uses both the feminine prefix (ta- in the nominative singular) and the masculine suffix (-att in the nominative singular).

An example of such a noun is gott (god), which in the nominative singular would be tagottatt (the god).

Cases
Nouns, pronouns and adjectives in Thalutian decline according to grammatical case, of which there are 30. These cases are divided into 5 grammatical categories (morphosyntactical, relational, state, temporal and locative) while the locative category is divided into 4 subcategories (static location, motion towards, motion away from and motion via)

Morphosyntactical cases

 * 1) Accusative: The direct object of a transitive verb (whom or what?).
 * 2) Instrumental: The object with with the verb is completed (using what?).
 * 3) Nominative: The subject of the verb (who or what?).

Relational cases

 * 1) Aversive: The object which is avoided (for fear of, avoiding)
 * 2) Benefactive: The object for the benefit of which somethinge is done (for (the sake of))
 * 3) Comitative: The object in the company of something else (with what or whom?)
 * 4) Dative: The indirect object of the the sentence (to whom or what?)
 * 5) Distributive: Indicates distribution by piece (per)
 * 6) Genetive: The possessor of another object (whose?)

Cases of state

 * 1) Abessive: The object which is lacked (without)
 * 2) Essive: The object's state of being (as)

Temporal cases

 * 1) Temporal: specifies a time when something occurs (at 7 o' clock, on Monday)

Static location

 * 1) Adessive: The object which adjacent to which something else is located (at, near, by).
 * 2) Antessive: The object in front of which something else is located (in front of).
 * 3) Apudessive: The object next to which something else is located (next to).
 * 4) Inessive: The object inside of which something else is located (inside, within).
 * 5) Intrative: The object(s) between which something else is located (between).
 * 6) Postessive: The object behind which something else is located (behind).
 * 7) Subessive: The object underneath which something else is located (under, underneath).
 * 8) Superessive: The object on the surface of which something else is located (on (top of)).

Motion towards

 * 1) Allative: The object towards which something else moves (toward)
 * 2) Illative: The object into which something else moves (into)
 * 3) Sublative: The object onto which something else moves (onto)
 * 4) Terminative: The object where something else ends (ending at, at the end of)

Motion from

 * 1) Ablative: The object away from which somethine else moves (away from).
 * 2) Delative: The object off of which somethine else moves (off of).
 * 3) Elative: The object out of which something else moves (out of).
 * 4) Initiative: The object where something else begins (starting at, at the start of).

Motion via

 * 1) Prosecutive: The object across/on which somethine else moves (along, on).
 * 2) Vialis: The object through which something else moves (through).