Patchélogue

This page is basically a English-translated English-rewritten version of 帕提语.



=Classification and Dialects=

Patigulh(/'pʌtɪgʊl/, Vżɑiκṡu/'pʰatʰik⁼uɫʷ/, lit."Language of vanila") is an artlang created by Kaihan Zhang, a Chinese student.

In the Patigulh universe, Patigulh is spoken by about 120 million people in Patikyo and is the official language of it. Numerous colloquial varieties also exist.

Patikyo(/'pʰatʰikʰjou/, lit."Land of vanila") is a great empire in an alternate universe which is far from ours.

=Phonology=

The stress is always on the syllable before the last one.

Vovel

 * 1) When [ɨ] appears after [s/ts⁼/tsʰ], it becomes [ɿ]，when after [ʂ/tʂ⁼/tʂʰ], it becomes[ʅ]，otherwise [ɨ/ɿ/ʅ] is all acceptable.
 * 2) Both[ᴀ/a] is acceptable.

Consonants

 * 1) [h/kʰ/k⁼] are palatalised [ɕ/tɕʰ/tɕ⁼] before [i], but the spelling doesn't change.
 * 2) [pʰ/tʰ/kʰ] are disaspiratised [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] after[s/ʂ], the spelling also change.
 * 3) [p⁼/t⁼/k⁼] are unreleased [p̚/t̚/k̚] at the end of a syllable.

=Writing System=

Patigulh is written in Higilsamo(/'xitɕ⁼iɬsamo/, lit."Saint-letter"), which looks like Latin letters. The reason is that a passing-by time-traveller accidently dropped his comic books into the Patigulh universe when getting lost in time-axis.

The Latin transliteration below is never used by Patikio people, only by the author, in order to make Patigulh more readable.

Theream are 27 letters in Higilsamo.

Spelling
When any letter appear after u(lh), the u(lh) becomes n(l).


 * ṣqı̣u(oselh)"teach" → ṣqı̣ n ṡq(oselus)"teacher"

When i(i) appear after q(s), the q(s) becomes b(c).


 * vżɑq(pats)"Knowledge" → vżɑ b i(patci)"Knowledgable"

ᴚiṩ(qiou) is pronounced as /tɕʰiou/, and ᴚſṩ(kyou) is pronounced as /kjou/:
 * Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ ſ ṣ(Gensoukyo)"Fantasy-land" VS Kı̣ƞqṩᴚ i  ṣ(Gensouqio)"Fantasy-ball"

Punctuation

 * Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżqı ẓ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ⨟ ȷṣ ʌiq Vżɑbiṩni,⌉, Δqiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ƞz̊ƞ, Δbiż ʞżƞżqı̣u ẓ ɑbiż ɒı̣q Vżɑbiṩni; ż｡｡｡ ſṣλṣ｡｡,
 * Patchouli says: "Hello! I am Pachouli". what did she say? She said that she is Patchouli! Ah... maybe....

If the quotation can be considered a word in the sentence, periods should be add both inside and outside the quotation. Otherwise, only inside the quotation needs a period.


 * ȷṣ ʞżƞżq ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas "Alohajou.".) I say "Hello.".
 * ȷṣ｡ ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉ (Wo, "Alohajou.") Me: "Hello."

If only the first half of the sentence needs exclaiming, an exclaim-comma should be used.


 * ȷṣi⨟ ȷṣ ᴚṣᴚ iu, (Woi!, wo kok ilh.) "Hey, I'm here!"

There is no question marks in Patigulh. In interrogative sentences, there should be a rising tone on the word being asked about, whose dots should be changed into rings (so-called "rising tone mark"):


 * ᴚṣu ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞ. (kol des nan?.) "This is what?."
 * ɑs̥ƞɑ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣu. (talh? tabelh kolh) "Who? ate this."

There is no colon in Patigulh. A comma is placed wherever, in English, a colon would be used.


 * ȷṣ ʞżƞżq｡ ⌊żnṣʞżſṩ,⌉, (Wo hanas, "Alohajou.".) I say:"Hello.".

=Grammar=

Nouns
In Patigulh, nouns decline based on number and case, gender is shown by atricles.

Usually, plural is made by adding plural suffix -ʎ(m) to the ending of the singular noun, whether the word ends by a consonant or vowel. However, some nouns change irregularly.
 * qżʌżu(sabalh)"cat" → qżʌżn ʎ (sabalm)"cats"
 * ʎiᴚi(miki)"mouse" → ʎiᴚi ʎ (mikim)"mouse"
 * ṣſṣ(oyo)"eye" → ı̣ſı̣(eye)"eyes"
 * ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boob" → ṩvẓ̇(oupai)"boobs"

4 cases are marked in Patigul, They are:
 * Nominative — marks the subject.
 * Instrumental — marks the instrument. (I personally call it "indirect subject.")
 * Dative — marks the indirect object.
 * Accusative — marks the object.

Take an English and a Patigulh sentence for example:


 * The mouse gave the cat a flower with its hands.
 * ı̣nı̣ ʎiᴚiȷż ɑżq ṣɑı̣ʎiż κẓ̇yı̣u ı̣nı̣ qżʌżniṣ ż ʞṡżƞżȷṣ.

Pay attention to ṣɑı̣ʎiż(otemia)"hands(ins.)". It shows that the plural suffix comes after the case suffix.

Proper nouns and gerunds doesn't decline by number or case:


 * Aṡiᴚż ɑżʌ ᴚẓ̇ᴚiȷṣ(Suika tab kaiqiwo)"Suika eats cake."
 * Aṡiᴚżȷż ɑżʌ ᴚẓ̇ᴚi (Suikawa tab Kaiqi)"Watermelon eats Kaiki"
 * Δżʌiև qṡiᴚżʎ qżvnibı̣u Aṡiᴚż(Tabing suikam saplicelh Suika)"Eating watermelons surprises Suika."

There are 2 genders in Patigulh, which is not divided by sеx but animate/inanimate. It is shown by declining the article of the noun.

It should be noticed that a noun's gender isn't always the same. For example, "water" can be either animate or inanimate depending on the context.

Pronouns
In Patigulh, pronouns are divided as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns pluralize based on person, number and case, but not gender.
 * 1) żƞɑżn(antai)"you&we" is inclusive and żɑẓ̇(atai)"we" is exclusive. That is： żƞɑẓ̇(antai)"you&we" includes "you" inside "we", while żɑẓ̇(atai)"we" does not:
 * Vżɑbiṩni ʞżƞżq biƞᴚi ẓ｡ ⌊żnżṡ (żƞɑẓ̇/żɑẓ̇) ȷı̣ɒṣƞ qʎiɒż,⌉,
 * Patciouli hanas Cinqi r: "Alau (antai/atai) wedon smida.".
 * Patchouli tells Shinki: "Please allow (you&me/us) get married".
 * →Patchouli wants to marry (Shinki/Alice).
 * 1) Patigulh features a "fourth person" pronoun ᴚṡ(ku)"alt-he" . It is used when the "third person" pronoun had already referred to someone else, i.e.:
 * vżɑbiṩni ȷiɒiſı̣u ẓ ʎżniqż ɒı̣qɑ ɑżɑbiƞ (ɑbiżq/ᴚṡq) ṩvẓ̇,
 * Patciouli widiyelh r Malisa dest tatcin (tcias/kus) oupai.
 * Patchouli saw that Marisa is touching (her/alt-her) chest.
 * →Marisa is touching (herselfs/Patchouli's) chest.

The possessive form of personal pronouns can be made by adding an "s", but only personal pronouns.

The word żṡɑṣ(auto)"self" is any of the pronouns' reflexive form. Whether it stands for "yourself" of "myself" or else relys on the context.

Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns is very regular in Patigulh. It can be numerously generated by using the prefixes shown below:


 * 1) The difference between qṣƞ(son)"this" and ṣƞ(on)"thy" is that qṣƞ is something close to the listener, while ṣƞ is something far from both the listener and the speaker.
 * 2) ɑṣƞɑ(tont)"whichbody" and ɑżu(talh)"who" means the same, expect that the former one is more formal. And the same goes with ɑṣu(tolh)"which thing" and ƞżƞ(nan)"what".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Patigul do not decline. Shoot, I forgot Comparatives and Superlatives.

Verbs
In Patigulh, verbs conjugate based on tense, voice and number, but not person.

The tense system of Patigulh consists of twelve(that is, 3×4) tenses, three simple tenses and four aspects.

The simple tenses are: past tense, present tense and future tense.

The aspects are: completed aspect, simple aspect progressive aspect and so-called "starting aspect".

About the "-elh" suffix, if the root word:
 * 1) Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌ ı̣u (tabelh)"ate"
 * 2) Ends with a non-e vovel, a "y" appears before the suffix: ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣ ſı̣u (kinoyel)"threw"
 * 3) Ends with an "e", the suffix appears without an "e": ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣ u (osel)"taught"

About the "-olh" suffix, if the root word:
 * 1) Ends with an consonant, the suffix does not change: ɑżʌ(tab)"eat" → ɑżʌ ṣu (tabolh)"will eat"
 * 2) Ends with a non-o vovel, a "w" appears before the suffix: ṣqı̣(ose)"teach" → ṣqı̣ ȷṣu (osewol)"will teach"
 * 3) Ends with an "o", the suffix appears without an "o": ᴚiƞṣ(kino)"throw" → ᴚiƞṣ u (kinol)"will throw"

The same goes with "-en" "-on" suffixes.

Irregular verbs like： ɒı̣q(des)"be", ʞı̣ɒ(hed)"have" , κṣɑ(got)"get" , qṡu(sul)"do" conjugate irregularly.
 * The word "be" conjugates based on person, so every form has itself's tense conjugatation.

As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) participle is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in), and their (past/present/future) gerund is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing). That is:


 * ʌiqɑ(bist)"was" → ʌiqɒ iƞ (bisdin)"been" → ʌiqɒ iև (bisding)"being(gerund)"

Verbs also have a passive voice conjugation.

Participles
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) participle is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iƞ(in).

Participles can be used to form aspects. Past participle forms completed aspect, present particle for progressive aspect, future particle for "starting aspect".

Gerund
As for the irregular verbs, their (past/present/future) gerund is their (past/present/future) tense form with the suffix -iև(ing).

The (past/future) gerunds are used to express the action happen (before/after) the verb.


 * ṡɒṡᴚi ᴚṡᴚṣև (uduqi kukong) "forget to cook"
 * ṡɒṡᴚi ᴚṡᴚiև (uduqi kuqing) "forget cooking"
 * ṡɒṡᴚi ᴚṡᴚı̣և (uduqi kukeng) "forget having cooked"

Pay attention to the word ᴚṡᴚiև(kuqing)"cooking" .It wasn't wirtten as ᴚṡᴚiևṣ(kuqingo)"cookingᴼᵇʲ", because gerunds don't decline by number or case.

Prepositions

 * 1) There also exists a "'from' class", which is formed by adding " żṡq(aus)from " after the preposition. It isn't shown in the table.

The "to" class prepositions are used to form adverbtive modifying phrases.
 * ʎżɒı̣ żnż ʞżq qɒı̣v. (made ala has sdep.) [ To the house walk.] "Walk to the house ".
 * ʎżni żnż ʞżq qɒı̣v. (mali ala has sdep.) [ Into the house walk.] "Walk into the house ".

The "of" class prepositions are used to form adjective modifying phrases, which comes before the noun it modifies:
 * Yṣƞ żnż ʎṡɒ żƞ ẓ̇vṩ, (Fon ala mud an aipou.) [ Of the tree an apple.] "An apple of the tree ."
 * Jṣ ɑżʌ niyṣƞ żnż ʎṡɒʎ żnż ẓ̇vṩʎṣ, (Wo tab lifon mudm aipoumo.) [I eat in-of the trees the apples] "I eat apples in the tree ."

Clauses
PS: It is now still a mess.
 * ẓ(r)"that" — introduces any nominal clause and direct speech.
 * ɑżn(tal)"who" — introduces nominal clause of person.
 * ƞżƞ(nan)"what" — introduces nominal clause of object.
 * ɑṣb(toc)"when" — introduces nominal clause of time.
 * ɑṣᴚ(tok)"where" — introduces nominal clause of place.
 * ɒżʎ(dam)"when" — introduces adverbial clause of time.
 * ṡʌi(ubi)"where" — introduces adverbial clause of place.


 * ȷṣ ʞżƞżqı̣u ɑżƞ ɑṣb ȷṣ ɑżʌı̣u,(wo hanaselh tan toc wo tab.)"I told him when I ate." → I told him the time in which I ate.
 * ȷṣ ɒżʎ ȷṣ ɑżʌı̣u ʞżƞżqı̣u ɑżƞ,(wo ubi wo tabel hanasel tan.)"When I ate I told him." → I told him in the time I ate.

=Syntax=

Head direction
Adjectives always come before the noun they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Adverbs always come before the verb they modify, and so are modifying phrases and clauses.

Possession
Possession is made by using the particle yṣƞ(fon)of, which is similar with "of" in English. Differently, pronouns' possessive form is made by adding suffix q(s)xx's. For example:


 * ȷṣ q ẓ̇vṩ｡ ɒṡ q ẓ̇vṩ,(Wos aipou, dus aipou.)"My apple, your apple."
 * Yṣƞ Vżɑbiṩni ẓ̇vṩ,(Patciouli kai aipou.)"Patchouli's apple."

Pronouns' possessive pronoun is same as theirs possessive form.


 * ȷṣ q ｡ ɒṡ q ,(Wos, dus.)"Mine, yours."

Voices
In Patigulh, active voice uses a Subject-Verb-Object word order.

Passive voice uses a OVS word order. It is formed by adding the prefix ʌi(bi) before the verb:


 * qżʌżnż ɑżʌ ʎiᴚiȷṣ,(Sabala tab mikiwo)"Cat eats mouse."
 * ʎiᴚiȷż ʌi ɑżʌ qżʌżnṣ,(Mikiwa bitab sabalo)"Mouse is eaten by cat."

Declarative
The Affirmative Sentences in Patigulh uses a SVO word order.

To make a sentence negative, the prefix żn(al-)"doesn't-" should be added to the beginning of the verb. However, this prefix has many other forms:


 * ȷṣ binż,(Wo cila.)"I know."
 * ȷṣ żƞbinż,(Wo ancila.)"I don't know."

Interrogative
Questioning sentences in Patigulh is devided into "general questions" and "special questions".

Before going further, notice that Patigulh don't have question marks.

General questons (Yes/No questions) are created by taking the verb(and its adverb) to the beginning of the sentence.


 * ɒṡ ſṩᴚni ɑżʌı̣u ẓ̇ ẓ̇vṩȷṣ,(Du joukli tabelh e aipouwo,)[Thou slow-ly eat-ed aⁱᴬᵐⁱ appleᴼᵇʲ]"You ate an apple slowly."
 * ſṩᴚni ɑz̊ʌs̥u ɒṡ ẓ̇ qżκṣ,(Joukli tabelh du ai sago,)"Slowly ate? you an apple?/Did you eat an apple slowly?"

Special questons (Wh- questions) are created by taking the subject or object or anything with interrogative pronouns.


 * ᴚṣu ɒı̣q ƞz̊ƞ. (kol des nan?.)[This is what?.]"What is this?"
 * ɑs̥ƞɑ ɑżʌı̣u ᴚṣu. (talh? tabelh wi) "Who? ate this."

Imperative
Imperative in Patigulh can be easily made by simply add the interjective ɒı̣(de)"imp." (or qʎiɒż(smida)"please" to show polite) before the whole sentence.


 * ɑżʌ,(Tab.)"To eat."
 * ɑżʌ ɒı̣,(Tab de.)"Eat."
 * ɑżʌ qʎiɒż,(Tab smida.)"Please eat."

Conditional
Conditional mood can be made by adding the suffix -ṡu(ulh) to the end of the verb. But if the verb ends with a vovel, an "k(')" will be placed before the "ṡ(u)".

The Conditional suffix comes before the tense suffix: ɑżʌṣnı̣u(tabulel)"would have eaten".

The tense of conditional verbs agrees with other verbs in the context.


 * Jṣ ȷiq ẓ ȷṣ ʌiqṡu ı̣ nṣniȷṣ,(Wo wis r wo bisulh e loliwo.)"I wish that I were a girl."
 * Jṣ ȷiqı̣u ẓ ȷṣ ʌiqɑṡu ẓ nṣniȷṣ,(Wo wiselh r wo bistulh e loliwo.)"I wished that I had been a girl."

=Lexicon=

''Main articlle: Patigulh/Lexicon

The table of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns can be found above.

Suffixes
Suffixes can change the word's meaning from verb to noun, noun to adjective/adverb, and so on.

Preffixes
Preffixes can change word's meaning to a related one. They seldon change the word's kind.

Swadesh table
=Example text=

Daily phrase

 * 1) żnṣʞżſṩ;(Alohajou!) Hello!
 * 2) żnṩ;(Alou!) Hi!
 * 3) qżnṡiƞżnż;(Saluinara!) Goodbye!
 * 4) qżnẓ̇;(Salai!) Bye!
 * 5) qṣniʎżqı̣ƞ,(solimasen.) Sorry.
 * 6) żniκżƞqż,(Aligansa) Thank you!
 * 7) qκı̣ɒẓ̇;(Sgedai) Fuск уоu!
 * 8) *Because if you can't swear in a conlang, it will be a totally failure.

"Our tent is missing!"
P.S.: Here are the marks I used in word-to-word translating version.
 * -ᴺ=Nominative -ᴵ=Instrumental -ᴰ=Dative -ᴬ=Accusative
 * -ᴵᵐᵖ=Imperative
 * -ed=Past tense -will=Future tense
 * -in'=Present particle; -en=Past particle; -to=Future particle
 * -eng=Past gerund; -ing=Present gerund; -to=Future gerund