Sdrafyaot



Sdrafyaot (IPA: ˈstrafyəot), known in English as Stravian or officially Neostravian, is a partially constructed language of heavy North Germanic influence that is the leading of the three national language of the Kingdom of Stravia. The language was constructed originally in 1314 by the Acstuvaci Rebellion leaders Ólafar Gudrunsson, Þorin Erosvard, Vilhjálm Helnkenge and other associates in response to the Paleostravian language being illegalized by the Christian missionaries in the 13th century and following the First Stravian Rising. The language has since evolved to become the Stravian language as it is known today.

Classification
Stravian is an a posteriori Indo-European language and part of the Nordic Germanic group, as it is an evolved form of the West Norse Language. Stravian shows influence from Paleostravian, Icelandic and Old West Norse.

Consonants
The Stravian language has a some significant dialectal difference in phonology, found mostly due to the North/South divide of the Stravian nation, with the southern dialects influenced greater by Icelandic. The language contains monophthongs and diphthongs, which are represented by mono- and digraphs. Only monographs are considered distinct letters in the Stravian alphabet. The language is mostly orthographically phonemic. Voiced stops and nasals devoice in voiceless clusters.

The phoneme [v] is approximated to [ʋ] following voiceless consonants.

The voiced trill [r] may be reduced to a single tap intervocalically.

Word ending, the following lenition occurs: [v] to [ʋ], [ð] to [ð̞], [d] to [ð̠], and [g] to [ɣ].

Vowels
Vowels are retracted or centralised in some speakers when short.

Phonotactics
The following image describes phonotactic syllable structure: † May not precede [j]

Additionally, voiced nasals, and voiceless stops and fricatives can be geminated.

Nasals are syllabic if word ending after stops or nasals.

The phonemes [l] and [r] are syllabic if word ending.

Alphabet
The Stravian alphabet is ordered:

Majuscule: A Æ B C D Ð E F G H I J L M N O Ø P R S T Þ U V Y

Minuscule: a æ b c d ð e f g h i j l m n o ø p r s t þ u v y

The letters k, q, w, x and z, as well as the Icelandic letter ö, do not appear in the Stravian alphabet, but may be used in loanwords or proper nouns. However they are often replaced with the native Stravian c, cv, v, cs, s and ø respectively.

Orthography
Stress falls on the first syllable of multi-syllabic words, except when it is marked by an accented long vowel.

Copulae - Tengasognes
The Stravian language has only one copula, eð (to be), which comes in 9 forms dependent on tense, person and number.

Articles - Ærticalla
As Stravian words are genderless, the sole definite article is din, which can be used on plural nouns, and may be omitted in titles or proper nouns. The singular form of din is the suffix -(i)d.

manid - the man

stjarnad - the star

din dalnes - the valleys

The sole positive indefinite article is inn.

inn husjar - a house

There is one negative indefinite article - cenn - which denoted not having or not being something. The word can also denote not doing if placed before a verb, or can denote not being of a certain quality when used as a prefix on adjectives and adverbs. This does not change the stress on the word, which remains on the root.

Ig hafa cenn buc. - I do not have a book. (Lit. I have no book.)

Ech éð cenn talida. - You are not talking.

Tað éð ceblar. - It is not blue.

Er éð cefljasclig laira. - He is not learing quickly (Lit. He is not quickly learning.)

Nouns - Navnes
Nouns decline only to number, and have only a singular and plural form. The plural form is denoted by -(e)s or by -a in nouns ending in the letters l or r.

hynt → hyntes - dog → dogs

fjatla → fjatlas - mountain → mountains

bair → baira - city → cities

Adjectives - Lysaurdes
Adjectives in Stravian may be placed before - as possessive adjectives always are - but most often after their respective nouns, which undergo no declination regardless or number or position. All adjectives except colours, possessives and ordinals end in the letters c, i, or t.

inn eplji rauð - a red apple

epljis rauð - red apples

Verbs - Sognes
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, aspect and mood. A verb lies at the nucleus of a clause, with a copula, modal or auxiliary verb following the subject if necessary. These control the aspect and mood. A copula, modal or auxiliary verb may start an interrogative sentence. Every standard verb comes in 3 forms due to tense. The present, past and future. The present tense uses the infinitive form of the verb, which in standard verbs aleays ends with the letter a. The past tense is formed by the prefix ca(n)-, and the future tense by the suffix -r.

All the following examples use ig (I) as the subject and ech (you) as the object.

Modal examples use gét (can).

Adverbs - Atvicsaurdes
Adverbs always fall before their respective verbs or adjectives.

Syntax - Setningfrið
Stravian clauses follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, as with most Germanic languages. A modal or auxiliary verb will move between the subject and the verb, while a copula will follow the subject or modal/auxiliary verb. In interrogatives, the copulas, modal or auxiliary verb will lead the clause.

For example:

Stravian: Ig eðu igair cantálida cel Vilhjælm syr mer husjar nei.

Transliteration: I was yesterday talking to William about his house new.

Translation: Yesterday, I was talking to William about his new house.

Inflections - Beigines
Verb Root - Sogn Rout

Noun Root - Navn Rout

Adjective Root - Lysaurd Rout

Derivations - Reicnines
Verb Root - Sogn Rout

Noun Root - Navn Rout

Adjective Root - Lysaurd Rout