Adwan

Adwan (Ad: Aðwana) is a partially naturalistic con-lang invented for the sake of gaining a wider understanding of general linguistics. The language itself developed a life of its own, and with each passing day, it grows with more vocabulary, more additions, and more characteristics that make it stand out from other inflecting languages.

Name
The name "aðwana" comes from the archaic Adwanic noun, "aðe", which means "mind"; and "wan", which means "to speak". It is an archaic compound word, not used anymore due to an evolved vocabulary, which means "a spoken mind."

Phonology
Adwan has a moderately unique phonology, as it has extensive use of using the consonant /j/ coupled with both vowels AND consonants. It is said that Adwan tends to sound like a mixture of Icelandic, Norwegian, Czech, and Polish.

Alphabet and Orthography
Adwan is a fairly phonetic language; everything is sounded out as it is written. "Pevle" will always be pronounced /pevle/, and "Ar" will always be pronounced /ar/. There is only one sound change that isn't marked directly by the orthography, and that is the nasalization of ‘m’. Generally, for a lot of consonants, ’m’ will become nasalized; so if ‘m’ isn't a dominant, stressed consonant, it will be /ɱ/; A good English example is the word "symphony". You don't say /sɪmfəni:/, you say /sɪɱfəni:/. M is NEVER nazalized when in the beggining of a word, or when predecing a vowel. Note, for the vowels A, E, I, O, U and Y, an acute accent can be added to focus stress on that particular syllable (this happens a lot when the stress isn't on the penultimate syllable. When the penultimate syllable rule is broken, an acute accent occurs to guide stress, and elongate the noun). Ex: HOWEVER, for consonants, the acute accent represents a preceding /j/ sound; ŕ = jr; ś=js, etc. This is mainly due to the fact that when there'd be vowels preceding the j which preceded consonants, new phonemes would form and throw off the meanings. NOTE: Consonants with acute accents are a seperate letter of the alphabet, and are, therefore, a part of the alphabet, as opposed to vowels which are just stress-change indicators.
 * the verb Fwývan has stress on the first syllable, as opposed to the default penultimate syllable. Also, many times declensions will switch around stress levels which will end up in acute accents falling above many vowels.

Syntax and Morphology
As in many Indo-European languages, Adwan is highly inflected; Adwan inflects nouns for number, grammatical case, and, seldomly, gender; Adjectives, and numbers decline for grammatical case; pronouns decline for grammatical person and gramatical case, and determiners decline for grammatical case. Verbs are conjugated (and agglutinated, to an extent) for tense, mood, and aspect. A distinctive feature in Adwan is the lack of auxilliary verbs, as they are all conjugated into the verb. Due to heavy inflections, Adwan also lacks articles, so there is no difference between "the cat likes mice" or "a cat likes mice"'; the distinction between a regular cat liking mice, and cats generally liking mice is made thanks to the Generic tense of verbs.

Word Order
Adwan's general word order follows a VOS pattern, and, sometimes, a VSO pattern if the subject is in posession of someone or something. However, due to the heavy inflection that Adwan goes through, word order is quite free. The standard is VOS and VSO, yet many pieces of literature and poetry can follow other word orders. Other word orders are also used to emphasize things, if only used seldomly. Usually, questions are formed using intonation and stress (and the usage of a question mark), but if incredibly important, or necessary, OSV and SOV is used.

General Rules:
 * Adjectives don't have any specific order, though they usually precede the noun. Due to declensions, however, in many dialects, they are all grouped together and form a section of their own, and either go SOV, or SOAV, or SVOA.
 * It is a general rule that prepositions precede the object they are attached to. It is not a strictly enforced rule with sentences that only have one preposition, but with complex sentences with many prepositions, they must always precede the object.
 * Adverbs, generally, always follow a verb.
 * Commas do not denote stops, but merely break sentences down to a verbal phrase. For pauses that commas tend to be used for, such as in the English language, a hypen (-) or a double comma are used.
 * Usually, direct objects come first, and then indirect objects.

Gender
Editing.

Case
Adwan inflects its Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, and Numbers. Nouns are inflected for number, grammatical case, and occasionally, gender; Adjectives are inflected for grammatical case; Pronouns are inflected for case, person, and number, and determiners and numbers are inflected for grammatical case.

In Adwan, there are 7 cases; the Nominative, which marks the subject; the Accusative, which marks the direct object; the Ablative, which marks the causative object; the Genitive case, which marks relationship and posession; the Dative case, which marks the indirect object; the Locative case, which marks the location, and the Vocative case, which marks the noun being addressed.

A good way to find out the case of a noun is to ask yourself these questions:

Nominative: ''who? what?''

Accusative: I have what/who?

Ablative: because of who/what?

Genitive: of who/what?

Dative: to whom/what?

Locative: at/around what?

Vocative: I call whom?

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are the most irregular of all words in Adwan, for they don't necessarily follow a uniform way of changing affixes like Nouns and Adjectives do. Personal pronouns don't all end in the same suffix, leaving personal pronouns in Adwan to be the most irregular parts of speech in the whole language.

Pronouns also decline to the Comitative case, which is similar to the instrumental case, and it represents "with". Therefore, kona is with me. Note: Personal Pronouns declined in the Genitive are the equivalent to both English posessive determiners, and possessive pronouns. Adwan has no distinction between posessive pronouns and posessive adjectives, for the role of posession is maintained solely by the genitive declensions of said pronouns.

Demostrative Pronouns
Along with personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns are irregular, too, and don't follow a pattern of suffix-changing declensions, like Nouns, Adjectives, and Numbers do.

Demonstrative pronouns in Adwan have three distinctions: proximal, which refers to objects near the speaker (this, in English), medial, objects near the address, and distal, objects far from both (that for English) (Note: That in English can be both medial and distal). This is similar to the demonstrative pronouns in Spanish (este/esto/esta for proximal, ese/eso/esa for medial, aquello/aquel/aquella for distal).

If you can see, all declined forms of each demonstrative pronoun keeps the first and last letters of the word, and declines by changing, adding or subtracting infixes, rather than changing prefixes or suffixes. Adwanic demonstrative pronouns go through a process of Vowel Migration when changing to plural; each vowel is assigned a specific part in a cycle of vowels phonemes, and to pluralize, they go through a transformation that leads them to the next vowel in line.

The order of Vowel Migration has three different cycles, and they go as so:

First Cycle: Y = U, U = E, E = A, A = Y

Second Cycle: Ö = Ĕ, Ĕ = Ą, Ą = Ë, Ë = Ö

Third Cycle: Ï = I, I = Ę, Ę = O, O= Ï

Verbs
Verbs in Adwan are conjugated by affix changes and agglutinations, depending on the tenses used. Verbs in Adwan are conjugated for Tense, Mood, Aspect Number and Person, not to mention the class of verbs they are. There are three classes of verbs in Adwan; -an verbs, -en verbs, and -on verbs; they are all conjugated differently, yet follow a similar patter in conjugation. There are no verbs that are conjugated irregularly. Ironically, while other languages have verbs that follow orthographies and have irregular conjugations, Adwan has verbs that don't follow verb suffix rules, but follow a particular conjugation pattern.

There is no distinction as to why some verbs end in -on, -en, and -an.

To Be
Adwan has 3 different types of to be's. The first one is a locative to be, to be used when in, at, or near a location. This verb is Čyren; usually, in informal writing, Čyren could be used and the noun, although declined in the locative, wouldn't require a preposition if it was simple, as context could tell the rest. Also, when Čyren is used, it is a great indicator for a noun in the locative case.

The second verb for to be is Ân, and it is used exclusively with predicate adjectives. The usage of Ân used to be rare, as adjectives had different declensions, but Ân was revived with the loss of the Predicate Adjective declensions. Generally, if you're adding an adjective after ‘to be’, Ân would be used.

The last but not least verb is Þuðan, the first verb in the entire Adwan language. This verb is used when neither of the two other ‘to be's’ match the criteria, say I am a boy would use þuðan, so on and so forth.

Present Tense
Here are the present tense conjugations of Þuðan, Čyren, and Eščon(to make).

Phrases

 * More to come when I stop being lazy.