Valdirsk

Description
Valdirsk is a conlang with some Scandinavian and Celtic influences, but a mainly innovative vocabulary and grammar. Its principal particularities consist in the absence of autonomous verbs, replaced by nouns in the active form, the use of active or inactive consonants in fix noun/verb structures to discern one from another, and the OVS (Object-Verb-Subject) word order.

Alphabet and Pronunciation
All letters are pronounced. There are three types of letters: vowels, inactive consonants, active consonants (for explanation see category Noun). Here follows the prounciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

In most cases, the tone lays on the first vowel or vowel group.

Nouns
As verbs do not exist, nouns in the active tense (verbal nouns) are to replace them in order to express action. It is so that active nouns reflect the action of which the same noun in the inactive form is the object. An inactive noun is distinguished from its active form by the consonant mutation of the first consonant of the word. Example:

Balla = a dance, valla = to dance (the act of dancing);

Rokkur = a dusk, rhokkur = (concerning sun, moon, stars or fig.) to set, go down, fade

It seems clear that not all inactive nouns have an active form (ex: "mouth"). Affixes are used to make active nouns more accurate or to clarify the action when its object/inactive noun is ambiguous. Example: (*) The preposition i- means "in", the preposition út- means "out".

Each noun has a fix structure as follows:

Eventual preposition + Consonant(s) + Vowel(s) + eventual mark of the Genitive + rest of the word.

The mark of the genitive is -i.

Example:

H + o + vor = Hovor ("speech", "vocal communication"), Þ + o + vor = Þovor ("to speak"), h + o + i + vor = hoivor ("of the speech"), Þ + o + i + vor = Þoivor ("of the act of speaking").

In certain cases where a noun has no active form, or using an adjective, an active form can though be used to express "the fact of being ..." (where "..." is the noun/adjective). Example:

Storsk = "great", Շtorsk = "to be great", "the fact of being great";

Pikasso = "Picasso", Fikasso = "the fact of being Picasso"

Nominative
The usual case, with no specific mark. Stands at the end of a proposition if Subject, stands at the beginning of a proposition if Object/Direct object complement.

Genitive
Reflects that the noun possesses the adjoining object. Replaces " of " or " 's ".

Material entities
There are 3 genders for material entities: male, female, and neutral. All words that indicate asexual things are per definition neutral. Here is a table representing the matching of nouns with their gender:

These nouns are formed like this:

Variable part + gender + r + plural

Example: Gull + o + r + i = Gullori = horses (male), Gull + e + r = Guller = mare

There is an exception: father (ot athoir) and mother (et matheir), where an -i is added before the -r.

Immaterial entities
Immaterial entities have no particular termination, except two categories: concepts and geographical references. Concepts (like "liberty", "peace" or "procrastination") end with -an, and change in the plural form only by adding an -n (-ann), which switches the pronunciation from /an/ to /aɤn/. Due to the double consonant, it should be insisted on the vowel before (-a), so that the the tone lays on the last -ann.

Example: an m a gan = the power, na mag a nn = the powers.

Nouns that indicate Geographical origins (like "English" or "European") end with -sk. Example: Ingelsk = English

They are formed by adding mark of gender and mark of plural at the end:

Variable part + an/sk + gender + plural

Example: Valdir + sk + o + i = Valdirskoi = the Valdirians, the men from Valdir

Two words can agglutinate if they are related to eachother (like in english: "painkiller" = "pain" + "killer"):

Trunk 1 + gender 1 + plural 1 + trunk 2 + gender 2 + r + plural 2

Example: Gull + a + i + skadd + a + r + i = Gullaiskaddari = shits of horses, horsesshit (skaddar = shit)

Immaterial substantives related to verbs are formed by replacing the -i from its infinitive by an -r (except if the word is a concept, then it ends in -an as usually). Their meaning is always "the fact of" + verb.

Example: magain (to reign) ==> at magarn (the reign) (the fact of reigning)

The opposite of words are formed with a privative -u.

Example: materialska = material, umaterialska = immaterial

Examples
Gullor = (Male) horse

Ati gulleri = the mares

at vakar = the book

vridan = peace

Valdirsk = Valdirian language

Valdirskei = Valdirians (women)

Skaddari = shits

At gullaskaddar = the horseshit

At magarn = the reign

uvridanska = unpeaceful

Adjectives
A caracteristical ending is -sk, but there are some various endings such as -kk, -ll, kh...

The adjective is relative to his noun by gender and number, and respectively the mark of the gender and that of the number are added at the very end of the word.

Example: Tir va threkkei = they are big (fem.), ir va thallo = I am tall (masc.)

Comparative and superlative
Obtained by adding respectively -vd and -rd to the adjective instead of the eventual -sk.

Example: simple = iún vúldarsk, simpler = iúnv úldarvd, (the) simplest = (at) iúnv úldard

Determiners and Pronouns
The definite article is "an" for the singular, and "na" for the plural. The indefinite article consists in the absence of article.

Example: an gullor = the horse, na gulleri = the mares; gullor = a horse, iún gullor = one horse

The demonstrative is obtained by adding a d before the definite:

Example: ot gullor = the horse, dot gullor = that horse

The nominative pronouns are declined this way: The oblique pronouns are declined this way: The possessive (pronoun AND determiner) is declined this way: Of course, the example above stands for a masculine noun, but the possessive determiner also adapts to the gender (mot, met, mat...)

The possessive pronoun/determiner also follows the rule from the disappearing -t at the end of the word, though it doesn't need to have an -i, the -t disappears no matter what. This also counts for all determiners: ot, mot, oti, moti, and so on.

Example: mot is pronounced mo, moti is pronounced mo-i.

Examples
vot gullor = your horse

noti vridan = our peace

mat vakar = my book

Ir horra moda = I see him

Mir tir moda = They see me

Adverbs
Adverbs globally have various endings, except for those usually ending with -lly in English (as the two in this sentence): they are the same as the adjective related to it, but logically without gender nor number. So:

Example: morvúldarska = complicated, hard, morvúldarsk =complicatedly, hardly; thallo = great, thall = greatly.

Verbs
Verbs are based on a common trunk, to which suffixes are added to indicate the type of tense. As example:

To be ("vain") :         Va + in = Vain

Trunk + Mark of the infinitive = Infinitive

Conjugations
The trunk always ends with an -a or an -e.

(*): If the tone lays on the vowel just before, the -d is doubled. So, "ir vaddú" but "ir falladù".

A small story
Ther vadú iúna v úldar naggor, thallo sva sev viergari úd threkko sva drei. Allai dugari, hor thalledú mor úd mor, úd dat furred ú at valkan allseid morv <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úldarvd er <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd at valgar ad valked<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú thad hor. Till dugar, kver ati naggari dat vailgar <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úallad <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú tharrein ot. Tir furred<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú at thallard tarnar ad vad <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú id'at vordar,  <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd khvelgend <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú an at threkkard <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmar od tharrein hor, <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd dat <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmar idi dat seid vad <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú ikk novvetarska ad har khed<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú tharrein ati naggari. At <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmar kragge<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">dú at thallo naggor, <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd hor th arred<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ú idi pala seid. V<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úd seit dat dugar, allai <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">úrmari khe tharrein ati naggeri.