Slavski jezik

Overview

=Setting= Slavski jezik is a constructed and simplified language based on Slavic languages. It is characteristically a South Slavic language with a significant amount of East Slavic (mainly Russian) and West Slavic (Polish) influence.

=Basic Grammar= Orthography Slavski spelling is quite phonemic in practice and mixes morphological and phonetic principles. The punctuation follows the German model.

Slavski language has two parallel writing systems: Cyrillic and Latin. They can be used interchangeably in all situations but being more suitable for a Cyrillic language the Cyrillic spelling is preferred in official contexts.

The Latin alphabet for Slavski jezik (27 letters, 2 letter combinations): Aa Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Ljlj Mm Nn Njnj Oo Pp Rr Ss Šš Tt Uu Ůů Vv Yy Zz Žž

The Cyrillic alphabet for Slavski jezik (30 letters): Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Жж Зз Ии Йй Јј Кк Лл Љљ Мм Нн Њњ Оо Пп Рр Сс Тт Уу Ўў Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Ыы

Several other letters can occur in order to render direct citation of foreign words, primarily modified Latin letters, such as: q, w, x; ç; Đ,đ; Ģ, ģ; Ł, ł; Ş, ş; Ż, ż. Though written, these are pronounced like the most similar indigenous phoneme, e.g. Kwaśniewski is pronounced as though written Kvašnjevski, Washington as though written Vošington. Other Cyrillic letters, e.g. Щщ ъ Яя, may be used in foreign words and names.

The use of i/j: in Latin spelling Jj is used when [i] is the final part of a vowel combination and syllable-initially. Ii is used elsewhere.

The use of и/ј/й: Jj is used syllable-initially, й is used when [i] is the final part of a vowel combination. Ии is used elsewhere.

Phonology

Vowels The Standard Slavski vowel system has five monophthongal and one diphthongal vowel. The difference between long and short vowels is not phonemic.


 * The Cyrillic spelling of the vowels is а [a] е [e] и [i] о [o] у [u] ў [ou]. In vowel combinations [i] is spelt й.


 * This is an additional sound that is not reflected in the official spelling. In unofficial spelling it is usually rendered as Ы, ы (Cyrillic) or Y, y (Latin). The quality of the sound varies mainly depending on the speaker’s age. The older generation still use a close central unrounded vowel (IPA: [ɨ]) correspoding to the respective sounds in Russian (ы after unpalatalised consonants) and Polish (y). The younger generation tend to use a labialised near-close near-front unrounded vowel (IPA: [wɪ]). Or the same sound with no prior labialisation (IPA: [ɪ]). Whether the sound should be reflected in the official spelling is debatable but as only few minimal pairs exist and they do not cause much confusion, marking this sound in spelling has been seen unnecessary so far.

The Diphthongal Vowel


 * The close back rounded vowel preceded by a very short close-mid back rounded vowel ў (Cyrillic) or ů (Latin) (IPA: [ou]) is used solely as plural genitive ending. It was historically a half-long nasal close-mid back rounded vowel (IPA: [ũ•]) that was reduced to a short close-mid back rounded vowel [u] elsewhere but kept its special quality in the plural genitive ending resulting in the sound [ou]. Some nasalisation may be heard occasionally, oddly enough, amogst the younger speakers [õũ]. When it does not denote the genitive plural ending it is pronounced as [w] e.g. Ůiski/Ўиски [wiski] and imaůam/имаўам [imawam].

Consonants

=Nouns=

Masculine Gender
Disappearing a

Neuter Gender
Ending in o

Ending in e

Feminine Gender
Feminines with i declination

Tense
Verb tenses of Slavski language are present, past and future.


 * Present tense uses the verb stem and a personal ending. E.g. 'ima + m = imam 'I have


 * Past tense uses verb stem, suffix -l- and personal ending. The suffix is frequently pronounced [w] and even written as w/ў in conversational/dialectal contexts. A parallel form using only the suffix conjugated in gender and number exists. Personal pronouns must be used with this form. E.g. ima + l + am 'I had~I have had' OR ja ima + l = Ja imal 'I had~I have had' 
 * Future uses the future form of the verb biti 'to be' and infitive. E.g. budem imati 'I shall have'

Mood
Besides the indicative, Slavski uses conditional, subjunctive and imperative.
 * Conditional uses plain past tense forms with suffixed conditional forms of the verb biti 'to be'. E.g. ima + l + bim = Imalbim 'I would have'
 * Subjunctive uses the indicative with the particle da. E.g. da + ima = da ima 'I have'
 * Imperative uses suffix -i or -j attached to the (shortened) stem of the verb. E.g. ima + j = imaj! 'Have!'

Aspect
Slavski uses two verbal aspects: imperative and perfective.
 * Imperfective uses the plain verbs forms.
 * Perfective uses a prefix. The most common prefixes are do-, u- and vi-. E.g. 

Conjugation
Verb imati 'to have' used as an example.

Infinitive: ima|ti (root being ima-)

Active Past Participle: imal(i) (declined as a regular adjective)

Passive Past Participle: imati (declined as a regular adjective)

Present Participle: imajuš(i) (declined as a regular adjective)

Some of the verb form presented below have alternative forms:


 * Past: personal pronoun + imal, imala, imalo, imali (according to the gender and number of the subject)


 * Conditional: bim, biš, bi, bime, bite, bin + imati (infinitive)

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Irregular Verbs
There are only two verbs with irregular forms: biti 'to be' and ideti 'to go'.

Biti (infinitive),

Ideti (infinitive)

Only Past forms are irregular:

{|width="200" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" !scope="row" rowspan="2"| !scope="col"|TENSE !scope="col"|Past !scope="row"|Sg. 1st !scope="row"|Sg. 2nd !scope="row"|Sg. 3rd !scope="row"|Pl. 1st !scope="row"|Pl. 2rd !scope="row"|Pl. 3rd
 * šlam
 * šlaš
 * šal, šla, šlo
 * šlame
 * šlate
 * šli, šla|}

=Dictionary= ...

=Example text= ...