Tossian

Lexicon: (Being redone)

I would like to request that you do not edit this page at all without the author's (SirEvantheGreat's) permission.

Tossian (Liŋ ven Toss or Tossi natively) is spoken in games played by the creator and his friends for roleplaying purposes.

In this roleplay it is the main language of foreign politics and the official language of the United Provinces and Governments of Great Tossia (UPGT) There are 4 dialects.

Political (Kofyrnmentio): Used in politics. An acute is placed over vowels to represent emphasis. Emphasis is placed in different places per word, but always placed on the last syllable of the last word in a question.

Great Tossian (Tossio): The one shown in this page. Used by common folk in the country of Great Tossia.

Noir (Nuario): Used by the few speakers of Tossian in the Black Empire. They use the second alphabet and combine the adjectives with the noun and adverbs with the verb, in no particular order. Grammar rules other than this are frequently broken, just like the Noira (Nuari) language allows.

Zolarkian (Zolarkio): Used by the few immigrants from the Zolarkian Empire, which is constantly at war with Great Tossia. This dialect is similar to the Zolarkian language, pronouncing vowels differently and putting a hyphen between the noun and all adjectives or verbs and all adverbs. When writing formally, Zolarkian-Tossian writers will put a line above the subject to the predicate, and under the objects to the predicate.

Phonetics
Adding an H after a consonant makes is aspirated, except for R and C. Tossian speakers view R as a vowel. U is the only rounded vowel. J is the same sound as I, but should be pronounced quicker.

List of Letters just in case:

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNŊOPQRSTUVXYZ

abcdefghijklmnŋopqrstuvxyz

Sometimes "z" is written as "ʒ" when it's the last or second to last letter.

Which syllable is emphasized does not matter.

Orthography
The first letter of each sentence and all names are capitalized. Nothing else is.

Hyphens are used to connect words that may describe each other.

Example: Drinking Water translates to esset-vassr. Or, water you can consume. (Vassr-Water, Esset-To eat)

Grammar
These grammar rules are not organized in any way.

You can choose whether to put the subject or predicate first, but formally you should put the subject first.

There are 3 prefixes. They are connected with hyphens.

a: Makes the adjective mean the opposite it normally would. (a-Chot means cold. Chot means hot.)

i: Expresses more emotion. Equivalent to the English word "very" and the french word "très". (i-Bjen means very good. Bjen means good.)

o: Minimizes emotion, like the phrase "not very". (A two degree Fahrenheit change would be o-notab, not very noticeable.)

There are many suffixes. Any suffixes added to the end of a word with a vowel at the end will put a "g" between it and the word. Second Noun suffixes come second if using multiple suffixes, third nouns are third, fourth are fourth, et cetera. Words that would translate into English helping verbs do not get suffixes, except for "is". I couldn't add this to the table (-.-) but the suffix for plural is -en.

Here are some more suffixes:

-ion Makes the noun an adjective (Kition Like a cat)

-aist Makes the noun a verb (Koffaist To turn into a country/government)

-eziat Makes the verb into a noun (Selebeteziat A place where people celebrate; Celebration, Kropfteziat Addition)

-adag Makes the adjective a noun (Velosadag Speed, The essence of fast)

-eliag Turns the adjective into an adverb (Veloseliag Quickly)

-eliad Turns the verb into an adverb (Qempeliad while jumping)

These aren't suffixes that you can add to anything, but they're added to the end of names to give more information.

-i Language (Fransi=French Language)

-ia Land (Britania=Britain)

-ien From then Land (Britanien=British)

-io Dialect (Sudio=Southern American English Accent)

There are other options for plurals:

-enul: Zero

-edun: Two

-etriet: Three

-etetrad: Four

-eguim: Five

-essek: Six

-emjyrn: Seven to Twelve

-ekuiad: Twelve to 144

-epluim: More than 144

At the beginning of a sentence there are words which are not in the lexicon, they express the type of sentence and have negatives. Tien can be used alone to get attention. Examples:

''Estet katch plut kitch est nuf. ''4+5=9

''Estat djo moan duy est uyn. ''10-2≠1

Nisa akel esseb. Get some food.

Saka trivel em d'rot! Don't trive in the road.

Nesar akel en-krappe ala ryfritaret, sivuplyt? Can you get a grape from the refridgerator, please?

Sakar fonel, sivplyt? Can you stop talking, please?

Entyr mo sext d'Roma? Have you seen rome?

''Antyr mo quy das gam-vidyo? ''Have you never played video games?

Tien hallo! Hello!

Tian hallo! Goodbye!

All of these pre-words are only for formal sentences.

To formally show possession put "st" at the end of the informal word, or put ven, von, or van before it.

Example: D'Animal est most. OR D'Animal est ven mo.

Adjectives come after nouns. Adverbs are after verbs.

Before "and" you must put a comma.

When the last letter of a word is the same as the first letter of the next word, and this similar letter is a vowel (AEIJORUY), the second word has its first letter changed to an "A", unless this similar letter is an "A", in which case it becomes an "O". Should these similar letters be separated by a form of punctuation, this does not happen.

''Elle ast an fem-homs. ''She is a female.

When the first letter of a word after an article (except a definite article) starts with a vowel, the article loses its vowel and becomes a contraction with the second word, similar to how French does this.

El est d'homs. He is the person.

Genders are:

Masculine: For male living things

Feminine: For female living things

Inanimate: For nonliving things

Noir-Tossian Alphabet
A second alphabet is used in the Noir Dialect. This alphabet is on the right.

The Noir Dialect uses r as an open-mid central vowel.

Conjugation
All verbs end in "T".

Regular Verbs
No addition: Unconjugated   parlt-to talk

-ed: Past tense                    parlted-spoke

-ez: Present, first person     Mas parltez-We are speaking

-en: Present, other person  Mos parlten-You (plural) are speaking

-el: Future                           Mu parltel ala my-He will talk to her

-es: Imperfective Past         Mo hilftes-You used to help

-ef: Imperfective Present    Ma hilftef-I help

-eg: Imperfective Future     Mes hilfteg-They (mixed gender) plan to help

Most dialects
est: Present

est (out of context): Unconjugated

esten: Unconjugated

ested: Past estel: Future

estes: Imperfective Past

estef: Imperfective Present

estep: Imperfective Future

Zolarkian and Political Dialects
est: Unconjugated

See image on the side for conjugation

Optionally, some may use this even when outside of these dialects.

Some Zolark-Tossian speakers may use "dag" instead of "dy" for the third person plural imperfect present form of "to be" to differentiate it from "di".