Avb'el

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Avb'el is a conlang that is currently work in progress.

History
I came up with the idea of creation of a new language without any particular reason... But, it doesn't make me stop creating it. Because I know English and Ukrainian and am learning Chinese, some words might be partly based on these languages. But, mostly, I want it to be unique one. Also, I'm trying to keep it simple and don't add a lot of declensions. I am using modified Latin alphabet for it, although a Cyrillic alternative is also available.

Edit: So maybe there is a reason why I am creating this. I am trying to keep this language relatively simple. Most languages that I have seen on this wiki have a lot of declensions and conjugations (which is not necessarily a bad thing). But this language is much simpler, at least gramatically speaking.

Latin (Main)
Adding macron to a vowel will make it a double vowel (i.e. a -> ā or ɣ-> ɣ̄)

Some sounds are expressed through two letters (lh and ph).

In "tg", the "t" is not read, leaving only a "g".

Letters n, r, k, l, b, m can be doubled.

x is only lowercase because it cannot be found in beginning of any Avb'el word.

Combination "yɣ" was originally planned to be read like /ju/, but later I realized that I pronounce it in words more like /ɥu/. Of course, it would still technically be correct if you said /ju/ instead of /ɥu/, but it is just a way I find simpler.

Letter "i" is read /j/ when it is placed after another vowel.

Cyrillic (Alternative)
Latin is used as the main alphabet, but cyrillic can be used alternatively.

Adding macron to a vowel will make it a double vowel.

Letters н, р, к, л, б, м can be doubled,

Sound f is represented through combination пх.

In "тґ", the "т" is not read, leaving only a "ґ".

х is only lowercase because it cannot be found in beginning of any Avb'el word.

Letter ю is used to represent the combination "yɣ", and љ is used to represent the combination "lh".

Letter "і" is read /j/ when it is placed after another vowel.

Stress/Accent
Generally, almost every word of Avb'el stresses the first vowel (excluding the prefix(es)). If there are two or three vowels in a row, the stress goes to second vowel (e.g. Y ie ra - [ji'ɛrɑ]). Words with x in the middle have the stress on the syllable that includes the x (e.g. Abvxelɨi - [ɑvb'ʔɛlɪj]). Foreign words might have other stress.

For example, Dakke is read like /'dɑk:e/, not /dɑ'k:e/

Word order
Word order in Avb'el is only SVO (subject-verb-object) because nouns and pronouns are not declining to any cases. Thus, to make it clear where is which part of sentence, only SVO is used.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe namʓ. - You eat food.

Adjectives, participles and abilitatives are added before nouns.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe bagsali namʓ. - You eat loud food.

Adverbs are added before verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Example: Yoɣra rɣpɨa namʓe namʓ. - You speedily eat food.

In addition, all adpositions are prepositions.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe sa dodê. - You eat on bed.

Also, time-place-manner order is used. ENG example: I today [time] to Germany [place] ride train [manner].

Tenses and aspects
Avb'el has 4 tenses: present, past, future, and present continuous.

Present tense
Present tense shows an action that is going on in the present. To write in present form, do not add any extra particles.

Example: Tomora tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walk and listen to each other.)

Present continuous tense
Present continuous tense shows an action that is going on at the moment. To write in present continuous form, add ngɣ particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora ngɣ tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They are walking and listening to each other.)

Past tense
Past tense shows an action that was going on before. To write in past form, add hor particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora hor tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and listened to each other.)

Perfect aspect
Adding ze particle after hor particle shows that an action is already finished.

Example: Tomora hor ze tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They had walked and listened to each other.)

Future tense
Future tense shows an action that will be done. To write in future form, add hal particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora hal tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will walk and listen to each other.)

Perfect aspect
Adding ze particle after hal particle shows that an action will be finished.

Example: Tomora hal ze tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will have walked and listened to each other.)

Mixing tenses
To mix tenses, add the corresponding particle before the verbs.

Example: Tomora hal tapkite lop hor ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will walk and listened to each other.)

Another example: Tomora hor tapkite lop ngɣ ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and are listening to each other.)

To mix with present tense, add meț particle.

Example: Tomora hor tapkite lop meț ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and listen to each other.)

Perfect aspects can be added, too.

Example: Tomora ngɣ tapkite lop hor ze ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They are walking and had listened to each other.)

Mood
Avb'el has three moods: indicative, conditional, and optative.

Conditional mood
Conditional mood indicates a condition or possibility. To write in conditional form, add particle rit before verb.

Example: TBA

Optative mood
Optative mood indicates a wish. To write in optative form, add particle par before verb.

Example: TBA

Lexicon
See Avb'el's ConWorkShop for lexicon (current)

See Avb'el/Lexicon for lexicon (old)

* It is not done yet and will be improved in future.

Parts of speech
Avb'el has the following parts of speech:
 * 1) Noun (n.) - thing, person, place, quality, or idea.
 * 2) Verb (v.) - action, occurrence, or state of being.
 * 3) Pronoun (pron.) - replaces nouns.
 * 4) Adjective (adj.) - describes nouns.
 * 5) Adverb (adv.) - describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
 * 6) Transgressive (trans.) - a concurrently proceeding or following action.
 * 7) Preposition (prep.) - expresses relationship of objects in time and space.
 * 8) Interrogative (interrog.) - used to ask questions.
 * 9) Particle (part.) - helps to establish meaning to word or phrase.
 * 10) Conjunction (conj.) - helps joining words or phrases.
 * 11) Interjection (interj.) - expresses feeling or reaction.

Transforming words
In Avb'el, adjectives and adverbs are formed by adding special suffixes to a noun. Thus, they can be easily identified from other words by the suffixes.

Making adjectives
To form an adjective, add -i suffix to a noun.

Example: Dok (doctor, n.) + i = Doki (doctor, adj.)

If some words that are borrowed from other languages (names, places, other borrowed words) end on 'i' already, then an 'ɇ' is added to the end. When transforming these words, the ɇ is removed and the i is doubled.

Example: Bɣlhiɇ (bully, n.) + i = Bɣlhī (bully, adj.)

Adding -like suffixoid to noun makes it an adjective meaning similarity (i.e. cat -> cat-like). Same thing can be done in Avb'el, adding suffixoid -goɇ to the end of the word. It can be added only to nouns.

Example: Patit (father, n.) + goɇ = Patit-goɇ (father-like, adj.)

Making adverbs
To form an adverb, add -pɨa suffix to a noun.

Example: Ețrod (exception, n.) + pɨa = Ețrodpɨa (exceptionally, adv.)

If the word already ends on a 'p', then add only -ɨa.

Example: Rɣp (speed, n.) + ɨa = Rɣpɨa (speedily, adv.)

Making verbs
To form a common verb, add -e suffix to noun.

Example: Dakk (touch, t.) + e = Dakke (to touch, v.)

To form a modal verb, add -ɣnh suffix to noun.

Example: Yek (need, n.) + ɣnh = Yekɣnh (to need, v.)

There are only two exceptions for this rule: van (to be) and ɯab (to like).

Making transgressives
To make a transgressive, add -sɨ suffix to a verb.

Example: Milenne (make, v.) + sɨ = Milennesɨ (while making, trans.)

Making participles
To make an active participle, add -ʓo suffix to a verb.

Example: Guzere (know, v.) + ʓo = Guzereʓo (knowing, ac. parc.)

To make a passive participle, add -d̦ɣ suffix to a verb.

Example: Voɯpe (write, v.) + d̦ɣ = Voɯped̦u (written, pas. parc.)

Making abilitatives
To make an abilitative, add -ɯɨ suffix to a verb.

Example: Aspe (understand, v.) + ɯɨ = Aspeɯɨ (understandable, ab.)

Group suffix
To show a group of things, add -or suffix.

Example: Namʓ (food, n.) + or = Namʓor (group of foods, n.)

The difference between grouped and ungrouped namʓ is that the usual one is not saying exactly if there is only one type food or multiple types of it, while the grouped version specifies that it is one type, and plural grouped specifies that there are multiple types (see table in Plurality section below).

Plurality
To change a singular noun to a plural noun, add -s suffix.

Example: Ersa (human, n., sing.) + s = Ersas (humans, n., pl.)

You can even make a grouped word plural.

Example: Naɣsor (group of sciences) + s = Naɣsors (groups of sciences)

If the word ends on following (ʓ, z, ɯ, ț, ḍ, sɇ, ʓɇ, zɇ, ɯɇ, țɇ, ḍɇ), suffix -ês is used instead.

Example: Lenʓ (lens, n., sing.) + ês = Lenʓês (lenses, n., pl.)

Diminutive
To make diminutive (as in ENG: cat -> kitty), add suffix -olh.

Example: Loy (drink, n.) + olh = Loyolh (small drink, n.)

It can even be added to names!

Example: Aleks (Alex, n.) + olh = Aleksolh (Alex, but smaller and cuter, n.)

If the word already ends on o, then double it.

Example: Bordo (Bordeaux, n.) + olh = Bodrōlh (small Bordeaux, n.)

It CANNOT be added to transgressives, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, and other parts of speech other than nouns.

Particles
The particles of Avb'el help arranging the words and identifying the types of sentences, tenses, aspects, possession, and moods.

Gender
There are four genders in Avb'el: masculine, feminine, neuter, and indeterminate.

Masculine gender
Masculine gender is used in male animals (including humans).

So, words like husband, man, tom cat, and father automatically become masculine.

Feminine gender
Feminine gender is used in female animals (including humans).

So, words like wife, woman, she-cat, and mother automatically become feminine.

Neuter gender
Neuter gender is used in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and non-living objects.

So, words like mushroom, tree, bacteria, stone, and air automatically become neuter.

Indeterminate gender
Indeterminate gender is used when you do not specify if an animal (including humans) is a male or a female.

It is also automatically set to words that can be either female or male. Those words include spouse, human, cat, parent, and student.

Personal pronouns
* Some of these, like "third person singular masculine personal pronoun," sound scary, although this phrase can be simplified into word "he."

Complex numbers
To make complex numbers like twenty-two and four hundred eighteen, you should use the simple numbers combined.

Example: Lō zeno lō [Two ten two] (Twenty-two) 22

Example: Vlō keno mêno zeno [Four hundred eight ten] (Four hundred eighty) 480

Example: Êtno keno zeno gem [Thousand hundred ten one] (One thousand one hundred eleven) 1111

Example: Slō gemnê trō zeno êtno rsō keno vinyo zeno phlhō [Six million three ten thousand seven hundred nine ten five] (Six million thirteen thousand seven hundred ninety-five) 6013795

Positive adjectives
Adjectives without prefixes da- or eph- are automatically classified as positive. They are used as base adjectives for transforming into either comparative or superlative form. They are never used for comparison.

Comparative adjectives
To change the adjective to comparative form add da- prefix.

Example: da + Ersai (Human, adj., positive) = Daersai (Humaner, adj., comparative)

Sentence example: Hora van daersai omt eɯonn (He is humaner than alien)

Superlative adjectives
To change the adjective to superlative form, add eph- prefix.

Example: eph + Naɣsi (scientific, adj., positive) = Ephnaɣsi (the most scientific, adj., superlative)

Sentence example: Sora van ephnaɣsi omt tomora. [It is the most scientific than them] (It is the most scientific compared to them)

Swadesh list
Basic Swadesh list with Avb'el, its IPA, English, Ukrainian. [not done yet]

Example sentences
Yiera dɨɣnh spove Avbxelɨi. - I can speak Avb'el

Milennesɨ yiera kɣ hemêni milenn, yiera hor ze namʓe serɯi namʓ. - While doing my homework, I had eaten my evening meal.

ConWorkShop
Link to Avb'el on ConWorkShop: https://conworkshop.com/view_language.php?l=AXE

TBC
(If it ever seems like I stopped working on it, I will return in a few months)