Vāgøgjaskt/Lexicon

This is the page of a thematic lexicon of Våg Islander, otherwise also known as Vāgøgjaskt Stömm.

Avians

 * þröstʀ - masc. u-s. [*þrastuz]
 * bird, (specifically) small bird


 * fljūgą (flaug, flugum, flogað) - str. II [*fleuganą]
 * intr. fly
 * trn. transport sth/sby.  by flight


 * egg (eggjum, eggją) - neu. ą-s. [*ajją]
 * egg, ovum


 * fjöðʀ (fjaðʀaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*feþrǭ]
 * feather


 * hrafni - masc. an-s. [from ON hrafn]
 * raven


 * ari - masc. an-s. [*arô]
 * falcon


 * örnʀ - masc. u-s. [from ON ǫrn]
 * eagle


 * ugvil (ugvili, ugvils) - fem. a-s. [*uwwilǭ]
 * owl


 * þjöðʀ (þjöðʀ, þjöðri, þjöðʀs) - masc. ʀ-s. [*þeduraz]
 * wood grouse


 * höfkʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*habukaz]
 * hawk


 * önd (endaʀ) - fem. a-s. [from ON ǫnd]
 * duck


 * kuldʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*kuldaz]
 * flock/murder (of birds)

Metallurgy

 * ūr - neu. ą-s. [*ūrą]
 * raw bog iron


 * īsarn - neu. ą-s [*īsarną]
 * natively smelted iron; iron


 * jārn - neu. ą-s. [from ON járn]
 * Norse iron, foreign iron


 * sylfir - neu. ą-s. [from an alternation of *silubrą]
 * silver


 * gull - neu. ą-s. [*gulþą]
 * gold


 * tin - neu. ą-s. [*tiną]
 * tin


 * blȳ (blȳvi, etc.) - neu. ą-s. [*blīwą]
 * lead


 * āʀ (ā, eiʀi, āʀs, eijaʀ, ȫjum, āją) - masc. irr/ʀ-s. [*āz~*aiz]
 * bronze


 * jaskri - masc. an-s. [*h1ésh2orHom??]
 * copper


 * jāʀnʀ - adj. a-s. [same origin as , probably influenced by ]
 * coppery, copper-red


 * jārnʀ - adj. a-s. [jārn-ʀ]
 * ironish, iron-grey


 * rauði - masc. an-s. [*raudô?]
 * iron ore


 * grōni - masc. an-s. [*grōnô?]
 * copper ore


 * akʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*akraz < *akrą?]
 * steel, iron alloy


 * stāl - neu. ą-s. [from ON stál]
 * steel


 * stēlji - masc. an-s. [*stahlijǫ̂ < *stahl-ij-ō < *stahliją < *stahlą]
 * steel object; steel weapon


 * massingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*massingaz]
 * brass


 * eirr (eiʀ) - masc. ʀ-s. [*aizaz]
 * ore, mineral

Gemology

 * ybriʀ - masc. an-s [*urb-ijaz < *arbô]
 * gem, gemstone
 * remark: the word shifted the meaning of **urbą "heirloom" from *arbô


 * urb (urf) - neu. ą-s. [*urbą < *arbô]
 * gem, gemstone


 * gnōʀi - masc. an-s. [*gnōzô < *grōzô < *greusaną]
 * dark-hued opal (most commonly red or black)
 * remark: the meaning is a partial calque-translation from Greek; the original meaning derives from a now-lost verb *greusaną, giving an unattested *gnjūʀą (to cry, be agitated/scared)


 * ryðniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [ryð-(i)niʀ]
 * ruby


 * ūrögn (ūragnaʀ) - fem. a-s. [ūr-ögn]
 * pearl


 * mersniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*mar-isō-nārijaz]
 * topaz, sapphire (blue); blue gemstone

Soil, Ground

 * ögn (agnaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*agnō]
 * grain of sand


 * sandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*sandaz]
 * sand


 * söndʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*samdaz]
 * sand
 * remark: stylistic variant of sandʀ


 * fuld - fem. a-s. [*fuldō]
 * soil, dirt

Names and Nicknames

 * heitą (heit, hytum, hetað) - str. I [*haitaną]
 * itr. be named, be called
 * trn. regional be named (/)


 * Styrmiʀ (Styrmi, Styrmi, Styrmi, Styrmis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*sturm-ijaz]
 * stormmaker, stormgiver


 * Dvargetniʀ (Dvargetni, Dvargetni, Dvargetni, Dvargentis) - masc. ʀ-s. [dvarg-et-niʀ]
 * dwarfeater


 * Dvargetnja (Dvargetnją, Dvargetnją, Dvargetni, Dvargetnjaʀ) - fem. a-s. [dvarg-et-nja]
 * dwarfeatress

Colours, Optics

 * gølʀ (gølją/gulį gøli/gulimʀ gølt/gulla) - adj. u-s/irr. [*geluz~*gulwaz]
 * yellow, golden
 * remark: the adjective preserves an ancient ablauting paradigm; the nominative and accusative have the stem gøl-, from the u-umlaut of *gel-, and the dative and genitive have *gul-


 * hēgvi (hēgg, hēgva) - adj. i-s. [*hēwjaz]
 * blue, dark blue


 * hēfi (hēf, hēfa) - adj. i-s. [*hēwjaz]
 * blue, dark blue


 * myrkvʀ (myrkvi, myrkt) - adj. u-s. [from ON myrkr]
 * dark, dim, black


 * sölʀ (söl, sölt) - adj. a-s. [*salwaz]
 * pale, faint, not opaque; yellowish


 * bląkkʀ (blǫ̈kk, bląkkt) - adj. a-s. [*blankaz]
 * black, dark


 * blāʀ (blȫ, blātt) - adj. a-s. [*blēaz < *blēwaz]
 * blue, black, livid


 * døkkʀ (døkk, døkkt) - adj. a-s. [from ON døkkr]
 * dark, dull


 * jarpʀ (jörp, jarpt) - adj. a-s. [from ON jarpr]
 * beige, skin-coloured


 * svartʀ (svört, svart) - adj. a-s. [*swartaz]
 * black


 * rauðʀ (rauð, rautt) - adj. a-s. [*raudaz]
 * red


 * ryðją (-dda, -ddum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*rudjaną]
 * itr. turn red
 * trn. turn sby. red; paint sby.  red
 * fient. be red, have a red hue


 * grø̄ni (grø̄n, grø̄na) - adj. i-s. [*grōniz]
 * green


 * gylli (gyll, gylla) - adj. i-s. [gull-i]
 * golden


 * bjartʀ (björt, bjart) - adj. a-s. [*berhtaz]
 * bright; pale, white


 * hvītʀ (hvīt, hvītt) - adj. a-s. [*hwītaz]
 * white
 * remark: although a native Vāgøgjaskt word, its frequency and usage are reinforced and backed by its prevalence in Old Norse

Maritime

 * syltja - fem. a-s. [*sultjō]
 * brine, coarse saltwater


 * byrla - neu. an-s. [*burilô < *birilô]
 * mast


 * teinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*tainaz]
 * forestay, backstay


 * tørvą - fem. a-s. [*terwǭ]
 * tar, pitch


 * tjūn - neu. ą-s. [*teuną]
 * loss of life at sea, man overboard


 * nōti - masc. an-s. [*nōtô?]
 * bowsprit


 * nōʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*nōz]
 * ship deck


 * skip - neu. ą-s [*skipą]
 * ship


 * nökkvi - masc. an-s. [from ON nǫkkvi]
 * boat, fishing/whaling boat


 * ferją - fem. a-s. [*farjǭ]
 * ferry between two places


 * fergją (-gða, -gðum, -gjað) - reg. I [*fargijaną]
 * itr. sink (at sea)
 * trn. push sth. down, press sth.
 * trn. squeeze sth. tight

Violence

 * ękkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*a(n)k-ijaną?]
 * trn. kill sby. with a sharp object; stab sby. to death


 * tēją (tā, tēgum, tegað) - str. VII [*tehjaną < *tahjaną]
 * trn. tear, lacerate
 * trn. + tear, pierce sby's skin on body part


 * rekją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*rek-janą]
 * trn. cause sby. to be buried, kill sby.
 * trn. + cause sby. to bury sby.
 * remark: semantically very emphatic verb, almost never used in a way that doesn't imply a marked difference in status, rank or power


 * rjūfą (rauf, rufum, rofað) - str. II [*reuf-aną]
 * trn. have a bone broken


 * rȳfją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*reuf-ijaną]
 * trn. + break sby's limb, bone, joint


 * botją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm botnjat (twist, turn)]
 * trn. + dislocate sby's joint, limb
 * remark: very strong and crude, not used for generic descriptions or renarrations as it conjures a specifically cruel image


 * rȳkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*reuk-janą]
 * trn. burn sby. alive, burn sby. to death


 * lekją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*lek-janą]
 * trn. cause sby. to leak
 * trn. cause sby. to leak sth.


 * aflepją (-ta, -tum, -jað) - reg. I [*ab-lep-janą]
 * trn. de-lip, remove lips; render unable to speak, physically silence


 * leðją (-tta, -ttum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*leþ-janą < *leþr-ijaną]
 * trn. skin/flay sby.
 * trn. skin/flay sby's body part


 * hinkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*hink-janą]
 * trn. break sby's legs, make sby. limp


 * serðą (sarð, surðum, sorðað) - str. II [*serþ-aną]
 * itr/trn. rape, sexually violate


 * sjarrą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*serþ-ōną]
 * trn. rape out of hate, defile


 * skjąrfą (skarf, skurfum, skorfað) - str. II [*skerb-aną]
 * trn. rape during war, rape as a punishment, rape so as to shame sby.


 * skjąrtą (skjąrt, skjųrtum, skjǫrtað) - str. II [*skert-aną]
 * trn. geld, castrate


 * skrø̨ppją (skrø̨pða, skrø̨pðum, skrø̨ppjað) - reg. I [*skimp-ijaną]
 * trn. cause sby. to die of hypothermia, freeze sby.


 * sprengją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*sprang-ijaną]
 * trn. make sby. jump, push sby. off a cliff or high place


 * skeggją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*skag-janą]
 * trn. twist, shake


 * derją (dar, durjum, dyrjað) - str. III [*darj-aną < *dar-janą]
 * trn. damage, make incapable of work, incapacitate
 * remark: the verb is a strong verb that came about as an analogisation of a weak causative verb into the pattern of third class strong verbs


 * hvātą (hveit, hvitum, hvātað) - str. I [from ON hvátȧ]
 * trn. stab sby.

Verbal Abuse

 * skondą (skaund, skundum, skonda) - str. II [*skōnd-aną]
 * trn. scold, humble, toss insults at sby.


 * høggją (-jaða, -jaðum, -jað) - reg. II [*haw-j-ōną < *haw-ēną?]
 * trn. mock sby.

Warfare

 * tēnðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*tahja-n-þiz]
 * war, warfare


 * reką (rak, rēkum, rekað) - str. V [*wrek-aną]
 * trn. drive out, expel
 * trn. exterminate, systematically eliminate


 * rekją (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [*wrek-janą]
 * trn. sow discord amongst sby/sth., incite violence in, put in a warlike state
 * trn. cause sby/sth. to wipe self out


 * sjaɡʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*seguz]
 * victory, conquest

Weapons

 * gelgja - fem. a-s. [*galgijō]
 * stick, staff; mace

Greetings

 * heill (heil, heili, heilaʀ, heil) - adj. a-s. [*hailaz]
 * phrs. hello, good day; hail


 * gōðą dag - phrs.
 * good day, hello


 * strangnaðu - phrs.
 * hello, be healthy

Humans

 * maðʀ (manns) - masc. ʀ-s. [*mann-az]
 * man, human


 * hjöllʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*heluþaz]
 * poet. man, yeoman


 * kvanną - fem. a-s. [*kwennǭ]
 * woman


 * barn (börn) - neu. ą-s. [*barną]
 * child, offspring


 * ungbarn (ungbörn) - neu. ą-s. [ung-barn]
 * infant, baby

Appearance

 * skjallʀ (skjöll, skjallt) - adj. a-s. [*skelhaz]
 * small, small-faced; small-eyed


 * fagʀ (fög, fagt) - adj. a-s. [*fagaz]
 * handsome, possessing attractive attributes linked to strength

Hair

 * snöggvʀ (snögg, snöggt) - adj. a-s. [*snawwaz]
 * bald, short-haired


 * hrjūfʀ (hrjūf, hrjūft) - adj. a-s. [*hreubaz]
 * unshaven, rugged, rough

Body

 * kūt - neu. ą-s. [*kūtą]
 * body fat; soft tissues


 * kūtʀ (kūt, kūtt) - adj. a-s. [kūt-ʀ]
 * plump, fat


 * hurr (huʀ, huʀt) - adj. a-s. [*hurhaz]
 * lean, thin, not fat

Body Modification

 * māsi - masc. an-s. [*mēsô < *mēsǭ]
 * scar


 * mēsją (mēʀða, mēʀðum, mēsjað) - reg. I [mās-ją]
 * trn. scar sby.


 * brandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*brandaz]
 * scar, branding mark, thane/slave mark

Architecture

 * heimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*haimaz]
 * home, household; Heimat


 * hūs - neu. ą-s. [*hūsą]
 * house, dwelling


 * geðmʀ - masc. i-s. [*gadmiz? gaþmiz?]
 * room


 * rēfʀ - neu. ą-s. [*rēfizą]
 * roof


 * dalla - neu. a-s. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm dállu (house, farmhouse)]
 * hut, hovel


 * höll (hallaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*hallō]
 * hall, main chamber


 * delją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [dall-ją]
 * itr/trn. build, construct


 * hyrðʀ - fem. i/ja-s? [*hurdiz ~ *hurdijō < *hurdiz]
 * door, gate
 * remark: the noun has two acceptable inflectional paradigms; no matter the declension it is in, it takes the definite case suffixes of ja-stem nouns


 * rēfją (-fða, -fðum, -fjað) - reg. I [rēf-ją]
 * trn. house sby, shelter sby, let sby. live with


 * bȳją (bȳða, bȳðum, bȳjað) - reg. I [*bū-janą < *bū-aną]
 * itr. live in, reside at etc.


 * staki - masc. an-s. [*stakō]
 * stick, small wooden beam


 * døypą (-pta, -ptum, -pjað) - reg. I [from ĪD døypȧ]
 * itr/trn. dig (a hole/ditch)


 * døppną (-pða, -pðum, -pnjað) - reg. I? [from ĪD døppnȧ]
 * itr dig a grave (for sby. )


 * heggja - fem. a-s. [*hagjō]
 * wall, house fence

Interior

 * gøðją (-ðða, -ððum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*gadō-janą]
 * trn. stuff sth.
 * trn. + höndu, stuff sth. with sth

Tools, Utilities

 * þreifją (-fða, -fðum, -fjað) [*þraibjaną]
 * trn. use sth. as a tool, use tool


 * skökull - masc. ʀ-s. [*skakulaz]
 * chain, fetter; link in a chain


 * mark - neu. ą-s. [*marką]
 * mark, etching, sign


 * ląss - neu. ą-s. [*lamsą]
 * lock


 * lęssją (lęssta, lęsstum, lęssjað) - reg. I [ląss-ją]
 * itr. lock
 * trn. lock sth. (a door, box etc. )
 * trn. lock sth. behind sth.  (a door, box etc.)


 * meis - neu. ą-s. [*maisą < *maisaz]
 * box, chest; (storage item carved from a) trunk


 * leija - fem. a-s. [*lajō]
 * chisel

Economy, Commerce

 * farmʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*farmaz]
 * goods, merchandise; a good, item of merchandise


 * gefą (gaf, gēfum, gefað) - str. V [*geb-aną]
 * trn. give sth., give sth. to sby.


 * enną (ann, unnum, unnað) - str. III [*winnaną]
 * itr. work, perform commercialised activities


 * ynną (ann, unnum, unnað) - str. III [*winnaną]
 * itr. work, perform commercialised activities


 * virðją (-dda, -ddum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*wirþ-ijaną]
 * itr/trn. be worth, have value


 * fermją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*farm-ijaną]
 * trn. to move goods, money; to transfer ownership of X to


 * feyją (fau, fyjum, føjað) - irr/str. II [*fauj-aną]
 * itr/trn. to sift (through ), to seek riches


 * fjörvą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*ferhw-ōną]
 * itr/trn. to log/clear (an area ); to clear area for further exploitation


 * rȳją (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*rūj-ōną?]
 * trn. shear, pluck wool off of


 * gjatą (gat, gētum, gjatað) - str. V [*getaną]
 * trn. get, receive, obtain


 * fala - fem. a-s. [*falō < *falǭ]
 * field, plot of land


 * penningʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*panningaz]
 * penny, coin


 * belgʀ - masc. i-s. [*balgiz]
 * wallet


 * hrjūð - fem. a-s. [*hreudą]
 * mint, peppermint


 * starf - neu. ą-s. [*starfą]
 * labour, effort


 * skattʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*skattaz]
 * wealth
 * remark: most frequently in the plural


 * dȳri (dȳr, dȳra) - adj. i-s. [*deuriz < *deurjaz]
 * expensive, pricy


 * dȳrniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [dȳr-niʀ]
 * expensive item, finery


 * mjalið - neu. ą-s. [*meliþą]
 * honey (as a trade good)


 * gaʀðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*gazdaz]
 * ingot, bar


 * milð - neu. ą-s. [*miliþ- < *mili(þ)]
 * unit approx. 4.89898kg of honey; general quantity of ~4.89898kg (+)


 * salt - neu. ą-s. [*saltą]
 * salt


 * mēðja - fem. a-s. [*mēþijō]
 * measurement, unit of measurement


 * mjötuðʀ - masc. u-s. [*metōduz]
 * mercantile ruling, trading pass


 * mjatą (mat, mutum, mutað) - str. III [*met-aną]
 * itr/trn. measure, weigh, estimate an unit of measurement of sth.


 * hagą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hag-ōną? from ON ?]
 * trn. order, make an order to acquire, purchase sth, have sth. acquired


 * hȳʀðją (hȳʀddi, hȳʀddum, hȳrðjað) - reg. I [merger of *huzdą & *hūz-janą]
 * trn. rent an item, area, building
 * trn. hire sby.

Animal Husbandry

 * stī - neu. ą-s. [*stiją]
 * sty, swine pen


 * stjūrr (stjūr, etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*steuraz]
 * one unit of cattle; bull or cow


 * geldʀ (geld, geltt) - adj. a-s. [*galdjaz]
 * infertile (of cattle)
 * not giving milk, unmilkable

Relationships

 * sø̄kją ā (-ði, -ðum, -ðjað) [sø̄kją + ā]
 * itr. visit
 * trn. visit sby.

Romance, Marriage, Lust

 * tȫ (tǫ̈̄, tỹ̄ji, tāʀ; tȫʀ, tȫjum, tāją) - fem. a-s. [*tawō]
 * romantic couple


 * snōta - fem. a-s. [*snōtō]
 * kidnapped bride, abducted bride, forced bride


 * mjaðlīkʀ/-līka - masc/fem. ʀ/a-s. [mjað-līkʀ/lika]
 * endear. mead-like, intoxicating


 * elską (alsk, ēlskum, elskað) - str. V [*alisk-aną]
 * trn. love, cherish


 * elskʀ (elsk, elskt) - adj. a-s. [*aliskaz]
 * dear, beloved, cherished


 * hunanglīkʀ/-līka - masc/fem. ʀ/a-s. [hunang-līkʀ/līka]
 * endear. honey-like, honeyed


 * kvamną (kōmn, kōmnum, kamnað) - str. VI [*kwemn-aną < *kwenn-aną]
 * itr. get married
 * trn. get married to sby.
 * trn. get sby. married to sby.
 * trn. get a couple to marry each other

Animosity

 * fjandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*fijandz]
 * enemy, nemesis


 * hverfą (hvarf, hurfum, horfað) - str. III [*hwerb-aną]
 * itr. disappear
 * trn. betray sby, disappear on sby.

Friendship

 * gāʀa - adv. [gāʀ-a]
 * together, with one another


 * vinʀ - masc. i-s. [*winiz]
 * friend


 * nāð - fem. a-s. [*nēþō]
 * grace, politeness, hospitality
 * friendship


 * senną þurr (sann, sunnum, sunnað) - str. III [*sinnaną]
 * trn. long for sby, miss sby. dearly
 * trn. long for a place, head for a place
 * trn. crave a substance, food, drink

Family, Kinship

 * mōðiʀ (mø̄ðiʀ) - fem. i-s. [*mōþer]
 * mother


 * brōðiʀ (brø̄ðiʀ) - masc. i-s. [*brōþēr]
 * brother


 * faðiʀ - masc. i-s. [*faþer]
 * father


 * ȫheimlingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*awa-haim-ilingaz]
 * maternal uncle (mother's brother, mother's sister's husband)


 * ȫheimlingja - fem. a-s. [ȫheimling-ja]
 * maternal aunt (mother's sister, mother's brother's wife)


 * föðri - masc. an-s. [*fadurjô]
 * paternal uncle


 * föðrja - fem. a-s. [föðr-ja]
 * paternal aunt


 * tøgʀ - masc. u-s. [*teguz]
 * siblings, group of siblings


 * föðriggi - masc. an-s. [*fadurwjô]
 * paternal cousin


 * mōðriggi - masc. an-s. [by analogy with ''föðriggi]
 * maternal cousin


 * alą (el; ōl, ōlum, alað) - str. VI [*alaną]
 * trn. bring up, raise

LGBTQIA+

 * gaʀkynslung - masc/fem. a-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lung]
 * cisgendered person


 * gaʀkynslingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lingʀ]
 * cisgendered male


 * gaʀkynslingja - fem. a-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lingja]
 * cisgendered female


 * gaʀkyndʀ - fem. ja-s. [gaʀ-kyn-ðʀ]
 * cisgenderism

Nobility, Authority

 * brax (brag, bragi, brax) - masc. ʀ-s? [*bragz]
 * prince, son of a noble
 * remark: unlike its reanalogised synonym bragʀ, the noun brax has two acceptable plurals: both bragaʀ and bregjaʀ are equally valid plurals of the noun


 * bragʀ (brag, bragi, brax) - masc. ʀ-s? [*bragz]
 * see brax


 * jarlʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from PN *erilaz]
 * lord, earl, jarl; king


 * løyfą (-fta, -ftum, -fjað) - reg. I [from <abbr title="Īsdalskt">ĪD løyfȧ]
 * trn. permit sby. sth.


 * konungʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON konungr]
 * king


 * kybliʀ (kybli, kyblis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*kubl-ijaz]
 * noble; wool-owner
 * remark: derives from a word for a piece of wood; the semantic shift occurred primarily due to the fact that wool was often wound up around the sticks and presented to noblemen in the form of a tithe -- the shift was: stick > piece of wool > wool tithe > wool-owner


 * þegn (þegn, þegni, þegns) - masc. ʀ-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON þegn]
 * thane, slave


 * gēflung - masc/fem. a-s. [*gēbi- + -lung]
 * gifted servant, gifted slave


 * hlysną (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hlusinōną]
 * dep. itr/fient. be sung in songs, be notable


 * kragi - masc. an-s. [*kragô]
 * collar, necklace (of dogs, slaves)
 * (rare) leash

Clothes, Garments

 * dȳki - masc. an-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON dýki]
 * clothes, apparel


 * henpʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*hanipaz]
 * ribbon; rope


 * röggva - fem. a-s. [*rawwō]
 * wool, woolen cloth, woolen clothing


 * spinnsröggva - fem. a.s. [spinn-s-röggva]
 * lace


 * rȳmi - masc. an-s. [*reumô]
 * belt


 * nȫld (nāldaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*nēlþō < *nēþlō]
 * sewing needle

Common, Mundanity

 * gmeinʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*ga-mainaz]
 * common folk, populace
 * remark: the noun is a reanalysed adjective

Legal

 * fagri (fagʀ, fagra) - adj. i-s. [*fagraz]
 * fair, of a fair judgement, unbiased
 * equal, of equal standing and/or rights


 * kunną (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*kunn-ōną]
 * trn. try, judge sby.


 * galgi - masc. an-s. [*galgô]
 * gallows
 * remark: the noun seems to be related to gelgja in some way

Occupations

 * lēkjaʀ (lēkja, lēki, lēkjas) - masc. ʀ-s. [*lēkjaz]
 * doctor, medicus


 * þauli - masc. an-s [*þaulô]
 * law-speaker, þing-speaker

Religion

 * hami - masc. an-s. [*hamô]
 * religious fact, religious truth


 * Ymjaʀ (Ymja, Ymi, Ymjas/Ymis) - masc. ʀ-s? [*Jumjōz < *Jumjaz]
 * a mythical giant


 * nykʀi - masc. an-s. [*nikwazô < *nikwazaz]
 * sea serpent, sea monster


 * nȳkaʀ (nȳkʀą) - neu. ą-s [from a vṛddhi derivation of *nikwaz-ą < *nikwaz-az]
 * ritual sacrifice by drowning or submersion


 * nȳkją (nȳkða, nȳkðum, nȳkjað) - reg. I [nȳk(ʀ)-ją]
 * trn. sacrifice sby/sth. by drowning, submersion in water
 * itr. practice or perform nȳkaʀ


 * geistʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*gaistaz]
 * spirit, ghost


 * draugʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*draugaz]
 * apparition, wraith


 * drug - neu. ą-s. [*drugą]
 * hallucination, state of seeing apparitions


 * anda - neu. an-s. [*andô]
 * soul


 * tenną (tann, tunnum, tunnað) - str. IV [*tinnaną]
 * itr. burn (of a funeral pyre)
 * itr. burn (inside a funeral pyre)


 * eisą - fem. a-s. [*aisǭ]
 * funeral pyre


 * regn (regni, rögn, ragną) - neu. ą-s. [*raginą]
 * cosmic power, deity (specifically non-giant)


 * dvargi - masc. an-s. [*dwargô < *dwargaz]
 * dwarf


 * dyrgʀ - fem. i-s. [*dwirgī < *dwargī]
 * she-dwarf

Welfare

 * heitʀ - fem. ja-s. [*haitį̄]
 * fever, temperature


 * bylgją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I. [*bulg-ijaną < *bulgj-aną]
 * itr. to cough, heave, hack


 * bylgðʀ - fem. ja-s. [*bulg-iþō]
 * common cold, fever


 * plǫ̈̄gʀ - masc. u-s. [*plāg-uz < Lat. plāga]
 * plague, pestilence


 * þrastąplǫ̈̄gʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [þrast-ą + plǫ̈̄gʀ]
 * flu, bird influenza, 'bird plague'


 * varkʀ - masc. i-s. [*werkiz]
 * headache, migraine


 * marrą (mōrr, mōrrum, marrað) - str. VI [*marzjaną? *marzōna? cf. <abbr title="Faroese">Far <marra> (to plague)]
 * trn. to pain, to make sick


 * merðʀ - masc. i-s. [*marz-þiz]
 * nausea, dizziness


 * rȳgðą (raugð, rugðum, rogða) - str. II [**reug- ??]
 * trn. to infect, to pass contagion


 * rjūgðą (raugð, rugðum, rogða) - str. II [**reug- ??]
 * trn. to infect, to pass contagion


 * rȳgsl - neu. ą-s. [*reug-slą?]
 * infection, disease


 * fnerrą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*fnezz-ōną]
 * itr. sneeze


 * hinką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hinkōną < *hinkaną]
 * itr. limp, walk with a limp


 * hink - neu. ą-s [*hinką < *hinkōną]
 * limp, bad gait, injured gait


 * reipʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raipaz]
 * band, bandage


 * bati - masc. an-s. [*batô]
 * recovery


 * gaupna - fem. a-s. [*gaupnō]
 * hand injury


 * strangną (-naða, -naðam, -naði) - reg. VI [*strang-naną]
 * fient. be healthy, be firm (of body and mind)

Opinions, Morality

 * gōðʀ (gōð, gōtt; betʀi, betʀ, betʀa; besti, best, besta) - adj. a-s. [*gōdaz]
 * good, decent, positive

Mental

 * þykkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*þunk-ijaną]
 * + + cause to recognise, remind of


 * þỹkkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*þunk-ijaną]
 * + + cause to recognise, remind of


 * frȫʀ (frȫ, frȫtt) - adj. a-s. [*fraw-az?]
 * quick, intelligent, with a good memory


 * teiðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf <abbr title="North Sámi">NSm <diehtit> (know)]
 * itr/trn. understand, know


 * vanjandi (vanjand, vanjanda) - adj. part. i-s. [venją < **wanaz]
 * accustomed, used to
 * remark: the adjective is a participle from <vanją>


 * vanją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*wan-janą??]
 * trn. get used/accustomed to
 * remark: the verb is a reanalysis of the adjective <*wanʀ> in pre-Vāgøgjaskt, paradoxically derived from its own participle


 * knūą (knau, knuum, knoað) - str. II [*knjūą < *kneuaną??]
 * fient. to be understanding, be knowing, be intelligent


 * ylją (yl/ylt/yl/yljum/yljuð/yljų vatta/öttum yli/ylim ylði/ylðim yli/yljand yljuð/yljund) - irr. [*wilaną]
 * trn. want, desire


 * biðją (bað, bēðum, bjaðað) - str. V [*bidjaną]
 * itr. hope, want
 * trn. hope for, want to happen; ask sby.  for sth.


 * hrāðą (garōð, garōðum, raðað) - irr/str. IV [*(h)rēdaną, *herōd < *rerōd]
 * itr/trn. decide, decide on, decide to do + at
 * remark: the verb derives from a reduplicative verb, with a reanalysis of its reduplicated componenent


 * frekją aftʀ (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [frek-ją + aftʀ]
 * trn. lust after, want, desire


 * kunni (kunn, kunna) - adj. i-s. [*kunþiz]
 * known, familiar (of a person, place)


 * kunni - masc. an-s. [*kunþijô < *kunþiz]
 * acquaintanceship, familiarity (of/with a person, people, place)

Vocal

 * rāmʀ (rām, rāmt) - adj. a-s. [*rēmaz]
 * hoarse, of a hoarse voice


 * fīsą¹ (feis, fysum, fesað) - str. I [*fīsaną]
 * itr. whisper, speak quietly, say quietly


 * fīsą² (feis, fysum, fesað) - str. I [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON físȧ]
 * trn. blow on a fire, fan a fire


 * fīʀą (feis, fyʀum, feʀað) - str. I [*fīsaną]
 * homonymic complement, see → fīsą¹


 * segją (sagði, sögðum, segjuð) - reg. I [*sagjaną]
 * trn. say, talk about, utter


 * telją (taldi, töldum, teljuð) - reg. I [*taljaną]
 * trn. count, sum up
 * trn. + umb talk about, speak about, foretell about, recount about

Physical

 * gīną (gein, ginum, genað) - str. I [*gīnaną]
 * fient. be tired
 * itr. yawn

Age

 * gamall (gamal, gamalt; eldʀi; eldstʀi) - adj. ʀ-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON gamall]
 * old


 * gōmull (gōmul) - masc. ʀ-s. [vṛddhi-formation from *gōmwalaz < *gamalaz]
 * sickness, decay, aging

Youth

 * kjaldą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*keld-ōną?? < *kelþ-ōną]
 * itr. play, joke around
 * trn. play using sth. ; con, cheat sby.


 * leiką (lek, likum, leikað) - str. II? [*laikaną]
 * itr. play, have fun


 * vaxą (ōx, ōxum, vaxað) - str. VI [*wahs-ijaną]
 * itr. grow, grow up
 * trn. raise


 * ungʀ - adj. a-s. [*jungaz]
 * young


 * sveinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*swainaz]
 * boy, lad


 * mø̄ʀ (mey, mø̄ʀi, meyjaʀ, meyjum, meyją) - fem. ja-s. [*mawīz]
 * girl, lass


 * mögʀ - masc. u-s. [*maguz]
 * young man, boy


 * ynglung - masc/fem. a-s. [ung-lung]
 * young person
 * young man/woman


 * ösnʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*asnuz < *asunz]
 * young servant/slave, young thane
 * male concubine


 * ystʀ (ystʀ, ystt) - adj. a-s. [*ustrjaz]
 * energetic, youthful, lively, strong


 * ystʀ (yst, ysti, ystjaʀ) - fem. ja-s. [*ūstrī < *ustrī]
 * energy, youth

Food, Food Production

 * jakką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*jag-ōną? *jakk-ōną?]
 * itr. hunt, go hunting


 * jekkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*jakk-ijaną?]
 * trn. hunt, chase after, seek


 * freyðą (frauð, fruðum, froðað) - str. II [*freuþaną]
 * itr/trn. make a broth, cook in a stew, be cooked in a stewed


 * ostʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*justaz]
 * cheese, white cheese


 * veiðą (veiðiði, veiðiðum, veiðjaði) - reg. III [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON veiðȧ]
 * trn. hunt, trap, stalk sth.


 * ystją (-stta, -sttum, -stjað) - reg. I [*ust-ją]
 * itr/trn. curdle (sth. )


 * seltją (-ltta, -lttum, -ltjað) - reg. I [salt-ją]
 * trn. salten, make salty


 * fø̄ða - neu. an-s. [from ON fœða]
 * snack, nourishment


 * mjöðʀ (mjaðʀ, miðiʀ) - masc. u-s. [*meduz]
 * mead, honey alcohol


 * hunang - neu. ą-s. [*hunangą]
 * honeyed foodstuffs, honeyed food


 * seltjaskʀ (seltjusk, seltjaskt) - adj. a-s. [salt-j(a)-skʀ]
 * salty


 * lø̄ʀ - neu. ą-s. [*lawizą]
 * ham, dried meat


 * fengʀ - masc. i-s. [*fangiz]
 * catch, caught prey (especially of terrestrial animals)


 * ījakk - neu. ą-s. [ī-jakk]
 * prey caught during hunting


 * gummi - masc. an-s. [gumbô]
 * quickbread, sweet pastry


 * merki - masc. an-s. [*marikô]
 * lettuce, celery


 * skekki (skekka, skokki, skokkʀ, skokkaʀ, skokką) - masc. an-s. [*skink- ~ *skunk-]
 * dried meat, ham
 * remark: the noun preserves ablaut where the nominative and accusative singular retain one stem (skekk-) and other forms retain another (skokk-)

Personality

 * þorną ([þurna], þornaða, þornaðam, --) - reg. IV [*þurz-naną]
 * fient. be afraid, be a coward


 * blaðną ([blaðna], blaðnaða, blaðnaðam, --) - reg. IV [*blad-naną]
 * fient. be cunning, witty


 * frēgi (frēg, frēga) - adj. i-s. [*frēg-iz]
 * well-known; charismatic


 * þekkʀ (þekk, þekkt) - adj. a-s. [*þakkjaz]
 * elegant, sophisticated, fluently mobile


 * ų̄viss (ų̄vis, ų̄vist) - adj. a-s. [ų̄-viss]
 * insecure, unknowing


 * viss (vis, vist) - adj. a-s. [*wisaz < *wissaz]
 * observant


 * kvykki (kvykk, kvykka) - adj. i-s. [*kwikwiz < *kwikwaz]
 * lively, alive, energetic


 * frekʀ (frek, frekt) - adj. a-s. [*frekaz]
 * greedy; lustful, carnal

Emotions, States

 * glaðʀ (glöð, glatt) - adj. a-s. [*gladaz]
 * glad, happy; flat, even


 * frektʀ - fem. ja-s. [frek-ðʀ]
 * lust, carnal urge


 * gjall - masc. ʀ-s. [*gelaz]
 * lust, desire


 * gaman - neu. ą-s. [*gamaną]
 * joy, happiness


 * ękki - masc. an-s. [*ankjô < *a(n)kiz?? *a(n)k(aną)??]
 * ache, regret, longing


 * kų̄bʀ - neu. ą-s. [*kumbzą?? < *kumbrą?]
 * sorrow, deep sadness


 * kvarą (kvar, kvārum, kvarað) - str. VI [*kwer-aną]
 * itr. sigh


 * angarr (angaʀ) - masc. ʀ-s. [*angazaz]
 * anger, depression-fuelled rage


 * angʀįsk - neu. ą-s. [*angaz-an-iską]
 * enraged, angry individual
 * remark: the noun is a substantivisation of a hypothetical adjective *angʀįskʀ (-sk, -skt)


 * tār (tāss, tȫgʀ, tȫgʀum, tāgrą) neu. ą-s. [*tahrą]
 * tear
 * remark: the noun preserves the Verner alternant of the plural


 * tērją (-rði, -rðum, -rjað) - reg. I [*tahr-ijaną]
 * int. tear up, start crying quietly


 * gremną ([grimna], gremnaða, gremnaðam, --) - reg. IV [*grim-naną]
 * fient. be angry, be enraged, be furious


 * gremja (-mða, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [*gram-janą? *grim-janą ~ *grim-jōną?]
 * trn. make sby. angry, enrage sby.


 * gremmą (gramm, grummum, grommað) - str. III [*grim=m-aną]
 * itr. fume, be angry, be enraged, throw a tantrum, go amok


 * ōgn - fem. a-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON ógn]
 * fear, terror
 * intimidation, terror tactic

Senses and Sensations

 * ittʀ - masc. i-s. [*jihtiz]
 * pain, anguish, paralysis


 * kvöla (kvölą, kvöli, kvalaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*kwalō]
 * torment, torture
 * remark: the noun kvöla is a merger of two competing paradigms, *kvöl and *kvala, derived from the same root


 * sø̄ą (sȫ, sēgum, segvað) [*sehwaną]
 * itr. be able to see
 * trn. see sth.


 * heyʀą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hauzijaną]
 * itr/trn. hear, perceive


 * sefją (-fði, -fðum, -fjað) - reg. I [*safjaną]
 * itr. have the taste of sth.
 * trn. taste sth, sample flavour of sth. orally, try sth. edible or drinkable in small amounts

Sleep

 * geymją (-mði, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [*gaum-janą]
 * trn. wake sby. up


 * gaumʀ (gaum, gaumt) - adj. a-s. [*gaumaz]
 * awake, alert, well-rested


 * afgeymją (-mði, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [af-geymją]
 * trn. tire sby., make sby. exhausted

Profanity

 * bogðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf <abbr title="South Sámi">SSm <bohkedh> (fuck)]
 * trn. fuck


 * (varðaðu) bogðaʀ - phrs.
 * get fucked; fuck off


 * skītą - (skeit, skitum, sketað) - str. I [*skītaną]
 * trn/itr. shit, defecate


 * skītʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [skīt-az]
 * shit


 * skītją - (-tti, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [skīt-janą]
 * trn. cause to shit; poison


 * vamją - (-ði, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*wamm-janą]
 * int. barf, regurgitate
 * int. be utterly repulsed by


 * vamʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [**wam-az? < *wamm-az < *wamm-iz]
 * vomit
 * excl. used with extreme displeasure or surprise; comparable to "shit!"

Clothing

 * nökkvaðʀ (nökkuð, nökkvatt) - adj. a-s. [*nakwadaz]
 * naked, without clothing


 * fękką (fąkk, fųkkum, fųkkað) - str. III [*finkaną]
 * fient. be dressed nicely
 * itr. have nice clothes


 * töl (talaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*talō ~ *talą]
 * tale, story, recap, recounting, recollection

Linguistics, Literacy

 * stömm - neu. ą/a-s? [*stamnō < *stamnijō <~ **stimn-ōną??]
 * language, speech of a people; dialect
 * remark: the noun has both an a-stem declension that comes from its etymology, and an ą-stem declension that originated in analogy with other suffixless neuters; it itself is always neuter


 * orð - neu. ą-s. [from ON orð]
 * word, utterance


 * urð - neu. ą-s. [*wurdą]
 * word, utterance
 * remark: the noun has partially been supplanted by the Norse borrowing, "orð"; it occurs as an infrequent alternative to the Norse loan


 * rūna - fem. a-s. [*rūnō]
 * letter, rune


 * fuþark - neu. ą-s. [from the names of the runes]
 * alphabet, futhark


 * bōkʀ (bōkʀ, bø̄kiʀ) - fem. u-s. [*bōks]
 * book

Populational

 * grȫðʀ (grāðʀ) - masc. u-s. [*grēduz]
 * famine, hunger


 * grȫðgʀ (grȫðug, grȫðugt) - adj. a-s. [*grēdugaz]
 * hungry, starved (of a population)

Politics

 * fani - masc. an-s. [*fanô]
 * flag, emblem


 * kreigą (kraug, krugum, krogað) - str. II [*kraig-aną]
 * trn. stand up to/resist sby.

Shapes

 * böllʀ - masc. u-s. [*balluz]
 * ball

Sequences, Ordinals

 * sīðʀ (sīð, sītt) - adj. a-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON síðr]
 * next, following

Materials

 * leðʀ - neu. ą-s. [*leþrą]
 * leather, hide


 * gruf - neu. ą-s. [*grubą < *grubuz]
 * coarse leather, hide


 * hurn - neu. ą-s. [*hurną]
 * horn


 * horn - neu. ą-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON horn]
 * horn
 * remark: less frequent, stylistic variant of hurn


 * steinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*stainaz]
 * stone, rock


 * løymi - masc. an-s. [from <abbr title="Īsdalskt">ĪD løymı]
 * clay, peat

Material Qualities

 * deiginn (deigin, deigint) - adj. a-s. [*daig-īnaz]
 * soft, mushy, rubbery


 * kolann (kolan, kolant) - adj. a-s. [participle of unattested *kalaną]
 * stiff, hard, rigid

Water

 * mjöðmʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*medumaz]
 * waist-deep water


 * vötn - neu. ą-s. [*watōr~*watn-]
 * water
 * remarks: the noun has a common North Germanic shape: its stem is derived from the oblique stem


 * hrönn - fem. a-s. [*hraznō]
 * wave


 * merr (meri, mers, merjum, merją) - neu. ą-s. [*marją < *mariz]
 * sea, large body of water


 * leyja (ley, leyʀi, leyjaʀ, leyjum) - fem. a-s. [*lajō?]
 * bedrock, sea bottom


 * lauðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*lauþraz]
 * sea foam, lather


 * kremmją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*kramm-ijaną]
 * itr. thaw, melt (of ice, hoar)


 * krammʀ (krömm, krammt) - adj. a-s. [*krammaz]
 * thawed, molten (of cold liquids)


 * fųttʀ (fųtti, fųtt) - adj. u-s. [*funhtuz]
 * wet, swampy, soaked (of terrain, landscapes, biomes)


 * fukką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*funk-ōną]
 * itr. (of streams) flow, flow gently
 * itr. (of streams) sparkle
 * fient. (of streams) look drinkable and/or clean


 * fuss - neu. ą-s. [*fursą < *fursaz]
 * waterfall

Geography

 * mörk - fem. a-s. [*markō]
 * forest, marsh


 * mȳrr - fem. a-s. [from ON mýrr]
 * mire, bog


 * kvappi - masc. an-s. [*kwappaz~*kwabô]
 * swamp, marsh


 * kvøyką (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [from <abbr title="Īsdalskt">ĪD kvøykȧ]
 * itr. liven up, bloom (of a forested area); flood (of a forested area)


 * fjall - neu. ą-s. [*fellą? *felhą?]
 * mountain


 * brjāðʀ - masc. i-s. [*brēþiz]
 * geyser; hot spring, hot pool


 * dall - masc. ʀ-s. [*dalaz]
 * dale, valley


 * øgg (øgjaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*awjō]
 * island, isle


 * ǭss (ǭs, ǭsi, ǭss etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*̄ōnsaz < *ōsnaz]
 * lake, pond


 * ōss (ōs, ōsi, ōss, etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*ōsaz]
 * estuary, river mouth


 * staðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*stadaz < *stadiz]
 * town, settlement, city


 * nurðʀ (nurð, nurtt) - adj. a-s. [*nurþeraz]
 * north, northern


 * suðʀ (sunn, sunnt) - adj. a-s. [*sunþeraz]
 * south, southern


 * heimaland - neu. ą-s [heima-land]
 * homeland, Heimat, native country/area

Locations, Nationalities

 * Beyheimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [Bey-heimʀ]
 * Bohemia


 * Vāgøgjaʀ - fem. pl.t. a-s. [Vāg-øgjaʀ]
 * The Vag Islands


 * Norðvagʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [Norð-vagʀ]
 * Norway


 * Sassi - masc. an-s. [*sahsô]
 * a Saxon man


 * Sessja - fem. a-s. [*sahs-ijō]
 * a Saxon woman


 * Sassąland - neu. ą-s. [sassą-land]
 * Saxony, Saxonland


 * England - neu. ą-s. [eng-land]
 * England


 * djūpð - fem. a-s. [*diupiþō]
 * cave, cavern
 * arch. depth (of sea, caves)

Time, Property

 * eftri - adv. [*aftiri]
 * again, anew


 * tīðją - fem. a-s. [*tīdijǭ < *tīdiz]
 * time


 * tīðʀ (tīð, tītt) - adj. a-s. [*tīdijaz]
 * on time, punctual


 * sāni - adv. [*sēnê < *sēna]
 * soon


 * tīði - adv. [tīð-i]
 * over time, eventually


 * tīðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*tīd-ōną]
 * trn. time sby's time/intervals


 * bigą̄ (bigigg, bigiggjum, --) - irr. supl. [*bi-gāną]
 * pass, go by


 * gārr (gȫʀ, gāʀt) - adj. a-s. [??]
 * same, consistent


 * berr (beʀ, beʀt) - adj. a-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON berr]
 * only, alone


 * beʀa - adv. [beʀ-a]
 * only, in no way other than, nothing/nobody other than


 * gāʀvag - adv. [gāʀ-vag]
 * consistently, all the time


 * allvag - adv. [all-vag]
 * always, continuously


 * holvag - adv. [hol-vag]
 * rarely, infrequently, a small number of times


 * skolą (mōsa, mø̄sum) - irr. supl. [*skul-aną]
 * aux. shall, will, is going to (certain)


 * bēttą (bās, būsum/būʀum, būttað) - irr. supl. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf <abbr title="South Sámi">SSm båetedh]
 * aux. will, is going to (impersonal, inactive, without agency)


 * mēttą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf <abbr title="South Sámi">SSm maehtedh]
 * aux. will, is going to (uncertain, flexible)


 * sneimni (fjarri, fjarsti) - adv. [*snaiman-ê??]
 * early, before the alloted time

Calendar

 * myrginn - masc. ʀ-s. [*murgenaz]
 * morning, sunrise


 * nyðvi - masc. an-s. [*niþwô < *niþwǭ]
 * sunset, evening


 * aðn - neu. ą-s. [*aþną]
 * season


 * mānaðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*mēnōþs]
 * month, lunar cycle


 * āʀ - neu. ą-s. [*jērą]
 * year


 * ø̨̄tʀ (vątʀ, vǫ̈tum) - masc. u-s. [*wintuz < *wintruz]
 * winter, cold time
 * remark: the native word has previously been a rarer alternative to Norse vętʀ, but has since regained ground


 * vętʀ - masc. u-s. [from ON vėtr]
 * winter, cold time
 * remark: the word used to be more frequent than native ø̨̄tʀ, but has since lost ground it had gained


 * vār - neu. ą-s. [*wērą]
 * spring


 * harfst - neu. ą-s. [*harbustą < *harbustaz]
 * autumn, fall


 * haldąsk (hagildsk, hagildumsk, haldaðsk) - irr. [*hald-aną-sik]
 * itr. wait, await, expect

Physics

 * lęttʀ - adj. a-s. [*linhtaz]
 * light, lightweight

Decay

 * fȳ (fȳja -- fȳ, fūʀ, fȳjaʀ -- fūją) - masc. an-s. [*fūô]
 * mold


 * sūką (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*sūkōną]
 * itr. spoil (of food)


 * sȳkvą (-ða, -ðum, -vað) - irr/reg. I [*sūkw-ijaną?]
 * trn. have food spoiled
 * trn. spoil sby's food

Polarity

 * eigi - adv. [from <abbr title="Īsdalskt">ĪD eigi]
 * negation adverb; "not"

Anatomy

 * höfuð - neu. ą-s. [*hafudą]
 * head


 * hjaʀni - masc. an-s. [*herzn(az) < *hersnô]
 * scalp


 * hjassi - masc. an-s. [*hersnô]
 * brain


 * augą - neu. an-s. [*augô]
 * eye


 * möndull - masc. ʀ-s. [*mandulaz]
 * shoulderblade


 * kvöðʀ - masc. u-s. [*kweþuz]
 * uterus, vagina


 * fyst (fistaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*fistō < *h₂písdeh₂?]
 * vulva, vagina

Physiology

 * fluma - neut. an-s. [*pléwmn̥]
 * air, breath


 * aną (ōn, ōnum, anað) - str. VI? [*ananą?]
 * itr/trn. breathe; breathe sth. in


 * enją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*an-ijaną]
 * trn. breathe sth. into sth.


 * drekką (drakk, drukkum, drokkað) - str. III [*drink-aną]
 * itr. drink
 * trn. drink sth.


 * etą (āt, ētum, etað) - str. V [*etaną]
 * itr. eat
 * trn. eat sth.
 * trn. eat sth. out of a set, group, part of collective unity

Location

 * kruttą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*krutt-ōną < krattô]
 * itr. be inside sth

Activities, Actions

 * byrją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*bur-janą]
 * trn/itr. begin, start


 * byrvą (bör, burum, burvað) - str. III [*bur-janą]
 * trn/itr. begin, start


 * byrją (ber, byrjum, byrjað) - str. III [*bur-janą]
 * trn/itr. begin, start


 * slotą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*slutōną]
 * trn/itr. stop, cease doing; cease being


 * nenną (nann, nunnum, nonnað) - str. III [*ninþ-aną]
 * itr. dare, muster up courage


 * mølvją (-vða, -vðum, -vað) - reg. I [*malw-janą]
 * trn. crush, pulverise, intentionally turn to powder or small bits


 * malą (mōl, mōlum, malað) - str. IV [*mal-aną]
 * trn. break, smash


 * krękkja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [krękk + *-ijaną]
 * trn. make sby. slip, fall; push sby.


 * vann (vön, vant) - adj. a-s. [*wanaz]
 * repetitive, annoying


 * sø̄kją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*sōk-janą]
 * trn/itr. seek, search, look for


 * mjaką (mak, mukum, mokað) - str. III [*mek-aną]
 * trn. hinder, prevent, obstruct


 * bītą (beit, bitum, bītað) - str. I [*bīt-aną]
 * trn. bite, chew on


 * gnagą (gnōg, gnōgum, gnagað) - str. VI [*gnag-aną]
 * trn. gnaw, chew on, mangle


 * skaką (skōk, skōkum, skakað) - str. VI [*skak-aną]
 * itr/trn. swing, shake


 * irpją (-ta, -tum, -jað) - reg. I [*irp-ijaną]
 * itr. collect leaves, pick leaves
 * trn. pick leaves off tree


 * temja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*tam-janą]
 * trn. tame, domesticate


 * hylją (-da, -dum, -jað) - reg. I [*hul-ijaną]
 * itr/trn. dig, carve, make hollow


 * gørvja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*garw-ijaną]
 * trn. do, perform, prepare sth to be done


 * hafą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. III [*hab-janą]
 * trn. have, possess


 * eigą ([ei] eittaða, eittaðum, eittað) - irr/reg. II [*aiganą]
 * trn. have (be related to, be acquainted with, be in a relationship with)


 * tāką (gaðōk, gaðōkum, takað) - irr/str. VI [*tēk-aną, *gadōk < *tedōk < *tetōk]
 * trn. squeeze, hold tightly
 * remark: the verb derives from a reduplicative verb, with a reanalysis of its reduplicated componenent


 * tēkją (gaðø̄kta, gaðø̄ktum, tekjað) - irr/reg. I [*tēk-janą]
 * trn. grasp at; try to get away from
 * remark: the verb is extremely peculiar: its paradigm shows it is an extremely old and irregular derivation of the root of tāką, it both has strong-like alternations and weak dental suffixes in its conjugation


 * bendą (band, bundum, bundað) - str. III [*bind-aną]
 * trn. bind, tie sth.


 * magą (mag/matt/mag/mugum/muguð/mugų matta, mattjum, --) - irr. [*mag-aną]
 * itr/trn. know, be able to


 * bringą (brątt, brųttum, brǫttað) - str. III [*bring-aną]
 * trn. bring sth, carry sth. to sth. + til

Canids

 * hundʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*hundaz]
 * dog, hound


 * gjalpą (galp, gulpum, golpað) - str. II [*gelpaną?]
 * bark, whimper


 * ylgʀ - fem. ja-s. [*wulgī]
 * arctic fox; arctic vixen


 * tȳfʀ - fem. ja-s. [unknown, Germanic; cf <abbr title="Old Norse">ON <tófa> (fox)]
 * red fox; red vixen


 * ūlfʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*wulfaz]
 * wolf


 * vargʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*wargaz]
 * poet. arch. wolf, fox; thief


 * ȳlfją - fem. a-s. [*wulfiljǭ < *wulf-ilǭ]
 * she-wolf


 * ylgi - masc. an-s. [*wulg-jô]
 * arctic fox male


 * tȳfi - masc. an-s. [tȳf- + *-jô]
 * red fox male

Felines

 * lāðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [lādaz??]
 * (male) cat


 * lēðja - fem. a-s. [lāð-ja]
 * (female) cat


 * lāðlung - masc/fem. a-s. [lāð-lung]
 * kitten

Reptilians

 * yrmʀ - masc. i-s. [*wurmiz]
 * snake; worm; dragon


 * urm - neu. ą-s. [*wurmą < *wurmiz]
 * sea reptile; snake young


 * ųkki - masc. a-s. [*unkô]
 * snake


 * dreki - masc. an-s. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON dreki]
 * dragon


 * draki - masc. an-s. [*drakô]
 * dragon

Education

 * skōli - masc. an-s. [*skōlô < *skōla]
 * school


 * freðją (frōð, frōðum, fraðað) - str. VI [*fraþjaną]
 * itr. learn
 * trn. study


 * freðją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*fraþ-ijaną]
 * trn. teach

Quantities, Determiners

 * gnōgʀ (gnōg, gnōgt) - adj. a-s. [*ga-nōgaz]
 * enough, sufficient


 * gnōga - adv. [gnōg-a]
 * sufficiently, decently, to an appropriate extent; a sufficient amount, sufficient


 * nøkkvarr (nøkkur, nøkkvart) - adj. a-s. [from <abbr title="Proto-Norse">PN *ne-waitk-hwarjaʀ]
 * some, an unspecified quantity


 * nøkklʀ (nøkkl, nøkkt) - adj. a-s. [from <abbr title="Proto-Norse">PN *ne-waitk-hwilikaʀ]
 * some (thing/body), an unknown or unspecified entity


 * nøkka - adv. [nøkk-a]
 * some, a little bit of


 * allʀ (öll, allt) - adj. a-s. [*allaz]
 * all, every, all of


 * alla - adv. [all-a]
 * all, all of


 * mikill (mikil, mikilt; meiʀi, meiʀ, meiʀa; meistʀi, meistʀ, meistʀa) - adj. a-s. [*mikilaz]
 * much, a lot


 * mikilt - adv. [mikilt < mikill]
 * much, a lot
 * remark: this adverb is directly formed from the adjective; a more regular form such as **mikla is unattested.


 * hvarr (hvör, hvart) - adj. a-s. [*hwaraz < *hwarjaz]
 * each, every

Questions

 * hvaʀ - pron. [*hwaz]
 * who


 * hvat - pron. [*hwat]
 * what


 * hvas - pron. [hvas]
 * whose, from whom;


 * hvī - hv-w. [*hwī]
 * why


 * hvā - hv-w. [*hwā]
 * with what


 * hvaʀa - hv-w. [*hwezō]
 * with whom


 * hvar - hv-w. [*hwar]
 * where


 * hvanna - hv-w. [hwann-a?]
 * when


 * hvannjaʀ - hv-w. [hvann-*jōz]
 * whence, where from


 * hvanni - hv-w. [hvann-i]
 * where to


 * hvīlkʀ - hv-w. [*hwilīkaz]
 * what kind of, which type of

Numbers

 * einn (einn/einn/einum/eins eina/einu/einiʀ/einnaʀ ein/ein/einum/eins) - adj. irr. [*ainaz]
 * one


 * tvann (tvann/tvąnn/tvörjum/tvaną tveinn/tvęinn/tvörjum/tveiną tvą̄/tvąnn/tvörjum/tvaną) - adj. irr. [*twa-?]
 * two


 * þrīʀ (þrīʀ/þrī/þrīggjum/þrīgą þrēʀ/þrēʀ/þrīggjum/þrīgą þrjā/þrjų̄/þrīggjum/þrīgą) - adj. irr. [*þrīz]
 * three


 * fjöðʀi (fjöðʀi/fjöðʀąʀ/fjöðʀum/fjörrą fjöðʀinn/fjöðʀįnn/fjöðʀum/fjörrą fjöðʀą/fjöðʀąʀ/fjöðʀum/fjörrą) [*fedwōz < *fedwōr]
 * four


 * 'fjaðʀi (fjaðʀi/fjaðʀąʀ...) [*fedwōz]
 * four


 * famf (---) [*femf < *fimf]
 * five


 * sex (---) [*sehs]
 * six


 * sjūn (---) [*sebun]
 * seven


 * attu (---) [*ahtōu]
 * eight


 * njų̄ (---) [*newun]
 * nine


 * tjų̄ (---) [*tehun]
 * ten


 * ęllifu (---) [*ainalif]
 * eleven


 * tvalf (---) [*twalif]
 * twelve


 * þrīgtjų̄ (---) [þrīg-tjų̄]
 * thirteen


 * fjörrtjų̄ (---) [fjörr-tjų̄]
 * fourteen


 * famtjų̄ (---) [famf-tjų̄]
 * fifteen


 * sextjų̄ (---) [sex-tjų̄]
 * sixteen


 * sjų̄tjų̄ (---) [sjūn-tjų̄]
 * seventeen


 * njų̄tjų̄ (---) [njų̄-tjų̄]
 * nineteen


 * tuttugu (---) [from ON tuttugu]
 * twenty


 * tvattugu [hybrid of tva- and (tu)-ttugu]
 * twenty


 * þrīttugu [þrī-ttugu]
 * thirty


 * fjaðʀugu [fjaðʀ-(tt)ugu]
 * forty


 * tvą̄ttugu [tvą̄-ttugu]
 * forty


 * famttugu [fam(f)-ttugu]
 * fifty


 * sextugu [sex-(t)tugu]
 * sixty


 * þrjāttugu [þrjā-ttugu]
 * sixty


 * sjūttugu [sjū-ttugu]
 * seventy


 * attugu [att-(tt)ugu]
 * eighty


 * fjaðʀagu [fjaðʀa-(ttu)gu]
 * eighty


 * njų̄ttugu [njų̄-ttugu]
 * ninety


 * hondrað (hondraðs) - ą-s. [*hundaradą]
 * hundred


 * tvann hondraðs
 * two hundred


 * þūsund (þūsandaʀ) - a-s. [* *þūsundjō < *þūsundī]
 * thousand


 * tvann þūsandaʀ
 * two thousand

Properties

 * snjallʀ - adj. a-s. [*snellaz]
 * quick, swift


 * hlūðʀ - adj. a-s. [*hlūþaz]
 * strong, powerful; booming


 * kūmʀ - adj. a-s. [*kūmaz]
 * weak; impotent

Shape

 * krangʀ (kröng, krangt) - adj. a-s. [*krangaz]
 * bent, turned, twisted


 * fattʀ (fött, fatt) - adj. a-s. [*fattaz]
 * bent, twisted, crooked


 * valdi (vald, valda) - adj. i-s. [*waldiz]
 * big, large


 * holʀ (hol, holt) - adj. a-s. [*hulaz]
 * small; empty


 * holl (hol, holt) - adj. a-s. [*hulaz]
 * small; empty


 * snø̄fri (snø̄fr, snø̄fra) - adj. i-s. [*snōbriz]
 * narrow, tight


 * reitʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raitaz]
 * square; square plot of land, square unit of measurement

Identity

 * samʀ - adj. a-s. [*samaz]
 * same, the same


 * ąðʀ (önn, annt) adj. a-s. [*anþaz < *anþeraz]
 * other, another

Chemistry

 * brennją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*brannijaną]
 * trn. burn, light, set ablaze


 * brenną (brann, brunnum, bronnað) - str. III [*brinnaną]
 * itr. burn


 * drukinn (drukin, drukint; drukną) - adj. a-s. [*druknaz]
 * dry; arid


 * drokną ([drukna], droknaða, droknaðam, --) - reg. IV [*druk(n)-naną]
 * fient. be dry, arid


 * dryknją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*drukn-ijaną]
 * trn. + dry, remove moisture


 * eitri - neu. an-s. [*aitrô < *aitraz]
 * poison


 * eitrą (eittja, eittjum, eittjað) - reg. I [**eitr-ją? < *aitr-ijaną]
 * trn. kill sby. via poison


 * hyrr (hyrji, hyrji, hyrji, hyrjaʀ etc.) - fem. ja-s. [*hurijō < *hurjō?]
 * fire, ember


 * kyndją (-dja, -djum, -djað) - reg. I [*kund-janą]
 * trn. kindle, light


 * mjaltą (malt, multum, moltað) - str. III [*meltaną]
 * itr. melt, dissolve


 * meltją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*melt-ijaną]
 * trn. melt, dissolve


 * māsla - fem. a-s. [*mēslō]
 * paste, mush, cream

Astronomy

 * Svagl - neu. ą-s. [*swagilaz]
 * Sun, star


 * Māni - masc. an-s. [*Mēnô]
 * Moon


 * skīną (skein, skinum, skenað) - str. I [*skīnaną]
 * itr. shine
 * trn. shine upon, illuminate


 * heimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*haimaz]
 * world


 * heima - adv. [*haimō]
 * homewards, home


 * jarða - fem. a-s. [*erþō]
 * earth


 * jörð - fem. a-s. [*erþō]
 * earth


 * luftʀ (luftʀ, lyftiʀ, luftą) - masc. u-s. [*luftuz]
 * sky, heaven


 * dagʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*dagaz]
 * day, daytime


 * nātt (nātt(i)/nātt(i)/nātt(i)/nāttu(ʀi)/nētuʀ(aʀ) nētuʀ(niʀ)/nētuʀ(niʀ)/nētuʀ(niʀ)/nȫttum(-unum)/nāttą(ną)) - fem. irr. [*nahts]
 * night, nighttime

Motion

 * ōlką (ōlk, ōlkum, ulkað) - str. irr (VI?) [*wulk-ōną]
 * itr. run, move quickly
 * trn. race; (+ aftʀ ) chase after


 * hottą (hottaði, hottaðum, hottað) - reg. II [*hutt-ōną]
 * itr. run, sprint, move quickly


 * hyttją (hytti, hyttum, hyttjað) - reg. I [*hutt-ijaną]
 * trn. make sby. run; chase sby.


 * gą̄ ([gāna, gānam] igg, iggjum, --) - irr. supl. [*gāną]
 * itr. go, move, head towards


 * kvamą (kvam, kømum, komað) - str. IV [*kwem-aną]
 * trn. approach
 * itr. arrive, come, approach


 * troðą (trað, trøðum, troðað) - str. IV [*trud-aną]
 * trn. trample, step on; raze (with feet)


 * krękką (krąkk, krųkkum, krǫkkað) - str. III [*krink-aną]
 * itr. slip, lose traction
 * itr. (by extension) fall, slide from prominence


 * krỹppją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*krump-janą]
 * trn. bend, twist, deform sth.


 * leką (lak, lukum, lokað) - str. II [*lekaną]
 * itr/trn. leak (+ sth.)

Direction

 * niða - adv. [by analogy to uppna]
 * from below


 * niði - adv. [by analogy to uppi]
 * down


 * niðʀ - adv. [*niþer]
 * downwards


 * uppna - adv. [*ubanē]
 * from above


 * uppi - adv. [*uppai]
 * up above, up (static)


 * upp - adv. [*upp]
 * upwards


 * burtna - adv. [by analogy to uppna]
 * from away


 * burti - adv. [by analogy to uppi]
 * away (static)


 * burt - adv. [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON burt]
 * away (lative)

Sounds

 * syngvą (sang, sungum, songvað) - str. III [*singwaną]
 * itr/trn. sing, chant


 * songlą (svangl, sønglum, songlað) - str. IV [song-lą]
 * itr/trn. chant, hum, recite


 * hlehją (hlōh, hlōhum, hlahað) - str. VI [*hlahj-aną]
 * itr. laugh


 * hlē - neu. ą-s [*hlahją]
 * laughter, humour

Fish

 * sīl - neu. ą-s. [*sīlą]
 * herring, fry

Small Animals

 * mörðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*marþuz]
 * marten

Meteorology

 * blāsą (blas, blusum, blosað) - str. III [*blēs-aną]
 * itr. blast, blow (of wind)


 * blēʀą (blāʀ, blēgʀum, blegʀað) - str. VII [*blehs-aną? *blēs-aną?]
 * itr. blast, blow (of wind)


 * vindʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*windaz]
 * wind


 * skȳ - neu. ą-s. [*skiwją]
 * cloud, fog


 * skȳðʀ - fem. ja-s. [skȳ-ðʀ]
 * cloudiness, state of fog


 * svāla - fem. a-s. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf <abbr title="South Sámi">SSm svaaloe]
 * snowy weather, snowy landscape


 * ūr - neu. ą-s. [*uwurą]
 * drizzling rain, drizzle, soft rain


 * regn - neu. ą-s. [*regną]
 * rain, medium rain


 * stormʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*sturmaz]
 * storm, torrential rain


 * tǫ̈̄rr - masc. u-s. [*tanhuz < *tanhuz (adj)]
 * windy drizzle, windy weather with small amounts of rain


 * jūsą (aus, usum, osað) - str. II [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON ausȧ]
 * itr. to rain, to drizzle


 * ȳrją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [ūr-ją]
 * itr. to drizzle, to rain softly


 * regnją (-gna, -gnum, -gnjað) - reg. I [regn-ją]
 * itr. to rain

Derivation

 * -lą - str. IV [*-il-aną]
 * forms verbal diminutives


 * -a - adv. [*-ô]
 * forms adverbs of manner from a-stem adjectives


 * -i - adv. [*-ê]
 * forms adverbs of manner from i/u-stem adjectives


 * -i - adj. i-s. [*-iʀ?]
 * forms i-stem adjectives from nouns


 * -vag - adv. [*wegaz]
 * forms adverbs of iterations (twice, thrice etc.)


 * -(n)iʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*-(n)āriz < *-(n)ārijaz]
 * forms agent nouns out of verbs


 * -(n)(i)ja - fem. a-s. [*-(n)āri-jō]
 * forms agent nouns out of verbs


 * -ja+I - fem. a-s. [*-ijō]
 * forms feminines from ʀ-stems.


 * -iʀ (-i, -i, -is) - masc. ʀ-s. [*-ijaz]?
 * forms nouns out of adjectives, often in the sense of possessing or creating a property or state


 * -skʀ (-sk, -skt) - adj. a-s. [*-iskaz]
 * forms a-stem adjectives from nouns; -ish, -y


 * -ðʀ - fem. ja-s. [*-iþō]
 * forms abstract nouns, nouns of state or being from adjectives, verbs, other nouns


 * -są+I - reg. II [*-isōną]
 * forms denominative verbs from certain abstract nouns


 * -ją+I - reg. I [*-(i)janą]
 * forms causatives from verbs or nouns
 * forms verbs relating to production of material


 * -inn (-in, -int) - adj. a-s. [*-īnaz]
 * forms adjectives of material from nouns, verbs


 * -(i)niʀ (-ni, -ni, -nis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*-īn-ijaz]
 * forms nouns with the material makeup of the material of other nouns, verbs
 * remark: the longer, bisyllabic variant is used after syllables with a heavy coda


 * -lingʀ+I - masc. ʀ-s. [*-il-ingaz]
 * forms nominal diminutives
 * forms nouns that possess an attribute from adjectives
 * forms nouns of descent from adjectives


 * -lung - masc/fem. a-s. [*-lingō]
 * forms nouns of descent from adjectives
 * forms gender-ambiguous diminutives or nouns that possess an attribute from the adjective
 * forms family names
 * forms first names
 * forms gender-ambiguous diminutive agent nouns from verbs
 * remark: while the noun itself can be either masculine or feminine, primarily as part of first or family names, it declines as an a-stem; it is grammatically feminine and takes feminine adjectives, although the pronouns used to refer to it vary accordingly


 * -lingja+I - fem. a-s. [*-il-ingjō < *-il-ing-ilǭ]
 * forms nominal diminutives
 * forms nouns of descent from adjectives

Particles, Conjunctions

 * at [*at]
 * introduces subordinate clauses; that


 * þiʀ [*þaizōi]
 * intruduces subordinate clauses; that


 * auk [*auk(aną)?]
 * and; links two phrases, less frequently clauses


 * ef [*jab < *jabai]
 * if (factual, real consequence)
 * if + (hypothetical)


 * enn [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON enn]
 * than (in comparisons)


 * hvaðraʀ [*hwaþeraz]
 * introduces subordinate clauses; whether


 * þau [*þauh]
 * though, but; introduces counter-statements or counterbalancing statements


 * þun [*þanō]
 * because of this, thus


 * ȳn [*jainanō]
 * because of that, thus


 * hvan [*hwannē]
 * as, while, when

Demonstratives

 * þat [*þat]
 * that, it; dummy subject


 * sā
 * sā/þann/þimm/þas
 * sū/þǭ/þeiʀ(a)/þeirr
 * þat/þat/þimm/þas
 * this, this one (proximate)
 * remark: the proximate demonstrative shares its plural with the pronouns


 * þessi
 * þessi/þenną/þömm/þas
 * þessi/þessą/þessaʀi/þessaʀ
 * þetta/þetta/þött/þas
 * that, that one (distant)
 * remark: the distant demonstrative shares its plural with the pronouns


 * þar [*þar]
 * there, that place, to that place

Prepositions

 * aftʀ prep. [*aftri?]
 * acc. after, just behind (spatial)
 * dat. after, following (temporal)


 * į̄ (ī, īn, į) prep. [*in]
 * dat. in, inside of
 * acc. into


 * ųb (ų̄b, umb, umm) prep.
 * dat. around, in the vicinity of
 * dat. around, surrounding


 * höndu [*handū?]
 * dat. using, with;


 * yfri [*ubiri]
 * dat. over, above
 * acc. across, above


 * yndri [*undiri < *under; by analogy with yfri]
 * dat. below, beneath
 * acc. towards the underside (lative)


 * ūʀ [??]
 * gen. out of (material)
 * dat. out of (ablative)


 * fen [*fanē?]
 * acc. from (ablative)
 * dat. from/belonging to (partitive)
 * dat. about, concerning (topical)


 * hreng [*hringō]
 * dat. about, regarding, concerning (topical)


 * frą̄ [*fram]
 * gen. by (passive agent)
 * dat. from (partitive, ethnic)
 * acc. due to, by


 * af [*ab]
 * acc. belonging to
 * introducing a subordinate clause sentence-initially


 * þurr [*þurhw]
 * acc. via, through, using X as the means of locomotion
 * acc. through, throughout, during (temporal)
 * acc. in, during (a story, book, tale)


 * glīx [*galīk-sam]
 * gen. such as, like
 * remark: formed by syncope of glīksam and is correspondingly a bit more informal


 * glīksam [*galīk-sam]
 * gen. such as, like


 * uf [*ub]
 * dat. beneath, below


 * ā (ą̄, an) [*ana]
 * dat. on, atop of
 * dat. at (of time)

Insects

 * bȳ - fem. a-s. [*bijō]
 * bee


 * tīkki - masc. an-s. [*tīkkô]
 * tick, louse

Arachnids

 * vafi - neu. ą-s. [*wabją]
 * web


 * þǫ̈̄ttʀ - masc. u-s. [*þanhtuz]
 * thread; spider silk thread


 * spinną (spann, spunnum, spunnað) - str. III [*spinn-aną]
 * itr. spin a web, weave a web (usually of spiders)
 * trn. spin sth. (often out of spider-silk)


 * spinnlung - masc/fem. a-s. [spinn-lung]
 * spider, 'spinling'

Biology

 * svąrą (svąr, sø̨̄rum, sǫrað) - str. IV [*swer-aną]
 * itr. fester, rot, become infected/infested


 * stjarfą (stjarf, stjurfum, stjorfað) - str. III [*sterb-aną]
 * itr. die


 * svaltą (svalt, sultum, soltað) - str. III [*swelt-aną]
 * itr. hunger, starve


 * svaltją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*swelt-ijaną]
 * trn. starve, deprive of food


 * kvalą (kval, kvālum, kvalað) - str. V [*kwel-aną]
 * itr. become incapacitated


 * kynn - fem. ja-s. [*kunjō]
 * sex; grammatical gender

Flora

 * blōmi - masc. an-s. [*blōmô]
 * flower


 * mus - neu. ą-s. [*musą]
 * moss


 * gras - neu. ą-s. [*grasą]
 * grass

Trees

 * sefją - fem. a-s. [*safjǭ]
 * sap, tree sap


 * mast - neu. ą-s. [*mastą]
 * fragnant fruit


 * löggva - neu. an-s. [*lawwô?]
 * tree bark


 * lögg (löggvi, laggvaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*lawwō]
 * grove, thicket


 * lēglingjaʀ - fem. a-s. pl-t. [lāg-lingj-aʀ]
 * forest stand; cluster of short trees