Qafesona

General information
The Qafesona language (Qafesona: Cyrillic: Ӄафесона льешк, Latin: Qafesona lǐešk, IPA: [ˈqafɪso̝nǝ ˈlʲɛ̝ʂk]) is a small language isolate within the Slavic language family which spoken on both sides of Georgia's borders with Armenian, Azerbaijan and Russia (more specifically Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania).

Alphabet
The Qafesona Cyrillic alphabet (Ӄафесона кирильичи алвабит, Qafesona kirilǐiči alvabit, [ˈqafɪso̝nǝ kɪˈrilʲɪ̝ʈ͡ʂɪ ɑ̟ɫvɐˈbit]) is shown in the table below:

Diphthongs
Qafesona has seven diphthongs. They are shown in the table below:

Overview
There are no articles or genders in Qafesona, there are three numbers; singular, paucal and plural. The paucal number is used to mean "a few".

Cases
Qafesona language has seven cases; nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative and vocative.

Nota bene

 * Qafesona has a spelling rule which states that ы may not be preceded by г, ж, ѕ, к, ӄ, љ, њ, х, ц, ч, џ or ш, instead the letter и is used.
 * There is also a spelling rule stating that ь may not precede ы, the letter и is used here instead too.
 * Nor may ь precede й, the letter й is simply used here (rather than ьй).
 * In Qafesona animacy is relevant for declensions of nouns and adjectives. The accusative form of adjectives has two possible forms depending on the animacy of the noun. For animate nouns (i.e. people and animals), the accusative is identical to the genitive form. For inanimate nouns, the accusative is identical to the nominative.
 * Native nouns do not end in и, у or ы (in the nominative singular).

First declension
First declension nouns end in a consonant (but not ь, й, ў or ӽ) and decline as below:

Second declension
Second declension nouns end in а and decline as below:

Third declension
Third declension nouns end in е or о and decline as below:

Fourth declension
Fourth declension nouns end in ь and decline as below:

Fifth declension
Fifth declension nouns end in й, ў or ӽ and decline as below:

Sixth declension
Sixth declension nouns end in мьа and decline as below:

Seventh declension
Seventh declension nouns end in и, у or ы, are foreign and decline as below:

Diminutives
Diminutives

Augmentatives
Augmentatives

Verbs

 * There are two aspects, the simple and the perfect.
 * Conjugations are governed by three persons in two numbers and two simple tenses, present and past.
 * There are present and past participles that are used as adjectives and adverbs.
 * There are also periphrastic forms for the future tense and the subjunctive mood.
 * There are two voices, the active and the passive.

Aspect
Qafesona has two aspects, the simple and the perfect. Verbs come in aspectual pairs, the perfect usually being the same as the simple just with an added prefix.

The simple aspect is not progressive and not perfect, whereas the the perfect aspect is perfect. For example, the English simple present "I play", simple past "I played" and simple future "I will play" and the perfect present "I have eaten", perfect past "I had eaten" and perfect future "I will have eaten", which all correspond to Qafesona verb tense and aspect.

Aspect in Qafesona differs from the usual Slavonic aspects of imperfective and perfective pairs. However many of the perfect verbs have similar prefixes to the corresponding perfective verb.

First conjugation
First conjugation verbs have the ending -ать or -еть.

Second conjugation
Second conjugation verbs have the ending -ить.

Third conjugation
Third conjugation verbs have the ending -ачь or -ечь.

Fourth conjugation
Fourth conjugation verbs have the ending -ичь.

Past tense
The past tense in Qafesona is formed very simply. The verb infinitive is taken and the final -ть or -чь is removed and replaced with -в. For example:
 * When an infinitive ends in a consonant + -ть or -чь then both the consonant and the infinitive ending are dropped and -в added.

To be
The conjugation of the verb "to be", быть, is shown below.

Future tense
The past tense is also formed very simply. It is formed by preceding the verb's infinitive with the correct conjugation of the future tense of быть/сбыть ("to be"), быть/сбыть are the only exceptions. For example:
 * "They will be": Оны бадьут. (Ony badǐut.)
 * "I will say": Йа бадьу говорить. (Ja badǐu govoritǐ.)
 * "We will have read": Мы бадьем прочитать (My badǐem pročitatǐ., emphasis on the fact that it will have been read)
 * "We will have read": Мы cбадьем читать (My sbadǐem čitatǐ., emphasis on the fact that it will have been done)