Logglo



Introduction
Interglosse (formerly called Logglo) is a Neo-Latin conlang developed from 2016 to 2021 by Xavi Abadia (alias Xabadiar), who studied psychology at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.

It is mainly influenced by Peano’s Interlingua (1903) and Michaux's Interlingua (AKA Romanal (1912)), and specially by Hogben’s Interglossa (1943); also by Rosenberger’s Idiom Neutral (1902), Jespersen’s Novial (1928), and Brown's Loglan (1960).

The vocabulary is basically taken from Latin, not only Classical Latin, but also Vulgar Latin, Late Latin, Medieval Latin, Modern Latin, and Contemporary or ‘Wikipedia Latin’. While Interglossa’s lexicon was approximately half Greek and half Latin, the amount of Greek lexicon in Interglosse is lower. To name a few examples: glosse ‘language’, dáktile ‘finger’, psike ‘mind’, kardie ‘heart’, derme ‘skin’, hépate ‘liver’. I have added a provisional lexicon of about 3800 words.

After having tried several morphological arrangements, perhaps the present one is the optimal. If additional modifications are needed, I hope they will have to do with minor details.

Stress
Most words are stressed on the vowel (or diphthong) just before the last consonant: ama ‘love’, nunci ‘now’, mane ‘hand’, lento ‘slow’.
 * When there is no last consonant, the stress is simply on the first vowel: die ‘day’ (24 hours).
 * Only the last element of compound words keeps the stress: lekte-cámere ‘bedroom’, fine-yo ‘final’.
 * Words ending in u are a few grammatical particles.
 * Since many Latin words are proparoxytone (arboris, facilis, camera, corporis, etc.), the irregular stress may be indicated with a written sign: árbore ‘tree’, fácilo ‘easy’, cámere ‘room’, kórpore ‘body’.

Writing system and phonology
Interglosse uses the standard Roman alphabet of 26 letters. They sound like the corresponding symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet except the letters c /tʃ/, j /ʒ/, q /kw/, x /ʃ/, y /j/:

Click here to see IPA's consonants chart.

Grammar

 * Nouns are generally taken from the Latin root as seen in the genitive: anne ‘year’, aqe ‘water’, aure ‘gold’, brace ‘arm’, die ‘day’, dome ‘house’, face ‘face’, familie ‘family’, filie ‘son or daughter’, fine ‘end’, fluve ‘river’, frukte ‘fruit’, hore ‘hour’, igne ‘fire’, eqe/kaballe ‘horse’, kapille ‘hair’, katte ‘cat’, klave ‘key’, lakte ‘milk’, lege ‘law’, leone ‘lion’, lupe ‘wolf’, mane ‘hand’, matre ‘mother’, mure ‘wall’, nase ‘nose’, ore ‘mouth’, ove ‘egg’, pace ‘peace’, pane ‘bread’, parte ‘part’, patre ‘father’, pekune ‘money’, pluvie ‘rain’, sexe ‘sex’, stelle ‘star’, urbe ‘city’, ve ‘way’, wire ‘man’; kasie ‘cheese’, koffe ‘coffee’, nukle ‘nucleous’, olie ‘oil’; aurikle ‘ear’, lingue ‘tongue’, mense ‘month’, ovikle ‘sheep’; etc.
 * A few nouns may keep the nominative form to get different from another one: muse ‘mouse’.
 * Rare exceptions: dee ‘god’, etc.


 * Pronouns end in e: me ‘I, me’, te ‘you’ (sg.), se ‘he/she’, mae-se ‘he,’ (from L mas, masculus), fe-se ‘she,’ (from L femina, feminea); re ‘it,’ (from L res), ide ‘it’ (a fact), nose ‘we, us’, vose ‘you’ (pl.), lore ‘they’ (so: mae-lore, fe-lore), home ‘one’ (F. on, Ca. hom); relative pronouns (unstressed): keu; interrogative pronouns: qo home (‘who?’), qo kose (‘what?’); qide (‘what (fact)?’); no home (‘noone, nobody’), no kose (‘nothing’); omno home (‘everyone, everybody’), omno kose (‘everything, all’).


 * The plural is indicated by some number or quantifier: plo kane (from L plures ‘several’) ‘some dogs, a number of dogs, a few dogs, several dogs’, cinqo kane ‘five dogs’, omno kane ‘all dogs’.


 * The indefinite article is mono ‘one, an, a’: mono dome ‘one house, a house’. Unlike in English, in Italian, Spanish, etc, the same word is used for both the numeral and the indefinite article.


 * The definite article is le ‘he/she/it; the (sing.)’ and ple ‘they; the (plus.)’: le dome ‘the house’, ple dome ‘the houses’. Since the main natural and artificial languages in the world (from English to Loglan) have an unstressed particle as the definite article, getting accustomed to Interglosse's article may seem a bit hard. It did work for a while with Vulgar Latin's article ille, illa, yet it eventually turned into the Romance unstressed article: I il, la, S el, la, F le, la, etc.)


 * A noun with no article denotes a general concept, usually expressed in plural in English: delfine nata ‘dolphins swim’, ave vola ‘birds fly’; le kane sa nigro ‘the dog is black’, multo kane sa nigro ‘many dogs are black’ (not dogs in general).


 * Verbs end in a, in the form of the 1st person of the present: vola ‘fly’, videa ‘see’, vada ‘go’, kapia ‘take’, dormia ‘sleep’, volea ‘want’ (from Vulgar Latin), possa ‘can, may’ (from L possum), sa ‘be’ (from L sum).


 * Primary adjectives end in o: bono ‘good’, malo ‘bad’.
 * Secondary adjectives end in -yo: ore-yo /ore'jo/ ‘oral’, anne-yo /anne'jo/ ‘yearly’.
 * Possessive adjectives end in -yo as well: me-yo ‘my’, te-yo ‘your’ (sg.), se-yo ‘his/her’, nose-yo ‘our’, vose-yo ‘your’ (pl.), lore-yo ‘their’; me-yo libre ‘my book’.


 * Primary adverbs end in i: hiki ‘here’, ibi ‘there’, intri ‘inside’, extri ‘outside’, supri ‘above’, infri ‘below’, nunci ‘now’, tunci ‘then’, sempri ‘always’, iti ‘so, like this’, ubiqi ‘everywhere’.


 * Adverbs from adjectives end in -yi: lento-yi ‘slowly’, fine-yi (instead of fine-yo-yi) ‘finally’.

Beware: Many people are accustomed to the rule that grammatical particles are unstressed, even among the main conlangs, but Interglosse's grammatical particles are stressed. It is probably the most consistent option, since Interglosse has already a lot of unstressed stuff: the former component(s) of compound words. And the grammatical particles themselves may be used in compound words: supru-hómine /supru 'homine/ superman, supru hómine /'supru 'homine/ above men.
 * Prepositions end in u: adu ‘to, towards’, antu ‘before’, du ‘of’, dumu ‘during’, exu ‘from’, interu ‘among, between’, inu ‘in, on, at’, juxtu ‘next to, beside’, kontru ‘against’, konu ‘with’, peru ‘by’, peu ‘by’ (passive agent), poru ‘for’ and pu ‘to’ (dative), postu ‘after’, sinu ‘without’, subtu ‘under’, supru ‘over’, transu ‘through’.
 * Conjunctions end in u as well: autu ‘or, either’, etu ‘and’, qandu ‘when’, qaru ‘because’, sedu ‘but’, siu ‘if’, ubu ‘where’, etc.


 * The numbers from 0 to 9: 0 zero, 1 mono, 2 duo, 3 trio, 4 qatro, 5 cinqo, 6 sexo, 7 septo, 8 okto, 9 novo.
 * Numbers will be written as digits inside formulae (H2O, CO2), inside proper nouns (R2P2, C3P2). Numbers in general may be written as digits.
 * From 10, numbers will be written as the international digits, and formed quite easily like in Interglossa; just remember that deko is a synonym to -zero, cento s a synonym to -zero-zero, and kilo s a synonym to -zero-zero-zero.
 * 10 [mono-deko (or: mono-zero)], 11 [mono-mono], 12 [mono-duo], 13 [mono-trio], 14 [mono-qatro], 15 [mono-cinqo], 16 [mono-sexo], 17 [mono-septo], 18 [mono-okto], 19 [mono-novo], 20 [duo-deko (or: duo-zero)], 21 [duo-mono], 22 [duo-duo], 23 [duo-trio], 24 [duo-qatro], 25 [duo-cinqo], 26 [duo-sexo], 27 [duo-septo], 28 [duo-okto], 29 [duo-novo], 30 [trio-deko (or: trio-zero)], 31 [trio-mono], 32 [trio-duo], 33 [trio-trio], 34 [trio-qatro], 35 [trio-cinqo], 36 [trio-sexo], 37 [trio-septo], 38 [trio-okto], 39 [trio-novo], 40 [qatro-deko (or: qatro-zero)], 41 [qatro-mono], 42 [qatro-duo], 43 [qatro-trio], 44 [qatro-qatro], 45 [qatro-cinqo], 46 [qatro-sexo], 47 [qatro-septo], 48 [qatro-okto], 49 [qatro-novo], 50 [cinqo-deko (or: cinqo-zero)], 51 [cinqo-mono], 52 [cinqo-duo], 53 [cinqo-trio], 54 [cinqo-qatro], 55 [cinqo-cinqo], 56 [cinqo-sexo], 57 [cinqo-septo], 58 [cinqo-okto], 59 [cinqo-novo], 60 [sexo-deko (or: sexo-zero)], 61 [sexo-mono], 62 [sexo-duo], 63 [sexo-trio], 64 [sexo-qatro], 65 [sexo-cinqo], 66 [sexo-sexo], 67 [sexo-septo], 68 [sexo-okto], 69 [sexo-novo], 70 [septo-deko (or: septo-zero)], 71 [septo-mono], 72 [septo-duo], 73 [septo-trio], 74 [septo-qatro], 75 [septo-cinqo], 76 [septo-sexo], 77 [septo-septo], 78 [septo-okto], 79 [septo-novo], 80 [okto-deko (or: okto-zero)], 81 [okto-mono], 82 [okto-duo], 83 [okto-trio], 84 [okto-qatro], 85 [okto-cinqo], 86 [okto-sexo], 87 [okto-septo], 88 [okto-okto], 89 [okto-novo], 90 [novo-deko (or: novo-zero)], 91 [novo-mono], 92 [novo-duo], 93 [novo-trio], 94 [novo-qatro], 95 [novo-cinqo], 96 [novo-sexo], 97 [novo-septo], 98 [novo-okto], 99 [novo-novo], 100 [mono-cento (or: mono-zero-zero)], 101 [mono-zero-mono], 102 [mono-zero-duo], 103 [mono-zero-trio], 104 [mono-zero-qatro], 105 [mono-zero-cinqo], 106 [mono-zero-sexo], 107 [mono-zero-septo], 108 [mono-zero-okto], 109 [mono-zero-novo], 110 [mono-mono-deko (or: mono-mono-zero)], 111 [mono-mono-mono], … 200 [duo-cento] (or: duo-zero-zero), … 300 [trio-cento (or: trio-zero-zero)], … 400 [qatro-cento (or: qatro-zero-zero)], … 500 [cinqo-cento (or: cinqo-zero-zero)], … 600 [sexo-cento (or: sexo-zero-zero)], … 700 [septo-cento (or: septo-zero-zero)], … 800 [okto-cento (or: okto-zero-zero)], … 900 [novo-cento (or: novo-zero-zero)], … 1000 [mono-kilo (or: mono-zero-zero-zero)], 1001 [mono-zero-zero-mono], 1002 [mono-zero-zero-duo], … 2000 [duo-kilo (or: duo-zero-zero-zero)], 2001 [duo-zero-zero-mono], 2002 [duo-zero-zero-duo], …
 * You may express a number with etu ‘and’ inside: trio-cento etu-sexo-cinqo (literally ‘300 and 65’) = trio-sexo-cinqo (365); mono-kilo etu-duo-cinqo-deko (literally ‘1000 and 250’) = mono-duo-cinqo-deko (1250); anne mono-novo-okto-qatro ‘year 1984’; anne duo-kilo etu-duo-deko ‘year 2020’.
 * Decimals are expressed with etu and dece-: 3.15159 [trio etu-dece-mono-cinqo-mono-cinqo-novo]. Examples: die habea 24 [duo-qatro] hore ‘Day has twenty four hours’; anne sólito habea 365 [trio-sexo-cinqo] die ‘Usual year has 365 days’.
 * The ordinal ends in -yo: decembre sa mense mono-duo-yo du anne ‘December is the twelfth month of year’.
 * The clock time may be expressed with the special preposition kronu (from Gr kronos): kronu septo (= kronu hore septo-yo) ‘at seven’, kronu septo trio-deko ‘at seven thirty’.
 * The days of the week: lun-die, marte-die, merkure-die, jove-die, venere-die, saturne-die, sol-die. Saturday and Sunday preserve the classic Latin astrological terms (as preserved today in English.)


 * Quantifiers end in o: pauko ‘few’, multo ‘many’, omno ‘all, every’, pluso ‘more’, mino ‘fewer’, etc.


 * Capital letters will appear basically in acronyms: DNA (= desoxiribo-nukle-yo ácide), pronounced /dənə'a/, perhaps with an hiatus. Unlike in English, the initial of proper nouns and the first letter of sentences are lowercase. Here is a spelling key:


 * Proper nouns, which are written in lowercase, are preceded by the special articles sel for people (se + le) and rel for things (re + le). Yet nouns ending in a consonant may go alone with no special article: (rel) sol ‘the Sun’, (rel) lun ‘the Moon’, rel terre ‘the Earth’, rel munde ‘the world’, rel marte ‘Mars’, rel universe ‘the Universe’, rel lakte-vie ‘the Milky Way’, (rel) italo-land ‘Italy’, (rel) franco-land ‘France’, (rel) ispano-land ‘Spain’; (sel) zamenhof, (sel) elon-musk; rel esperanto, rel interglossa, (rel) franco-gloss ‘French (language)’.


 * The negative is expressed with noni, from Latin non: me noni eda karne. ‘I don’t eat meat.’


 * In Interglosse the syntactical structure by default is SV (Subject-Verb), or SVO (Subject-Verb-Object): me biba vine ‘I drink wine’. The structure OVS may be expressed as a passive expression (explained later).


 * This conlang will avoid polysemy: every word will have one meaning: lingue ‘tongue’ (anatomy), glosse ‘language’; psike ‘mind’, mentone ‘chin’; mure ‘wall’, muse ‘mouse’; janue ‘door’, porte ‘port’.


 * Compound words: We have already seen lakte-vie (= vie lakte-yo); lekte-cámere /lekte'tʃamere/ ‘bedroom’, koqa-cámere /kokwa 'tʃamere/ ‘kitchen’, lit. ‘cook room’, pome-árbore /pome'arbore/ ‘apple-tree’, eleva-macine (= macine keu eleva) ‘elevator’. As mentioned, only the last element of compound words keeps the stress. The written hyphen inside compound words make the language more clear.


 * Primary adjectives take the form of the Latin root as seen in the genitive, and add a final o: bono ‘good’, malo ‘bad’, grando ‘big’, pejoro ‘worse’, minoro ‘minor’;
 * Secondary adjectives end in -yo: mane-yo ‘manual’, matre-yo ‘maternal’, fine-yo ‘final’.


 * Abstract qualities end in -ye: libero-ye, eqo-ye, fraterno-ye ‘‘liberté, egalité, fraternité’.


 * The comparative is formed with magi ‘more’ and mini ‘less’, as well as tami ‘as’ (from L tam), followed by qamu ‘than, as’.
 * The superlative is formed with maksi ‘most’ (from L maxime), and maksi-mini ‘least’.


 * Verbs end in a: vola ‘fly’, videa ‘see’, vada ‘go’, kapia ‘take’, dormia ‘sleep’, volea ‘want’, fia ‘become’.


 * Latin deponent verbs are taken as active verbs, according to Vulgar Latin: naska ‘be born’.


 * The infinitive ends in -ya: sa-ya autu noni sa-ya ‘to be or not to be’.


 * The dative is expressed with pu (‘for, to’, from L pro, VL por, F pour): pu me, pu te, pu se, pu nose, pu vose, pu lore.


 * Both the past and the perfect tense are expressed with the special particle pri (from L prius, L pridem) before the verb, similar to Interglossa’s pre: me pri dormia ‘I slept, I have slept’. Hobgen agreed with Peano that there is no need to complicate things with two different kinds of past (recent and remote). An eventual adverb may indicate how recent or remote the past is: hodi me pri biba multo cervisie, ‘today I've drunk a lot of beer.’
 * The pluperfect is expressed with pri pri, like in Interglossa: me pri pri dormia pauko hore ‘I had slept few hours’.


 * The future tense is expressed with the auxiliary vi, from L vado vadere (> French va ‘goes, gonna’). se vi venia ‘he/she will come’.
 * The future perfect is expressed with the double auxiliary vi pri: me vi pri venia ‘I will have come’.


 * Continuous tenses are expressed with the auxiliary verb sta (from L sto stare) plus the gerund, as seen among Romance languages: se sta lekta-yi ‘he/she is reading.’


 * The nouns of verbal actions end in -ye: nuntia-ye ‘announcement’, advenia-ye ‘arrival’, usa-ye ‘usage’.


 * Abstract qualities end in -ye: libero-ye, eqo-ye, fraterno-ye ‘liberté, egalité, fraternité’.


 * The passive participle ends in -zo: ama-zo ‘loved’, fakia-zo ‘done’, videa-zo ‘seen’.


 * The passive verb is expressed with za (a variation of sa) plus the passive participle: le libre za skriba-zo peu me ‘the book is written by me’.


 * The gerund ends in -yi: biba-yi ‘drinking’, kurra-yi ‘running’.


 * The conditional is expressed with possi: me possi venia ‘I would come’. In contrast, ‘can, may’ is possa, and ‘maybe’ is forsi.


 * Questions are expressed with qo ‘what, which’ and qi (for yes/no questions), from Latin quis quae quid: qi te fuma? ‘Do you smoke?’; si ‘yes’ (si is usual among Romance languages, from L sic ‘thus’); noni ‘no’; te pri fakia qo re? ‘what have you done?’ Remember to keep the SVO structure, as usual in French: ‘tu as fait quoi?’; qandi te vi venia? ‘when will you come?’; ubi te labora? (from L ubi) ‘where do you work?’


 * The imperative is expressed with ti, in contrast with te ‘you’ (sing.), both from Latin tu/te: ti kavea kane ‘C AVE CANEM’.
 * The vocative is expressed with ti as well, as it is like a special imperative indeed (‘hear!’): ti mediko-pe, ti kura te ipso ‘M EDICE, CURA TE IPSUM’.
 * The subjunctive is not so important in this conlang, but if necessary for literal translations, it may be expressed with the particle ju before the pronoun, from L subjunctivus, I congiuntivo: ju se venia V ENIAT, ‘he/she come’. 

Lexicon
I am still developing the lexicon, based on the vocabulary of Peano’s Interlingua (1915) and a few other sources:
 * The Wikipedia (especially the Latin Vicipaedia)
 * Etymonline
 * Google Translate
 * Bodmer's word-list
 * The Oxford English Mini Dictionary
 * The Dictionary of Romaniczo (a former version which included translations to English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Esperanto, Ido, and Gode’s Interlingua).
 * The Diczionàrio Neolatino by Bruno Zani (Neolatino, Italian, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian, Occitan, English)
 * The Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear