Umbrean

=Setting= Umbrean is spoken in The Union of Confederated Umbrean Republican States, aka UCURS or Umbrean Confederacy, but is one of the major languages on Oyabizna. It is set in a steampunk fantasy world.

General Information
Umbrean is a verb based language, i.e. there are no adjectives and almost all other words are derived from their closest related verb, though some are stand alone nouns (but they are rare). The sentence structure of Umbrean is SOV, it is an agglutinating and isolating language in which both shift depending on what category of things one deals with, but it is consistent in that Category.

Word order
Umbrean is a SOV language


 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! Subject ! Direct Object ! Postpositional ! Supine ! Verb
 * }


 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! colspan=6 | Noun Phrase
 * Relative Clause
 * Postpositional Phrase
 * Determiner
 * Demonstrative
 * Adjective
 * Noun
 * }
 * }


 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! colspan=2 | Relative Clause
 * Noun Phrase
 * Verb Phrase Participle
 * }
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! colspan=2 | Verb Phrase
 * Postpositional Phrase
 * Verb
 * }
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
 * {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! colspan=2 | Postposition Phrase
 * Noun Phrase
 * Postposition
 * }
 * }

Single Letters
Umbrean alphabets sounds like this.

Romanized Alphabet
ABČÇDEFGǦHIJKLMNŊÑOPRSŠŞTUVYZŽÜËÖ abčçdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsšştuvyzžüëö

Vowels
Pronunciation of Umbrean Alphabet Length: The length of a vowel is shown by the amount, two identical vowels next to each other indicate a long vowel unless colliding with diphtongs in which it takes presidence over the length

Phonotactics
Possible syllables, note that the consonants in front of the vowel and behind it, are independent.

Stress
Stress is regular and follows this rule

Ultima - unless the word ends with a vowel in which case it is penult.

=Basic Grammar=

Verbs
''' Notice, tables here and on Contionary may differ and in such an event go by those on Contionary and please copy them over here as they are more frequently updated to changes than these are, spellings of words are the same. '''

Verbal structure, bold isn't always present:
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"


 * Verb-Tempus-Person
 * }

Voices
Voices are modified through cases

Transitivity
A verbs transitivity can be altered through suffixes prior to the tempus' suffix

Junk


Infinitive
Denotes the action as a noun.

Gerund
Gerund form of a verb is used to form noun phrases and changes according to tense

Junk


Participles
<!--

Adjective Participles

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=5 | Adjective participles ! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -nih || -zac || -twá
 * -s'uv' || -v'öxr || -x'é
 * -xis' || -él || -fyc
 * -tóx || -ñóv || -öc
 * -v'ös || -mic || -voz'
 * -xö || -twis || -ñok
 * -vöv || -tó || -rós
 * -nu || -v'u || -ru
 * -dy || -róc || -is'
 * -bi || -xom || -oxr
 * -tös || -vuñ || -pyx
 * -v'im || -caf || -car
 * }

Person

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -amu || -anu || -alcóu
 * -ñu ||  -aku  ||-dwau
 * -adwau ||  -diu  ||-twiu
 * -aliu ||  -avneu  ||-acpou
 * -káu ||  -anmáu  ||-es'u
 * -xöu ||  -ökcu  ||-xröu
 * -ámlöu ||  -alpeu  ||-owiu
 * -noju ||  -vóu  ||-ru
 * -tou ||  -góju  ||-ofu
 * -ojnu ||  -qau  ||-qwau
 * -öñleu ||  -jöu  ||-böciu
 * -öcu ||  -uldiu  ||-ulnau
 * }

Magic

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -jöa || -póa || -nia
 * -zya ||  -a'za  ||-gáxwia
 * -v'öa ||  -ra  ||-tañlöa
 * -ijbia ||  -zöa  ||-uháa
 * -rölmoa ||  -ixwua  ||-záxa
 * -ukwia ||  -taña  ||-xrya
 * -órwáa ||  -sóa  ||-dwya
 * -vua ||  -zia  ||-us'a
 * -ta ||  -oclua  ||-óqua
 * -azwia ||  -gia  ||-sóa
 * -röra ||  -ingea  ||-öhia
 * -amqoa ||  -xyxa  ||-yctia
 * }

Living

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -dwojniu || -cöu || -ulciu
 * -z'áu ||  -rou  ||-yñlau
 * -twinu ||  -áktiu  ||-ócxóu
 * -ómlu ||  -pynlu  ||-coiu
 * -ñocu ||  -kólmeu  ||-otu
 * -jonliu ||  -uxniu  ||-v'yu
 * -cynmau ||  -öjtau  ||-vódwiu
 * -ñöu ||  -toxmiu  ||-ujnau
 * -caxwáu ||  -twosmiu  ||-ólneu
 * -hyu ||  -opiu  ||-zou
 * -ynu ||  -biu  ||-s'u
 * -rónu ||  -hau  ||-öjtwiu
 * }

Artificial

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative
 * -árwiy || -áy || -s'óy
 * -nölcay ||  -qway  ||-ombey
 * -öcnay ||  -daby  ||-diy
 * -cay ||  -námy  ||-nölciy
 * -palcey ||  -kosy  ||-ogy
 * -piy ||  -ñy  ||-votay
 * -móy ||  -miy  ||-axwóy
 * -góms'óy ||  -nyntiy  ||-yrnay
 * -öv'nay ||  -tway  ||-zoy
 * -xröy ||  -ödwiy  ||-alcay
 * -zusy ||  -imlay  ||-az'y
 * -cáy ||  -qöy  ||-bölqwiy
 * }

Non-Moving

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Tense ! rowspan=2 | Aspect ! colspan=3 | Voice ! colspan=1 | Active ! colspan=1 | Passive ! colspan=1 | Middle ! rowspan=4 | Past ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Present ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative ! rowspan=4 | Future ! Perfective ! Perfect ! Continuative ! Genericative -->
 * -tuó || -öhaó || -umó
 * -váó ||  -nyldwió  ||-wynó
 * -anmió ||  -ykwaó  ||-oñó
 * -yrzió ||  -axwaó  ||-olmeó
 * -ñomlió ||  -avcaó  ||-twaó
 * -jöó ||  -xöqwió  ||-numlaó
 * -aó ||  -ófó  ||-zojtió
 * -coró ||  -myó  ||-ymtió
 * -cómó ||  -ölcaó  ||-ukwaó
 * -onvaó ||  -undió  ||-öió
 * -zyswió ||  -ajtwaó  ||-dwyqwió
 * -v'öó ||  -kyndaó  ||-qumdáó
 * }

Supine
A supine is formed by adding ending which depends on the verb class and treat the nouns around as part of it, keeping SOV structure and so on.

Verb forms
All of these transforms the verb into an adjective like form which can also be used as nouns with copulas and is used for modality.
 * Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object of the verb
 * Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object of the verb
 * Permissative: Marks that the noun it modifies has the permission to be the object of the verb
 * Possabilitative: Marks that the noun it modifies is possibly the object of the verb
 * Advisabilitative: Marks that the noun it modifies is adviced to be the object of the verb
 * Prohobative: Marks that the noun it modifies forbidden to be the object of the verb
 * Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object of the verb
 * Potensial/Optative: Marks that the noun it modifies probably is or is wanted to be the object of the verb
 * Dubative: Marks that the noun it modifies doubtfully is the object of the verb
 * Conditional: Marks that the noun it modifies conditionally is the object of the verb

Auxiliary
Umbrean uses some auxilary verbs for various purposes. It is placed behind the initial verb, takes the conjugations of tempus and person while the other is left in infinitive form.

Caternative
Doesn't really exist since noun clauses are all of it.

Nominalization
To nominalize a verb one simply uses the infitive form along with adpositions for the subject and object

Genders
Umbrean genders include Non-moving, Living, Mechanical and Magical
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Gender !Description !Example !Non-Moving !Living !Mechanical !Magical
 * Things that can't move in any way by their own force
 * Stone, Wall, House
 * Objects that are alive
 * Animal, Fish, Human
 * Machines, electronics etc
 * Steam engine, Train
 * Things that move seemignly without a cause
 * Moon, Fire, Wind, Air, Sun
 * }

Cases
Umbrean has 5 cases, Ergative, Intransitive, Accusative, Dative and Reflexive
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Case !Desription: !Ergative !Accusative !Intransitive !Dative Case and used for postpositional phrases !Reflexive Case hence is both subject and object, also used for middle voice
 * The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages
 * The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb
 * The grammatical case used to define the indirect object of a bitransitive verb
 * The grammatical case used to define the subject which is acting upon itself and
 * }

Declension table
Umbrean nouns are declined according to whether they are defined or undefined, which case they are, which gender and if its singular, Paucal and plural according to this table if they are regular


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Name !Amount !Singular !Paucal !Plural
 * 1
 * 2-6
 * 6&lt;
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=13 |Case Declension ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | First ! colspan=4 | Second ! colspan=4 | Third ! Mag ! Liv ! Art ! Non ! Mag ! Liv ! Art ! Non ! Mag ! Liv ! Art ! Non ! colspan=13 |Singular ! Erg ! Acc ! Int ! Dat ! Ref ! colspan=13 |Paucal ! Erg ! Acc ! Int ! Dat ! Ref ! colspan=13 |Plural ! Erg ! Acc ! Int ! Dat ! Ref
 * -asj
 * -ösj
 * -y
 * -üfj
 * -ia
 * -aö
 * -ny
 * -ios
 * -az
 * -ösj
 * -iz
 * -üv
 * -am
 * -aöm
 * -ymm
 * -öm
 * -amii
 * -aöm
 * -nym
 * -om
 * -adzm
 * -ödz
 * -izz
 * -üvz
 * -aë
 * -öë
 * -aë
 * -aü
 * -ëi
 * -aö
 * -ë
 * -oë
 * -am
 * -özm
 * -yzzm
 * -üfjm
 * -na
 * -nöö
 * -ny
 * -nü
 * -ina
 * -naö
 * -nnë
 * -nio
 * -ǧa
 * -ǧös
 * -ǧyz
 * -ǧüv
 * -ap
 * -ub
 * -yyp
 * -op
 * -apj
 * -ab
 * -nyp
 * -op
 * -ag
 * -ök
 * -ygb
 * -ǧüm
 * -ssi
 * -zu
 * -ös
 * -fji
 * -asi
 * -ös
 * -en
 * -sio
 * -zi
 * -uz
 * -iv
 * -üv
 * -ami
 * -ömi
 * -ym
 * -ëmü
 * -immi
 * -ami
 * -ym
 * -iom
 * -azmi
 * -özmi
 * -imi
 * -üvmi
 * -ni
 * -ön
 * -enëë
 * -nlü
 * -ni
 * -anö
 * -unë
 * -ion
 * -naz
 * -ösj
 * -niz
 * -nlü
 * -ŋŋa
 * -ŋii
 * -ënn
 * -ŋü
 * -ŋii
 * -ŋii
 * -ëni
 * -ŋo
 * -ŋaz
 * -ŋuz
 * -ŋiv
 * ŋüü
 * -pja
 * -pja
 * -pe
 * -bü
 * -pë
 * -öp
 * -up
 * -pjo
 * -bla
 * -pjösj
 * -bez
 * -pav
 * -im
 * -öfm
 * -im
 * -üm
 * -iasm
 * -ösm
 * -in
 * -üfm
 * -ma
 * -mö
 * -mi
 * -mü
 * -ömm
 * -umni
 * -ymii
 * -ëmn
 * -inn
 * -amn
 * -ymii
 * -omn
 * -ënaz
 * -ënöz
 * -ëmiz
 * -eŋüv
 * -avl
 * -övv
 * -ivli
 * -üffj
 * -avj
 * -ivli
 * -nvli
 * -iof
 * -azz
 * -öss
 * -izz
 * -üüv
 * -aa
 * -öşaa
 * -yş
 * -üşi
 * -aa
 * -öşaa
 * -nşi
 * -oşi
 * -dza
 * -dzösj
 * -dziz
 * -şjü
 * -ia
 * -öǧin
 * -iǧǧi
 * -üüž
 * -iǧa
 * -öin
 * -iǧǧ
 * -iǧ
 * -aǧ
 * -ǧös
 * -ǧiz
 * -ǧü
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=14 |Defintiveness Suffix ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ! colspan=3 | First ! colspan=3 | Second ! colspan=3 | Third ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! rowspan=5 | Proximal Definite ! Erg ! Acc ! Int ! Dat ! Ref ! rowspan=5 | Medial ! Erg ! Acc ! Int ! Dat ! Ref ! rowspan=5 | Distal ! Erg ! Acc ! Int ! Dat ! Ref
 * -t
 * -t
 * -eet
 * -t
 * -ttu
 * -yyt
 * -d
 * -d
 * -d
 * -n
 * -nn
 * -n
 * -n
 * -n
 * -n
 * -gu
 * -gg
 * -g
 * -kt
 * -ük
 * -ük
 * -tk
 * -tu
 * -ta
 * -i
 * -ti
 * -d
 * -m
 * -m
 * -um
 * -mm
 * -m
 * -m
 * -dd
 * -dd
 * -dd
 * -s
 * -ş
 * -şyy
 * -s
 * -ss
 * -sa
 * -sja
 * -d
 * -t
 * -tly
 * -tly
 * -otta
 * -taa
 * -tta
 * -yta
 * -dy
 * -dy
 * -dy
 * -nu
 * -nnü
 * -nu
 * -nu
 * -nu
 * -nu
 * -gu
 * -ggy
 * -gyy
 * -kttjë
 * -kttë
 * -kttjë
 * -tkö
 * -tkö
 * -tkö
 * -isj
 * -isj
 * -izj
 * -mu
 * -mu
 * -mu
 * -mmu
 * -muu
 * -muu
 * -dii
 * -dii
 * -dii
 * -şy
 * -şy
 * -şyy
 * -sa
 * -ssa
 * -sa
 * -şy
 * -şy
 * -şy
 * -töf
 * -töf
 * -ötëf
 * -şja
 * -şja
 * -yşja
 * -dzy
 * -dzy
 * -dzy
 * -nutt
 * -nnüt
 * -nutt
 * -nutt
 * -nutt
 * -nutt
 * -gus
 * -ggys
 * -gyys
 * -ktës
 * -ktës
 * -ktës
 * -tkjöǧ
 * -tkjöǧ
 * -tköǧ
 * -iss
 * -iss
 * -izz
 * -mup
 * -mup
 * -mmup
 * -mup
 * -mup
 * -mup
 * -iidz
 * -iidz
 * -iidz
 * -şyfj
 * -şyf
 * -şyf
 * -şyfj
 * -şyf
 * -şyf
 * -şyfj
 * -şyfj
 * -şyf
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=14 |Possessive Suffix ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ! colspan=3 | First Decl ! colspan=3 | Second Decl ! colspan=3 | Third Decl ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! rowspan=3 | First Person ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! rowspan=3 | Second Person ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl ! rowspan=3 | Third Person ! Sg ! Pc ! Pl
 * -dda
 * -diss
 * -dastl
 * -şo
 * -şoom
 * -şomm
 * -žu
 * -žüş
 * -ždüşj
 * -na
 * -nisj
 * -nasttl
 * -mo
 * -moş
 * -mmoş
 * -pse
 * -psse
 * -pem
 * -fta
 * -ftiis
 * -ftast
 * -ffo
 * -ffjoo
 * -fjom
 * -kso
 * -ksi
 * -ksüş
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

Adjective
Adjectives are genderless in their original form as a rule and acquire a gender to agree with the noun they modify. They also agree with the number while person is irrelevant. The adjectives are strict on always needing a noun after them,if one wishes to express "being X"one uses the predicate endings and treat it as a verb.

In both cases the Positive form in comparative, there is no superlative form, means in the sense of more of the adjective, while negative means less so.

Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=17| Predicate ! rowspan=3 | ! colspan=8 | Temporative ! colspan=8 | Permanent ! colspan=2 | Mag ! colspan=2 | Liv ! colspan=2 | Art ! colspan=2 | Non ! colspan=2 | Mag ! colspan=2 | Liv ! colspan=2 | Art ! colspan=2 | Non ! P ! N ! P ! N ! P ! N ! P ! N ! P ! N ! P ! N ! P ! N ! P ! N ! Base ! Comparative
 * colspan=2 | -m
 * colspan=2 | -m
 * colspan=2 | -m
 * colspan=2 | -m
 * colspan=2 | -z
 * colspan=2 | -z
 * colspan=2 | -z
 * colspan=2 | -z
 * -mam
 * -nam
 * -möm
 * -num
 * -mym
 * -mem
 * -müm
 * -mom
 * -maz
 * -naz
 * -möz
 * -nöz
 * -nez
 * -mez
 * -om
 * -noz
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan = 7 | Base Declension ! rowspan=1 |Gender ! colspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=1 | Puacal ! colspan=1 | Plural ! style="background: #8282de;" | None-Moving ! style="background: #82de82;" | Living ! style="background: #de82de;" | Artificial ! style="background: #de8282;" | Magical
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -Ø
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -s
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -ş
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -Ø
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -zzŋ
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -dzŋ
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -Ø
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -sŋ
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -şŋ
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -Ø
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -sŋ
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -şŋ
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan = 7 | Comperative Superlative Declension ! rowspan=2 |Gender ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Puacal ! colspan=2 | Plural ! Positive ! Negative ! Positive ! Negative ! Positive ! Negative ! style="background: #8282de;" | None-Moving ! style="background: #82de82;" | Living ! style="background: #de82de;" | Artificial ! style="background: #de8282;" | Magical
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -m
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -n
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -sm
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -zn
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -şm
 * style="background: #8282de;" | -şn
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -m
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -n
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -zm
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -zn
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -dzm
 * style="background: #82de82;" | -dzn
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -m
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -n
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -sm
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -sn
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -şm
 * style="background: #de82de;" | -dzn
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -m
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -n
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -sm
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -zn
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -dzm
 * style="background: #de8282;" | -şn
 * }

Order

 * 1) quality
 * 2) quantity
 * 3) size
 * age
 * 1) opinion
 * 2) shape
 * 3) color
 * 4) proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
 * 5) purpose or qualifier

Adverbs
Adverbs are non-existent and postpositional phrases takes care of their job

Personal Pronouns
Umbrean have many personal pronouns for various situations and the choice is critical in conversation as wrong choice can be considered an insult.
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!rowspan="3" colspan="4"|Case !colspan="5"|Ergative !colspan="5"|Accusative !colspan="5"|Intransitive !colspan="5"|Dative !colspan="5"|Reflexive !rowspan="2" colspan="1"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2" colspan="1"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2" colspan="1"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2" colspan="1"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2" colspan="1"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="1"| coll. ! colspan="1"| distr. ! colspan="3" rowspan=2|1st ! inc. ! exc. !rowspan="2" colspan="3"|2nd !style="font-size: x-small;"|Common !style="font-size: x-small;"|Respect !rowspan="12"|3rd !rowspan="6"|Proximate !style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4| Object !style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical !style="font-size: x-small;"| Living !style="font-size: x-small;"| Artificial !style="font-size: x-small;"| Non-Move !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|Person !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General !rowspan="6"|*Obviative !style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4| *Object !style="font-size: x-small;"| *Magical !style="font-size: x-small;"| *Living !style="font-size: x-small;"| *Artificial !style="font-size: x-small;"| *Non-Move !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|*Person !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|*General
 * rowspan=2 |mşë
 * stu
 * istu
 * mşi
 * mşii
 * rowspan=2 |mşëm
 * Stum
 * Istum
 * Mşim
 * Mşimi
 * rowspan=2 |mşëzm
 * stuzm
 * işuzm
 * mşizm
 * mşizmi
 * rowspan=2 |mşën
 * stun
 * istun
 * mşin
 * mşini
 * rowspan=2 |mşëp
 * stup
 * istup
 * mşip
 * mşiip
 * esm
 * ëzi
 * şym
 * şymi
 * Mesm
 * Mëzi
 * şymm
 * şymim
 * Ezm
 * Ezmi
 * şyzm
 * şyzmi
 * Mesn
 * Mëzni
 * şymn
 * şymin
 * Mesp
 * Mëzbi
 * şyp
 * şypi
 * öǧm
 * npi
 * npii
 * dzmo
 * idzmo
 * möǧ
 * Npim
 * npimi
 * Dzmom
 * Idzmom
 * öǧm
 * npizm
 * npizmi
 * dzmoz
 * dzmozi
 * öǧn
 * npin
 * npini
 * dzmon
 * idzmon
 * öǧp
 * npip
 * npiip
 * dzmop
 * idzmop
 * möǧm
 * npim
 * npiimi
 * dzom
 * dzomi
 * möǧmm
 * Mnim
 * mini
 * Dzomm
 * Dzomim
 * möǧm
 * npizm
 * npiizmi
 * dzozm
 * dzozmi
 * möǧn
 * npimn
 * npiimni
 * dzomn
 * dzomin
 * möǧp
 * mpip
 * mpiip
 * dzop
 * dzomip
 * Dëšt
 * Dzëšt
 * Dzëšti
 * Zëšt
 * Zëšti
 * Mdëšt
 * Mşëšt
 * Mşëšti
 * Zëšt
 * Zëšti
 * Dëšm
 * Dzëšm
 * Dzëšmi
 * Zëšm
 * Zëšmi
 * Dëšn
 * Dzëšn
 * Dzëšni
 * Zëšn
 * Zëšni
 * Dëšp
 * Dzëšp
 * Dzëšpi
 * Zëšp
 * Zëšti
 * Döst
 * Dzöst
 * Dzösti
 * Zöst
 * Zösti
 * Mdöst
 * Mşöst
 * Mşösti
 * Zöst
 * Zösti
 * Dösm
 * Dzösm
 * Dzösmi
 * Zösm
 * Zösmi
 * Dösn
 * Dzösn
 * Dzösni
 * Zösn
 * Zösni
 * Dösp
 * Dzösp
 * Dzöspi
 * Zösp
 * Zösti
 * Deş
 * Dzeş
 * Dzeşi
 * Zeş
 * Zeşi
 * Mdeş
 * Mşeş
 * Mşeşi
 * Zeş
 * Zeşi
 * Deşm
 * Dzeşm
 * Dzeşmi
 * Zeşm
 * Zeşmi
 * Deşn
 * Dzeşn
 * Dzeşni
 * Zeşn
 * Zeşni
 * Desp
 * Dzesp
 * Dzespi
 * Zetp
 * Zetpi
 * Dom
 * Dzom
 * Dzomi
 * Zom
 * Zomi
 * Mdom
 * Mşom
 * Mşomi
 * Zom
 * Zomi
 * Dozm
 * Dzozm
 * Dzozi
 * Zozm
 * Zozmi
 * Domnn
 * Dzomn
 * Dzomni
 * Zomn
 * Zomni
 * Dbom
 * Dzop
 * Dzopi
 * Zop
 * Zompi
 * Ksin
 * Ksimn
 * Ksimni
 * Gzim
 * Gzimi
 * Msin
 * Ksimm
 * Ksimmi
 * Gzim
 * Gzim
 * Ksizn
 * Ksizm
 * Ksizmi
 * Gzizm
 * Gzizmi
 * Ksinn
 * Ksimnn
 * Ksimnni
 * Gzimn
 * Gzimni
 * Ksit
 * Ksiş
 * Ksişi
 * Gzib
 * Gzibi
 * Von
 * Vomn
 * Vomni
 * Fomn
 * Fomni
 * Mzon
 * Vomm
 * Vommi
 * Fomn
 * Fomn
 * Vozn
 * Vozm
 * Vozmi
 * Fozn
 * Fozni
 * Vonn
 * Vomnn
 * Vomnni
 * Fomnn
 * Fomnni
 * Vot
 * Voş
 * Voşi
 * Fop
 * Fopi
 * Dëšmo
 * Dzëšmo
 * Dzëšma
 * Zëšmo
 * Zëšma
 * Mdëšmo
 * Mşëšmo
 * Mşëšma
 * Zëšmo
 * Zëšma
 * Dëšmmo
 * Dzëšmmo
 * Dzëšmi
 * Zëšm
 * Zëšmi
 * Dëšn
 * Dzëšn
 * Dzëšni
 * Zëšn
 * Zëšni
 * Dëšp
 * Dzëšp
 * Dzëšpi
 * Zëšp
 * Zëšti
 * Dösmo
 * Dzösmo
 * Dzösma
 * Zösmo
 * Zösma
 * Mdösmo
 * Mşösmo
 * Mşösma
 * Zösmo
 * Zösma
 * Dösmmo
 * Dzösmmo
 * Dzösmi
 * Zösm
 * Zösmi
 * Dösn
 * Dzösn
 * Dzösni
 * Zösn
 * Zösni
 * Dösp
 * Dzösp
 * Dzöspi
 * Zösp
 * Zösti
 * Deşmo
 * Dzeşmo
 * Dzeşma
 * Zeşmo
 * Zeşma
 * Mdeşmo
 * Mşeşmo
 * Mşeşma
 * Zeşmo
 * Zeşma
 * Deşmmo
 * Dzeşmmo
 * Dzeşmi
 * Zeşm
 * Zeşmi
 * Deşn
 * Dzeşn
 * Dzeşni
 * Zeşn
 * Zeşni
 * Desp
 * Dzesp
 * Dzespi
 * Zetp
 * Zetpi
 * Dommo
 * Dzommo
 * Dzomai
 * Zommo
 * Zomma
 * Mdommo
 * Mşommo
 * Mşomma
 * Zommo
 * Zomma
 * Dozmmo
 * Dzozmmo
 * Dzozi
 * Zozm
 * Zozmi
 * Domnn
 * Dzomn
 * Dzomni
 * Zomn
 * Zomni
 * Dbom
 * Dzop
 * Dzopi
 * Zop
 * Zompi
 * Ksinmo
 * Ksinno
 * Ksinna
 * Gzimmo
 * Gzimma
 * Msinmo
 * Ksimmo
 * Ksimma
 * Gzimmo
 * Gzimma
 * Ksiznno
 * Ksizmmo
 * Ksizmi
 * Gzizm
 * Gzizmi
 * Ksinn
 * Ksimnn
 * Ksimnni
 * Gzimn
 * Gzimni
 * Ksit
 * Ksiş
 * Ksişi
 * Gzib
 * Gzibi
 * Vonmoo
 * Vonno
 * Vonna
 * Fommo
 * Fomma
 * Mzonno
 * Vommo
 * Vomma
 * Fommo
 * Fomnma
 * Voznno
 * Vozm
 * Vozmi
 * Fozn
 * Fozni
 * Vonn
 * Vomnn
 * Vomnni
 * Fomnn
 * Fomnni
 * Vot
 * Voş
 * Voşi
 * Fop
 * Fopi
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!rowspan="3" colspan="4"|Case !colspan="5"|Ergative !colspan="5"|Accusative !colspan="5"|Intransitive !colspan="5"|Dative !colspan="5"|Reflexive !rowspan="2"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. !rowspan="2"|sg. !colspan="2"|pc. !colspan="2"|pl. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! coll. ! distr. ! colspan="3" rowspan=2|1st ! inc. ! exc. !rowspan="2" colspan="3"|2nd !style="font-size: x-small;"|Common !style="font-size: x-small;"|Respect !rowspan="12"|3rd !rowspan="6"|Proximate !style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4| Object !style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical !style="font-size: x-small;"| Living !style="font-size: x-small;"| Artificial !style="font-size: x-small;"| Non-Move !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|Person !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General !rowspan="6"|Obviative !style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4| Object !style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical !style="font-size: x-small;"| Living !style="font-size: x-small;"| Artificial !style="font-size: x-small;"| Non-Move !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|Person !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General
 * rowspan=2 |mşë
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 * }
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abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsšştuvyzžüëö

Obviative
Obviative is used to mark the less important thing in an sentence.

For example if one speaks of two men, Josef and Carl. Wishing to say for "Josef pushed Carl, after that he punched him" the later sentence lacks specification as both pronouns may apply to either Josef of carl, One would add or have the part representing Carl obviative as he is the least important of the two as josef is the one doing the actions.

Obviative is marked with the suffix "adj(G)" where (G) represent the gender vowel of the noun and is placed onto the stem

Reflexive
Reflexive is achived by using reflexive case Umbrean Lessons/26 Reflexive

Genitive
Umbrean does not have a genitive case, a postposition is used instead. It is done in a manner similar to Spanish, which says like "House of Jacob" though in umbrean the "of" word is placed behind Jacob and becomes "Jacob of House" translated of course. And it should be noticed not everything in Umbrean we consider possessed is possessed there, and they have alien and inalienable possession.

Correlatives
Correlatives are declined like the type they belong to.



Postposition
Umbrean uses postposition after the clause or word in question, "table on" "going out her with". Postpositions are declined in accordance to gender of the item it describes, such as "on the table" it would agree with the gender of "table" which is artificial.

Copulas
There exist 3 main copulas, one to describe a state, another for location and a third object or permanent thing.

Locative
şuñ: Used to describe location of something and it highly irregular and can only express things in that is in third person in accusative form

Temporative
Mym: is a temporative copula describing something being something and is temporary and is highly irregular.

Permanentative
Sömm: is a permanent copula describing how something always is. Like the others it is hughly irregular.

Time Manner Place
Umbrean says things in the order of Time manner place rather than english Place Manner Time

Modality
Ways to form modality in a sentence in Umbrean compared to English

Unlike in English these don't differ relative to the tense in which they are used but the verbs tense tells what tense.
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; "

!rowspan="2"| Name ! colspan=1| Umbrean ! colspan=3| English !width="120" colspan="1"| Verb form !width="100"| Past !width="100"| Present !width="100"| Future !Ability/Availability !Requests !Permission !Possibility !Impossibility !Advisability !Expectation !Necessity !Lack of Necessity !Prohibition !Logical Deduction
 * Abilative
 * could, was/were able to
 * can, am/is/are able to
 * will be able to
 * rowspan="2"|Permissative
 * colspan="2"|can, could, will, would
 * colspan="2"|can, could, will, would
 * could, was/were allowed to
 * may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to
 * will be allowed to
 * Possibilative
 * may have, might have, could have
 * colspan="2"|may, might, could
 * Possibilative + Negation
 * couldn’t have
 * colspan="2"|couldn’t, can’t
 * Advisabilative
 * should have, ought to have, had better have
 * colspan="2"|should, ought to, had better
 * colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Gerundive
 * should have, ought to have
 * colspan="2"|should, ought to
 * had to
 * must, have to, has to
 * will have to
 * Gerundive + Negation
 * didn’t have to
 * don’t have to, doesn’t have to
 * won’t have to
 * Prohobatative
 * could not
 * colspan="2"|must not, may not, cannot
 * Gerundive
 * must have, have to have, has to have
 * must, have to, has to
 * }
 * }

Standard
The Umbrean language is a Subject-Object-Verb language that arranges its sentences as "Adam apple ate" rather than the english SVO "Adam ate apple"

Conditional Sentence
Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".

Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that is very unlikely to occur but plausible.

Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=1 |Kind ! Condition ! Result ! Generalizations ! Hypothetical ! Factual
 * Hypothetical Mood
 * Genericative Aspect
 * Dubative Mood
 * Conditional Mood
 * Hypothetical Mood
 * Conditional Mood
 * }

Noun Clause
Noun clause is formed by declining the subsentence like normally, then add the gerund suffix onto it and then decline it in accordance to any noun.

Adjective Clause
Adjective clauses are closely related to participles as the verb takes on an adjective participle form and is then declined like an adjective.
 * {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! Part ! Relativizable? ! Example ! Translation ! Subject ! Direct Object ! Indirect Subject ! Oblique
 * Yes
 * No
 * No
 * No
 * }
 * }
 * }

Adverbial Clause / Prepositional Clauses
Adverbial clauses don't exactly exist in Umbrean but rather use prepositions for it preceded by a noun or noun clause.


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: left; width: 45%;"

!width="10%" colspan="1"|Clause Kind !width="10%" colspan="1"|Usual Conjuction !width="15%" colspan="1"|Function !width="15%" colspan="1"|Example !Time Clause !Conditional Clause !Purpose Clause !Reason Clause !Result Clause !Concessive Clause !Place Clauses !Clauses of Manner !Clauses of Exclamations
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Conditional Tense
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * Éñalñö
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"
 * }
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: middle; width: 45%;"

!width="10%" colspan="1"|Clause Kind !width="10%" colspan="1"|Usual Conjuction !width="15%" colspan="1"|Function !width="15%" colspan="1"|Example !Time Clause !Conditional Clause !Purpose Clause !Reason Clause !Result Clause !Concessive Clause !Place Clauses !Clauses of Manner !Clauses of Exclamations
 * when, before, after, since, while, as, until
 * These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
 * Her father died when she was young.
 * if, unless
 * These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
 * If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
 * in order to, so that, in order that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
 * They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
 * because, since, as, given
 * These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
 * I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
 * so that
 * These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
 * My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
 * although, though, while
 * These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
 * I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
 * where, wherever
 * These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
 * He said he was happy where he was.
 * as, like, the way
 * These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
 * I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
 * what a(an), how, such, so
 * Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
 * What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!
 * }

=Dictionary=

Can be seen at Umbrean Words and Dictionary and Lists

Motion and position
Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.

Conjunction
Connecting to parts is done like in english, X and Y, X or Y
 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width=500px

! rowspan=2 | Conjunction ! rowspan=2 | Logical ! rowspan=2 | Description ! colspan=3 | Word ! colspan=3 | Enclitic ! Rowspan=2 width="500px"| -Meaning- ! colspan=1 | Noun clause ! colspan=1 | Relative clause ! colspan=1 | Sentence ! colspan=1 | Noun clause ! colspan=1 | Relative clause ! colspan=1 | Sentence ! rowspan=5 | And seperator Adjective applier ! rowspan=2 | Or ! But
 * And
 * Both
 * colspan=2|
 * -ön
 * colspan=2| -nan
 * Regular and
 * Adjective
 * Adjective
 * Adjective
 * Adjective
 * One noun using more adjectives
 * Noun -
 * One noun using more adjectives
 * Noun -
 * One noun using more adjectives
 * Noun -
 * One noun using more adjectives
 * Noun -
 * Noun -
 * Noun -
 * More nouns sharing same adjectives
 * Verb connector
 * Xand
 * Either both or none
 * colspan=3 |
 * More nouns sharing same adjectives
 * Verb connector
 * Xand
 * Either both or none
 * colspan=3 |
 * Xand
 * Either both or none
 * colspan=3 |
 * Xand
 * Either both or none
 * colspan=3 |
 * Xand
 * Either both or none
 * colspan=3 |
 * Either both or none
 * colspan=3 |
 * Or
 * Inclusive
 * colspan=3 |
 * Xor
 * Exclusive
 * colspan=3 |
 * Xor
 * Exclusive
 * colspan=3 |
 * Exclusive
 * colspan=3 |
 * Contrary
 * colspan=3|
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

To Noun
* Original ending

Numbers

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Number ! English ! Umbrean ! Number ! English ! Umbrean ! 0 !16 ! 1 ! 17 ! 2 ! 18 ! 3 ! 19 ! 4 ! 20 ! 5 ! 21 ! 6 ! 22 ! 7 ! 23 ! 8 ! 24 ! 9 ! 25 ! 10 ! 26 ! 11 ! 27 ! 12 ! 28 ! 13 ! 29 ! 14 ! 30 ! 15 ! 31
 * Zero
 * Sixteen
 * One
 * Seventeen
 * Two
 * Eighteen
 * Three
 * Nineteen
 * Four
 * Twenty
 * Five
 * Twenty one
 * Six
 * Twenty two
 * Seven
 * Twenty three
 * Eight
 * Twenty four
 * Nine
 * Twenty five
 * Ten
 * Twenty six
 * Eleven
 * Twenty seven
 * Twelve
 * Twenty eight
 * Thirteen
 * Twenty nine
 * Fourteen
 * Thirty
 * Fifteen
 * Thirty one
 * }
 * }


 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=2 | 12 potens ! Potense ! 12^x ! Suffix ! Word Numbers in umbrean has to agree by gender to the noun and changes wether it is ordinal, cardinal, fractal or multiple
 * 1
 * 12 (10)
 * 2
 * 144 (100)
 * 4
 * 20736 (10000)
 * 8
 * 429981696 (100000000)
 * }
 * 4
 * 20736 (10000)
 * 8
 * 429981696 (100000000)
 * }
 * 8
 * 429981696 (100000000)
 * }
 * 429981696 (100000000)
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * Cardinal: Normal number, One, Two, Three, Four, Five
 * Ordinal: in order, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
 * Fractal: Division, Half, One third, One fourth, one fifth
 * Multiple: Multiple of a number, Twice, Trice, Four times, Five times
 * Additional: Plus it. Plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus five
 * Subtractional: Minus it, Minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four, minus five

Compound words
Compound words are formed by taking the original stem, lacking grammatical genders, conjugations or declensions.

They often suffer natural "erosion" in form of where the begining or the end (depending on their joint location) is either over lapped by the other or eroded to shorten the word.

=Word Classes= While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently
 * Nouns
 * Items, objects, concepts and ideas
 * Adjectives

=Orthography=

Umbrean writing system is written from up to down, then left to right and is an abugida.

There exist 4 versions of each letter, Isolated (when the letter occurs alone), When the letter initiates a word, when its in the middle and when it ends a word. The middle and End version can be fused with each other to create a new letter

Letter Table
=Example text= Check out Umbrean/Translations

Original
This language was once featured. Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured.

Translated
Hsëlu gnothlu mëhsimagn djihsaj bimëlösikhsi

This[Living] Language[Living-Definite] Earlier[Magical-Dative] At[3p-Magical] Feature[Past-3S]

Bymidhuvö gnodhul vandwaogna dhüaj tjoolagn göönüküñ ö gnuthinzinhulagn ñyvözaj pjomihsësavy

Unique[Living-Singular-Undefined] Language[Living-Singular-Undefined-Intransitive] Quality[Dative-Magical-Undefined] Of[3P-Magical] Great[Magical-Singular-Undefined] Amount[Dative-Non Moving-Singular Undefined] And Speakabilitiness[Dative-Magical-Singular-Undefined] Thanks-to[3P-Magical] Vote[Past-per][3P-Sing]

Literal Translation
This languages was made unique at the time of an earlier point in time.

It has been voted a unique language for reason of good amount of quality and a speakability

Original
Shame upon those who gives up

Translated
Thignöminu (those who give up)

Zhüma (shame)

Mindhëam = must/deserve to feel

Mindhëam Zhüma = deserves to feel shame

Thignömingu Mindhëam Zhümalu tjygnömza

Literal Translation
Those who quit deserves to/must feel shame

Original
Strength/Force of wisdom/knowledge

Translated
"sikwaogna djinvai penevu" = Power/Force/strenght from wisdom

Literal Translation
Force originates from wisdom

=Lessons= If inconsistencies are found between this thread and lessons in umbrean wording the lesson is most likely incorrect so please help by fixing it

Lesson 01: Simple Phrases

Lesson 02: Simple Sentences

Lesson 03: Adding Object

Lesson 04: Another object

Lesson 05: Nouns and pronouns

Lesson 06: Adjectives

Lesson 07: Verb Tenses

Lesson 08: Verb Voices and moods

Lesson 09: Adverbs

Lesson 10: Modifying the verb

Lesson 11: Postposition

Lesson 12: Questions

Lesson 13: Noun Clause

Lesson 14: Adjective Clause

Lesson 15: Verb forms

Lesson 16: Gerund

Lesson 17: Supine

Lesson 18: Gerundive

Lesson 19: Adverbial Clauses

Lesson 20: Modality

Lesson 21: Conjunctions

Lesson 22: Mathematics