Talger

Vocabulary
http://bit.ly/16TrTBZ

Examples
http://bit.ly/1LZqvh6

Stress
Stress goes to the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable, unless otherwise specified with an acute accent

In infinitives (-er words), the stress is ALWAYS on the last syllable

Word order
Sentence structure is as follows, where brackets indicate something optional, and Squigly Brackets indicate sometimes optional


 * [Adverbial clause in inverted sentence]


 * {Subject}
 * [mood]  [tense]  [negation]  [aspect]
 * [adverb]
 * [indirect object pronoun]  [direct object pronoun]
 * Verb (any inversions or NWI is attached to the beginning of the verb with a dash)
 * {Redundant Indirect Object}
 * {Direct Object}

NWI = Negation Without Implication

Conjugate According To:

 * Number:  Null (used mostly to negate), Singular, Plural
 * Person:
 * First
 * Presumed Second (explanation later)
 * Third
 * Anonymous (unneeded identity, or a nonentity)

Particles Determine:
​
 * Tense:  Presumed Present, Future, Conditional
 * Aspect:  Presumed Simple, Perfect, Progressive
 * Mood:
 * Presumed Indicative
 * Subjunctive
 * Appositive (The book which is on the table)
 * Nihil (used for passive voice, and other things)

Conjugation Table
Drop -er and add endings below (Stress then goes the the penultimate syllable, unless otherwise specified): Imperitives are always simply -y

Negation
In indicative clauses, a `nej` preceeds the verb. Since adjectives can't be used as objects (`He is green` becomes `He green` : Ŕi grunal), this negation is done with the `nej` before the adjective. Negations preceed aspect particles.

In imperative clauses, the verb is conjugated to anonymous null.

Particles
'In the previously mentioned `He green` situation, particles are still used. For instance, `He was green` becomes `He green`, but in the past tense -- `Ŕi ja grunal`. If an aspect particle is used, it is put after any negation, as seen in the heirarchy below.'

Particle Stacking
The order in which particles are placed is as follows:
 * Mood
 * Tense
 * Negation
 * Aspect

Indicative (Independent)
The indicative mood is used for stating things that
 * Happened -- "she loved me"
 * Happen/are happening -- "she loves me"
 * Will happen -- "she will love me"
 * Rely on a factor -- "she would love me if I actually talked to her" (Opposite of the 'determining' subjunctive)

Talger Usage
Respective to the examples above:
 * Si ja mejṭ eŕṭạ
 * Si mejṭ eŕṭạ
 * Si tre mejṭ eŕṭạ
 * Si tría mejṭ eŕṭạ ạf ĝej ja relo xej talgo ạt sel.

​Subjunctive (Dependent)
The subjunctive mood is used for stating things that
 * Someone wants/wanted to happen -- "I want my girlfriend to spend the night"
 * Were believed to happen -- "I thought she would say yes" (NOT same as Conditional)
 * Determine a factor -- "she would love me if I talked to her" (Opposite of Conditional)

​Talger Usage
Respective to the examples above:
 * Desko ad miy fe-nove dejạ øorío pŕo dul naktel
 * Ja pýnso adja desạ « Jes »
 * Si tría mejṭ eŕṭa af ĝej ja relo xej talgo ạt sel.

Imperitive (Indepedent)
The imperitive mood is used for
 * Giving commands -- "Sleep with me!"

Talger Usage

 * Dormy toméjṭ

Infintive (Dependent)
In addition to being the initial form of the verb, the infinitive is used when


 * a subjunctive clause (but NOT a 'determining' subjuntive) is used, but there is no subject change
 * I.E.      "She wanted to sleep with me"  -- Infinitive because no subject change


 * However:    "But I thought that she was ugly" -- Subjunctive because subject change

Talger Usage

 * Si ja deskạ dormer toméjṭ

Appositive (Dependent)
The appositive mood is used for
 * specifying 'which one' of something -- "the dog that lives across the street"

Talger Usage

 * du kejne ke vivạ traveĵ du rrode

Nihil (Usually Independent)
The nihil mood is used for
 * Making indicative statements in the passive voice -- "the person who got killed was kidnapped yesterday"
 * Making appositive statements in the passive voice -- "the person who got killed was kidnapped yesterday"

Talger Usage

 * du home se ja moŕdạ se ja abdukạ dipạso.

Personal Pronouns
'---  The Anon (singular and plural) ergatives are not assigned pronouns. No subject is used  ---'

Object Pronouns
Object pronouns are placed BEFORE the conjugated verb. This only applies to pronouns. Must be placed IMMEDIATELY before the verb. Indirect BEFORE direct. The indirect object pronouns are used redundantly. For instance, "I gave her it" or "I gave it to her" (same thing) becomes V^V^V^V^V^V

Ĝej xej lejṭ ja tŕanfo ạt sel.

Interrogatives
Interrogatory sentences begin with an inquiry word and end with a question mark. The subject is placed after the verb.

True/False questions, i.e. "Did you go shopping yesterday?" are formed by placing the subject after the verb and adding a question mark '?'

Confirmation questions, i.e. "You went shopping yesterday?" are formed as declarative statements are, with a subject at the beginning of the sentence. These types are preceeded by inverted question mark '¿' and followed by a standard question mark '?'

Article Chart
Articles must agree in number, case, and gender/definitiveness (same thing in Talger).

Adjectives -a
- Adjectives are placed after what they modify

Posessives
The posessive adjectives are formed by taking the noun, dropping -e, and adding -oña.

I.e.


 * Fŕoĵa - `Cold`   --->   Fŕoĵe - `Coldness`


 * Nakte - `Night`   --->   Naktoña - `Night's`


 * Dal - Gamma Article


 * Taker - `To Cope`   --->   Tak-ebra - `Bearable`   --->   Tak-ebral - `Bearable` (Absolutive)


 * Dal fŕoĵe naktoña ja kine-takeblan

Posessives for personal pronouns are irregular as follows:

Other Adjectives
Non-posessive adjectives can have the following degree affixes attached, provided they can logically be used. (Something can't be `extremely electric`) PA = Predicate Adjective

Cases and Plurals
Adjectives must agree in case and number with the noun they modify. The following chart shows inflection.

Modification Through Participles
'''Many languages allow past participles, and even present participles, to be used as adjectives. Since Talger does not have participles, the following is how the equivalent is performed. The english participle-adjective is italicized throughout.'''

Past Participle:  The overworked man needs a nap.
 * Trạver - `To work`  --->  Deso-Trạver
 * Me-Home - `Man`
 * Necer - `To need`
 * Dormer - `To sleep`  --->  Dorme - `Sleep/Nap` (noun)
 * Du me-home se dese-traví necạ u dorme.  (The man whom someone overworks needs a nap)

Present Participle:  The working man needs a nap.

 * Du me-home ke traví necạ u dorme.  (The man who works needs a nap)

Adverbs
Adverbs in Talger end in -o. Always. Do not pass go, do not collect $200.

Formation
Unless completely impossible, adverbs are formed by dropping -a and adding -o to their respective adjective. Adverbs are placed before the verb, but they do preceed object pronouns.

Other adverbs are simply used to modify adjectives or other adverbs. These correspond to the "Degree Affixes" listed above with adjectives. The final -a is changed to -o, and the dash is still used. The affixation remains.

Examples
U vulte hrapa mạra sultạ tandeĵ du kejne pereza -- A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

Du vulte ja hrapo sultạ tandeĵ du kejne ke ja ạnto dormạ perezo -- The fox jumped quickly over the dog who was sleeping lazily.

Prepositions
Very simple. They end in -eĵ. They work exactly how you might expect.

Numbers
When numbers function as nouns, they end in -e. When adjectives, they end in -a.