Alegna

General information
Aleña (/al.'e.ɲa/) is a Romance inspired language spoken in modern-day Portugal, Spain, and Southern France. It is regulated by the Academy of Aleñal Culture and Language. (ACLA).

Diphthongs
[aɪ, aʊ, je, wo]

Orthography
1c is pronounced as [s] before [j, i, e, au]. A hard c can be written as qu

2g is pronounced as [x] before [j, i, e, au]. A hard g can be written as gu

3r is pronounced as [ ɾ] at the end of words and after consonants. It is pronounced as [ ʁ] everywhere else.

Aleña uses the acute accent (´) to mark stress. Except in a diphthong, a grave accent (`) on a vowel indicates a vowel is preceded by /j/.

Punctuation and Capitalization
Periods

Aleña uses periods to end a complete sentence or abbreviate a word, e.g. ''Lê àivòñe vuolào suovêr lo dào. ''

Commas

Aleña uses commas to dependent clauses or preposition phrases to the beginning of a sentence or to separate ideas in a list.

Question Marks

Question marks appear at the end of an interrogative sentence

Quotation marks

Aleña uses < > instead of quotation marks.

Capitalization

Aleña capitalizes names, titles, and place. It does not capitalize religions, languages, or adjectives derived places

Stress
Stress in Alenã falls on the penultimate syllable, except in infinitves, where it maintained Latin's stress on the V̄́re. Irregular stress is marked by the acute accent (´).

Nouns
Unlike the other romance languages, Aleña did not completely eliminate Latin's case system, however, it came quite close. Latin's 5 declensions were also condensed into 3 declensions, with neuter nouns becoming masculine. Furthermore,  Latin's cases were reduced to the nominative and oblique in Aleña. They are used as follows:

The nominative case is used to mark the subject of the verb and after certain prepositions. It is also used to mark the patient in the passive voice.

The oblique case is used to mark objects of the verb and after certain prepositions.

Other cases are expressed using prepositions, most notably the genitive case. To express possession, the preposition dê is used along with the nominative case. The possessor is the head of the prepositional phrase (e.g. dê lê àivòñe - of the airplane of the airplane's).

Ambiguous case/gender/number are resolved by the articles (which are provided in the dictionary entry. Gender should be memorized).

Declension I
These nouns are derived from the -a stems in Latin and are mostly feminine.

Declension II
These nouns are derived from the -us, -um stems in Latin and are mostly masculine.

Declension III
These nouns are derived from the  -es, -is stems (in the genitive) in Latin and are both masculine and feminine

Derivation
Many nouns can be derived from verbs. To this, remove the r from the infinite of the verb and add:

-dor: the doer of something

TBD

Pronouns
Pronouns in Latin preserve the case system to a much higher degree than regular nouns, keeping (to some degree) the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and reflexive cases. In general the nominative case is used to mark the subject and after certain prepositions, the accusative case is used to mark the direct object and after certain prepositions, the dative case is used to mark the direct object, the genitive case is used to mark possession, and the reflexive case is used to indicate that subject both does and receives an action. However, note that some verbs change meaning when used with a reflexive pronoun. Also, the dative is used in certain passive constructions (deponent verbs). Aleña uses separate possessive pronouns that agree in number, gender and case with the noun they possess. Note that the third person singular and plural possessive pronouns are identical. Pronoun placement in Aleña can be a bit complicated.

Pronoun Placement

The subject pronoun always goes before the verb and the object pronoun usually goes before the conjugated verb in the order of ''ACC, REFL, DAT. ''However, if the verb requires a preposition, the prepositional phrase is moved from after the verb to before the subject pronoun. More information is given in the verbs section.

1st person singular 2nd person singular 3rd person singular 1st person plural 2nd person plural 3rd person plural

Aleña's most common interrogative pronouns and adjectives, while descended from Latin's, have lost case, number, and gender. They are listed in the table below. The most common relative pronouns/adjectives in Aleña are listed belove. Note they are similar to the interrogative pronouns/adjectives, differing only by an accent. Finally are the Aleña demonstrative pronouns/adjectives. These are used simillarly to their English counterparts. They agree in number in gender with their antecedent/the noun they are describing. Note which forms are the same.

Adjectives
Adjectives in Aleña are far simplier than there Latin counterparts and only agree in number and gender with the noun they are describing. Usually, adjectives are placed after the noun they modify; however, some adjectives (like buoñào, mêlo, vèos, and huovên) are placed before the noun they modify. In addition, adjective placement can sometimes change the meaning of the adjective.

Adjectives that end in -ào Adjectives that end in a consonant.

Articles
Aleña uses articles to express definiteness and agree in number, gender with the noun they modify. Since some nouns have ambigious gender, the definite article is provided as part of the dictionary entry. The definite article is used more frequently than in English (like in Spanish), but the indefinite article is used in approximately the same way.

Definite Article

The indefinite article is derived from ille, illa Indefinite Article

The indefinite article is derived from ūnus, ūna

Comparison of adjectives
Aleña lost the suffixes of Latin and instead uses a modifier, màis + que or mieños + que to form the comparative form of the adjective and lê/lào màis or lê/lào mieños to form the superlative form of the adjective.

A few irregular forms adjectives still exist

buoñào (good) > meyor > lê/lào meyor

mêlo (bad) > peòr > lê/lào peòr

vèos (old) > màiòr > lê/lào màiòr

huovên (young) > mienor > lê/la mienor

Note, don't confuse meyor with màiòr and mienor with mieños!

Both nouns in the comparison are in the nomiantive case e.g. Hê àivòñ e êsté màiòr que esê àivòñ e  - This airplane is older than that airplane.

Adverbs
Adverbs in Aleña are usually simple; adjectives can be made into adverbs by taking the feminine singular form and adding -mênê

For example:

grêndào > grêndamênê

fêcil > fêcilemêne

Some adjectves become adverbs irregular e.g. buoñào > bien

Most adverbs are placed immediately after the verb, but adverbs referring to duration of time (siemprê (always), nuoncào (never), etc.) are placed before the verb.

Verbs
Verb are the most complicated part of Aleña grammar. Latin's 4 conjugations fell into 3 conjugations in Aleña: -êr, er, and -ir. Latin -ō become -êr, -ēo and -ō (-ere) became -er and -īo became ''-ire. ''Aleña verbs conjugate for the indicate, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative moods. The perfect and continuous apsects are formed using a paraphrastic construction: hêver + past participle for the perfect aspect and êser + present participle for the continuous apsects. While verbs do not have separate inflections for the passive voice, a special construction is used to create the passive voice (somewhat similar to, though more complete than, the passive se in Spanish).

Aleña is a pro drop language.

Infinitive
In Aleña, the infinite usually ends in -êr, -er, or -ir. However, it is common in colloquial speech and writing to drop the end of the infinitive, writing/saying just the stem of the verb. If the verb stem ends in ñ or y, those letters are changed to n and l respectively (e.g. àimêr > àim, vêñir > vên, etc.). Verbs stems that in a vowel (oìr, lêèr, crêèr, etc.) do not exhibit this process.

Passive Voice
The passive voice is formed by placing a special pronoun in front of the verb. The pronoun agrees in number and gender with the patient. The verb itself is conjugated normally (i.e. there are no special passive conjugations).

It is important to distinguish these pronouns from the reflexive pronouns. Unlike other romance language, this construction is used even when the agent is explictly mentioned with pòr E.g - Àimào lo àivòñê - I love the plane vs. Lê àivòñe es àimào - The plane is loved vs. Lê àivòñe es àimào pòr mè - The plane is loved by me.

The passive voice is fairly common in Aleña so it is important to learn it well.

1st Conjugation (àimêr)
This conjugation is the largest conjugation and is conjugated as follows.

Simple Tenses Perfect Tenses

Perfect tenses are formed with hêv + the past participle.


 * Note that the stem for these verbs is from the eò' form of the present indicative tense

2nd Conjugation (bever)
Simple Tenses
 * Note that the stem for these verbs is from the 'eò ''form of the present indicative tense.

Perfect Tenses

Perfect tenses are formed with hêv + the past participle