'N'gwe Sbe'rande

Based on Esperanto; Extension of Dolgopolsky’s Nostratic[1], modernized

Restored prehistoric language to restore the bonds among us human beings.

“Facing a language you don't know is like returning to your infancy when your mother tongue used to be a foreign language to you” -Munia Khan

“Imagine all the people, living life in peace.”- John Lennon

Introduction: I noticed many similarities between languages in my exploration of world culture. From these, and with the aid of Dolgopolsky’s Nostratic Dictionary, Google Translate, and various (modern) foreign language dictionaries, I have attempted to reconstruct the prehistoric language using only phonetic patterns. They are generally reversed to Proto-Indo-European, Polynesian, and Modern Standard Chinese (among others) in Labioplosive Pairs but align with most other languages. It is important to remember that this reconstruction, like any attempt to find such a long lost language, has its flaws. Moreover, I am only an amateur. Though it may not be completely correct, we may use it like Esperanto.

Disclaimer:

Scientists have recently found sound-meaning similarities in languages around the world. This could either support or severely detract from this proposal.

Classification and DialectsEdit

If the hypothesis is true, then all languages would be dialects.

PhonologyEdit

ConsonantsEdit

VowelsEdit

PhonotacticsEdit

Writing SystemEdit

GrammarEdit

NounsEdit

Plurals: add “-e” to end of noun

Directional Prepositional: add “-aś” or “-gá” to end for departing, “-m” for approaching (also for subject)

Interior: “-(j)n” (in), “-e” (possessive), or “-a” for interior positior

Surfactive: “-ó” (of), for surfactive position; Literary Possesive (to oneself): add “-m”

Adding “-r-” forms or reinforces nouns

Personal Pronouns

Singular

Plural

*(j)aqw is a word for “I” all around the world. See PIE *(j)égh(ó), Proto-Yeneisian *‘azh, Guerrero Amuzgo ja, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku, Igbo a, etc.

* “m’ne” or “nge” as first person pronoun is also found just about everywhere.

**Sy- for 3rd person proximal/reflexive also supported by Zh. 斯 si1 (now mostly obsolete)

***ill->ng- before “e-type” vowels especially in third-person pronouns as found in many branches of human language today; possibly not an actual etymon but merely apparent.

VerbsEdit

Verb Conjugations- example verb(s): ‘(j)sttj/byttj=to be

-ttj=Infinitive, -e=Imperative

Otherwise:

Root+(Tense)+Pronoun Root+(-e for plural)

-léo-=active past, -d-=passive past, -d=past participle

-éu-=future

-y-=phonetic infix in conjugation (no meaning)

Active Past

Present

Future

Causative by lengthening most stressed vowel then conjugating

Adjectives agreed but Adverbs didn’t (always neuter/inanimate singular form).

Syntax Edit

Pragmatic Word Order

LexiconEdit

Numbers

‘Y(n), Bdy/Tulqa/Ádr- (Other), Tlayat’, Ḱwádz, Ngym, Lleug, Sgheṕah, Vá, Gyl, Fhzhr’/Bdy Ḱumoe (Two hands)

Yes or No

‘Aj uwhr Ne

Dictionary (Certain Words: Original/Plosive Reversed)

Notes: within labioplosive pairs, use all the first or second versions as shown in this document. Do not mix different stages/dialects of the Ancient Language unless indicated. The first one aligns with most languages and is the original; the second one aligns with Indo-European and Polynesian, among other branches. (?) indicates an uncertain root.

‘Agz/‘Akz- to break, to ply, to chisel (En. axe, hack; PA *ʔaza-l, to break)

Agwa/Akwa- water (See Africa, Europe, Asia, Polynesia, Americas, omnipresent)

‘Auo- Wind, Breeze

Áł- Beside(s) (original sense), by, next to; (in descendant lgs.) other (than), but

Cf. Indo-European All-, Chinese 挨, Polynesian ala

Ákú(d)e- Sharp, Accurate

Ákúde/-te/-m’n Stone

Álsh- Again, Also

‘Anā- On (Shortened to Nā in most descendent languages, c.f. PIE anà; Polynesian (a)nā, there, on; )

Bādt́j/Pātt́j- To collapse, fall

Bālt́j/Pālt́j- To fall (Derivative of below)

Bāle/Pāle- Waterfalls, cliffs

Bam~Ban/Pam~Pan- sail; possibly homophone or related to “slice” words (Chinese 帆)

Beyht́j- To adore, sing, praise

Bh- “Reflective” root

Bhallg/Bhallk - Shiny, White (var. Of below?)

Bhelle- Shiny, White (These two roots produced bel-, vell-, valk-, and 白)

Bhellga- Falcon (?)

Bhúlla- Flower

Bheud- beat related

*bʰiw~bʰil- to blow or boil

Bhrakttj- to break

Bhrake- Upper (lit. Short) Arm (c.f. Brachium, 膊 (phag/bo(k)/pok))

Bhyt́j- to be (or possibly to bud in context)

Bhenú- material (descendants physical (pheno) and homeland (benua))

Bhy- being, body (Mainly used as bē in Africa)

Bhinxotj- to bind, fasten (From bind, Hadza binxo to carry kills under one’s belt)

Biykkttj- to hew, cut out, write, paint

Bllylget́j/Pllylket́j- to follow (?)

Bjegat́j/Pjekat́j- to piece together, compose

Bongttj- to pound, collide, encounter, a time (onomatopoeia)

Bólt́j/Pólt́j- to pound

Bristtj- to push

Brisde- near

Búl(n)/Púl(n)- root for full, filled, to fullfill, satisfaction, annoyance

Cánú- River

Cunat́j- to hide, preserve

Cyult́j- to tell

Ćeś- stone https://www.indifferentlanguages.com/words/stone

Ćran- through

De- that, the

Dagme/Takme- so much

Dleyr/Tleyr- Thirst>Field>Earth (many examples in many languages)

Dnau/Tnau- ship, canoe (synonym Hwaga)

Dnúgda/Tnúkta- night

Dzemn/Tzemn- time

Erce- Earth

Éjd(t́j)- And, aid, eat, edit

Éry- River (?)

Gá/Ká- towards

Gát́j/Kát́j- to go (toward) (lit. to towards)

Geum/Keum- With; following; like

Gaug- high

Guhín(g)a- Woman (compare kwina with wahine)

Ghwruś- Across

() Gjí/Kjí- ()’s, of () (See Sino-Tibetan, Early branches of Indo-European)

Gneut́j-to know

Ghwa- fruit; melon (possibly dscdt: Polynesian hua)

Note: Short for Ghebh-a i.e. Gift (of the plant) (?): Ghebha>Ghbha>Ghwa

G(r/w)jew/(-l)- curved, bended, domed (PIE kewk, Chinese 桥，翘)

Gú(l)/Kú(l)- Cave

Gwarttj- to guard

Hógíttj- to return

Hljopha- Love

Hnaeh- name, call

Hrig/Hrik- King, Noble, Command, Word etc.

Hthyem- sky, heavens; (fig) day (c.f. PIE *djem, 天- OC *thin, Turkic Tengri, Etruscan Tin, possibly Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuan.)

Hiym- to copy, imitate; early sense to do (but quickly specialized) (?)

(Yn)‘itno- Year

‘Itt́j- to go

‘Jeqs- Out of; from (=ex)

Jéq’- I

Jigt́j/Jikt́j- to throw

‘Jinna- impression, shadow ext. Spirit (印, genie) (?)

Kuptj- to bend, compress; hop, jump; spring

Kw(a)- Question/Indicative general/Attitude/Existential (C.f. Western Eurasian, Polynesian)

-kwae- and (suffix) (to add; that which adds)

Ḱaera- black, dark

Ḱángt́j- to Sing

Ḱébyl- head

Ḱehe- whole

Ḱende- City (See IE, Chinese 城 cheng1)

Ḱjrthe- Heart

Ḱót́a- castle, fort; (in some descendents) house

Ḱut́j- to cut

Lyumna/Lyuga- Bright, Light, Moon

LLā- there

LLéyttj- to lay or leave

LLéy(sg/n)a- leaf

Makde- eye (c.f. Zh/Ja 目, Poly. mata)

Martj- to fight (for), defend

Mángde- Mountain

Márne- Sea

Meg(sg)t́j- to mix

Merttj- to see, (extension) to be harmonious

Mero- part

Meuś(e)- Moist, Mist, Must (smell)

Mékh- great

Mékhna- power, supernatural power, the Force

Mékht́j- to be able to

Minsa- Moon

Mist́j- to measure

Mjale- Good/beautiful; small (homophones; hey cat?) mal; 妙, 渺 (miao)

Mneuj- many, crowded, very

M’nt́j- to remain

Mpas/Mbas- But, objection, of course

Mpál- pain, evil

‘Mrg(e)- Dark(ness)

Me’wrśa- Net (?)

Modu- Moat; mud; island (Character would be ◎) (?)

Mut́j- to die

Munt́j- to see (望, mua)

Myne- Dream/Vision (c.f. 梦 mungs>meng (Zh.), ime>yume (Ja.), Polynesian moe)

Mynda- Mind (that which sees/dreams)

Ná~Nó- Now

‘N‘gwe- Language

c.f. IE Dngwés/-k, Old Chinese *ŋaʔ, *ŋas, Nǁŋǃke ǁŋǃke, Hadza -ne, Poly. reo

Nzá(r)a- Dawn (Compare Sl. Zar, Zor, with East Asian nzjaw (Zh. Zao))

Nybh(n)o- Cloud

Ojw(n)e- Bulge>Eye- Cf PAA Ayin, PIE ‘ekw

Ojw(n)’ttj- to love (from above?)

Phágtj- to attack, esp. To descend on, and then eat (Poly. pao, Zh. 扑, possibly Gr. phagos if current etymology is disregarded) (dubious)

‘Phó- Dark

Phlútj- to blow

Phlúga- wind (?)

P’er- to pierce

P’ran- soldier

P’ranettj- to fight

Príłt́j - to shine

Príłangde/-te - Brilliant

Qaere- dark, black

Qepht́j- to give

Qlé’s(n)e- beautiful, handsome; fair, good

c.f. Zulu -hlana; Indo-European kr(a)ehs(-n)-; Afro-Asiatic Q-s-n-, H-s-n-

Qlí- Creek, water (?) (cf Creek, O.C. of 河)

Qojqt́j- to shine

Qojqda/-ta- star

Qway’t́j-to live

Qway’da/-ta- life

Qy’ung- young

Qwrt́j- To rotate, to turn

Raha- Sun

‘Rayt́j- to rise

‘Rayo (possibly Raho?)- Morning

Riwt́j- to flow

Riwra- River

‘Rleut(n)- People

Řt́j- to rotate

Saha (Sana)- Sand (See Sino-Tibetan (s/z)a (Zh. 沙 s(h)a1), Ar. Sahara, Eng. Sand, Ja. Suna)

Sat́(e)- Now

Seygt́j/Seykt́j- to drain, to dry up (c.f. siccus<*seyk, 澌 si1<*ses)

Seygs/Seyks- dry

Ex. Seygnuś- dryness

Sghrya- Joy

Sitt́j- to sit

Sjajt́j (Śajt́j)- to shine (on)

Sjnme- only, simply

Sy- oneself

Syhe- sour

Syul- ground, seat, base (Latin solum, Chinese 座 zuo4)

Sdé(ng)t́j/Sté(ng)t́j- to stand

Sdéra/Stéra- Star

Śbrekat́j/Śpregat́j- to speak

Śdwrttj- to stir

Śdwr- issue, problem, (less seriously) thing

Śgwrt́j/Śkwrt́j- to turn

Śwrt́j- To speak

Tat́j/Dat́j- to give

Tau/Dau- bull

Tha’a(n)/Dha’a(n)- man; human (See Grk. Demos, demo-; Poly. Taane; Dene Dene; !xoo Ta’a)

T’hápa- cover; clothes

Thél(h)- Stem for “wide; to open” (See Swahili tele (abundant); Samoan tele (big); PIE  *dʰelh₁-, to widen, depart, dscdts. Albanian dal, leave; A. Greek Thallo-; to grow, thrive; Welsh deillio, to derive)

Thoy- too, overly

Tlkwtj- to talk

Tníd/Dnít- under, bottom, etc. 

cf. Eng. underneath; Slc. Dne; Ch./Zh. 底 /(t>d)i:ʔ/, tone 3, PY dǐ

Tnúgú- land, soil (retraced from Poly. Nuku and Zh. 土)

Tót(m)- tribe, clan; all, every

Turi/Duri- Tough, hard

T́énk- to touch, aim

Þa’e- sea (?)

Þulne- Sun (South)

Véghtet́j- To see, look

Venttj/Fenttj- Fin(ish)

Whatittj- to go

Whegl- wave

Whéy- Bended, Crooked

Whúletj- to desire

Modern Innovations and Guesses (Compounds)

Shg(n)eanga- Science

Nebhy- Nobody

Dhjensgraebre- Skyscraper

Defeklattj- to reveal

Example textEdit

Jagh raḱerléom ḱē dyngwē.

I           recreated   this language.