Based on Esperanto; Extension of Dolgopolsky’s Nostratic[1], modernized
Restored prehistoric language to restore the bonds among us human beings.
“Facing a language you don't know is like returning to your infancy when your mother tongue used to be a foreign language to you” -Munia Khan
“Imagine all the people, living life in peace.”- John Lennon
Introduction: I noticed many similarities between languages in my exploration of world culture. From these, and with the aid of Dolgopolsky’s Nostratic Dictionary, Google Translate, and various (modern) foreign language dictionaries, I have attempted to reconstruct the prehistoric language using only phonetic patterns. They are generally reversed to Proto-Indo-European, Polynesian, and Modern Standard Chinese (among others) in Labioplosive Pairs but align with most other languages. It is important to remember that this reconstruction, like any attempt to find such a long lost language, has its flaws. Moreover, I am only an amateur. Though it may not be completely correct, we may use it like Esperanto.
Disclaimer:
Scientists have recently found sound-meaning similarities in languages around the world. This could either support or severely detract from this proposal.
'N'gwe Sbe'range/Sbe'rande | |||||||||||||
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Type | |||||||||||||
Alignment | |||||||||||||
Head direction | Left-to-Right | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | 3 (M, F, N) | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
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Creator | Languagerecon |
Contents
Classification and Dialects[edit | edit source]
If the hypothesis is true, then all languages would be dialects.
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | ||||||||||||
Plosive | ||||||||||||
Fricative | ||||||||||||
Affricate | ||||||||||||
Approximant | ||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||
Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
Lateral app. | ||||||||||||
Lateral flap |
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | |||||
Near-high | |||||
High-mid | |||||
Mid | |||||
Low-mid | |||||
Near-low | |||||
Low |
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
Writing System[edit | edit source]
Letter | p | ph | f | b | bh | v | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /p/ | /ph/ | /f/ | /b/ | /bh/ | /v/ | ||||||
Letter | ||||||||||||
Sound | ||||||||||||
Letter | ||||||||||||
Sound |
Grammar[edit | edit source]
Nouns[edit | edit source]
Plurals: add “-e” to end of noun
Directional Prepositional: add “-aś” or “-gá” to end for departing, “-m” for approaching (also for subject)
Interior: “-(j)n” (in), “-e” (possessive), or “-a” for interior positior
Surfactive: “-ó” (of), for surfactive position; Literary Possesive (to oneself): add “-m”
Adding “-r-” forms or reinforces nouns
Personal Pronouns
Singular
-syen -ngenPerson | Subject | Object (dir/indir) | Object (indir only) | Possessive | Suffix
Possessive |
1 | Mn, Nga, (J)aqw* | Mne, Nge | Mnepj, Ngepj | Mne-/Nge- | |
2 | T́y | T́ye | T́ypj | T́ye- | |
3/inanim.
** |
De/Hye/Sye/Nge***
Da/Hya/Sya/Iła Do/Hyo/Syo/Iło (distal/proximal/reflexive/general) |
De-
Sye- Nge- |
Plural
-hyēn -syēn -ngēnPerson | Subject | Object (dir/indir) | Object (indir only) | Possessive | Suffix Possessive |
1 | Mne, Nge | Mnē, Ngē | Mnēpj/Ngēpj | Mnē/Ngē- | |
2 | T́ye | T́yē | T́yepj | T́yē- | |
3/inanim.
** |
Dē/Hyē/Syē/Ngē
Dae/Hyae/Syae/Ngae Doe/Hyoe/Syoe/Ngoe (distal/proximal/reflexive/general) |
Dē-
Hyē- Syē- Ngē- |
*(j)aqw is a word for “I” all around the world. See PIE *(j)égh(ó), Proto-Yeneisian *‘azh, Guerrero Amuzgo ja, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku, Igbo a, etc.
* “m’ne” or “nge” as first person pronoun is also found just about everywhere.
**Sy- for 3rd person proximal/reflexive also supported by Zh. 斯 si1 (now mostly obsolete)
***ill->ng- before “e-type” vowels especially in third-person pronouns as found in many branches of human language today; possibly not an actual etymon but merely apparent.
Verbs[edit | edit source]
Verb Conjugations- example verb(s): ‘(j)sttj/byttj=to be
-ttj=Infinitive, -e=Imperative
Otherwise:
Root+(Tense)+Pronoun Root+(-e for plural)
-léo-=active past, -d-=passive past, -d=past participle
-éu-=future
-y-=phonetic infix in conjugation (no meaning)
Active Past
‘(j)sttĵ/byttĵ (to be) | Sing. | Plural |
1 | ‘stléom/bytléom | ‘stléome/bytléome |
2 | ‘stléot́/bytléot́ | ‘stléo(e)t́e/bytlé(e)ot́e |
3/inanim | ‘stléod/bytléod | ‘stléong(e)/bytléong(e) |
Present
‘(j)sttĵ/byttĵ (to be) | Sing. | Plural |
1 | ‘sym/bym | ‘syme/byme |
2 | ‘jst́/‘syt́/byt́ | ‘s(e)t́e/by(e)t́e |
3/inanim | ‘jsd/’syd/byd | ‘syng(e)/byng(e) |
Future
‘(j)sttĵ/byttĵ (to be) | Sing. | Plural |
1 | ‘séum/byéum | ‘séume/byéume |
2 | ‘séut́/byéut́ | ‘séu(e)t́e/byéu(e)t́e |
3/inanim | ‘séud/byéud | ‘séung(e)/byéung(e) |
Causative by lengthening most stressed vowel then conjugating
Adjectives agreed but Adverbs didn’t (always neuter/inanimate singular form).
Masc. | Fem. | Neuter/Inan.* | |
Singular | |||
Plural |
Syntax[edit | edit source]
Pragmatic Word Order
Lexicon[edit | edit source]
Numbers
‘Y(n), Bdy/Tulqa/Ádr- (Other), Tlayat’, Ḱwádz, Ngym, Lleug, Sgheṕah, Vá, Gyl, Fhzhr’/Bdy Ḱumoe (Two hands)
Yes or No
‘Aj uwhr Ne
Dictionary (Certain Words: Original/Plosive Reversed)
Notes: within labioplosive pairs, use all the first or second versions as shown in this document. Do not mix different stages/dialects of the Ancient Language unless indicated. The first one aligns with most languages and is the original; the second one aligns with Indo-European and Polynesian, among other branches. (?) indicates an uncertain root.
‘Agz/‘Akz- to break, to ply, to chisel (En. axe, hack; PA *ʔaza-l, to break)
Agwa/Akwa- water (See Africa, Europe, Asia, Polynesia, Americas, omnipresent)
‘Auo- Wind, Breeze
Áł- Beside(s) (original sense), by, next to; (in descendant lgs.) other (than), but
Cf. Indo-European All-, Chinese 挨, Polynesian ala
Ákú(d)e- Sharp, Accurate
Ákúde/-te/-m’n Stone
Álsh- Again, Also
‘Anā- On (Shortened to Nā in most descendent languages, c.f. PIE anà; Polynesian (a)nā, there, on; )
Bādt́j/Pātt́j- To collapse, fall
Bālt́j/Pālt́j- To fall (Derivative of below)
Bāle/Pāle- Waterfalls, cliffs
Bam~Ban/Pam~Pan- sail; possibly homophone or related to “slice” words (Chinese 帆)
Beyht́j- To adore, sing, praise
Bh- “Reflective” root
Bhallg/Bhallk - Shiny, White (var. Of below?)
Bhelle- Shiny, White (These two roots produced bel-, vell-, valk-, and 白)
Bhellga- Falcon (?)
Bhúlla- Flower
Bheud- beat related
*bʰiw~bʰil- to blow or boil
Bhrakttj- to break
Bhrake- Upper (lit. Short) Arm (c.f. Brachium, 膊 (phag/bo(k)/pok))
Bhyt́j- to be (or possibly to bud in context)
Bhenú- material (descendants physical (pheno) and homeland (benua))
Bhy- being, body (Mainly used as bē in Africa)
Bhinxotj- to bind, fasten (From bind, Hadza binxo to carry kills under one’s belt)
Biykkttj- to hew, cut out, write, paint
Bllylget́j/Pllylket́j- to follow (?)
Bjegat́j/Pjekat́j- to piece together, compose
Bongttj- to pound, collide, encounter, a time (onomatopoeia)
Bólt́j/Pólt́j- to pound
Bristtj- to push
Brisde- near
Búl(n)/Púl(n)- root for full, filled, to fullfill, satisfaction, annoyance
Cánú- River
Cunat́j- to hide, preserve
Cyult́j- to tell
Ćeś- stone https://www.indifferentlanguages.com/words/stone
Ćran- through
De- that, the
Dagme/Takme- so much
Dleyr/Tleyr- Thirst>Field>Earth (many examples in many languages)
Dnau/Tnau- ship, canoe (synonym Hwaga)
Dnúgda/Tnúkta- night
Dzemn/Tzemn- time
Erce- Earth
Éjd(t́j)- And, aid, eat, edit
Éry- River (?)
Gá/Ká- towards
Gát́j/Kát́j- to go (toward) (lit. to towards)
Geum/Keum- With; following; like
Gaug- high
Guhín(g)a- Woman (compare kwina with wahine)
Ghwruś- Across
() Gjí/Kjí- ()’s, of () (See Sino-Tibetan, Early branches of Indo-European)
Gneut́j-to know
Ghwa- fruit; melon (possibly dscdt: Polynesian hua)
Note: Short for Ghebh-a i.e. Gift (of the plant) (?): Ghebha>Ghbha>Ghwa
G(r/w)jew/(-l)- curved, bended, domed (PIE kewk, Chinese 桥,翘)
Gú(l)/Kú(l)- Cave
Gwarttj- to guard
Hógíttj- to return
Hljopha- Love
Hnaeh- name, call
Hrig/Hrik- King, Noble, Command, Word etc.
Hthyem- sky, heavens; (fig) day (c.f. PIE *djem, 天- OC *thin, Turkic Tengri, Etruscan Tin, possibly Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuan.)
Hiym- to copy, imitate; early sense to do (but quickly specialized) (?)
(Yn)‘itno- Year
‘Itt́j- to go
‘Jeqs- Out of; from (=ex)
Jéq’- I
Jigt́j/Jikt́j- to throw
‘Jinna- impression, shadow ext. Spirit (印, genie) (?)
Kuptj- to bend, compress; hop, jump; spring
Kw(a)- Question/Indicative general/Attitude/Existential (C.f. Western Eurasian, Polynesian)
-kwae- and (suffix) (to add; that which adds)
Ḱaera- black, dark
Ḱángt́j- to Sing
Ḱébyl- head
Ḱehe- whole
Ḱende- City (See IE, Chinese 城 cheng1)
Ḱjrthe- Heart
Ḱót́a- castle, fort; (in some descendents) house
Ḱut́j- to cut
Lyumna/Lyuga- Bright, Light, Moon
LLā- there
LLéyttj- to lay or leave
LLéy(sg/n)a- leaf
Makde- eye (c.f. Zh/Ja 目, Poly. mata)
Martj- to fight (for), defend
Mángde- Mountain
Márne- Sea
Meg(sg)t́j- to mix
Merttj- to see, (extension) to be harmonious
Mero- part
Meuś(e)- Moist, Mist, Must (smell)
Mékh- great
Mékhna- power, supernatural power, the Force
Mékht́j- to be able to
Minsa- Moon
Mist́j- to measure
Mjale- Good/beautiful; small (homophones; hey cat?) mal; 妙, 渺 (miao)
Mneuj- many, crowded, very
M’nt́j- to remain
Mpas/Mbas- But, objection, of course
Mpál- pain, evil
‘Mrg(e)- Dark(ness)
Me’wrśa- Net (?)
Modu- Moat; mud; island (Character would be ◎) (?)
Mut́j- to die
Munt́j- to see (望, mua)
Myne- Dream/Vision (c.f. 梦 mungs>meng (Zh.), ime>yume (Ja.), Polynesian moe)
Mynda- Mind (that which sees/dreams)
Ná~Nó- Now
‘N‘gwe- Language
c.f. IE Dngwés/-k, Old Chinese *ŋaʔ, *ŋas, Nǁŋǃke ǁŋǃke, Hadza -ne, Poly. reo
Nzá(r)a- Dawn (Compare Sl. Zar, Zor, with East Asian nzjaw (Zh. Zao))
Nybh(n)o- Cloud
Ojw(n)e- Bulge>Eye- Cf PAA Ayin, PIE ‘ekw
Ojw(n)’ttj- to love (from above?)
Phágtj- to attack, esp. To descend on, and then eat (Poly. pao, Zh. 扑, possibly Gr. phagos if current etymology is disregarded) (dubious)
‘Phó- Dark
Phlútj- to blow
Phlúga- wind (?)
P’er- to pierce
P’ran- soldier
P’ranettj- to fight
Príłt́j - to shine
Príłangde/-te - Brilliant
Qaere- dark, black
Qepht́j- to give
Qlé’s(n)e- beautiful, handsome; fair, good
c.f. Zulu -hlana; Indo-European kr(a)ehs(-n)-; Afro-Asiatic Q-s-n-, H-s-n-
Qlí- Creek, water (?) (cf Creek, O.C. of 河)
Qojqt́j- to shine
Qojqda/-ta- star
Qway’t́j-to live
Qway’da/-ta- life
Qy’ung- young
Qwrt́j- To rotate, to turn
Raha- Sun
‘Rayt́j- to rise
‘Rayo (possibly Raho?)- Morning
Riwt́j- to flow
Riwra- River
‘Rleut(n)- People
Řt́j- to rotate
Saha (Sana)- Sand (See Sino-Tibetan (s/z)a (Zh. 沙 s(h)a1), Ar. Sahara, Eng. Sand, Ja. Suna)
Sat́(e)- Now
Seygt́j/Seykt́j- to drain, to dry up (c.f. siccus<*seyk, 澌 si1<*ses)
Seygs/Seyks- dry
Ex. Seygnuś- dryness
Sghrya- Joy
Sitt́j- to sit
Sjajt́j (Śajt́j)- to shine (on)
Sjnme- only, simply
Sy- oneself
Syhe- sour
Syul- ground, seat, base (Latin solum, Chinese 座 zuo4)
Sdé(ng)t́j/Sté(ng)t́j- to stand
Sdéra/Stéra- Star
Śbrekat́j/Śpregat́j- to speak
Śdwrttj- to stir
Śdwr- issue, problem, (less seriously) thing
Śgwrt́j/Śkwrt́j- to turn
Śwrt́j- To speak
Tat́j/Dat́j- to give
Tau/Dau- bull
Tha’a(n)/Dha’a(n)- man; human (See Grk. Demos, demo-; Poly. Taane; Dene Dene; !xoo Ta’a)
T’hápa- cover; clothes
Thél(h)- Stem for “wide; to open” (See Swahili tele (abundant); Samoan tele (big); PIE *dʰelh₁-, to widen, depart, dscdts. Albanian dal, leave; A. Greek Thallo-; to grow, thrive; Welsh deillio, to derive)
Thoy- too, overly
Tlkwtj- to talk
Tníd/Dnít- under, bottom, etc.
cf. Eng. underneath; Slc. Dne; Ch./Zh. 底 /(t>d)i:ʔ/, tone 3, PY dǐ
Tnúgú- land, soil (retraced from Poly. Nuku and Zh. 土)
Tót(m)- tribe, clan; all, every
Turi/Duri- Tough, hard
T́énk- to touch, aim
Þa’e- sea (?)
Þulne- Sun (South)
Véghtet́j- To see, look
Venttj/Fenttj- Fin(ish)
Whatittj- to go
Whegl- wave
Whéy- Bended, Crooked
Whúletj- to desire
Modern Innovations and Guesses (Compounds)
Shg(n)eanga- Science
Nebhy- Nobody
Dhjensgraebre- Skyscraper
Defeklattj- to reveal
Example text[edit | edit source]
Jagh raḱerléom ḱē dyngwē.
I recreated this language.