Átarin

Átarin
Type	Fusional
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction	Head-Final
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	four
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	18%
Statistics Nouns 75% Verbs 20% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500
Creator	Kheon

Phonology

Consonants

Átarin has twenty-six consonant sounds.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d				k g
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʒ			x ɣ				h
Affricate
Approximant							j	w
Trill				r
Flap or tap				ɾ
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.				l			ʎ
Lateral flap

Vowels

Átarin has eight vowel sounds.

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y				u
Near-close
Close-mid	e				o
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ				ɔ
Near-open
Open	a

Following diphthongs may appear:

• The short ones are oa,ja, ae, oe, je, ai, ɛi, ao, jo, eu, ou and ey. 
• The long ones are âe, ôe, âo and ou.

Stress Patterns

Átarin has a pitch accent. Every accentuated syllable is spoken more loudly and a fifth higher. But there is an exception. If the last syllable of a sentence accentuated, it can be accentuated in various pitches. If the sentence is an interrogative clause, the syllable is pronounced normally. If it is a statement, the syllable is spoken a fifth deeper. And if it is an exclamation, the syllable is spoken with the same pitch as the rest of the word. Diacritical signs may be on the accentuated syllable but not necessarily. If you use diacritical signs, the high pitch contour is marked by an acute on a monophthong or a circumflex on a diphthong and the deep one pitch contour is marked by a grave on a monophthong or a breve on a diphthong. The normal pitch contour may be marked by a dot on the vowel of the  accentuated syllable.

An Átarin syllable may be "heavy" or "light."

A syllable is light if:

• It contains short vowels including short diphthongs

A syllable is heavy if:

• It contains a long vowel.
• It contains a long diphthong.
• It ends with a consonant. This is not in place at the end of a word.

For syllable boundaries in the middle of a word, a good rule of thumb is that if a vowel is followed by two consonants, the first consonant is at the end of a syllable and thus the syllable is heavy. For this purpose:

• Digraphs, such as dh, gh, lj or th count as a single consonant.
• A plosive followed by a liquid or nasal counts as a single consonant.
• A geminant counts as two consonants.

Following rules take place for the accentuation:

• If the ultima is heavy, the accent falls on the ultima.
• If the last two syllables are light, the accent falls on the antepenult or the penult, if this is the first syllable of the word.
• If the Ultima is light and the Penult heavy, the accent falls on the penult.

There is mostly only one accent per word, but  in certain cases there may be two accents per word for emphasis or differentiation of words:

• There can not be any accent in the syllable directly before another accent. 
• There can only be an accent on a diphthong, if there already is an accentuated diphthong in the word.

Writing System

I will put a macron on the vowels to express long vowels. But I am using the trema for e and y, because you can not put a macron on them.

Letter	a	b	d	dh	e	f	g	gh	i	j	k	l
Sound	a	b	d	ð	e / ɛ	f	g	ɣ	i / j	ʒ	k	l
Letter	lj	m	n	ñ	ń	o	p	r	rr	s	t	th
Sound	ʎ	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	o / ɔ	p	ɾ	r	s	t	θ
Letter	u	v	w	x	y	z
Sound	u	v	w	x	y	z

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns have four numbers:

• Singular (for one object)
• Dual (for two objects)
• Plural (for many objects)
• Collective (for all objects.

and four genders:

• dominant (usually animate objects or actions)

• passive (things without any action and other nouns)
• stative (principals that last forever or remaining objects of the real world)
• flexive (changing principals, objects and thoughts as well as other nouns)

and nine cases:

• Nominative (The nominative case is the case of the subject.)
• Vocative (The vocative is used for appellation.)
• Accusative (The accusative is the case of the direct object.)
• Genitiv (The genitive marks possesion or purpose. It is mostly used, when we take the prepositions of, for or to.)
• Dative (The dativ is the case of the indirect object.)
• Ablative (The ablative is used to express motion away from something. It also marks anteriority.)
• Allative (The allative is used to express motion to something. It also marks posteriority.)
• Locative (The locative marks the location of something. It is also used to epress simultaneity.)
• Instrumental (The instrumental is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or companien of the subject.)

-as / -ias	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	as / ias	zō/izō	āzi / īzi	āzā/iāzā
Vocative	(z)a / iza	/	/	/
Accusative	ë / ië	zō/izō	āzī / īzī	azā/iazā
Genitive	ë / ië	zo/izo	āze / īze	azāi/iazāi
Dative	ër / iër	ro/iro	ārze / īrze	azār/iazār
Ablative	āt / iat	to/ito	aste / iste	azāt/iazāt
Allative	āme / īme	mo/ito	azma / izma	azmā/iazmā
Locative	ān / ian	no/ino	azne / izne	azān/iazān
Instrumental	ās / ias	so/iso	asse / isse	azās/iazās

-a / -ia	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	a / ia	aū/iō	aī / ī	ā/iā
Vocative	a / ia	/	/	/
Accusative	ë / ië	aū/iō	aī / ī	ā/iā
Genitive	ë / ië	au/io	āie / īe	āi/iāi
Dative	ër / iër	ro/iro	āire / īre	aiār/ëār
Ablative	āt / iat	to/ito	āite / īte	aiāt/ëāt
Allative	āme / īme	mo/imo	āima / īma	aimā/iamā
Locative	ān / ian	no/ino	āine / īne	aiān/ëān
Instrumental	ās / ias	so/iso	āisse / īsse	aiās/ëās

-ar / -iar / -lar	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	ar / iar / lar	rō/riō/lō	raī/rī/larī	arā/iarā/larā
Vocative	ra / ira / rra	/	/	/
Accusative	rë / irë / rrë	rō/riō/lō	raī/rī/larī	arā/iarā/larā
Genitive	rë / irë / rrë	ro/rio/rro	rāie/rīe/līre	arāi/iarāi/larāi
Dative	rë / irë / rrë	ro/iro/rro	rāie/rīe/līre	arāi/iarāi/larāi
Ablative	rāt / irat / rrāt	to/ito/to	rāite/rīte/rrīte	arāt/iarāt/larāt
Allative	arme / irme / larme	mo/imo/mo	rāima/rīma/rrīma	armā/iarmā/larmā
Locative	rān / iran / rrān	no/ino/no	rāine/rīne/rrīne	arān/iarān/larān
Instrumental	rās/ iras / rrās	so/iso/so	rāisse/rīsse/rrīsse	arās/iarās/larās

-e	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	e	ÿ	eī	eā
Vocative	e	/	/	/
Accusative	ī	ÿ	eī	eā
Genitive	ë	eu	ëie	eiā
Dative	ër	ru	ëire	eiār
Ablative	ët	tu	ëite	eiāt
Allative	ëma	mu	ëima	eimā
Locative	ën	nu	ëine	eiān
Instrumental	ës	su	ëise	eiās

-er	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	er	rÿ	rī	erā
Vocative	re	/	/	/
Accusative	rī	rÿ	rī	erā
Genitive	rë	reu	rīe	eirā
Dative	rë	ru	rīe	eirā
Ablative	rët	tu	rīte	eirāt
Allative	rëma	mu	rīma	eirmā
Locative	rën	nu	rīne	eirān
Instrumental	rës	su	rīsse	eiās

-en	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	en	nÿ	ëni	enā
Vocative	en	/	/	/
Accusative	en	nÿ	ëni	enā
Genitive	në	neu	ëne	einā
Dative	nër	ru	nere	einār
Ablative	nët	tu	ente	eināt
Allative	nëma	mu	emma	eimmā
Locative	nën	nu	enna	einnā
Instrumental	nës	su	nesse	einās

-os / -ios	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	os / ios	zÿ/zei	ōzi	ozā/iozā
Vocative	(z)o / izo	/	/	/
Accusative	ë / ië	zÿ/zeī	ōzī	ozā/iozā
Genitive	ë / ië	zou/zio	ōze	ozāi/iozāi
Dative	ër / iër	ru/iru	orze	ozār/iozār
Ablative	ët / iët	tu/itu	oste	ozāt/iozāt
Allative	ëma / īma	mu/imu	ōzma	ozmā/iozmā
Locative	ën / iën	nu/inu	ōzne	ozān/iozān
Instrumental	ës / iës	su/isu	osse	ozās/iozās

-on / -ion	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	on / ion	nÿ/neī	ōni/ōnei	onā/ionā
Vocative	on / ion	/	/	/
Accusative	on / ion	nÿ/neī	ōni/ōnei	onā/ionā
Genitive	në / inë	nou/niu	ōne/ōnī	onāi/ionāi
Dative	nër / inër	ru/iru	nore/nëre	onār/ionār
Ablative	nët / inët	tu/itu	onte/inte	onāt/ionāt
Allative	nëma / īmma	mu/imu	omma/nima	ommā/iommā
Locative	nën / inën	nu/inu	onna/nina	onnā/ionnā
Instrumental	nës / inës	su/isu	nosse/nissa	onās/ionās

-ī / -ai / -ei	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	ī / ai / ei	aī/eī/oī	ī / aī / eī	iā/eā/eā
Vocative	ī / ai / ei	/	/	/
Accusative	ī / aī / eī	aī/eī/oī	ī / aī / eī	iā/eā/eā
Genitive	ië	eu/eu/ou	īre / iëre / iëre	iāi/eāi/eāi
Dative	iër	eru	īre / iëre / iëre	iār/eār/eār
Ablative	īt / ët / ët	etu	īta / ëta / ëta	iāt/eāt/eāt
Allative	īma / ëma / ëma	emu	īma / ëma / ëma	imā/emā/emā
Locative	iën	enu	iën	iān/eān/eān
Instrumental	iës	esu	iës	iās/eās/eās

-ir / -lir	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	ir	raī/laī	(i)rī	irā/lirā
Vocative	ir	/	/	/
Accusative	rī	raī/laī	(i)rī	irā/lirā
Genitive	rië	reu/leu	rië	irāi/lirāi
Dative	rië	eru	rië	irāi/lirāi
Ablative	rīt	etu	īrte	irāt/lirāt
Allative	rīma	emu	īrma	irmā/lirmā
Locative	riën	enu	īrna	irān/lirān
Instrumental	riës	esu	īrza	irās/lirās

-ys	Singular	Dual	Plural	Collective
Nominative	ys	oū	(y)zi	yzā
Vocative	(z)y	/	/	/
Accusative	ÿ	oū	(y)zi	yzā
Genitive	i	oū	ī	yzāi
Dative	o	yr	ōi	yzār
Ablative	ot	yt	ōty	yzāt
Allative	mo	ym	ōmy	yzmā
Locative	on	yn	ōny	yzān
Instrumental	os	ys	ossy	yzās

Article

In Átarin there is only a definite article. You can decline it in case, number and gender.

The dominant article is tos.

The passive article is ti.

The stative article is ten.

The flexive article tar.

If you use an article, you have to connect it with an apostrophe to the noun sometimes.

You have to connect two vowels, a consonant in front of a vowel and a vowel preceding a consonant.

You don't have to connect to consonants following each other, but you can also do it.

If you connect an article ending with a voiceless consonant, you consonant has to become voiced.

Examples are:

tos (the) + enys (brother) becomes toz'enys (the brother). (tos becomes toz)

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

	singular	dual	plural
1.p	nÿze	jÿzo	zīry
2.p informal	adho	jadho	jāty
2.p formal	rāte	rāot	rāti
3.p masculine	tōros	jorto	tōri
3.p feminin	tōra	jorta	tōri
3.p inanimate	tōren	jorte	tōry

Verbs

Personal Endings

	singular	dual	plural
1.p	-na / -an	-zo	-zi
2.p	-ta / -at	-dho (/ot)	-ti / -it
3.p	-ra / -ar	-wo	-ri / -ir

You usually take the first of two personal endings, if possible. 

Present

Regular verbs are conjugated in the present tense by putting the ending right after the stem.

Verbs ending on a vowel will be conjugated as follows:

Final Vowel	-a-	-e-	-i-	-o.	-u-
Infinitive	airādhan	irëdhan	lantīdhan	balōdhon	anetūdhan
Meaning	to like	to hear	to win, to defeat	to look	to mistrust
Stem	aira	ire	lanti	balo	anetu
1. p. singular	airan	iren	lantin	balon	anetun
2. p. singular	airat	iret	lantit	balot	anetut
3. p. singular	airar	irer	lantir	balor	anetur
1. p. dual	airāzo	irëzo	lantīzo	balōzo	anetūzo
2. p. dual	airaot	ireot	lantīt	balōt	anetōt
3. p. dual	airao	ireo	lantio	balwo	anetwo
1. p. plural	airīs	irīs	lantīs	balīs	anetīs
2. p. plural	airīt	irīt	lantīt	balīt	anetīt
3. p. plural	airīr	irīr	lantīr	balīr	anetīr

You have to take the second personal ending by vowel stem verbs in present tense, if possible.

Verbs ending on a vowel will be conjugated as follows:

Final Consonant	l	r	voiceless stop	nasal	voiced stop	voiced fricative	ñ	h	lj
Infinitive	antaladhan	daeradhan	apadhan	ādimadhan	ptegadhan	aefadhan	eñadhan	jemihadhan	aljadhan
Meaning	to die painfully	to see	to end	to bake	to teach	to snow	to be relatives	to be friends with
Stem	antal	daer	ap	ādim	pteg	aef	eñ	jemih	alj
1. p. singular	antalna	daerna	apna	ādimna	ptegna (/pteńna)	aefna	enna	jemina	alina
2. p. singular	antalta	daerta	apta	ādimta	ptekta	aefta	enta	jemita	alta
3. p. singular	antarra	daerra	apra	ādirra	ptegra	eafra	eñar	jemira	alir
1. p. dual	antalzo	daerzo	apso	ādimzo	ptegzo	aefso	eños	jemiso	alizo
2. p. dual	antaldho	daerdho	apot	ādimto	ptekto	aefto	ento	jemito	alto
3. p. dual	antalwo	daerwo	apwo	ādimwo	ptekgwo	aefo	eño	jemiwo	aljo
1. p. plural	antalzi	daerzi	apsi	ādimzi	ptegzi	aefsi	enis	jemisi	alis
2. p. plural	antalti	daerti	apti	ādimti	ptekti	aefti	enti	jemiti	alti
3. p. plural	antarri	daerri	apri	ādirri	ptegri	aefri	ena<ir	jemiri	alir

Irregular verbs:

Infinitive	sedhan	gevadhan
Meaning	to be, to exist	to bring
Stem	se	gev
1. p. singular	son	gëna
2. p. singular	iste	gefta
3. p. singular	sër	gëra
1. p. dual	zō	gëzo
2. p. dual	sot	gefto
3. p. dual	sō	gëvo
1. p. plural	zīs	gëzi
2. p. plural	zōti	gefti
3. p. plural	zīri	gëri

Aorist

Regular verbs are conjugated in the aorist like in the present tense, but you have to put an -a after the stem.

Verbs ending on a vowel will be conjugated as follows:

Final Vowel	-a-	-e-	-i-	-o.	-u-
Infinitive	airādhan	irëdhan	lantīdhan	balô	/
Meaning	to like	to hear	to win, to defeat	to look	to mistrust
Stem	aira	ire	lanti	balo	anetu
1. p. singular	airāna	ireāna	lantiāna	balōna	anetūna
2. p. singular	airāta	ireāta	lantiāta	balōta	anetūta
3. p. singular	airār (/airāra)	ireār (ireāra)	lantiār (/lantiāra)	balōra	anetūra
1. p. dual	airāzo	ireāzo	lantiāzo	balwāzo	anetwāzo
2. p. dual	airādho	ireādho	lantiādho	balōt	anetōt
3. p. dual	airāo	irāo	lantiā	balōwo	anetōwo
1. p. plural	airāzi	ireāzi	lantiazi	balwāzi	anetwāzi
2. p. plural	airāti	ireāti	lantiati	balwāti	anetwāti
3. p. plural	airāri	ireāri	lantiāri	balwāri	anetwari

Sometimes vocal stem verbs are conjugated only with the personal ending after the stem and without the -a-infix.

Final Consonant	l	r	voiceless stopp	nasal	voiced stopp	voiced fricative	ñ	h	lj
Infinitive	antaladhan	daeradhan	apadhan	ādimadhan	ptegadhan	aefadhan	eñadhan	jemihadhan	aljadhan
Meaning	to die painfully	to see	to end	to bake	to teach	to snow	to be relatives	to be friends with
Stem	antal	daer	ap	ādim	pteg	aef	eñ	jemih	alj
1. p. singular	antalana	daerana	apana	ādimana	ptegana	aefana	eñana	jemian	aljana
2. p. singular	antalata	daerata	apata	ādimata	ptegata	aefata	eñata	jemiata	aljata
3. p. singular	antalara	daerar(a)	apara	ādimara	ptegara	aefara	eñara	jemiara	aljara
1. p. dual	antalazo	daerazo	apazo	ādimazo	ptegazo	aefazo	añazo	jemiazo	aljazo
2. p. dual	antaladho	daeradho	apadho	ādimadho	ptegadho	aefadho	eñadho	jemiadho	aljadho
3. p. dual	antalao	daerao	apao	ādimao	ptegao	aefao	eñao	jemiao	aljao
1. p. plural	antalazi	daerazi	apazi	ādimazi	ptegazi	aefazi	eñazi	jemiazi	aljazi
2. p. plural	antalati	daerati	apati	ādimati	ptegati	aefati	eñati	jemiati	aljati
3. p. plural	antalari	daerari	apari	ādimari	ptegari	aefari	eñari	jemiari	aljari

Irregular verbs:

Infinitive	sedhan	gevadhan
Meaning	to be, to exist	to bring
Stem	se	gev
1. p. singular	sān	giana
2. p. singular	sāte	giata
3. p. singular	sār	giara
1. p. dual	āzo	giazo
2. p. dual	sāto	giato
3. p. dual	sāo	gëo
1. p. plural	sāzi	giazi
2. p. plural	sāti	giati
3. p. plural	sāri	giari

Adjectives

Comparative and Superlative

Adverbs

Syntax

The basic syntax is SOV:

Toz'enys aiferë dairra. - The brother sees a snowflake.