Κολφήφου

Κολφήφου
Type	Fusional
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction	Non-rigid head-final
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	0%
Statistics Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500
Creator	Colfefe

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Labiovelar	Velar
Nasal	m		n
Plosive	b		t d		kʷ gʷ	k g
Fricative	φ β	θ ð	s z		xʷ ɣʷ	x ɣ
Approximant				j	w
Trill			r
Lateral app.			l

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
High-mid	e eː	o
Low-mid		ɔː
Low	a	ɑː

Writing System

Letter
Sound
Letter
Sound
Letter
Sound

Grammar

Verbs

Verbal Morphology 

Verb Endings

active endings			singular			plural
			first	second	third	first	second	third
thematic	indicative	primary
		secondary
	subjunctive
	ēθ
	optative
imperative
athematic	indicative	primary
		secondary
	subjunctive
	optative
perfect	indicative
mediopassive endings
thematic	indicative	primary
		secondary
	subjunctive
	optative
			—
—	—
—
athematic	indicative	primary
		secondary
	subjunctive
	optative
	imperative		—
—
—
perfect	indicative

Tenses, Moods, Participles, Infinitives

Present

Thematic: present stem + thematic primary endings 

Athematic: present stem + athematic primary endings

Imperfect

Thematic: present stem + thematic secondary endings

Athematic: present stem + athematic secondary endings

Aorist

Thematic: aorist stem + thematic secondary endings

Athematic: aorist stem + athematic secondary endings

Future

Future stem + thematic primary endings

Perfect 

Active: Reduplicated root with e-grade and o-grade; C1eC1o… + perfect active endings

Mediopassive: Reduplicated root with e-grade and zero-grade; C1eC1Ø… + t + perfect 

mediopassive endings. 

Subjunctive

Thematic: present or aorist stem + thematic subjunctive endings

Athematic: present or aorist stem + athematic subjunctive endings

Optative

Thematic: present stem + thematic optative endings

Athematic: present or aorist stem in zero-grade + optative endings (second and fifth 

principal parts) 

Participles

participle endings		m.	f.	n.
active	thematic
	athematic
medio- passive	thematic
	athematic

Infinitives

infinitive endings	imperfective		perfective
	thematic	athematic
active
medio- passive	—

Present and future indicatives are imperfective. Aorist infinitives are perfective. The stems for the mediopassive infinitives are derived from different sources. The present infinitive comes from the seventh principle part, minus the personal endings and the reduplication. Initial long vowels are shortened and initial fricatives become plosives. The aorist infinitive is formed in the same way, but if the stem itself ends in a plosive (i.e. ū́xtem < ū́k-) an epenthetic -i- is added. Either way, the -t- assimilates to the following -s-, so the result will always be -ssī. The future passive is formed from the future stem. 

Thematic imperfective active infinitive: present or future stem + -énnī

Athematic imperfective active infinitive: present or future stem + -(s)ū

Aorist active infinitive: aorist stem + -(s)ai

Mediopassive present infinitive: present mediopassive inf. stem + -ane

Mediopassive aorist infinitive: aorist mediopassive inf. stem + -sī

Mediopassive future infinitive: future stem + -ane

Classes

Verbal roots are either imperfective or perfective. Imperfective roots form root presents. Perfective verbs form root aorists. Some roots are stative; that is, they have a perfect form in the present. Because these verbs have a perfect form, there can necessarily be no aorist from the same stem. Therefore, if they have other principal parts, they must be suppletive. 

Verbs fall into one of several classes, which are based on the shape of the principal parts. The main split is between verbs with thematic present stems, that is, those with a theme vowel inserted between the stem and personal ending, and those with athematic stems, which have no such vowel. Within each of those categories, there is an additional three-way split in the type of present stem. They are grouped as follows:

present stem	thematic	athematic
root	bérō	dū́kim
derived	bánnō	kállūm
reduplicated	dédēm	sī́dō  ( < *sísdoh2)

Aorists fall into one of five categories, three of which are athematic. In addition to being fewer in number, the thematic aorists are also rarer, being a more recent development. The categories are as follows:

aorist stem	thematic	athematic
root	—	bḗm
sigmatic	—	bérra
suppletive	—	brṓm
zero grade	lúdom	—
reduplicated	ū́kom	—

The ten verb classes are as follows:

Class I

Class I verbs have a thematic root present and a sigmatic aorist and future. This is the most regular class, as all of the forms are often easily predictable on the basis of the present stem.. For stems ending in a liquid, as bérō does, the -s- is hidden; prevocalically, it assimilates to the preceding liquid. Preconsonantally and word-finally, the -s- disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the liquid. 

Example verb: bérō, béroim, φríssō, bérra, berríēm, bébora, bébritem

Class II

Class II verbs have an athematic root present and a sigmatic aorist. 

Example verb: dū́kim, dukíēm, dū́ksō, dū́ksa, duksíēm, deðṓka, deðúxtem

Class III

Class III verbs have a derived thematic present and a root aorist. Presents end with a derivational suffix; -íō with zero-grade or full grade of the root, -ī́ō with o-grade, -skō with zero-grade of the root. 

Example verb: bánnō, bánnoim, bḗsō, bḗm, bíēm, béβoma, beβíntem

Class IV

Class IV verbs have a thematic root present and a suppletive aorist.

Example verb: ḗm, díēm, éssō, brṓm, brṓiēm, ḗoða, ḗssem

Class V

Class V verbs have an athematic derived present and a root aorist. -nūm is the most common suffix, although suffixes deriving verbs from adjectives (-ēm) and factitive suffixes (-ām) also fall into this class. 

Example verb: kállūm, kallíēm, āṓssō, klū́m, kluíēm, āṓa, ā́utem

Class VI

Class VI verbs have a reduplicated athematic present and a root aorist. 

Example verb: dédēm, dedī́ēm, dḗsō, dḗm, dī́ēm, dédō, déssem

Class VII

Class VII verbs have an athematic root present and a reduplicated thematic aorist. 

Example verb: wḗm, ukíēm, uksíō, ū́kom, ū́koim, ū́ka, ū́xtem

Class VIII

Class VIII verbs have a reduplicated thematic present and a root aorist.

Example verb: sī́dō, sī́doim, síssō, sḗm, zdíēm, sésoða, sḗssem

Class IX

Class IX verbs have a thematic root present and a zero-grade thematic aorist.

Example verb: lū́dō, lū́doim, lū́ssō, lúdom, lúdoim, ēlṓda, ēlússem

Class X

Class X verbs have a thematic root present and a reduplicated thematic aorist.

trínkʷīθ, tríŋkʷoit, tríŋkʷsīθ, tetríŋkʷet, tetríŋkʷoit, tetróŋkʷe 

example thematic paradigm: bérō 'I carry'				singular			plural
				first	second	third	first	second	third
active		present	indicative	bérō	bérīs	bérīθ	béromos	beréθīs	béront
			subjunctive	bérō	bérēs	bérēθ	berṓmos	berḗθīs	bérōnt
			optative	béroim	bérois	béroit	béroime	béroiθe	béroint
			imperative		bére			béreθe
		imperfect	indicative	bérom	béres	béret	bérome	béreθe	bérunt
		aorist	indicative	bérra	bḗr	bḗrt	bḗrme	bḗrte	bérrint
			subjunctive	bérrō	bérrīs	bérrīθ	bérromos	berréθīs	bérront
			optative	berríēm	berríēs	berríēt	berrī́me	berrī́θe	bérrīnt
			imperative		bḗr			bḗrte
		future	indicative	φríssō	φríssīs	φríssīθ	φríssomos	φrisséθīs	φríssont
			imperative			φríssō(δ)/ béretō(δ)
		perfect	indicative	bébora	bebórtas	bébore	bebórme	bebórre	bebórēr
mediopassive		present	indicative	bérōr	béretar	béretor	beromósta	beretésse	beróntor
			subjunctive	bérōr	berḗtar	berḗtor	berōmósta	berētésse	berṓntor
			optative	béroia	béroita	béroito	beróimeda	beróisse	beróinto
			imperative		béreso			berésse
		imperfect	indicative	bérō	béreta	béreto	berómeda	berésse	berónto
		aorist	indicative	bérro	bḗrta	bḗrto	bḗrmeda	bḗrre	bérrinto
			subjunctive	bérrōr	bérretar	bérretor	berromósta	berrésse	berróntor
			optative	bérrī	berrī́ta	berrī́to	berrī́meda	berrī́sse	berrī́nto
			imperative		bérro			bḗrre
		future	indicative	φríssōr	φríssetar	φríssetor	φrissomósta	φrissetésse	φrissóntor
		perfect	indicative	bébritem	bébrites	bebrítēs	bebritḗmos	bebritéssīs	bebríssent
participles
	present			aorist			future
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
active	bérōs	bérṓssa	béront	bérrīs	berrī́ssa	bérrint	φríssōs	φrissṓssa	φríssont
passive	berónnos	berónnā	berónnom	berrínnos	berrínnā	berrínnom	φrissónnos	φrissónnā	φrissónnom
infinitives
	present			aorist			future
active	berénnī			bḗrrai			φrissénnī
passive	brítane			bríssī			φríssane

example athematic paradigm: dū́kim				singular			plural
				first	second	third	first	second	third
active		present	indicative	dū́kim	dū́kis	dū́kit	dúkmos	dúxtīs	dúkent
			subjunctive	dū́kō	dū́kīs	dū́kīθ	dū́komos	dūkéθīs	dū́kont
			optative	dukíēm	dukíēs	dukíēt	dukī́me	dukī́θe	dukī́nt
			imperative		dū́k			dúxte
		imperfect	indicative	dū́ka	dū́ks	dū́xt	dúkme	dúxte	dúkint
		aorist	indicative	dū́ksa	dū́ksis	dū́kst	dúksime	dúkste	dúksint
			subjunctive	dū́ksō	dū́ksīs	dū́ksīθ	dū́ksomos	dūkséθīs	dū́ksont
			optative	duksíēm	duksíēs	duksíēt	duksī́me	duksī́θe	duksī́nt
			imperative		dúksti			dúkste
		future	indicative	dū́ksō	dū́ksīs	dū́ksīθ	dū́ksomos	dūkséθīs	dū́ksont
			imperative			dúxtō(δ)
		perfect	indicative	deðṓka	deðṓxtas	deðṓke	deðṓkme	deðṓkse	deðṓkēr
mediopassive		present	indicative	dū́kar	dū́xtar	dū́xtor	dukmósta	duxtésse	dukíntor
			subjunctive	dū́kōr	dū́ketar	dū́ketor	dūkomósta	dūketésse	dūkóntor
			optative	dū́kī	dūkī́ta	dūkī́to	dūkī́meda	dūkī́sse	dūkī́nto
			imperative		dúkso			duxtésse
		imperfect	indicative	dū́ko	dū́xta	dū́xto	dúkmeda	dukísse	dukínto
		aorist	indicative	dū́kso	dū́ksta	dū́ksto	duksímeda	duksísse	duksínto
			subjunctive	dū́ksōr	dū́ksetar	dū́ksetor	dūksomósta	dūksetésse	dūksóntor
			optative	dúksī	duksī́ta	duksī́to	duksī́meda	duksī́sse	duksī́nto
			imperative		dū́kso			duksísse
		future	indicative	dū́ksōr	dū́ksetar	dū́ksetor	dūksomósta	dūksetésse	dūksóntor
		perfect	indicative	deðúxtem	deðúxtes	deðúxtēs	deðuxtḗmos	deðuxtéssīs	deðukíssent
participles
	present			aorist			future
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
active	dúkōs	dukṓssa	dúkont	dū́ksīs	dūksī́ssa	dū́sint	dū́ksōs	dūksṓssa	dū́ksont
passive	dukónnos	dukónnā	dukónnom	dūksínnos	dūksínnā	dūksínnom	dūksónnos	dūksónnā	dūksónnom
infinitives
	present			aorist			future
active	dúksū			dúksai			dūksénnī
passive	dúxtane			dukíssī			dúksane

irregular verb ḗm 'I am'				singular			plural
				first	second	third	first	second	third
active		present	indicative	ḗm	ḗs	ḗs	ḗmos	éssīs	sént
			subjunctive	ésō	ésīs	ésīθ	ésomos	eséθīs	ésont
			optative	éssēm	éssēs	éssēt	sī́me	sī́θe	sī́nt
			imperative		éssi			ésse
		imperfect	indicative	ésa	és	ést	ḗme	ésse	sínt
		aorist	indicative	stā́m	stā́s	stā́t	stáme	státe	stánt
			subjunctive	stā́ō/stā́u/stā́w/stṓ	stā́is	stā́iθ	stā́umos/stṓmos	stā́iθīs	stā́unt/stṓnt
			optative	stíēm	stíēs	stíēt	stī́me	stī́θe	stī́nt
			imperative		státi/stási			státe
		future	indicative	stā́sō	stā́sīs	stā́sīθ	stā́somos	stāséθīs	stā́sont
			imperative			éstō(δ)/stā́ssō(δ)
		future	indicative	bū́ō	bū́s	bū́θ	bū́mos	bū́tīs	bū́nt
			imperative			bū̆́tō(δ)
		perfect	indicative	bebū́a	bebū́tas	bebū́e/bebū́i	bebū́me	bebū́se	bebū́ēr
participles
	present			aorist			future
	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.	m.	f.	n.
active	sṓs	sṓssa	sónt	stā́s	stā́ssa	stā́nt	stā́sōs	stāsṓssa	stā́sont
infinitives
	present			aorist			future
passive	éssū/éssai			stā́sai			stāsénnī/bū̆́nnī/bū́