Changes: 30000 BC

Revision as of 00:41, 31 March 2020

This proto-lang will be made in the equivalent of 30,000 BCE. This constitutes the Upper Paleolithic.

It will be for an alien species which is (what a coincidence) biologically very similar to humans, but is probably different in some way. Maybe their hands are made differently or they can climb trees a bit better, or maybe their heads are oriented to be more like cones.

I plan to evolve this until the present day.

Phonology/Orthography

Vowels

Front:
/e/ - [ɛ]~[e], can degrade to [ə] in fast speech
/i/ - [i]; similar to [j] in intensity when alone
Back:
/a/ - [a] before bilabial consonants, [ɑ]~[ɤ] elsewhere
/u/ - [o]~[u]

There are 8 acceptable diphthongs:

Front:/ae/ [əɛ], /ai/[əi], /ei/[ei], /eu/[ɛo], /ie/[ie]
Back: /au/[ɑo], /ua/[oɑ], and /ue/[oe]

No more than two vowels can occur in a row.

Consonants

	Before Front	Before Back
/b/	[b]
/m/	[m]
/d/	[d̪]	[d̠]
/n/	[n̪]	[n̠]
/s/	[ʑ]	[s]
/l/	[l]	[dɮ]
/g/	[ɡʲ]	[g]
/h/	[ç]	[x]~[h]

Words

aenalabe - to see
aene - to be an eyeball
aihi - to make noise
ahuedi - (to be) nature or god
aliebu - to be many
aliehie - (to be) beautiful
aniedu - to flee
asiena - mysterious, new
asae - to cut
aseu - wind
asue - to die which is bad
auguma - (to be) a large herbivore, to be eaten, to be edible
bae - (to be) fruit
bau - (to be) (a) bone
biema - to be similar to another thing
budumua - to lightning and/or thunder, to shake, to make the ground electric, to arrive or come nearer (of the mythical monster)
bueda - (to be) the color of the sky right now
buha - to do, make, or speak of something
dage - to be done, to be made, to be a theoretical thing spoken of
dude - (to be) a carnivore/killer which is undesirable
edugu - (to be) a home, where someone lives generally
eida - (to be) day, the sun
elahi - (to be) a bird in the sky
elali - (to be) the earth, its creator, its bounty
emabe - stone
enaule - flatland, plain
esiba - to be affected by something
eugabi - an animal which isn't fit to be eaten due to moral circumstances
gigu - to listen and/or learn
gu - rain, (of rain) to fall, to attack ineffectively but relentlessly
ibi - to be the speaker
idule - to be similar
igu - to be the listener/audience
ihaedi - to sit
imau - to be at a specific place
inaeba - to charge forward
inihi - to stop

adverb: indicates that the following happens after the previous thing stops

labe - to have fun with something
laela - (to be) grass
mau - sad sound
nasi - (to be) a human
naude - (to be) a herbivore which is undesirable
nausu - (to be) a bird on the ground
nese - to be caught, to be obtained; used to create object for theoretical verbs
sase - specific knife used to cut things open most cleanly, to cut
sigi - (to be) jutting up and down, such as mountains faraway
sima - sneakily stalk
sidi - indicates that the previous word is false
uba - walk brashly
ude - to die which is good
uedau - to be wise
uge - (animal) to be dangerous in an admirable way, (human) to be renowned
ulali - to be happy, to be bright, to be near something which is good
ugebe - club to break things; to smash
ugeuba - to walk (like) an animal, with grace
ulaehu - (to be like a) flower
umau - be approached (by something else which was walking)
umi - (to be) a cloud
usisu - to whisper

Compound Words in General (with b- for clarity)

bisigi benaule - a jocular word for their mountain home, which is like a flatland to them
buge beugabi - used to specify an exalted animal
buge banasi - used to specify an exalted human

Prefixes

These are prefixes which attach to the beginning of the word and signify connected things. They generally go in this order, from first to last:

b-
m-
d-
n-
g-
h-

When the predicate comes before a consonant, the vowel in between them is the same as the one after the beginning of the word.

Predicates which refer to the same thing have the same prefix.

Intransitive Sentences

Simple sentences can be represented in English by making the second word a verb. However, this is not actually a change in the word.

Bauguma bimau bapau.
SUBJ1-eaten.animal SUBJ1-be.at.place SUBJ1-be.bone
The animal which could have been eaten is now at a specific place and is now a skeleton.

Generally, the word in the front is written as a noun in the transcription, though it is not different from a verb in practice.

Bapau bimau baugama.
SUBJ1-be.bone SUBJ1-eaten.animal SUBJ1-be.at.place
The skeleton of an animal is over there.

Transitive Sentences

The slightly more complex transitive sentences have a setup where two words with different prefixes are next to one another, and they interact in such a way that the first one is implied to be related to the other.

Buge bisima mumau mibi.
SUBJ1-be.exalted SUBJ1-sneakily.stalk SUBJ2-be.approached SUBJ2-be.speaker
The exalted one sneakily stalks me.

Generally, mumau is used for the objects of verbs involving the subject's physical motion towards something. However, this is not necessary.

Buge bisima mesiba mibi.
The exalted one sneakily stalks and it affects me in some way.

Reduplication

Reduplication of the first syllable implies an iterative nature. Reduplication of the last two syllables implies a habitual/gnomic nature. In reduplication, /i/ after /u/ becomes /e/; igigu -> igigu{igu} -> igiguegu

Sentences

Bisima buge mumau mibi. - The one who stalks is exalted and comes near me.

Bisima buge mesiba mibi. - The one who sneaks is exalted, which affects me somehow.

Story

Bauguma binaeba (mesiba) masue manasi.
The herbivore charges and kills one person.

Banasi baliebu bubuha mesiba meugabi.
Many people talk about the disgraced animal*.

(They have to find the animal. Then the story continues.)

Baliebu bugu mesiba meugabi balaliebu mesiba maniedu.
The crowd attacks the animal, albeit ineffectively, but the sheer number of attacks affects it, and it flees.

(When they find the animal, they go to kill it, but lightning strikes. This shows that the animal was not meant to be eaten, and they show it the way out of the fire. Then its children become more friendly.)

*The animal is bad, and so it cannot be eaten because it has done evil and has killed for a reason other than eating. Therefore, it is referred to as an eugabi.

Culture

Names come from the baby's first babbling; they can have phonemes and phonotactic structures which don't appear in the language, like consonant clusters or syllable-final sounds.

These people can skin animals.

They don't have a musical tradition.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 This proto-lang will be made in the equivalent of 30,000 BCE. This constitutes the Upper Paleolithic.
-It will be for an alien species which is (what a coincidence) biologically very similar to humans, but is probably different in some way. Maybe their hands are made differently or they can climb trees a bit better, or maybe their mouths are even shaped slightly differently.
+It will be for an alien species which is (what a coincidence) biologically very similar to humans, but is probably different in some way. Maybe their hands are made differently or they can climb trees a bit better, or maybe their heads are oriented to be more like cones.
+I plan to evolve this until the present day.
-But they think in terms of predicates.
-What words?
 ==Phonology/Orthography==
 ===Vowels===
+Front:<br />
-/e/ - somewhere near a mid-front vowel, but can degrade in fast speech to sound like /i/ or /a/<br />
-/i/ - high front vowel, similar to [j] in intensity, never degrades<br />
+/e/ - [ɛ]~[e], can degrade to [ə] in fast speech<br />
+/i/ - [i]; similar to [j] in intensity when alone<br />
-/a/ - most variable sound; is a back low vowel, but can shift to any low vowel and many mid vowels<br />
+Back:<br />
-/u/ - mostly distinguished from /a/ by closeness of the lips; always a back vowel; most similar, at its core, to the Japanese u<br />
+/a/ - [a] before bilabial consonants, [ɑ]~[ɤ] elsewhere<br />
+/u/ - [o]~[u]<br />
+There are 8 acceptable diphthongs:
-a only counts as a back vowel if it is alone or before u. Otherwise, it is neutral in the sense that it doesn't change consonants as if it's a back vowel.
-Acceptable diphthongs are /ae/, /au/, /ua/, /ue/.
+Front:/ae/ [əɛ], /ai/[əi], /ei/[ei], /eu/[ɛo], /ie/[ie]<br />
+Back: /au/[ɑo], /ua/[oɑ], and /ue/[oe]
+No more than two vowels can occur in a row.
 ===Consonants===
+{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 200px; text-align:center;" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
-/b/ - bilabial plosive;<br>
+! style="width: 32px; " |
-/m/ - bilabial nasal;<br>
+! style="width: 32px; " |Before Front
-/d/ - alveolar ; inches closer to the front of the mouth before /e/ and /i/ and diphthongs and closer to the back before back vowels<br />
+! style="width: 32px; " |Before Back
-/s/ - alveolar fricative; partially voiced and palatalized before /e/ or /i/<br>
+|-
-/n/ - alveolar nasal; follows the same rules as /d/<br>
+|/b/
-/g/ - velar stop; is palatalized before /e/ and /i/<br>
+|colspan=2|[b]
-/h/ - back fricative; can be palatal fricative before /e/ and /i/, while is uvular/glottal fricative before back vowels<br>
+|-
-==People==
+|/m/
-anasi - (to be) a human<br />
+|colspan=2|[m]
-ibi - to be the speaker<br />
+|-
-igu - to be the listener/audience<br />
+|/d/
+|[d̪]
+|[d̠]
+|-
+|/n/
+|[n̪]
+|[n̠]
+|-
+|/s/
+|[ʑ]
+|[s]
+|-
+|/l/
+|[l]
+|[dɮ]
+|-
+|/g/
+|[ɡʲ]
+|[g]
+|-
+|/h/
+|[ç]
+|[x]~[h]
+|}
-==Animals==
+==Words==
-auguma - (to be) a large herbivore<br />
+aenalabe - to see<br />
-anausu - (to be) a bird on the ground<br />
+aene - to be an eyeball<br />
-elahi - (to be) a bird in the sky<br />
+aihi - to make noise<br />
-anaude - (to be) a herbivore which is undesirable<br>
+ahuedi - (to be) nature or god<br />
-udude - (to be) a carnivore which is undesirable<br />
+aliebu - to be many<br />
-uge - (animal) to be dangerous in an admirable way, (human) to be renowned<br />
+aliehie - (to be) beautiful<br />
+aniedu - to flee<br />
+asiena - mysterious, new<br />
-==Weather==
+asae - to cut<br />
+aseu - wind<br />
+asue - to die which is bad<br />
+auguma - (to be) a large herbivore, to be eaten, to be edible<br />
+bae - (to be) fruit<br />
+bau - (to be) (a) bone<br />
+biema - to be similar to another thing<br />
+budumua - to lightning and/or thunder, to shake, to make the ground electric, to arrive or come nearer (of the mythical monster)<br />
+bueda - (to be) the color of the sky right now<br />
+buha - to do, make, or speak of something<br />
+dage - to be done, to be made, to be a theoretical thing spoken of<br />
+dude - (to be) a carnivore/killer which is undesirable<br />
+edugu - (to be) a home, where someone lives generally<br />
 eida - (to be) day, the sun<br />
+elahi - (to be) a bird in the sky<br />
-ubudumua - to lightning and/or thunder, to shake, to make the ground electric
+elali - (to be) the earth, its creator, its bounty<br />
-*This also represents a mythical monster. Because of this, it has the meaning of "to arrive (of the mythical monster)"<br />
-umi - (to be) a cloud<br />
+emabe - stone<br />
+enaule - flatland, plain<br />
-ugu - rain, (of rain) to fall, to attack ineffectively but relentlessly<br />
-==Other Actions==
-adage - to be done, to be made, to be spoken of<br />
 esiba - to be affected by something<br />
+eugabi - an animal which isn't fit to be eaten due to moral circumstances<br />
+gigu - to listen and/or learn<br />
+gu - rain, (of rain) to fall, to attack ineffectively but relentlessly<br />
+ibi - to be the speaker<br />
+idule - to be similar<br />
+igu - to be the listener/audience<br />
+ihaedi - to sit<br />
 imau - to be at a specific place<br />
-inaeba - to charge forward<br>
+inaeba - to charge forward<br />
-isima - sneakily stalk<br />
+inihi - to stop<br />
+*adverb: indicates that the following happens after the previous thing stops
+labe - to have fun with something<br />
+laela - (to be) grass<br />
+mau - sad sound<br />
+nasi - (to be) a human<br />
+naude - (to be) a herbivore which is undesirable<br />
+nausu - (to be) a bird on the ground<br />
+nese - to be caught, to be obtained; used to create object for theoretical verbs<br />
+sase - specific knife used to cut things open most cleanly, to cut<br />
+sigi - (to be) jutting up and down, such as mountains faraway<br />
+sima - sneakily stalk<br />
+sidi - indicates that the previous word is false<br />
 uba - walk brashly<br />
-ubudumua - to arrive or come nearer (of the mythical monster)<br />
+ude - to die which is good<br />
-ubuha - to do, make, or speak of something<br />
+uedau - to be wise<br />
+uge - (animal) to be dangerous in an admirable way, (human) to be renowned<br />
+ulali - to be happy, to be bright, to be near something which is good<br />
+ugebe - club to break things; to smash<br />
 ugeuba - to walk (like) an animal, with grace<br />
+ulaehu - (to be like a) flower<br />
 umau - be approached (by something else which was walking)<br />
+umi - (to be) a cloud<br />
 usisu - to whisper<br />
+==Compound Words in General (with b- for clarity)==
-==Food==
+bisigi benaule - a jocular word for their mountain home, which is like a flatland to them<br />
-ababe - (to be) fruit<br />
-asue - to die which is bad<br />
+buge beugabi - used to specify an exalted animal<br />
-apau - to be (a) bone<br />
+buge banasi - used to specify an exalted human<br />
-auguma - to be eaten, to be edible<br />
-ude - to die which is good<br />
-==Objects/Tools==
-XaYane - (X happens) such that (Y happens)<br>
-asuse - specific knife used to cut things open most cleanly, to cut<br>
-emabe - stone<br />
-ugebe - club to break things; to smash<br>
-==Grammar==
+==Prefixes==
+These are prefixes which attach to the beginning of the word and signify connected things. They generally go in this order, from first to last:
-Word Order
-*The language is very strictly SV for its simple sentences.
-*The more complex (transitive sentences) have this setup:
-**Agent-AVerb-PVerb-Patient-AaPane
-Reduplication
-*Reduplication of the first syllable implies an iterative nature.
-*Reduplication of the last two syllables implies a habitual/gnomic nature.
-**/i/ after /u/ becomes /e/; igigu -> igigu{igu} -> igiguegu
-==Underlying Non-Predicates==
-There are some underlying non-predicates. These are prefixes which attach to the beginning of the word and signify connected things. They generally go in this order, from first to last:
 *b-
 *m-
@@ Line 93: / Line 135: @@
 *h-
+When the predicate comes before a consonant, the vowel in between them is the same as the one after the beginning of the word.
-I didn't create them as pronouns, but that is what they can theoretically be glossed as.
+Predicates which refer to the same thing have the same prefix.
+==Intransitive Sentences==
+Simple sentences can be represented in English by making the second word a verb. However, this is not actually a change in the word.
+*Bauguma bimau bapau.
+*SUBJ1-eaten.animal SUBJ1-be.at.place SUBJ1-be.bone
+*The animal which could have been eaten is now at a specific place and is now a skeleton.
+Generally, the word in the front is written as a noun in the transcription, though it is not different from a verb in practice.
+*Bapau bimau baugama.
+*SUBJ1-be.bone SUBJ1-eaten.animal SUBJ1-be.at.place
+*The skeleton of an animal is over there.
+==Transitive Sentences==
+The slightly more complex transitive sentences have a setup where two words with different prefixes are next to one another, and they interact in such a way that the first one is implied to be related to the other.
+*Buge bisima mumau mibi.
+*SUBJ1-be.exalted SUBJ1-sneakily.stalk SUBJ2-be.approached SUBJ2-be.speaker
+*The exalted one sneakily stalks me.
+Generally, mumau is used for the objects of verbs involving the subject's physical motion towards something. However, this is not necessary.
+*Buge bisima mesiba mibi.
+*The exalted one sneakily stalks and it affects me in some way.
+==Reduplication==
+Reduplication of the first syllable implies an iterative nature.
+Reduplication of the last two syllables implies a habitual/gnomic nature.
+In reduplication, /i/ after /u/ becomes /e/; igigu -> igigu{igu} -> igiguegu
 ==Sentences==
-Bauguma bimau bapau. - The animal which could have been eaten is now at a specific place and is now a skeleton. (SUBJ1-eaten.animal SUBJ1-at.place SUBJ1-be.bone)
-Bapau bimau baugama. - The skeleton over there is an animal.
-Buge bisima mibi mesiba bamane - The exalted one sneakily stalks you.
+Bisima buge mumau mibi. - The one who stalks is exalted and comes near me.<br />
+Bisima buge mesiba mibi. - The one who sneaks is exalted, which affects me somehow.<br />
+==Story==
+Bauguma binaeba (mesiba) masue manasi.<br />
+The herbivore charges and kills one person.<br />
+Banasi baliebu bubuha mesiba meugabi.<br />
+Many people talk about the disgraced animal*.<br />
+''(They have to find the animal. Then the story continues.)''
+Baliebu bugu mesiba meugabi balaliebu mesiba maniedu.<br />
+The crowd attacks the animal, albeit ineffectively, but the sheer number of attacks affects it, and it flees.<br />
+''(When they find the animal, they go to kill it, but lightning strikes. This shows that the animal was not meant to be eaten, and they show it the way out of the fire. Then its children become more friendly.)''
+<nowiki/>*The animal is bad, and so it cannot be eaten because it has done evil and has killed for a reason other than eating. Therefore, it is referred to as an eugabi.
 ==Culture==
 Names come from the baby's first babbling; they can have phonemes and phonotactic structures which don't appear in the language, like consonant clusters or syllable-final sounds.
+These people can skin animals.
-==Story==
-Beugabi binaeba manasi masue bamane.<br>
+They don't have a musical tradition.
-The herbivore charged and killed one person.<br>
 [[Category:Language Families]]
 [[Category:Languages]]