9 (old)

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I am going to revamp the language. This page is being kept as a reference and may turn into a vocabulary page in the future.

Descriptive Nouns

	-iXi <<	-i <	-aXa Neutral	-u >	-uXu >>
quality	talili very bad	tali bad	tala average	talu good	talulu very good
quantity	molili very few	moli few	mola not many or few	molu many	molulu a lot
temperature	? cold	? cool	? ?	? warm	? hot
size	? ?	? small	? medium	? big	? ?
length/height	? ?	? short	? ?	? long/tall	? ?
weight	? ?	? light	? ?	? heavy	? ?
price	? ?	? cheap	? ?	? expensive	? ?
difficulty	? very easy	? easy	? ?	? hard	? very hard
speed	? ?	? slow	? ?	? fast	? ?

Syntax Test Sentences

1. The sun shines.
   • sun NOM shine
2. The sun is shining.
   • sun NOM PROG-shine
3. The sun shone.
   • sun NOM shine-PST
4. The sun will shine.
   • sun NOM shine-FUT
5. The sun has been shining.
   • sun NOM PROG-shine-PST
6. The sun is shining again.
7. The sun will shine tomorrow.
   • sun NOM next.day shine-FUT
8. The sun shines brightly.
   • sun NOM be.bright manner INST shine
9. The bright sun shines.
   • be.bright sun NOM shine
10. The sun is rising now.
    • sun NOM this.time appear
11. All the people shouted.
    • all.person NOM shout-PST
12. Some of the people shouted.
13. Many of the people shouted twice.
14. Happy people often shout.
15. The kitten jumped up.
16. The kitten jumped onto the table.
17. My little kitten walked away.
18. It's raining.
    • rain NOM PROG-fall
19. The rain came down.
    • rain NOM fall-PST
20. The kitten is playing in the rain.
21. The rain has stopped.
22. Soon the rain will stop.
23. I hope the rain stops soon.
24. Once wild animals lived here.
25. Slowly she looked around.
26. Go away!
27. Let's go!
28. You should go.
29. I will be happy to go.
30. He will arrive soon.
31. The baby's ball has rolled away.
32. The two boys are working together.
33. This mist will probably clear away.
34. Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
    • be.beautiful flower NOM all.place LOC PROG-grow
35. We should eat more slowly.
36. You have come too soon.
37. You must write more neatly.
38. Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
39. Henry's dog is lost.
    • Henry GEN dog NOM be.lost
40. My cat is black.
    • 1 GEN cat NOM be.black
41. The little girl's doll is broken.
42. I usually sleep soundly.
43. The children ran after Jack.
44. I can play after school.
45. We went to the village for a visit.
46. We arrived at the river.
    • 1.group NOM river LOC arrive-PST
47. I have been waiting for you.
48. The campers sat around the fire.
49. A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
50. The child waited at the door for her father.
51. Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
52. Were you born in this village?
53. Can your brother dance well?
54. Did the man leave?
55. Is your sister coming for you?
56. Can you come tomorrow?
57. Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
58. Does the robin sing in the rain?
59. Are you going with us to the concert?
60. Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
61. We sailed down the river for several miles.
62. Everybody knows about hunting.
63. On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
64. Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
65. An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
66. The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
67. The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
68. Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
69. The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
70. The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
71. On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
72. During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
73. When will your guests from the city arrive?
74. Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
75. Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
76. Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
77. The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
78. The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
79. The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
80. The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
81. A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
82. I am very happy.
    • 1 NOM be.very.happy
83. These oranges are juicy.
84. Sea water is salty.
85. The streets are full of people.
86. Sugar tastes sweet.
87. The fire feels hot.
88. The little girl seemed lonely.
89. The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
90. I have lost my blanket.
91. A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
92. At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
93. Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
94. Their voices sound very happy.
95. Is today Monday?
    • this.day NOM Monday COP Q
96. Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
97. Will you be ready on time?
98. Will you send this message for me?
99. Are you waiting for me?
100. Is this the first kitten of the litter?
101. Are these shoes too big for you?
102. How wide is the River?
103. Listen.
104. Sit here by me.
105. Keep this secret until tomorrow.
106. Come with us.
107. Bring your friends with you.
108. Be careful.
109. Have some tea.
110. Pip and his dog were great friends.
111. John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
112. You and I will go together.
113. They opened all the doors and windows.
114. He is small, but strong.
115. Is this tree an oak or a maple?
116. Does the sky look blue or gray?
117. Come with your father or mother.
118. I am tired, but very happy.
119. He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
120. Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
121. A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
122. The first part of the story is very interesting.
123. The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
124. The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
125. Stop your game and be quiet.
126. The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
127. Do you like summer or winter better?
128. That boy will have a wonderful trip.
129. They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
130. They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
131. Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
132. I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
133. Aha! I have caught you!
134. This string is too short!
135. Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
136. Alas! that news is sad indeed!
137. Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
138. Are you warm enough now?
139. They heard the warning too late.
140. We are a brave people, and love our country.
141. All the children came except Mary.
142. Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
143. This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
144. On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
145. Our bird's name is Jacko.
146. The river knows the way to the sea.
147. The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
148. They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
149. The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
150. We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
151. We learn something new each day.
152. The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
153. Did you find the distance too great?
154. Hurry, children.
155. Madam, I will obey your command.
156. Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
157. In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
158. Tell the last part of that story again.
159. Be quick or you will be too late.
160. Will you go with us or wait here?
161. She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
162. Think first and then act.
163. I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
164. Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
165. Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
166. We consider them our faithful friends.
167. We will make this place our home.
168. The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
169. The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
170. I hurt myself.
171. She was talking to herself.
172. He proved himself trustworthy.
173. We could see ourselves in the water.
174. Do it yourself.
175. I feel ashamed of myself.
176. Sit here by yourself.
177. The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
178. They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
179. With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
180. All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
181. Light he thought her, like a feather.
182. Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
183. In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
184. The boy who brought the book has gone.
185. These are the flowers that you ordered.
186. I have lost the book that you gave me.
187. The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
188. Come when you are called.
189. I shall stay at home if it rains.
190. When he saw me, he stopped.
191. Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
192. I shall lend you the books that you need.
193. Come early next Monday if you can.
194. If you come early, wait in the hall.
195. I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
196. Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
197. He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
198. Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
199. I have found the ring I lost.
200. Play and I will sing.
201. That is the funniest story I ever heard.
202. She is taller than her brother.
203. They are no wiser than we.
204. Light travels faster than sound.
205. We have more time than they.
206. She has more friends than enemies.
207. He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
208. When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
209. I am sure that we can go.
210. We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
211. "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
212. I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
213. My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
214. Why he has left the city is a mystery.
215. The house stands where three roads meet.
216. He has far more money than brains.
217. Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
218. I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Calendar

proposal 1

Due to many variables, the Earth's seasons aren't consistent each year. Trying to match each month with the start of a season results in an irregular number of days each month. Trying to make the number of days in each month the same will make the seasons fall out of sync. Unfortunately, it's impossible to create a consistent calendar and no matter what, there will have to be extra days in some years. Unless you redefine what a "day" is, but then the concept of morning and night will go out of sync.

This calender will take the latter approach. The year consists of 4 seasons of 90 days each. A week consists of 6 days, giving 15 weeks in each season and 60 weeks in a year.

At the end of each year, a special New Year's week is added, consisting of either 5 or 6 days (leap year), whichever one that would make the first day after the New Year's week fall on the Northward Equinox. (First day of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere; First day of Autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.)

There are no "weekends" where most people get days off from school or work. In the workplace, a rule allows people to take any 24 days of their choice off from work each month, limited to up to two days a week. Of course, their schedule needs to be worked out in advance with upper management.

Below is the table for the current year.

Name	Season (Northern Hemisphere)	Gregorian date (2013–2014)
?	Spring	Mar 20 - Jun 17
?	Summer	Jun 18 - Sep 15
?	Autumn	Sep 16 - Dec 14
?	Winter	Dec 15 - Mar 14
?	New Year's	Mar 15 - Mar 19 (5 days)
?	Spring	Mar 20 - Jun 17

proposal 2

Uses the Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar. Each quarter consists of 13 seven-day weeks. Every 5 or 6 years, an extra leap week of 7 days is added after December.

Colors

Name	Color	English	Name	Color	English
Dark			Bright
?		Maroon	?		Red
?		Brown	?		Orange
?		Olive	?		Yellow
?			?		Chartreuse
?		Dark Green	?		Green
?			?		Spring Green
?		Teal	?		Cyan
?			?		Azure
?		Navy	?		Blue
?		Indigo	?		Violet
?		Purple	?		Magenta
?			?		Rose

Name	Color	English
?		Black
?		Gray
?		White

Music

The language uses a twelve-tone system. This system is relative, where <ta> is always the tonic note in the Ionian scale.

Syllable	Tonic Sol-fa Equivalent	Example with F as Tonic
ta	do	F (E#)
sa	-	(Gb/F#)
ka	re	G
fa	-	(Ab/G#)
pa	mi	A
ŋa	fa	Bb (A#)
da	-	(B/Cb)
za	so	C (B#)
ga	-	(Db/C#)
va	la	D
ba	-	(Eb/D#)
ma	ti	E (Fb)

...

Irrelevant Section
This section is irrelevant to the section or article but is kept for archival purposes.

Alphabet

	Group 1			Group 2		Group 3
vowels	a	e	i	o	u	r
nasals + approximants	n	l	j	m	w	ŋ
unvoiced stops + fricatives	t	s	∫	p	f	k
voiced stops + fricatives	d	z	ʒ	b	v	g

Note that Group 1 consonants are coronal, group 2 consonants are labial, group 3 consonants are velar.

The order for collation starts at the top-left of the grid, going left to right, then up to down.

Phonology

The consonants, <i>, and <u> represent their IPA equivalents. As for the other vowels,

• <a> ranges from [a] to [ɑ]
• <e> ranges from [e] to [ɛ]
• <o> ranges from [o] to [ɔ]
• <r> is a rhoticized schwa [ɚ]

The pronunciation of the consonants by themselves, such as when spelling something out, is formed by taking the letter and combining it with the vowel /a/.

The penultimate syllable of each word is stressed.

Structure

Syllable Structure

The syllable structure is (C)V(N), where

• (C) is an optional consonant.
• V is a vowel (or diphthong).
• (N) is an optional nasal.

There are rules for which nasal can be used. Taking a sample word with structure C₁V₁(N₁)C₂V₂N₂,

• N₁ must match the group of C₂.
• (word final) N₂ must match the group of V₂.
• There can only be one nasal between V₁ and V₂. It will be analyzed as being C₂.

Other restrictions are as follows:

• /j/ may not follow or precede /i/.
• /w/ may not follow or precede /u/.
• /i/ may not follow /e/.
• /u/ may not follow /o/.

Sentence Structure

The word order of the language is SOV. Its morphological type is agglunative. Its morphosyntactic alignment is nominative-accusitive.

Numbers

Basic Numbers

This language will use a dozenal base.

Name	Symbol	English Equivalent
o / uo	o	zero
no	n	one
lo	l	two
jo	j	three
mo	m	four
wo	w	five
ŋo	ŋ	six
to	t	seven
so	s	eight
∫o	∫	nine
po	p	ten
fo	f	eleven

The symbols for the numerals use an underlined letter. Reading out a string of digits is as simple as reading out the letter with the vowel /o/. The word for "zero" has two possible pronunciations. It is normally /o/, but if an ambiguity can occur between the number <o> and the letter <o>, then the pronunciation /uo/ is used.

Larger Numbers

<ki> is "dozen" and <ku> is "gross". You need to explicitly say "one dozen" and "one gross" instead of simply "dozen" and "gross".

Name	Symbol	English Equivalent	Base 10 Equivalent
noki	no	one dozen	12
noki-no	nn	one dozen and one	13
loki	lo	two dozen	24
noku	noo	one gross	144
noku-jo	noj	one gross and three	147
noku-loki-jo	nlj	one gross, two dozen, and three	171
foku-foki-fo	fff	eleven gross, eleven dozen, and eleven	1727

Nouns

Nouns do not decline. A noun can represent one of any number, gender, or definiteness.

Case Particles

Particles will be used to indicate the case of nouns. They are placed after the noun they modify.

Particle	Case	Indication
na	Nominative	Subject
ja	Accusative	Direct object
ni	Dative	Indirect object
di	Genitive	Relationship/possession
akr	Locative/Temporal	A specific location/time
ako	Ablative/Egressive	A starting location/time
ake	Lative/Terminative	An ending location/time
mu	Instrumental	Means by which an action is accomplished

Noun Classes

Every noun falls into one of five main classes.

Noun Class	Group
ta∫i	Humans
tase	Non-human animate things
tana	Inanimate things
tamo	Locations
taŋr	Abstract concepts

Of course, the classes themselves are nouns in their own right. One thing that classes are used for is counting nouns. Each of these classes have sub-classes for extra precision, but there is nothing wrong with using the main class.

Determiners

For normal nouns, the determiners <kedi>, <pidi>, and <pudi>, meaning "which", "this", and "that", respectively, are placed before the noun. A short form exists for the special words in the following table, although the full form can still be used.

Determiner	ke-/kedi which	pi-/pidi this	pu-/pudi that
Person	keta∫i who	pita∫i this person	puta∫i that person
Thing	ketana what	pitana this thing	putana that thing
Time	ketaku when	pitaku now	putaku that time
Location	ketamo where	pitamo here	putamo there
Reason	ketai why	pitai this reason	putai that reason

Determiner	? any	? all	? some	uo none
Person	? anybody	? everybody	? somebody	uo ta∫i nobody
Thing	? anything	? everything	? something	uo tana nothing
Time	? anytime	? always	? sometime	uo taku never
Location	? anywhere	? everywhere	? somewhere	uo tamo nowhere

Note that the determiner for non-existence uses the word for "zero", so that <on ta∫i> literally means "zero people".

Personal Pronouns

The most general way to refer to a person is by using their name, even when talking directly to them. A second-person pronoun exists, but it is mainly to be used if you don't know the name of who you are speaking to. However, using your own name to speak about yourself is considered childish or egotistic, so only the first-person pronoun sees general use.

First Person	ai
Second Person	au

Note that there is no third person pronoun. Again, the name of who you are talking about is to be used if it is known. Otherwise, use the phrase <podi ta∫i>; "that person".

The suffix <-koi> is added to indicate a group including the person you are talking about. This can be used to pluralize the pronouns, but it is not limited to being added to pronouns. e.g. <aikoi> = we, <iukoi> = you, <Smith-koi> = Smith and his group.

Adjectives

All adjectives will be gradable. All other adjectives as we know them in English will be expressed by stative verbs.

Each adjective has a root that may not use <l> as its final consonant. The nominal form will have <-la> appended to the root. Words toward the positive direction end with <-li>; toward the negative direction, <-lu>. (Positive/Negative here does not necessarily correlate to desirable/undesirable.) Neutrality is formed with <-lr>. Reduplicating the last syllable forms a greater degree. It is possible to reduplicate the last syllable multiple times, but it is discouraged in non-casual situations.

Root	Nominal	-lili	-li	Neutral	-lu	-lulu
ta-	tala quality	talili very good	tali good	talr average	talu bad	talulu very bad
ko-	kola quantity	kolili a lot	koli many	kolr not many or few	kolu few	kolulu very little
so-	sola size	solili very big	soli big	solr medium	solu small	solulu very small
me-	mela temperature	melili very hot	meli hot	melr not hot or cold	melu cold	melulu very cold

The suffixes <-le> and <-lo> are used to say that you want it toward the direction of the <-li> word and the <-lu> word, respectively. Depending on which word it is used with, it will form constructions such as the comparative and excessive degree. <melrle> means "it is neutral and I want it toward the direction of hot", basically meaning "hotter". <melule> means "it is cold and I want it toward the direction of hot", basically meaning "too cold".

Adding <-lele> and <-lolo> to the root forms the superlative.

-le	-lo
melile even hotter	melilo too hot
melrle hotter	melrlo colder
melule too cold	melulo even colder
melele hottest	melolo coldest

Adjectives are placed directly before a noun to modify it. e.g. <solu tana> = "small thing".

Basic Verb Forms

Verbs conjugate according to mood and tense.

Copula

The copula is <da>. It is used to say that a noun is another noun.

Sentence	ai na ta∫i da.
Gloss	1 NOM human be
Translation	I am human.

The copula is a specialized verb and conjugates differently compared to other verbs.

In order to use an adjective in the predicate position, you need to attach the adjective to one of the noun class words.

Sentence	pudi kosi na soli tana da.
Gloss	that house NOM big thing be
Translation	That house is big.

In English, the verb "to be" can also show existence. This is a separate verb in 9.

Existence

The verb to show existence is <naba>.

Sentence	grwo na pitamo akr naba.
Gloss	dog NOM here LOC exist
Translation	There is a dog here.

This verb can also mean "to have".

Sentence	ai di miwa na naba.
Gloss	1 GEN cat NOM exist
Translation	I have a cat.

Note that the genitive case is used, so it literally says "A 'my cat' exists".

Indicative

The basic form of a verb ends in <-a>. To make verbs negative, add <-n>.

Affirmative	Negative
da be	dan not be
naba exist	naban not exist
tada do	tadan not do
iza see	izan not see
uva hear	uvan not hear

Sentence	James na pitamo akr naban.
Gloss	James NOM here LOC exist-NEG
Translation	James isn't here.

Tense

There is no separate future tense. The base form of the verb is used for both the present and future. The past tense of the copula is <daku>, and its past negative is <dakum>. For other verbs, the past tense is formed by adding the auxiliary word <azu> before the verb.

Affirmative	Negative	Past Negative
da be	daku was	dakum was not
naba exist	azu naba existed	azu naban did not exist
tada do	azu tada did	azu tadan did not do
iza see	azu iza saw	azu izan did not see
uva hear	azu uva heard	azu uvan did not hear

Sentence
Gloss
Translation

Sentence Ending Particles

In order to turn a statement into a question, add <ke> to the end of a sentence.

Sentence	au di miwa na naba ke?
Gloss	2 GEN cat NOM exist INT
Translation	Do you have a cat?

In order to turn a statement into a command, add <go> to the end of a sentence.

Sentence	izan go!
Gloss	see-NEG IMP
Translation	Don't look!

Subordinate Clauses

The particle <ui> marks off a subordinate clause.

Sentence
Gloss
Translation

More Verb Forms

Progressive

To indicate an action in progress, change <-a> to <-r>. Add <-ŋ> to form the negative. The copula has no progressive form.

Affirmative	Progressive	Negative Progressive	Past Progressive	Past Negative Progressive
tada do	tadr doing	tadrŋ not doing	azu tadr was doing	azu tadrŋ was not doing
koza eat	kozr eating	kozrŋ not eating	azu kozr was eating	azu kozrŋ was not eating
goza drink	gozr drinking	gozrŋ not drinking	azu gozr was drinking	azu gozrŋ was not drinking

Sentence
Gloss
Translation

Current Vocabulary

Abbreviations used: adj - adjective; det - determiner; n - noun; nc - noun class; pn - pronoun; pt - particle; sfx- suffix; v - verb; # - number

Word	PoS	Translation
ai	pn	(1st person pronoun)
au	pn	(2nd person pronoun)
ake	pt	(lative/terminative case)
ako	pt	(ablative/egressive case)
akr	pt	(locative/temporal case)
iza	v	see
o	#	zero
uva	v	hear
na	pt	(nominative case)
naba	v	exist
ni	pt	(dative case)
no	#	one
lo	#	two
ja	pt	(accusative case)
jo	#	three
mela	n	temperature
meli	adj	hot
melu	adj	cold
miwa	n	cat (domestic)
mo	#	four
mu	pt	(instrumental case)
wo	#	five
ŋo	#	six
tai	n	reason
tana	n, nc	thing
tala	n	quality
tali	adj	good
talu	adj	bad
taŋr	n, nc	idea, concept
tase	n, nc	animal
ta∫i	n, nc	human, person
taku	n	time
tada	v	do
to	#	seven
so	#	eight
sola	n	size
soli	adj	big
solu	adj	small
∫o	#	nine
pidi	det	this
po	#	ten
pudi	det	that
fo	#	eleven
ke	pt	(interrogative)
kedi	det	which
ki	#	dozen
-koi	sfx	(indicates group)
kola	n	quantity
koli	adj	many
kolu	adj	few
kosi	n	house
koza	v	eat
ku	#	gross (a dozen dozen)
da	v	be
di	pt	(genitive case)
go	pt	(imperative)
goza	v	drink
grwo	n	dog