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| Abrugoan Abrukō | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| Synthetic | |||
| Alignment | |||
| Active-Stative | |||
| Head direction | |||
| Initial | |||
| Tonal | |||
| No | |||
| Declensions | |||
| Yes | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Labial | Plain | Labial | Plain | Labial | Plain | Labial | Plain | Labial | ||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p /p/ |
t /t/ |
tʷ /tʷ/ |
k /k/ |
kʷ /kʷ/ |
q /q/ |
qʷ /qʷ/ |
' /ʔ/ |
'ʷ /ʔʷ/ | |||
| Aspirate | b /pʰ/ |
d /tʰ/ |
|||||||||||
| Ejective | p' /p'/ |
t' /t'/ |
k' /k'/ |
kʷ' /kʷ'/ |
q' /q'/ |
qʷ' /qʷ'/ |
|||||||
| Nasal | Plain | m /m/ |
n /n/ |
nʷ /nʷ/ |
ŋ /ŋ/ |
ŋʷ /ŋʷ/ |
ṇ /ɴ/ |
ṇʷ /ɴʷ/ |
|||||
| Glottalic | m' /mˀ/ |
n' /nˀ/ |
nʷ' /nʷˀ/ |
||||||||||
| Fricative | s /s/ |
sʷ /sʷ/ |
h /x/ |
hʷ /xʷ/ |
ḥ /χ/ |
ḥʷ /χʷ/ |
h̤ /ħ/ |
||||||
| Approximant | Plain | y /j/ |
r /ɰ/ |
rʷ /ɰʷ/ |
ṛ /ʕ/ |
ṛʷ /ʕʷ/ |
|||||||
| Lateral | l /l/ |
||||||||||||
| Glottalic | l' /lˀ/ |
y' /jˀ/ |
|||||||||||
Vowels[]
| Oral | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Closed | i /i/ |
ɨ /ɨ/ |
u /ɯ/ |
| Mid | ə /ə/ |
||
| Open | a /ɐ/ |
Phonotactics.
Syllable Structure[]
Consonant Clustering (Morphophonology)[]
Syllable Distribution[]
Stress[]
Orthography[]
Morphology[]
Declension[]
Class and Case []
Syntactic Roles
| Animate | Natural | Artificial | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active | -ak | -el | -m |
| Stative | -aghi, -gī | -elir, -ili, -ilit | -umo |
Relation and Form
| Humans | Animals, Plants | Nature, Natural Forces | Abstractions | Flat Objects | Round/Circular Objects | Long, Tall Objects | Short Objects | Flowing Objects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | -afi | -siyr | -mawhe | -mot | -kim | -koh | -anho | ||
| Instrumental | -an | -rit | -afie | -moyr | -eb | -khoi | |||
| Dative | -atih | -tī | -āp | -mū | -mē | -oeŋ | |||
| Benefactive | -ar | -di | -opi | -mue | -mib | -akki | |||
| Comitative | -un | -iri | -nwep | -omn | -wik | -uhē | |||
| Causal | -ku | -si | -ut | -km | -woni | -utet | |||
| Semblative | -uakhi | -eusi | -nwesō | -moem | -uy | -uyik |
Location and Direction
| Adessive/Locative | |
|---|---|
| Inessive | |
| Extrative | |
| Superessive | |
| Subessive | |
| Allative | |
| Ablative | |
| Vialis | |
| Illative | |
| Elative | |
| Superlative | |
| Sublative | |
| Delative | |
| Infralative | |
| Preterlative | |
| Circumlative | |
| Prolative | |
| Subterlative |
Time
Definiteness[]
| Animate | Inanimate | |
|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | e- | |
| Definite | a- | i- |
Conjugation[]
Person[]
| Self | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 2nd +3rd Person | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | -koo | |||
| 2nd Person | ||||
| 3rd Person |
Aspect[]
| Perfective | |
|---|---|
| Continuous | |
| Habitual | |
| Inchoative | |
| Terminative | |
| Pausative | |
| Resumptive |
Evidentiality[]
Mirativity[]
Derivation[]
Pronouns[]
Personal Pronouns[]
| Animate | Inanimate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | ||||
| Self | Osi | |||
| w/ 2nd Person | Osku | |||
| w/ 3rd Person | Osm | |||
| w/ 2nd + 3rd Person | Soka | |||
| 2nd Person | ||||
| Self | ||||
| General | Kuwa | |||
| Paternal | Eta | |||
| Maternal | Ighra | |||
| Fraternal | Haak | |||
| Sororal | Aheq | |||
| w/ 2nd Person | Wawa | |||
| w/ 3rd Person | Aku | |||
| 3rd Person | ||||
| Self | ||||
| General | Mka | Na | ||
| Paternal | ||||
| Maternal | ||||
| Fraternal | ||||
| Sororal | ||||
| w/ 3rd Person | Umam | |||