| Acallese acallá | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Synthetic | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Mixed | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | Masculine-Feminine | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | [[User:|]] | ||||||||||||
Acallese is a rather posteriori Romance conlang inspired by a number of Romance and Germanic languages. Its major inspiration and influences are French and Spanish, followed by Catalan, Italian, German, English, Sardinian and Corsican. Acallese is supposed to be an easy-to-use/school-friendly yet exciting conlang, at least for its creator, who is its alpha user.
Phonology (La Fonológia)[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | ||||
| Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
The voiced stops may have intervocalic fricative allophones /β, ð, ɣ/ (fablá, cividad, lago).
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| High-mid | e | o | |
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Low | a |
Phonotactics[]
Acallese syllable structure can be summarized as follows; parentheses enclose optional components:
- (C1 (C2 (C3))) (S1) V (S2) (C3 (C4))
Acallese syllable structure consists of an optional syllable onset, consisting of one or two consonants; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, consisting of one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
- Onset
- First consonant (C1): Can be /s/ or a labiodental fricative.
- First consonant (C2): Can be any stop or /f/.
- Third consonant (C3): If and only if the second consonant is a stop /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ/ or a voiceless labiodental fricative /f/, a second consonant, always a liquid /l, r/, is permitted. Exceptions: /tl/ and /dl/
- Nucleus
- Semivowel (S1)
- Vowel (V)
- Semivowel (S2)
- Coda
- First consonant (C3): Can be any consonant.
- Second consonant (C4): Most often /s/, but can be /ɡ/ after /n/ in English loanwords like marketing. A coda combination of two consonants appears only in loanwords (mainly from Classical Latin) but never in words inherited from Vulgar Latin.
- Medial codas assimilate place features of the following onsets and are often stressed.
Stress[]
Acallese stress is functional: to change the placement of stress changes the meaning of a sentence or phrase.
Transcription[]
In traditional transcription, primary stress is marked with an acute accent (´) over the vowel. Unstressed parts of a word are emphasized by placing a breve (˘) over the vowel if a mark is needed, or it is left unmarked.
Position[]
Stress usually occurs in three positions in Acallese: on the final syllable, the penultimate syllable (the second-to-last syllable), or the antepenultimate syllable (the third-to-last syllable).
Alphabet (L'Alfabeto)[]
| Letter | Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Ll | Mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | a | bé | cé | dé | é | efi | gi | haca | i | jo | eli | emi |
| Sound | /a/ | /b/ | /k, tʃ1/ | /d/ | /e, ɛ2/ | /f/ | /g, ʒ1/ | /Ø/ | /i, j/ | /ʒ/ | /l/ | /m/ |
| Letter | Nn | Oo | Pp | Qq* | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Xx | Zz | |
| Name | eni | o | pé | cu | eri | esi | té | u | ve | xi | zeta | |
| Sound | /n/ | /o, ɔ2/ | /p/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u, w/ | /v/ | /ks, s1/ | /z/ | |
| *only appears in the digraph qu /k/, which is used to represent the sound after /e, ɛ, i/. | ||||||||||||
1before /e, ɛ, i/
2at the final unstressed syllable
The letters K (ka), W (duplé-ve) and Y (i-gréca) are also used, but they are only used in loanwords (although the K used in the prefix kilo- (kilométro, kilobíto) is very common).
Grammar (Le Gramaticó)[]
The Article (L'Articulo)[]
The definite article (L'articulo definito)[]
The definite articles are declined to gender and number. They correspond to English the.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | lo, l' | la, l' |
| Plural | li | le |
le and la change to l' when following a vowel or a silent h.
Examples:
- lo cato - the cat
- la flora - the flower
- l'avio ♂ - the airplane
- li cate - the cats
- le flori - the flowers
The indefinite article (L'articulo indefinito)[]
The indefinite articles are also declined to gender and number. They correspond to English a and an. (However, the plurals une and uni are in limited distribution.)
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | un | una |
| Plural | une | uni |
Examples:
- un cato - a cat
- una flora - a flower
- une cate - some cats
- uni flori - some flowers
The partitive article (L'articulo partitivo)[]
The partitive articles are used to indicate an indefinite portion of something uncountable, or an indefinite number of something countable. They correspond to English some.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | do, d' | dé la, dé l' |
| Plural | des | |
do changes to d' when following a vowel or silent h.
Examples:
- jus de rasino - grape juice
- vase dé la flori - vase of flowers
- jus d'orange - orange juice
Nouns (Les Nomes)[]
Gender (Genero)[]
Every Acallese noun has a grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine.