AlastairSelen (talk | contribs) m (Neatening up) Tag: rte-wysiwyg |
(Noun classes outline) Tags: Visual edit apiedit |
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{{Template:LangBox |
{{Template:LangBox |
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|Type = Agglutinative |
|Type = Agglutinative |
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− | |Alignment = |
+ | |Alignment =Tripartite |
|Head =Initial |
|Head =Initial |
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|Tonal =Pitch Accent |
|Tonal =Pitch Accent |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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+ | Aeraken does not distinguish voicing in its consonants: obstruents are always voiceless and sonorants are always voiced. |
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− | {| |
+ | {| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;" |
− | ! style="width: 68px; "| |
+ | ! style="width: 68px; " | |
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial |
! style="width: 68px; " |Labial |
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! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar |
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar |
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|- |
|- |
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!Fricative |
!Fricative |
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− | | |
+ | |f |
|s |
|s |
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|<span id="docs-internal-guid-c5680ca5-fc33-8870-0afc-725b20332688" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-weight:400;white-space:pre-wrap;">ɕ</span></span> |
|<span id="docs-internal-guid-c5680ca5-fc33-8870-0afc-725b20332688" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-weight:400;white-space:pre-wrap;">ɕ</span></span> |
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*Initial /ɾ/ is pronounced [d]. |
*Initial /ɾ/ is pronounced [d]. |
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*Intervocalic /p t/ are typically voiced intervocalically to [b d], which is represented in the orthography. After /n l/ finals, /p t k ts tɕ/ are realised as [b d g dz dʑ]. |
*Intervocalic /p t/ are typically voiced intervocalically to [b d], which is represented in the orthography. After /n l/ finals, /p t k ts tɕ/ are realised as [b d g dz dʑ]. |
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− | *Final / |
+ | *Final /ʔ/ is realised with rising tone on the vowel (with the actual glottal stop not being pronounced), and final /r/ is either realised as a postalveolar rhotic colouring, or more commonly it centers the previous vowel for /i e u ɯ/ and lengthens other vowels. |
===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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(C)(j)V(C) |
(C)(j)V(C) |
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+ | /ŋ ʔ/ may not appear as onset. Only /l r ʔ n m ŋ/ may appear in coda position in native vocabulary, and /s h/ also appears in coda position in lone-words. |
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− | /<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial;font-size:13.3333px;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap;">ŋ </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial;font-size:13.3333px;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap;">ʔ/ may not appear as onset. Only /l r </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial;font-size:13.3333px;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap;">ʔ n m </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial;font-size:13.3333px;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap;">ŋ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial;font-size:13.3333px;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap;">/ may appear in coda position in native vocabulary, and /s h/ also appears in coda position in lone-words. </span> |
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− | + | Of the Cj clusters, only /nj lj kj hj/ are allowed (/sj/ became [ɕ], /tj tsj/ became [tɕ], labial and approximant clusters are forbidden). |
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==Writing System== |
==Writing System== |
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| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|/aw/ |
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"|/aw/ |
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|} |
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− | Accute accents on vowels represent glottal stop coda, e.g. é - /e |
+ | Accute accents on vowels represent glottal stop coda, e.g. é - /e<span id="docs-internal-guid-c5680ca5-fc9d-844a-46c8-e8c65c4f5adb" style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-weight:400;white-space:pre-wrap;">ʔ</span></span>/. *voiced instances of stops and affricates are represented in orthography, as is the realisation of initial /r/ as [d]. |
==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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===Nouns=== |
===Nouns=== |
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+ | All nouns are part of a noun class. There are twenty noun classes, roughly divided into semantic fields, each with their own distinctive suffixes. Many of the noun classes are split into inanimate and animate nouns, while others are always inanimate or always animate: |
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+ | * Class 1n - Simple Objects (Inanimate) ''e.g. stone, feather, stick'' |
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+ | * Class 1a - Simple Objects (Animate) ''e.g. flame, flower'' |
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+ | * Class 2n - Natural Features (Inanimate) ''e.g. mountain, valley, cave'' |
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+ | * Class 2a - Natural Features (Animate) ''e.g. river, forest, meadow'' |
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+ | * Class 3n - Artefacts, Tools ''e.g. book, sword, clothes'' |
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+ | * Class 4n - Substances ''e.g. earth, metal, wood'' |
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+ | * Class 5n - Plants, Food ''e.g. tree, rice, grass'' |
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+ | * Class 6n - Animals (Inanimate) ''e.g. sheep, fish, bird'' |
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+ | * Class 6a - Animals (Animate) ''e.g. horse, bear, hawk'' |
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+ | * Class 7n - Qualities (Inanimate) ''e.g. redness, darkness, coldness'' |
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+ | * Class 7a - Qualities (Animate) ''e.g. harmony, beauty, friendliness'' |
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+ | * Class 8a - Positive Forces ''e.g. fire, energy, life'' |
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+ | * Class 9a - Negative Forces ''e.g. water, wind, death'' |
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+ | * Class 10n - Places ''e.g. village, country, home'' |
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+ | * Class 11n - Structures, Large Objects ''e.g. pillar, house, door'' |
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+ | * Class 12n - Events, Actions ''e.g. meeting, harvest, war'' |
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+ | * Class 13n - Times ''e.g. day, year, month'' |
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+ | * Class 14n - Concepts, Abstract ''e.g. group, sight, friendship'' |
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+ | * Class 15n - Male things [lonewords] ''e.g. composite bow, saddle, rope'' |
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+ | * Class 15a - Male persons ''e.g. father, soldier (m), brother'' |
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+ | * Class 16n - Female things [lonewords] ''e.g. tent, temple, swallow [bird]'' |
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+ | * Class 15a - Female person ''e.g. mother, soldier (f), sister'' |
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+ | * Class 17b - Neutral persons ''e.g. parent, soldier (n), sibling'' |
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+ | * Class 18b - People, Ethnicity ''e.g. Hanase, Aelse, westerners'' |
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+ | * Class 19b - Living Body ''e.g. hand, body, head'' |
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+ | * Class 20a - Dead Body ''e.g. meat, bone, corpse'' |
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===Verbs=== |
===Verbs=== |
Revision as of 13:23, 24 March 2017
Aeraken | |||||||||||||
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Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Tripartite | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | Noun Classes (20) | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 2% | ||||||||||||
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Creator | AlastairSelen |
Aeraken is the language of the Aelse people of eastern Autaka.
Classification and Dialects
Aeraken is of the Alfar language family, specifically the Yeldaic sub-family, which encompasses the closely related Hanysen (Hanaken) language
Phonology
Consonants
Aeraken does not distinguish voicing in its consonants: obstruents are always voiceless and sonorants are always voiced.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Tenuis Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Fricative | f | s | ɕ | h | |
Affricate | ts | tɕ | |||
Approximant | ʋ | ɾ | j | w | |
Lateral | l |
- Intervocalic /l/ is pronounced [ɾ], but geminate /l: ɾ:/ and clusters /lɾ ɾl/ are realised [l(:)].
- Initial /ɾ/ is pronounced [d].
- Intervocalic /p t/ are typically voiced intervocalically to [b d], which is represented in the orthography. After /n l/ finals, /p t k ts tɕ/ are realised as [b d g dz dʑ].
- Final /ʔ/ is realised with rising tone on the vowel (with the actual glottal stop not being pronounced), and final /r/ is either realised as a postalveolar rhotic colouring, or more commonly it centers the previous vowel for /i e u ɯ/ and lengthens other vowels.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɯ | u |
Mid | e | ɤ | o |
Low | ɛ | ɑ |
Phonotactics
(C)(j)V(C)
/ŋ ʔ/ may not appear as onset. Only /l r ʔ n m ŋ/ may appear in coda position in native vocabulary, and /s h/ also appears in coda position in lone-words.
Of the Cj clusters, only /nj lj kj hj/ are allowed (/sj/ became [ɕ], /tj tsj/ became [tɕ], labial and approximant clusters are forbidden).
Writing System
Letter | m | p | n | t | s | sh, sy | ng | k | h | c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /m/ | /p/ | /n/ | /t/ | /s/ | /ɕ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /h/ | /ts/ |
Letter | v | r | w | y | b | d | g | z | j | ch, cy, ty |
Sound | /ʋ/ | [ɾ]* | /w/ | /j/ | [b]* | [d]* | [g]* | [dz]* | [dʑ]* | /tɕ/ |
Letter | a | e | i | o | u | ae | eo | eu | ai | au |
Sound | /ɑ/ | /e/ | /i/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɛ/ | /ɤ/ | /ɯ/ | /aj/ | /aw/ |
Accute accents on vowels represent glottal stop coda, e.g. é - /eʔ/. *voiced instances of stops and affricates are represented in orthography, as is the realisation of initial /r/ as [d].
Grammar
Nouns
All nouns are part of a noun class. There are twenty noun classes, roughly divided into semantic fields, each with their own distinctive suffixes. Many of the noun classes are split into inanimate and animate nouns, while others are always inanimate or always animate:
- Class 1n - Simple Objects (Inanimate) e.g. stone, feather, stick
- Class 1a - Simple Objects (Animate) e.g. flame, flower
- Class 2n - Natural Features (Inanimate) e.g. mountain, valley, cave
- Class 2a - Natural Features (Animate) e.g. river, forest, meadow
- Class 3n - Artefacts, Tools e.g. book, sword, clothes
- Class 4n - Substances e.g. earth, metal, wood
- Class 5n - Plants, Food e.g. tree, rice, grass
- Class 6n - Animals (Inanimate) e.g. sheep, fish, bird
- Class 6a - Animals (Animate) e.g. horse, bear, hawk
- Class 7n - Qualities (Inanimate) e.g. redness, darkness, coldness
- Class 7a - Qualities (Animate) e.g. harmony, beauty, friendliness
- Class 8a - Positive Forces e.g. fire, energy, life
- Class 9a - Negative Forces e.g. water, wind, death
- Class 10n - Places e.g. village, country, home
- Class 11n - Structures, Large Objects e.g. pillar, house, door
- Class 12n - Events, Actions e.g. meeting, harvest, war
- Class 13n - Times e.g. day, year, month
- Class 14n - Concepts, Abstract e.g. group, sight, friendship
- Class 15n - Male things [lonewords] e.g. composite bow, saddle, rope
- Class 15a - Male persons e.g. father, soldier (m), brother
- Class 16n - Female things [lonewords] e.g. tent, temple, swallow [bird]
- Class 15a - Female person e.g. mother, soldier (f), sister
- Class 17b - Neutral persons e.g. parent, soldier (n), sibling
- Class 18b - People, Ethnicity e.g. Hanase, Aelse, westerners
- Class 19b - Living Body e.g. hand, body, head
- Class 20a - Dead Body e.g. meat, bone, corpse