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| Hwayi 화이 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative - Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Head Final | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 1% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Olive11224 | ||||||||||||
General Information
Hwayi (Haqi: 魂语，Hagu: 화이 IPA: /xwa.i/) is an agglutinative language spoken around the Changbai mountains. It is considered stable, with a population of about ~2,275,000 speakers. The language is vastly innovative, with much assimiation from middle chinese and korean. Thus, recent loanwords may conjugate differently compared to naturalized and natural lexicon.
Origin
The Hwa People
The Hwa people have historically occupied much territory, from Primorsky Krai to Shandong.
Since the formation of North Korea, it is likely that the population in North Korea has assimilated with North Korean culture and philosophy. Thus, the population may no longer speak Hwayi.
Phonology
Consonants
Non phonemic consonants and vowels are in brackets.
| Bilabial |
Labio-Dental |
Alveolar | Alveolo-Palatal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | (ɱ) | n | (ŋ) | |||||
| Plosive | unaspirated | p | t | k | (ʔ) | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
|
Fricative |
f | s | ɕ | ʂ | x | ||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | ts | tɕ | ʈʂ | |||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tɕʰ | ʈʂʰ | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
| Approximant | l | j, ɥ | w | ||||||
- The voiceless aspirated plosives are aspirated a bit more than in Japanese, but less than in English.
- [r] may shorten to [ɾ], as long as [r] is not the initial consonant.
- The retroflex series does not occur before the vowel /i/.
- Coda nasals differs depending on the initial consonant of the next syllable.
- Before bilabial consonants: /m/
- Before labialdental consonants: /ɱ/
- Before coronal consonants, glottal consonants, and if the consonant is absent : /n/
- Before velar consonants: /ŋ/
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, y | ɯ*, u | ||
| Near-close | ɪ | |||
| Close-mid | e | o ~ ɔ | ||
| Mid | (ə) | |||
| Open-mid | ||||
| Near-open | (æ) | |||
| Open | a | (ɑ) |
- Hwayi no longer employs a vowel harmony system.
- Hwayi does not employ phonemic vowel or consonant length.
- [o] may vary to any vowel, up to [ɔ] .
Vowel Clusters
In Hwayi, many vowel clusters may consist of a Pure Vowel/Diphthong and a glide.
| Main Vowel | Dim. Vowel | Glides | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ø | j | w | ɥ | ||
| a | Ø | a | ja | wa | ɥa |
| ɪ | aɪ | jaɪ | waɪ | ||
| ʊ | aʊ | jaʊ | waʊ | ||
|
e |
Ø | e | je | we | |
| i | Ø | i | wi | ||
| o | Ø | o | jo | wo | ɥo |
| ʊ | oʊ | joʊ | woʊ | ||
| ɪ | Ø | ɪ | jɪ | wɪ | ɥɪ |
| u | Ø | u | |||
| y | Ø | y | |||
| ɯ | Ø | ɯ | |||
- /ɥ/ may only succeed an Alveolo-Palatal consonant.
- /e/ becomes [ɤ] after a velar consonant.
- Bilabial consonant can not occur before /ɥ/ or /w/.
This is a list showing the possible vowel-final combinations.
| Vowel | Final | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| n | m | ŋ | |
| a | /an/ | /am/ | /ɑŋ/ |
| i | /in/ | /im/ | /iŋ/ |
| e | /ən/ | /em/ | /ɤŋ/ |
| o | /ɔn/ | /ɔm/ | /ɔŋ/ |
| u | /un/ | /um/ | /uŋ/ |
- /i/ in /in/ is better analyzed as [ɪ~i], as it is realised as a vowel in between ɪ and i.
*Analyzation of /ɯ/ after Certain Consonants
| Alveolar | Retroflex | Bilabial | Velar |
|---|---|---|---|
| z̩ | ʐ̣ | ɯ | ɯ |
- [ɯ] is often devoiced after velar consonants.
Phonotactics
- The language's main syllable structure is (C)N(F)
- C = Consonant
- N = Nucleus
- F = Alveolar Nasal
Sound Changes From Proto-Atyarau-Qi
Writing System
This language usually uses a heavily modified variation of the Korean alphabet in conjunction with a Chinese- based logography. The alphabet shown here is similar to the actual alphabet.
| Letter | ㄴ | ㅁ | ㆁ | ㄷ | ㅂ | ㄱ | ㅅ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | /n/, ⟨n⟩ | /m/, /ɱ/, ⟨m⟩ | /ŋ/, ⟨ng⟩ | /t/, ⟨d⟩ | /p/, ⟨b⟩ | /k/, ⟨g⟩ | /s/, ⟨s⟩ |
| Letter | ᄼ | ᄾ | ㅈ | ᅎ | ᅐ | ㅊ | ᅔ |
| Sound | /ɕ/, ⟨x⟩ | /ʂ/, ⟨sh⟩ | /tsʰ/, ⟨c⟩ | /tɕʰ, ⟨q⟩ | /tʂʰ/, ⟨ch⟩ | /ts/, ⟨z⟩ | /tɕ/, ⟨j⟩ |
| Letter | ᅕ | ㅌ | ㅍ | ㅋ | ㆆ | ㄹ | ㅎ |
| Sound | /tʂ/, ⟨zh⟩ | /tʰ/, ⟨t⟩ | /pʰ/, ⟨p⟩ | /kʰ/, ⟨k⟩ | /r/, ⟨r⟩ | /l/, ⟨l⟩ | /x/, ⟨h⟩ |
| Letter | ㅡ | ㅜ | ㅏ | ㅣ | ㅑ | ㅗ | ㅓ |
| Sound | /i/, ⟨i⟩ | /y/, ⟨ü⟩ | /ɤ/, /e/ ⟨e⟩ | /a/, ⟨a⟩ | /o/, ⟨o⟩ | /u/, ⟨u⟩ | /ɪ/, ⟨í⟩ |
| Letter | ㅕ |  |
 |
||||
| Sound | /ɯ/, ⟨ú⟩ | /u̯/, ⟨u⟩ | /ɪ̯/, ⟨í⟩ |
Grammar
The language is SOV. Hwayi is traditionally suffixing.
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Nouns | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Noun phrases
Nouns in Hwayi lack grammatical gender, articles and number. In order to show number and definiteness, the noun must be bound to a classifier.
Example 1: 애태왜猫 Etewemani, literally one [classifier- small animate] cat.
Example 2: 사왜猫 Sawemani, literally this [classifier- small animate] cat.
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
|
Nominative |
- Ø |
|
Accusative |
-(ʔ)ú |
|
Dative |
-(ʔ)e |
|
Genitive |
-(ʔ)i |
|
Vocative |
-(ʔ)ei |
|
Locative |
-(Variable)li |
- After nasals, the nasals are "attached" to the suffixes.
- man-e > /ma.ne/
There are many suffixes used to further elaborate on the locative case.
| Meaning | Suffix |
|---|---|
|
In (Inessive) |
-eli |
|
At (Adessive) |
-ili |
|
To (Lative) |
-aoli |
|
From (Ablative) |
-üli |
Auxillary Verbs
Hwayi uses one auxillary verb. The copula (da) in Hwayi is used to link a subject to a predicate, and is completely regular.
EX: Enla min da. 2ndP.Polite Smart Cop.
EX: Enla la da. 2nd.P.Polite Person Cop.
EX: Enla qiu da. 2nd.P.Polite Walk Cop.
Particles
The particle ti is used to link a modifier to a noun or a verb, if the particle precedes said noun or verb. This may be used to put emphasis on the modifier.
EX: Cwei ti qü. (Quickly, (he) walks) vs. Qü cwei. ((he) walks quickly)
Demonstratives
Hwayi has a four-way distinction between demonstratives, similar to the Northern Sami languages. (Proximal, Mesioproximal, Mesiodistal and Distal.)
| Demonstrative | Definition |
English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Sawe | Proximal | This |
| Nate |
Mesioproximal |
That (near you) |
| Qíde | Mesiodistal |
That (same difference to both of us, rather near.) |
| Jiante | Distal | That (far away) |
Classifiers
Classifiers, or counter words, work similarly to Chinese, and must be bound to a noun if one were to describe number or definiteness. Here is a list of the classifiers which are commonly used.
| Pronunciation | Character | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| All objects | ~~ | ||
| Small objects | Seeds, Snowflakes | ||
| Large objects | Cars, Tigers | ||
| Massive objects | Mountains, Planets | ||
| Sentient beings | Humans, Deities | ||
| Small mammals, lizards, etc. excluding fish | Cats, Dogs | ||
| Large mammals, lizards, etc. excluding fish | Lions, Komodo Dragons | ||
| Slender objects | Pencils, Rivers | ||
| Circular objects. | Drums, Bowls | ||
| Small animals | Insects, Fish |
Quantity
Many classifiers may be used to demonstrate quantity. They mostly descend from the morphemes for much, xyo, and the morpheme for less, gata.
| Meaning | Word |
|---|---|
|
Unspecified |
Xyougata |
| Pair | Shan |
| More than Two | Li |
| Not Much | Boxyou |
| Not Few | Bogata |
| A Large Quantity | Taxyou |
| A Small Quantity | Tagata |
| Unspecified Amount (Questions) | Kaxi |
Numbers
| English | Sino-Xenic | Traditional |
|---|---|---|
| One | Ki | Eke |
| Two | Nou | Za |
| Three | San | Twe |
| Four | Sz | Hantei |
| Five | Gou | Lou |
| Six | Lü | Co |
| Seven | Tsan | Ba |
| Eight | Pa | Hai |
| Nine | Kau | Nwa |
| Ten | Xí | Lwe |
| Hundred | Pai | Ungu |
| Thousand | Chan | Etwe |
| Ten Thousand | Man | Sha |
| One Hundred Million | Yin | Qyou |
| Trillion | Jiau | Mato |
Pronouns
The pronouns in Hwayi act similarly to Japanese pronouns; they aren't true pronouns. They act more similarly to regular nouns, and are sometimes derived from nouns. Also like Japanese, they are an open word class.
| First person | Alternate Meaning | Character | Respect | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| me | ~ | 俉 | plain | Male |
| kita |
Affection |
娪 | plain | Female |
| ge | ~ | 吾 | formal | Both |
| Second person | Alternate Meaning | Character | Respect | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gu | ~ | 儞 | plain | Male |
| tú | Peculiar | 嬭 | plain | Female |
| enla | Compassion | 爾 | formal | Both |
| Third person | Alternate Meaning | Character | Respect | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| li | ~ | 佗 | plain | Male |
| lai | 𡛥 | plain | Female | |
| fu | Elderly one | 它 | formal | both |
| swe |
Inanimate Object |
砣 | plain/formal | inanimate |
Reflexives
The only reflexive in Hwayi is ki, a suffix. It is a loanword from middle chinese. To use it, it is added as a suffix to a pronoun or a noun.
Example: Me eke taohan-ú twe meki-e. Lit: I(NOM) one [classifier]cup[ACC] give(Present) I[reflexive][DAT].
Adjectives
Adjectives must occur before a noun. The copula ti may be used to put emphasis on the adjective, rather than the noun.
Verbs
The verb system of Hwayi is somewhat complex.
| Mood | Polarity | Voice | Aspect | Tense |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - indicative |
- affirmative |
- active |
- simple |
- present |
| -ken- conditional |
-mye- negative |
-be- passive |
-zen- progressive |
-can- past |
| -kyo- jussive |
-wan- perfective |
-ho- future | ||
| -hwe- imperative |
-han- inchoative |
|||
| -yi- inferential |
||||
| -lü- subjunctive |
Mood
- Indicative - States a fact witnessed by the speaker, in some direct form. -"I feel/hear/see/etc. him running"
- Conditional - Indicates that an action depends on another event -"If the motion of his legs is propelling him forward, he is running"
- Jussive - Indicates a desire -"I want to run"
- Imperative - Indicates a command -"You must run"
- Inferrential - Indicates a fact not witnessed directly by the speaker. -"John Doe told me he was running"
- Subjunctive - Indicates a thought -"I am thinking that he is running"
Aspect
- The simple, progressive, and perspective aspects are regular. However, the inchoative aspect is a "secondary" aspect, and may be used along side another aspect.
Syntax
Lexicon
Example text
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.