(→Body) Tag: Visual edit |
(→Body) Tag: Visual edit |
||
Line 1,330: | Line 1,330: | ||
| rowspan="2" |ela |
| rowspan="2" |ela |
||
|oko |
|oko |
||
+ | | rowspan="2" |odo |
||
− | | |
||
|oko |
|oko |
||
| rowspan="2" |ela |
| rowspan="2" |ela |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |odo |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
Revision as of 16:05, 5 March 2020
Akëla | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Head-Initial | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | Only used for pronouns. Animate, inanimate, deities | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 95% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Creator | Sgt Haleakala |
Classification and Dialects
It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akali tribe as Foghena. Akala is believed to be a language isolate.
Culture
Mythology
Legend has it that the language descended down from the heavens on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Nalëkila, the god of languages.
Kinship
Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grandmother | Grandfather | Grandmother | Grandfather | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Father | Mother | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Twin Sisters Husband | Twin Sister | Little Sisters Husband | Little Sister | Big Sisters Huband | Big Sister | Wife | Self | Husband | Big Brother | Big Brothers Wife | Little Brother | Little Brothers Wife | Twin Brother | Twin Brothers Wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Son | Daughter | Son | Daughter | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew |
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain | Labialized | |||||||
Nasal |
m | n | ||||||
Stop | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
Fricative | f v | s z | x ɣ | χ ~ ʀ̥ | h | |||
Trill | r* | |||||||
Approximant | l* | j* | w* |
*Allophonic with similar sounding phonemes.
Vowels
Front | Near-Front | Central | Near-Back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | u | |||
Near-Close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
High-Mid | e ~ ɛ | o ~ ɔ | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Low-Mid | |||||
Open | a ~ ɑ |
Diphthongs
aɪ ɛɪ ɛi aʊ ɛu ɛo
Phonotactics
Writing System
Uppercase Letter | Lowercase Letter | IPA value | Pronunciation of the letter (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | a | a |
B | b | b | bi |
D | d | d | di |
E | e | e ~ ɛ | e ~ ɛ |
Ë | ë | ə | ə |
F | f | f | ɛf |
G | g | g | gi |
GH | gh | ɣ | ɣi |
H | h | h | hɛɪ |
I | i | i | i |
Ì | ì | ɪ | ɪ |
K | k | k | kɛɪ |
KH | kh | x | xɛɪ |
L | l |
l |
ɛl |
M | m | m | ɛm |
N | n | n | ɛn |
O | o | o | o |
P | p | p | pi |
R | r | r ~ ɹ | aɹ |
S | s | s | ɛs |
T | t | t | ti |
U | u | u | u |
Ù | ù | ʊ | ʊ |
Ü | ü | y | y |
V | v | v | vi |
W | w | w | wɛɪ |
X | x | χ | ɛχ |
Y | y | j | jad |
Z | z | z | zi |
‘ | ‘ | ʔ | oʔi |
Grammar
Nouns
Cases
Singular | Plural | Use | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ending | translation | ending | translation | ||
Subjective | -so | the noun | -vaz | the nouns | subject |
Predicative | -n | the noun | -ka | the nouns | predicate |
Genitive | -fo | of the noun | -züna | of the nouns | possession |
Dative | -tisi | to/for the noun | -go | to/for the nouns | indirect object |
Accusative | -k | noun | -ba | nouns | direct object |
Ablative | -ras | from the noun
out of the noun |
-mat | from the nouns
out of the nouns |
motion from |
Perlative | -se | through the noun | -pùr | through the nouns | motion through |
Instrumental | -ri | by means of the noun | -gena | by means of the nouns | thing used to do the action |
Locative | -ni | in the noun
on the noun by the noun at the noun under the noun inside the noun next to the noun near to the noun |
-xe | in the nouns
on the nouns by the nouns at the nouns under the nouns inside the nouns next to the nouns near to the nouns |
location |
Allative | -lus | to the noun
onto the noun into the noun as far as the noun |
-mi | to the nouns
onto the nouns into the nouns as far as the nouns |
motion to |
Causal | -ma | because of the noun | -yu | because of the noun | answers why |
Temporal | -we | -gha | time | ||
Oblique | -lù | concerning the noun | -ker | concerning the nouns | miscellaneous |
Sociative | -pì | with the noun | ges | with the nouns | accompaniment |
Vocative | -le | o noun | -v | o nouns | direct address |
Instructive | -dia | -la | answers how? |
Verbs
Conjugations
Regular Verbs
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | -m | -mùr |
Exclusive | -mùs | |||
2nd person | -s | -tìs | ||
3rd person | -t | -nt | ||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | -bam | -bamùr |
Exclusive | -bamùs | |||
2nd person | -bas | -batìs | ||
3rd person | -bat | -bant | ||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
-bo | -bìmùr |
Exclusive | -bìmùs | |||
2nd person | -bìs | -bìtìs | ||
3rd person | -bìt | -bunt | ||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
-wi | -wimùr |
Exclusive | -wimùs | |||
2nd person | -wisti | -wistis | ||
3rd person |
-wit | -werunt |
Irregular Verbs
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü.
Voice
Use the prefix do‘o- to make it passive. Don't use affixes (in addition to the conjugations) to make it active.
Mood
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-.
Adjectives
Just the root of the word. Only changes for comparative. There isn't superlative. Comparative: add the prefix mo-.
Adverbs
Add -li to the end of the root word
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st
person |
Inclusive |
ego | kakou |
Exclusive | nos | ||
2nd
Person |
Non-Divine | tu | vos |
Divine | ‘oe | ʻoukou | |
3rd
person |
Non-Divine | id | ea |
Divine | ia | lakou |
Syntax
There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akala word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).
Lexicon
Akala Word (the unmodified versions) |
English Word |
Part of Speech |
Word combination |
Sound changes |
---|---|---|---|---|
keu |
light, pale; solar; yellow, white |
Adjective | ||
day, sun, light, sunlight | Noun | |||
to brighten, turn pale, shine | Verb | |||
pi | sky | Noun | ||
blue, gray | Adjective | |||
lo |
plant, vegetation |
Noun | ||
to plant |
Verb | |||
green | Adjective | |||
lua | ground, soil | Noun | ||
brown, gray, brownish-gray | Adjective | |||
ni | in | Preposition | ||
le |
house, home, habitat, a dwelling |
Noun | ||
to dwell | Verb | |||
raga |
song |
Noun | ||
song-like | Adjective | |||
to sing | Verb | |||
du | to give, gift | Verb | ||
gift | Noun | |||
ku |
water, beverage |
Noun | ||
to water (a plant) | Verb | |||
leì |
dark, black, dark blue |
Adjective | ||
night, darkness, midnight | Noun | |||
to darken | Verb | |||
ilo | time | Noun | ||
luna |
star, nightlight, moon, constellation |
Noun | ||
lunar, stellar | Adjective | |||
kele | solar eclipse | Noun | light+dark | u → Ø ɪ → Ø |
fyùna | lunar eclipse | Noun | fire+moon |
l → Ø a → Ø u → ʊ i → j |
ha |
food |
Noun | ||
dua | to feed | Verb | give + food | h → Ø |
hani | to eat | Verb |
food + in |
|
prasa | torso | Noun | ||
veda | hair | Noun | ||
kuni | to drink | Verb | beverage + in | |
odo | to smell, stink | Verb | ||
smelly | Adjective | |||
stench, odor, nose | Noun | |||
se | to need | Verb | ||
a need | Noun | |||
sea | hunger | Noun | need + food | h → Ø |
seku | thirst | Noun | need + water | |
va‘a |
speed |
Noun | ||
quick, fast | Adjective | |||
quickly | Adverb | |||
to hurry | Verb | |||
ela | ear | Noun | ||
To listen, hear | Verb | |||
kano |
speech, mouth |
Noun | ||
to talk, converse, have a conversation |
Verb | |||
amo |
love |
Noun |
||
to love | Verb | |||
wo | permission | Noun | ||
to allow, let, enable, give permission |
Verb | |||
adi | human | Noun | ||
loli | animal | Noun | ||
myu | cute animal noise (meow, woof) | Noun | ||
ka | mind, head, neck, soul | Noun | ||
main, leading |
Adjective | |||
to control, steer, rule, lead | Verb | |||
oko | eyes | Noun | ||
to look, see | Verb | |||
ocular | Adjective | |||
fira | flame | Noun | ||
to light (on fire) | Verb | |||
red, orange; flammable | Adjective | |||
halo | any part of a plant that is edible | Noun | food + plant | |
loa | fertilizer, anything a plant needs to live | Noun | plant + food | h → Ø |
hyero | hatred | Noun | ||
to hate, despise | Verb | |||
osi | object, thing | Noun | ||
raxa | bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous | Adjective | ||
to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul | Verb | |||
evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, venom, lunatic | Noun | |||
badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously | Adverb | |||
makes a word derogatory | Particle | |||
ro | poisonous plant | Noun |
a → Ø χ → Ø a → Ø l → Ø | |
südë | good, just, righteous | Adjective | ||
justly | Adverb | |||
good, angel |
Noun | |||
firaì | sunrise, sunset | Noun | fire + sky |
s → Ø i → ɪ a → Ø |
peno | toe, foot, leg; a walk | Noun | ||
to walk | Verb | |||
anë | finger, hand, arm | Noun | ||
Numerals
Akala | English | Word Combination | Sound Changes |
---|---|---|---|
nùla | zero | ||
kahi | one | ||
lua | two | ||
kolu | three | ||
ha | four | ||
lima | five | ||
ono | six | ||
hiku | seven | ||
walu | eight | ||
iwa | nine | ||
ten | 1 + augmentative suffix | ||
eleven | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 1 | ||
twelve | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 2 | ||
thirteen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 3 | ||
fourteen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 4 | ||
fifteen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 5 | ||
sixteen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 6 | ||
seventeen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 7 | ||
eighteen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 8 | ||
nineteen | (1 + augmentative suffix) + 9 | ||
twenty | 2 + augmentative suffix | ||
thirty | 3 + augmentative suffix | ||
fourty | 4 + augmentative suffix | ||
fifty | 5 + augmentative suffix | ||
> fifty, many |
Body
Body parts (translated) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head
↓ |
||||||||
Hair | ||||||||
Ear | Eye | Nose | Eye | Ear | ||||
Mouth | ||||||||
Neck and/or Torso | ||||||||
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | |||||||
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe | Leg, Foot, and/or Toe |
Body parts (in Akala) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ka
↓ |
||||||||
veda | ||||||||
ela | oko | odo | oko | ela | ||||
kalo | ||||||||
prasa | ||||||||
anë | anë | |||||||
peno | peno |
Example text
Akala:
Egoso duam Egok hatisi. Egoso kuim kuk.
Transliteration:
I give food to me. I water in water.
Translation:
I eat food. I drink water.