Conlang
Don't have an account?
Register
Register
Conlang
Conlang Wiki
5,422
pages
in: Languages

Changes: Akəla

Back to page
Sign in to edit
No edit summary
Tag: Visual edit
No edit summary
Tag: Visual edit
(33 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
   
−
{{LangTitle|Akëla}}
 +
{{LangTitle|Akëla}}{{Construction}}{{Template:LangBox
−  
−
{{Template:LangBox
  
 
|Type =Fusional
 
|Type =Fusional
 
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative
  
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative
Line 8: Line 6:
 
|Declined = yes
  
|Declined = yes
 
|Conjugated = yes
  
|Conjugated = yes
−
|Genders = Pronouns only. Animate, inanimate, deities
 +
|Genders = None
 
|NNumber = yes
  
|NNumber = yes
 
|Phonology = 90
  
|Phonology = 90
−
|Words = 42
 +
|Words = 48
 
|TargetLexiconSize = 1500
  
|TargetLexiconSize = 1500
 
|Creator = Sgt Haleakala
  
|Creator = Sgt Haleakala
−
|Name = Akëla|Case = yes|Definiteness = no|Gender = no|Voice = yes|Mood = yes|Person = yes|VNumber = yes|Tense = yes|Aspect = no|NounCases = 90|NounGender = 100|Head = Head-Initial|VerbPerson = 100|VerbNumber = 100|VerbTense = 100|VerbVoice = 100|AdjCase = 100|AdjNumber = 100|AdjDefinite = 100|AdjGender = 100|NounDefinite = 100|NounNumber = 100|VerbAspect = 100|VerbMood = 100|AdjComparative = 100|AdjSuperlative = 100|Supine = 100|Gerund = 100|Participle = 100|Infinitive = 100|Modality = 100}}
 +
|Name = Akëla|Case = yes|Definiteness = no|Gender = no|Voice = yes|Mood = yes|Person = yes|VNumber = yes|Tense = yes|Aspect = yes|NounCases = 100|NounGender = 100|Head = Head-Initial|VerbPerson = 100|VerbNumber = 100|VerbTense = 100|VerbVoice = 100|AdjCase = 100|AdjNumber = 100|AdjDefinite = 100|AdjGender = 100|NounDefinite = 100|NounNumber = 100|VerbAspect = 100|VerbMood = 100|AdjComparative = 100|AdjSuperlative = 100|Supine = 100|Gerund = 100|Participle = 100|Infinitive = 100|Modality = 100}}
  +
 
==Classification and Dialects==
  
==Classification and Dialects==
   
−
It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as Fosena. Akëla is believed to be a language isolate.
 +
It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as Fosènë. Akëla is believed to be a language isolate.
   
 
== Culture ==
  
== Culture ==
   
 
=== Mythology ===
  
=== Mythology ===
−
Legend has it that the language descended down from the heavens on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Nalëkila, the god of languages.
 +
Legend has it that the language descended down from the heavens on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Nalëkilë, the god of languages.
   
 
=== Kinship ===
  
=== Kinship ===
−
{{Kinship|PaternalGrandMother = Mama|PaternalGrandFather = Mama|MaternalGrandMother = Mama|MaternalGrandFather = Mama|Father = Ma|Mother = Ma|Wife = Va|Self = Ego|Husband = Va|PaternalTwinUnclesWife = Vasìma|PaternalTwinUncle = Sìma|PaternaPaternalTwinUncle = Sìma|PaternalOlderAunt = Sìma|MaternalTwinUncle = Sìma|MaternalYoungerUncle = Sìma|MaternalOlderUncle = Sìma|MaternalTwinAunt = Sìma|MaternalYoungerAunt = Sìma|MaternalOlderAunt = Sìma|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Vasìma|PaternalYoungerUncle = Sìma|PaternalOlderUnclesWife = Vasìma|PaternalOlderUncle = Sìma|PaternalTwinAunt = Sìma|PaternalYoungerAunt = Sìma|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Vasìma|MaternalOlderUnclesWife = Vasìma|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Vasìma|TwinSistersWife = Vasì|TwinSister = Sì|LittleSistersWife = Vasì|LittleSister = Sì|BigSistersHuband = Vasì|BigSister = Sì|BigBrother = Sì|BigBrothersWife = Vasì|LittleBrother = Sì|LittleBrothersWife = Vasì|TwinBrother = Sì|TwinBrothersWife = Vasì|PaternaPaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Sìma|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Vasìma|MaternalTwinUnclesWife = Vasìma|PaternaPaternalYoungerUncle = Sìma|PaternaPaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Sìma|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Vasìma|PaternaPaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Sìma|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Vasìma|PaternaPaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Sìma|PaternaMaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Sìma|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Vasìma|PaternaMaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Sìma|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Vasìma|PaternaMaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Sìma|PaternaMaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Sìma|PaternaMaternalTwinUnclelUncle = Sìma|PaternaMaternalYoungerUnclelUncle = Sìma|PaternalTwinUnclesSon = Güsìma|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Güsìma|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Güsìma|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Güsìma|PaternalOlderUnclesSon = Güsìma|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Güsìma|PaternalTwinAuntsSon = Güsìma|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Güsìma|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Güsìma|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Güsìma|PaternalOlderAuntsSon = Güsìma|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Güsìma|MaternalTwinUnclesSon = Güsìma|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Güsìma|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Güsìma|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Güsìma|MaternalOlderUnclesSon = Güsìma|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Güsìma|MaternalTwinAuntsSon = Güsìma|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Güsìma|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Güsìma|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Güsìma|MaternalOlderAuntsSon = Güsìma|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Güsìma|TwinSisterNiece = Güsì|TwinSisterNephew = Güsì|LittleSisterNiece = Güsì|LittleSisterNephew = Güsì|BigSisterNiece = Güsì|BigSisterNephew = Güsì|HusbandSon = Gü|HusbandDaughter = Gü|WifeSon = Gü|WifeDaughter = Gü|BigBrotherNiece = Güsì|BigBrotherNephew = Güsì|LittleBrotherNiece = Güsì|LittleBrotherNephew = Güsì|TwinBrotherNiece = Güsì|TwinBrotherNephew = Güsì}}
 +
{{Kinship|PaternalGrandMother = Mama|PaternalGrandFather = Mama|MaternalGrandMother = Mama|MaternalGrandFather = Mama|PaternalTwinUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternalOlderUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalOlderUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Ma|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalTwinAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalYoungerAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalOlderAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Ma|Father = Ma|Mother = Ma|MaternalTwinUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalTwinUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalYoungerUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalOlderUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalOlderUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalTwinAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Ma|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalYoungerAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Ma|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalOlderAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalTwinUnclesSon = Si|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Si|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalOlderUnclesSon = Si|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalTwinAuntsSon = Si|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Si|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Si|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Si|PaternalOlderAuntsSon = Si|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalTwinUnclesSon = Si|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Si|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalOlderUnclesSon = Si|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalTwinAuntsSon = Si|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Si|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalOlderAuntsSon = Si|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Si|TwinSistersWife = Si|TwinSister = Si|LittleSistersWife = Si|LittleSister = Si|BigSistersHuband = Si|BigSister = Si|Wife = Va|Self = Ego|Husband = Va|BigBrother = Si|BigBrothersWife = Si|LittleBrother = Si|LittleBrothersWife = Si|TwinBrother = Si|TwinBrothersWife = Si|TwinSisterNiece = Ga|TwinSisterNephew = Ga|LittleSisterNiece = Ga|LittleSisterNephew = Ga|BigSisterNiece = Ga|BigSisterNephew = Ga|HusbandSon = Ga|HusbandDaughter = Ga|WifeSon = Ga|WifeDaughter = Ga|BigBrotherNiece = Ga|BigBrotherNephew = Ga|LittleBrotherNiece = Ga|LittleBrotherNephew = Ga|TwinBrotherNiece = Ga|TwinBrotherNephew = Ga}}
   
 
==Phonology==
  
==Phonology==
 
===Consonants===
  
===Consonants===
   
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
−
! rowspan="3" |
  
−
! rowspan="3" style="width: 68px; " |Labial
  
−
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
  
−
! rowspan="3" |Palatal
  
−
! colspan="2" |Velar
  
−
! rowspan="3" |Uvular
  
−
! rowspan="3" |Glottal
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
! rowspan="2" |Plain
 +
! colspan="4" |
  +
!Labial
−
! colspan="2" |Pharyngealized
  
  +
!Dental
−
! rowspan="2" |Plain
  
  +
!Alveolar
−
! rowspan="2" |Labialized
  
  +
!Palatal
  +
!Velar
  +
!Uvular
  +
!Laryngeal
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="4" |
−
!Medial
  
−
!Lateral
  
−
|-
  
−
!
  
 
Nasal
  
Nasal
 
|m
  
|m
  +
| colspan="2" |n̪~n
−
|n
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="6" |Stop
  +
! rowspan="2" |Plain
  +
! colspan="2" |Voiceless
  +
|p
  +
| colspan="2" |t̪~t
  +
| colspan="3" |c~k~q
  +
|ʡ~ʔ
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |Voiced
  +
|b
  +
| colspan="2" |d̪~d
  +
| colspan="3" |ɟ~g~ɢ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |Palatalized
  +
! colspan="2" |Voiceless
  +
|pʲ
  +
|
  +
|tʲ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 59: Line 73:
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |Voiced
−
!Stop
  
−
|p b
 +
|bʲ
−
|t d
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|dʲ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
−
|k g
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
−
|ʔ
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |Pharyngealized
−
!Fricative
  
  +
! colspan="2" |Voiceless
−
|f v
  
−
|s z
 +
|
  +
|
  +
|tˤ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |Voiced
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|dˤ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="8" |Fric.
  +
! rowspan="4" |Plain
  +
! rowspan="2" |Medial
  +
!Voiceless
  +
|ɸ~f
  +
|θ
  +
|s
  +
| colspan="2" |ç~x
  +
|χ
  +
| rowspan="2" |ħ~ʕ~h~ɦ
  +
|-
  +
!Voiced
  +
|β~v
  +
|ð
  +
|z
  +
| rowspan="3" |j~ʝ~ʎ
  +
| colspan="2" |ɣ~ʁ
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |Lateral
  +
!Voiceless
  +
|
  +
| colspan="2" |ɬ̪~ɬ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Voiced
  +
|
  +
| colspan="2" |ɮ͆~ɮ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Pharyngealized
  +
! rowspan="2" |Medial
  +
!Voiceless
  +
|
  +
|
 
|sˤ
  
|sˤ
−
|ɮˤ
  
 
|
  
|
−
|x ɣ
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|
−
| rowspan="2" |χ ~ ʀ̥
  
−
|h
 +
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Voiced
−
!Trill
  
 
|
  
|
−
|r*
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|zˤ
 
|
  
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |Lateral
  +
!Voiceless
  +
|
  +
| colspan="2" |ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 91: Line 163:
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Voiced
−
!Approximant
  
 
|
  
|
  +
| colspan="2" |ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ
−
|l*
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
−
|j*
  
 
|
  
|
−
|w*
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="4" |Semivowel
  +
| colspan="6" |β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |Rhotic
  +
! colspan="3" |Plain
  +
|
  +
| colspan="5" |r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="3" |Pharyngealized
  +
|
  +
| colspan="5" |ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="4" |Lateral
  +
|
  +
| colspan="5" |l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
  +
Consonants with tilde are in free variation
−
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Allophonic with similar sounding phonemes.
  
   
 
===Vowels===
  
===Vowels===
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
 
! style="width: 90px; " |
  
! style="width: 90px; " |
 
!Front
  
!Front
Line 128: Line 217:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!High-Mid
  
!High-Mid
  +
|e
−
| rowspan="3" |e ~ ɛ
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|o
−
| rowspan="3" |o ~ ɔ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Mid
  
!Mid
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|ə
  
|ə
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Low-Mid
  
!Low-Mid
  +
|ɛ
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|ɔ
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Open
  
!Open
−
| colspan="5" |a ~ ɑ
 +
| colspan="5" |a~ɑ
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
==== Diphthongs ====
  
==== Diphthongs ====
−
aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu
+
aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu ɔɪ
   
 
===Phonotactics===
  
===Phonotactics===
Line 162: Line 255:
 
|A
  
|A
 
|a
  
|a
−
|a
 +
|a~ɑ
−
|a
 +
|a~ɑ
 
|-
  
|-
 
|B
  
|B
Line 169: Line 262:
 
|b
  
|b
 
|bi
  
|bi
  +
|-
  +
|Ḃ
  +
|ḃ
  +
|bʲ
  +
|bʲa
 
|-
  
|-
 
|D
  
|D
Line 174: Line 272:
 
|d
  
|d
 
|di
  
|di
  +
|-
  +
|Ḋ
  +
|ḋ
  +
|dʲ
  +
|dʲa
  +
|-
  +
|Ḍ
  +
|ḍ
  +
|dˤ
  +
|dˤa
  +
|-
  +
|DH
  +
|dh
  +
|ð
  +
|ɛðe
 
|-
  
|-
 
|E
  
|E
 
|e
  
|e
−
|e ~ ɛ
 +
|e
−
|e ~ ɛ
 +
|e
  +
|-
  +
|È
  +
|è
  +
|ɛ
  +
|ɛ
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Ë
  
|Ë
Line 188: Line 306:
 
|f
  
|f
 
|f
  
|f
  +
|ɛfe
−
|ɛf
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|G
  
|G
 
|g
  
|g
−
|g
 +
|ɟ~g~ɢ
 
|gi
  
|gi
 
|-
  
|-
Line 199: Line 317:
 
|ɣ
  
|ɣ
 
|ɣi
  
|ɣi
  +
|-
  +
|G-h
  +
|g-h
  +
|gh
  +
|gidahe
 
|-
  
|-
 
|H
  
|H
 
|h
  
|h
 
|h
  
|h
  +
|he
−
|hɛɪ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|I
  
|I
Line 217: Line 340:
 
|K
  
|K
 
|k
  
|k
−
|k
 +
|c~k~q
  +
|ke
−
|kɛɪ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|KH
  
|KH
 
|kh
  
|kh
 
|x
  
|x
  +
|xe
−
|xɛɪ
  
  +
|-
  +
|K-h
  +
|k-h
  +
|kh
  +
|kedahe
 
|-
  
|-
 
|L
  
|L
 
|l
  
|l
 
|
  
|
  +
l̪~ʟ̠
−
l
  
  +
|ɛle
−
|ɛl
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|M
  
|M
 
|m
  
|m
 
|m
  
|m
  +
|ɛme
−
|ɛm
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|N
  
|N
 
|n
  
|n
 
|n
  
|n
  +
|ɛne
−
|ɛn
  
  +
|-
  +
|Ṇ
  +
|ṇ
  +
|nˤ
  +
|nˤi
 
|-
  
|-
 
|O
  
|O
Line 245: Line 378:
 
|o
  
|o
 
|o
  
|o
  +
|-
  +
|Ò
  +
|ò
  +
|ɔ
  +
|ɔ
 
|-
  
|-
 
|P
  
|P
Line 250: Line 388:
 
|p
  
|p
 
|pi
  
|pi
  +
|-
  +
|Ṗ
  +
|ṗ
  +
|pʲ
  +
|pʲa
 
|-
  
|-
 
|R
  
|R
 
|r
  
|r
  +
|r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆
−
|r ~ ɹ
  
  +
|aɹa
−
|aɹ
  
  +
|-
  +
|Ṛ
  +
|ṛ
  +
|r̪ˤ~ɹ̪ˤ~ɾ̪ˤ~ʀˤ~ʁ̞ˤ~ɢ̆ˤ
  +
|ɹˤa
 
|-
  
|-
 
|S
  
|S
 
|s
  
|s
 
|s
  
|s
  +
|ɛse
−
|ɛs
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Ṣ
  
|Ṣ
Line 265: Line 413:
 
|sˤ
  
|sˤ
 
|sˤi
  
|sˤi
  +
|-
  +
|Š
  +
|š
  +
|ɬ
  +
|ɛɬe
  +
|-
  +
|Ṣ̌
  +
|ṣ̌
  +
|ɬˤ
  +
|ɬˤa
 
|-
  
|-
 
|T
  
|T
Line 270: Line 428:
 
|t
  
|t
 
|ti
  
|ti
  +
|-
  +
|Ṫ
  +
|ṫ
  +
|tʲ
  +
|tʲa
  +
|-
  +
|Ṭ
  +
|ṭ
  +
|tˤ
  +
|tˤi
  +
|-
  +
|TH
  +
|th
  +
|θ
  +
|θonə
 
|-
  
|-
 
|U
  
|U
Line 294: Line 467:
 
|w
  
|w
 
|w
  
|w
  +
|we
−
|wɛɪ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|X
  
|X
 
|x
  
|x
 
|χ
  
|χ
  +
|ɛχe
−
|ɛχ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Y
  
|Y
 
|y
  
|y
−
|j
 +
|ʝ~j~ʎ
  +
|jadə
−
|jad
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|Z
  
|Z
Line 313: Line 486:
 
|Ẓ
  
|Ẓ
 
|ẓ
  
|ẓ
  +
|zˤ
  +
|zˤi
  +
|-
  +
|Ž
  +
|ž
  +
|ɮ
  +
|ɛɮe
  +
|-
  +
|Ẓ̌
  +
|ẓ̌
 
|ɮˤ
  
|ɮˤ
 
|ɮˤi
  
|ɮˤi
Line 326: Line 509:
   
 
====Cases====
  
====Cases====
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
 
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |
  
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |
 
! colspan="2" |Singular
  
! colspan="2" |Singular
Line 337: Line 520:
 
!translation
  
!translation
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Nominative
−
!Subjective
  
 
|<nowiki>-so</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-so</nowiki>
 
|the noun
  
|the noun
−
|<nowiki>-vaz</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-zo</nowiki>
 
|the nouns
  
|the nouns
−
|subject
 +
|subject, predicate
−
|-
  
−
!Predicative
  
−
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki>
  
−
|the noun
  
−
|<nowiki>-ka</nowiki>
  
−
|the nouns
  
−
|predicate
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Genitive
  
!Genitive
 
|<nowiki>-fo</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-fo</nowiki>
 
|of the noun
  
|of the noun
−
|<nowiki>-züna</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-vüna</nowiki>
 
|of the nouns
  
|of the nouns
 
|possession
  
|possession
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Dative
  
!Dative
−
|<nowiki>-tisi</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-ti</nowiki>
 
|to/for the noun
  
|to/for the noun
−
|<nowiki>-go</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-di</nowiki>
 
|to/for the nouns
  
|to/for the nouns
 
|indirect object
  
|indirect object
Line 368: Line 544:
 
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
 
|noun
  
|noun
−
|<nowiki>-ba</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-g</nowiki>
 
|nouns
  
|nouns
 
|direct object
  
|direct object
Line 377: Line 553:
   
 
out of the noun
  
out of the noun
−
|<nowiki>-mat</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki>
 
|from the nouns
  
|from the nouns
 
out of the nouns
  
out of the nouns
Line 385: Line 561:
 
|<nowiki>-se</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-se</nowiki>
 
|through the noun
  
|through the noun
−
| -pùr
 +
| -zu
 
|through the nouns
  
|through the nouns
 
|motion through
  
|motion through
Line 392: Line 568:
 
|<nowiki>-ri</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-ri</nowiki>
 
|by means of the noun
  
|by means of the noun
−
|<nowiki>-gena</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-we</nowiki>
 
|by means of the nouns
  
|by means of the nouns
 
|thing used to do the action
  
|thing used to do the action
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Locative
  
!Locative
−
|<nowiki>-ni</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-xa</nowiki>
 
|in the noun
  
|in the noun
 
on the noun
  
on the noun
Line 431: Line 607:
 
!Allative
  
!Allative
 
|<nowiki>-lus</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-lus</nowiki>
−
|to the noun
 +
|towards the noun
   
 
onto the noun
  
onto the noun
Line 438: Line 614:
   
 
as far as the noun
  
as far as the noun
−
|<nowiki>-mi</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-mu</nowiki>
−
|to the nouns
 +
|towards the nouns
 
onto the nouns
  
onto the nouns
   
Line 450: Line 626:
 
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki>
 
|because of the noun
  
|because of the noun
−
|<nowiki>-yu</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-ya</nowiki>
 
|because of the noun
  
|because of the noun
 
|answers why
  
|answers why
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Temporal
  
!Temporal
−
|<nowiki>-we</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-ve</nowiki>
 
|
  
|
−
|<nowiki>-gha</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-me</nowiki>
 
|
  
|
 
|time
  
|time
Line 464: Line 640:
 
|<nowiki>-lù</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-lù</nowiki>
 
|concerning the noun
  
|concerning the noun
−
|<nowiki>-ker</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-pla</nowiki>
 
|concerning the nouns
  
|concerning the nouns
 
|miscellaneous
  
|miscellaneous
Line 471: Line 647:
 
|<nowiki>-pì</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-pì</nowiki>
 
|with the noun
  
|with the noun
  +
|<nowiki>-bes</nowiki>
−
|ges
  
 
|with the nouns
  
|with the nouns
 
|accompaniment
  
|accompaniment
Line 478: Line 654:
 
|<nowiki>-le</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-le</nowiki>
 
|o noun
  
|o noun
−
|<nowiki>-v</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-la</nowiki>
 
|o nouns
  
|o nouns
 
|direct address
  
|direct address
Line 485: Line 661:
 
|<nowiki>-dia</nowiki>
  
|<nowiki>-dia</nowiki>
 
|
  
|
−
|<nowiki>-la</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-dë</nowiki>
 
|
  
|
−
|answers how?
 +
|answers how
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 494: Line 670:
 
==== Conjugations ====
  
==== Conjugations ====
   
−
===== Regular Verbs =====
 +
===== '''Regular''' =====
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
 
! colspan="3" |
  
! colspan="3" |
 
!Singular
  
!Singular
Line 504: Line 680:
 
!Inclusive
  
!Inclusive
 
| rowspan="2" | -m
  
| rowspan="2" | -m
−
|<nowiki>-mùr</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-mur</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Exclusive
  
!Exclusive
−
|<nowiki>-mùs</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-mus</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  
! colspan="2" |2nd person
Line 521: Line 697:
 
!Inclusive
  
!Inclusive
 
| rowspan="2" | -bam
  
| rowspan="2" | -bam
−
|<nowiki>-bamùr</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-bamur</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Exclusive
  
!Exclusive
−
|<nowiki>-bamùs</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-bamus</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  
! colspan="2" |2nd person
Line 539: Line 715:
 
Inclusive
  
Inclusive
 
| rowspan="2" | -bo
  
| rowspan="2" | -bo
−
|<nowiki>-bìmùr</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-bìmur</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Exclusive
  
!Exclusive
−
|<nowiki>-bìmùs</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-bìmus</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  
! colspan="2" |2nd person
Line 556: Line 732:
 
!
  
!
 
Inclusive
  
Inclusive
−
| rowspan="2" | -wi
 +
| rowspan="2" | -si
−
|<nowiki>-wimùr</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-simur</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Exclusive
  
!Exclusive
−
|<nowiki>-wimùs</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-simus</nowiki>
 
|-
  
|-
 
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  
! colspan="2" |2nd person
Line 572: Line 748:
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
===== Irregular Verbs =====
 +
====== '''Aspect''' ======
  +
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi
   
  +
====== '''Mood''' ======
−
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü.
  
−  
−
==== Voice ====
  
−
Use the prefix do‘o- to make it passive. Don't use affixes (in addition to the conjugations) to make it active.
  
−  
−
==== Mood ====
  
 
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-.
  
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-.
   
  +
====== '''Voice''' ======
  +
To make it passive add do‘o.
  +
  +
===== '''Irregular''' =====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
  +
! colspan="5" |Hani- To eat
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="3" |
  +
!Singular
  +
!Plural
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Present
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" | dagho
  +
|dako
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|dunë
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|datu
  +
| davo
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd person
  +
|dui
  +
|dea
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Past
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" | dagom
  +
|dakamur
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|dunamus
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|datus
  +
| davatìs
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd person
  +
|duibat
  +
|deant
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Future
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!
  +
Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" | dabo
  +
|dakìmur
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|dunìmus
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|datubìs
  +
| davìtìs
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd person
  +
|duibìt
  +
|deunt
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="5" |Unknown
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!
  +
Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" | dagi
  +
|dakomur
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|dunomus
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|datusti
  +
|davostis
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
  +
3rd person
  +
| rowspan="2" |duit
  +
| rowspan="2" |dearunt
  +
|}
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
  +
! colspan="5" |Kani- To drink
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="3" |
  +
!Singular
  +
!Plural
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Present
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" | duë
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Past
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" |
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" |Future
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!
  +
Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" |
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="5" |Unknown
  +
! rowspan="2" |1st person
  +
!
  +
Inclusive
  +
| rowspan="2" |
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!Exclusive
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |2nd person
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
  +
3rd person
  +
| rowspan="2" |
  +
| rowspan="2" |
  +
|}
 
=== Adjectives ===
  
=== Adjectives ===
−
Just the root of the word. Only changes for comparative. There isn't superlative. Comparative: add the prefix mo-.
 +
Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives.
   
 
=== Adverbs ===
  
=== Adverbs ===
Line 589: Line 921:
   
 
===Pronouns===
  
===Pronouns===
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
 
! colspan="2" |
  
! colspan="2" |
 
!Singular
  
!Singular
Line 599: Line 931:
 
Inclusive
  
Inclusive
 
| rowspan="2" |ego
  
| rowspan="2" |ego
  +
|kako
−
|kakou
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Exclusive
  
!Exclusive
−
|nos
 +
|ne
 
|-
  
|-
−
! rowspan="2" |2nd
 +
! colspan="2" |2nd
 
Person
  
Person
−
!Non-Divine
  
 
|tu
  
|tu
−
|vos
 +
|vo
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |3rd
−
!Divine
  
−
|‘oe
  
−
|ʻoukou
  
−
|-
  
−
! rowspan="2" |3rd
  
 
person
  
person
  +
|idë
−
!Non-Divine
  
−
|id
  
 
|ea
  
|ea
−
|-
  
−
!Divine
  
−
|ia
  
−
|lakou
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 629: Line 951:
   
 
==Lexicon==
  
==Lexicon==
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center" |
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center" |
 
!Akëla Word (the unmodified versions)
  
!Akëla Word (the unmodified versions)
 
!
  
!
Line 635: Line 957:
 
!Part of Speech
  
!Part of Speech
 
!
  
!
  +
Transliteration
−
Word combination
  
 
!Sound changes
  
!Sound changes
  +
|-
  +
|së
  +
|color
  +
|noun
  +
|
  +
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |keu
  
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |keu
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
−
light, pale; solar; yellow, white
 +
light, pale; solar
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
 
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
  
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
Line 651: Line 979:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
 
|-
  
|-
−
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |pi
 +
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |pi
 
| style="text-align:center;" |sky
  
| style="text-align:center;" |sky
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |
−
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
−
| style="text-align:center;" |blue, gray
 +
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |lo
−
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
  
−
|-
  
−
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |lo
  
 
|
  
|
 
<p style="text-align:center;">plant, vegetation</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">plant, vegetation</p>
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
 +
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
−
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
 +
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
Line 672: Line 997:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|lua
−
| style="text-align:center;" |green
  
−
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
  
−
|-
  
−
| rowspan="2" |lua
  
 
|ground, soil
  
|ground, soil
 
|Noun
  
|Noun
  +
|
−
| rowspan="2" |
  
  +
|
−
| rowspan="2" |
  
−
|-
  
−
|brown, gray, brownish-gray
  
−
|Adjective
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;" |ni
  
| style="text-align:center;" |ni
Line 734: Line 1,053:
 
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |leì
  
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |leì
 
|
  
|
−
<p style="text-align:center;">dark, black, dark blue</p>
 +
<p style="text-align:center;">dark</p>
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
 
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
  
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
Line 751: Line 1,070:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
−
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |luna
 +
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |lunë
 
|
  
|
 
<p style="text-align:center;">star, nightlight, moon, constellation</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">star, nightlight, moon, constellation</p>
Line 764: Line 1,083:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |solar eclipse
  
| style="text-align:center;" |solar eclipse
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |light+dark
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |light dark
 
| style="text-align:center;" |<p style="text-align:center;">u → Ø</p>
  
| style="text-align:center;" |<p style="text-align:center;">u → Ø</p>
 
<p style="text-align:center;">ɪ → Ø</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">ɪ → Ø</p>
Line 771: Line 1,090:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |lunar eclipse
  
| style="text-align:center;" |lunar eclipse
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |fire+moon
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |fire moon
 
|
  
|
 
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p>
Line 778: Line 1,097:
   
 
<p style="text-align:center;">i → j</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">i → j</p>
  +
|-
  +
|da
  +
|and
  +
|Conjunction
  +
|
  +
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;" |ha
  
| style="text-align:center;" |ha
Line 789: Line 1,114:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |to feed
  
| style="text-align:center;" |to feed
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
−
| style="text-align:center;" |give + food
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |give food
 
| style="text-align:center;" |h → Ø
  
| style="text-align:center;" |h → Ø
 
|-
  
|-
Line 796: Line 1,121:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
 
|
  
|
−
<p style="text-align:center;">food + in</p>
 +
<p style="text-align:center;">food in</p>
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
Line 808: Line 1,133:
 
|hair
  
|hair
 
|Noun
  
|Noun
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 820: Line 1,139:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |to drink
  
| style="text-align:center;" |to drink
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
−
| style="text-align:center;" |beverage + in
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |beverage in
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|dughu
−
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |odo
  
  +
|to give water
  +
|Verb
  +
|
  +
|k → g → ɣ
  +
|-
  +
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |odë
 
| style="text-align:center;" |to smell, stink
  
| style="text-align:center;" |to smell, stink
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
Line 847: Line 1,172:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |hunger
  
| style="text-align:center;" |hunger
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |need + food
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |need food
 
| style="text-align:center;" |h → Ø
  
| style="text-align:center;" |h → Ø
 
|-
  
|-
Line 853: Line 1,178:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |thirst
  
| style="text-align:center;" |thirst
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |need + water
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |need water
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
−
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |va‘a
 +
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |vala
 
|
  
|
 
<p style="text-align:center;">speed</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">speed</p>
Line 966: Line 1,291:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb
 
|-
  
|-
−
| style="text-align:center;" |red, orange; flammable
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |flammable
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
 
|-
  
|-
Line 972: Line 1,297:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |any part of a plant that is edible
  
| style="text-align:center;" |any part of a plant that is edible
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |food + plant
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |food plant
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
Line 978: Line 1,303:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |fertilizer, anything a plant needs to live
  
| style="text-align:center;" |fertilizer, anything a plant needs to live
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |plant + food
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |plant food
 
| style="text-align:center;" |h → Ø
  
| style="text-align:center;" |h → Ø
 
|-
  
|-
Line 996: Line 1,321:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|-
  
|-
−
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |raxa
 +
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |raxë
 
| style="text-align:center;" |bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous
  
| style="text-align:center;" |bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective
Line 1,022: Line 1,347:
 
<p style="text-align:center;">χ → Ø</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">χ → Ø</p>
   
−
<p style="text-align:center;">a → Ø</p>
 +
<p style="text-align:center;">ə → Ø</p>
   
 
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p>
Line 1,042: Line 1,367:
 
| style="text-align:center;" |sunrise, sunset
  
| style="text-align:center;" |sunrise, sunset
 
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
  
| style="text-align:center;" |Noun
−
| style="text-align:center;" |fire + sky
 +
| style="text-align:center;" |fire sky
 
|
  
|
 
<p style="text-align:center;">s → Ø</p>
  
<p style="text-align:center;">s → Ø</p>
Line 1,063: Line 1,388:
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| rowspan="2" |lapë
  +
|to sleep
  +
|Verb
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
−
|
 +
|-
  +
|sleep
  +
|Noun
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 1,071: Line 1,401:
   
 
=== Numerals ===
  
=== Numerals ===
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center" |
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center" |
 
!Akëla
  
!Akëla
 
!English
  
!English
 
!Word Combination
  
!Word Combination
 
!Sound Changes
  
!Sound Changes
  +
!Notes
 
|-
  
|-
 
|nùla
  
|nùla
 
|zero
  
|zero
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|sa
−
|kahi
  
 
|one
  
|one
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
|lua
 +
|re
 
|two
  
|two
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|ga
−
|kolu
  
 
|three
  
|three
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
|ha
 +
|ma
 
|four
  
|four
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|pa
−
|lima
  
 
|five
  
|five
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
|ono
 +
|da
 
|six
  
|six
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|ni
−
|hiku
  
 
|seven
  
|seven
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 1,119: Line 1,458:
 
|walu
  
|walu
 
|eight
  
|eight
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
Line 1,124: Line 1,464:
 
|iwa
  
|iwa
 
|nine
  
|nine
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|sanùla
−
|
  
 
|ten
  
|ten
−
|1 + augmentative suffix
 +
|1 + 0
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|sasa
−
|
  
 
|eleven
  
|eleven
  +
|1 + 1
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 1
  
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|sare
−
|
  
 
|twelve
  
|twelve
  +
|1 + 2
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 2
  
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|saga
−
|
  
 
|thirteen
  
|thirteen
  +
|1 + 3
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 3
  
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|sama
 
|fourteen
  
|fourteen
  +
|1 + 4
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 4
  
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|sapa
 
|fifteen
  
|fifteen
  +
|1 + 5
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 5
  
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|sada
 
|sixteen
  
|sixteen
  +
|1 + 6
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 6
  
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|sani
 
|seventeen
  
|seventeen
  +
|1 + 7
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 7
  
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|sawalu
 
|eighteen
  
|eighteen
  +
|1 + 8
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 8
  
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|sawa
 
|nineteen
  
|nineteen
  +
|1 + 9
−
|(1 + augmentative suffix) + 9
  
  +
|i > Ø
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
  +
|renùla
−
|
  
 
|twenty
  
|twenty
−
|2 + augmentative suffix
 +
|2 + 0
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|ganùla
 
|thirty
  
|thirty
−
|3 + augmentative suffix
 +
|3 + 0
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|manùla
 
|fourty
  
|fourty
−
|4 + augmentative suffix
 +
|4 + 0
 
|
  
|
−
|-
  
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|panùla
 
|fifty
  
|fifty
−
|5 + augmentative suffix
 +
|5 + 0
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
 +
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |wanë
 
|> fifty, many
  
|> fifty, many
 
| style="text-align:center;" |
  
| style="text-align:center;" |
 
|
  
|
  +
|derived from Chinese
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
=== Body ===
  
=== Body ===
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center"
+
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center"
   
 
! colspan="9" |Body Parts (Akëla)
  
! colspan="9" |Body Parts (Akëla)
Line 1,227: Line 1,583:
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
−
| colspan="3" |kalo
 +
| colspan="3" |masa
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
Line 1,243: Line 1,599:
 
| colspan="1" | peno
  
| colspan="1" | peno
 
|}
  
|}
−
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center" |
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center" |
 
! colspan="9" |Body Parts (translated)
  
! colspan="9" |Body Parts (translated)
 
|-
  
|-
Line 1,280: Line 1,636:
 
|}
  
|}
   
  +
=== Colors ===
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
  +
!Akëla
  +
!Transliteration
  +
!English
  +
|-
  +
|keusë
  +
|color (of) the Sun
  +
|white, yellow
  +
|-
  +
|pisë
  +
|color (of) the sky
  +
|light blue, light gray
  +
|-
  +
|leìsë
  +
|color (of) night
  +
|black, dark blue, dark gray
  +
|-
  +
|firasë
  +
|color (of) fire
  +
|red, orange
  +
|-
  +
|luasë
  +
|color (of) soil
  +
|brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown
  +
|-
  +
|losë
  +
|color (of) a plant
  +
|green
  +
|-
  +
|lunasë
  +
|color (of) the Moon
  +
|silver
  +
|}
 
== Example text ==
  
== Example text ==
   
 
=== Akëla ===
  
=== Akëla ===
  +
Sadago. Sadue. Salapëm.
−
Duam Egok hatisi. Kuim kuk.
  
   
 
=== Transliteration ===
  
=== Transliteration ===
−
I give food to me. I water in water.
 +
I give food to me. I give beverage to me. I sleep.
   
 
=== Translation ===
  
=== Translation ===
−
I eat food. I drink water.__FORCETOC__
 +
I eat. I drink. I sleep.__FORCETOC__

Revision as of 04:40, 28 March 2020

The author wishes to make it clear this project is currently undergoing significant construction or revamp.
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
Akëla
Type Fusional
Alignment Nominative-Accusative
Head direction Head-Initial
Tonal No
Declensions Yes
Conjugations Yes
Genders None
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Meta-information
Progress 95%
Statistics
Nouns 100%
Verbs 100%
Adjectives 100%
Syntax 98%
Words 48 of 1500
Creator Sgt Haleakala

Classification and Dialects

It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as Fosènë. Akëla is believed to be a language isolate.

Culture

Mythology

Legend has it that the language descended down from the heavens on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Nalëkilë, the god of languages.

Kinship

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Laryngeal

Nasal

m n̪~n
Stop Plain Voiceless p t̪~t c~k~q ʡ~ʔ
Voiced b d̪~d ɟ~g~ɢ
Palatalized Voiceless pʲ tʲ
Voiced bʲ dʲ
Pharyngealized Voiceless tˤ
Voiced dˤ
Fric. Plain Medial Voiceless ɸ~f θ s ç~x χ ħ~ʕ~h~ɦ
Voiced β~v ð z j~ʝ~ʎ ɣ~ʁ
Lateral Voiceless ɬ̪~ɬ
Voiced ɮ͆~ɮ
Pharyngealized Medial Voiceless sˤ
Voiced zˤ
Lateral Voiceless ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ
Voiced ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ
Semivowel β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ
Rhotic Plain r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆
Pharyngealized ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ
Lateral l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪

Consonants with tilde are in free variation

Vowels

Front Near-Front Central Near-Back Back
Close i y u
Near-Close ɪ ʊ
High-Mid e o
Mid ə
Low-Mid ɛ ɔ
Open a~ɑ

Diphthongs

aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu ɔɪ

Phonotactics

Writing System

Uppercase Letter Lowercase Letter IPA value Pronunciation of the letter (IPA)
A a a~ɑ a~ɑ
B b b bi
Ḃ ḃ bʲ bʲa
D d d di
Ḋ ḋ dʲ dʲa
Ḍ ḍ dˤ dˤa
DH dh ð ɛðe
E e e e
È è ɛ ɛ
Ë ë ə ə
F f f ɛfe
G g ɟ~g~ɢ gi
GH gh ɣ ɣi
G-h g-h gh gidahe
H h h he
I i i i
Ì ì ɪ ɪ
K k c~k~q ke
KH kh x xe
K-h k-h kh kedahe
L l

l̪~ʟ̠

ɛle
M m m ɛme
N n n ɛne
Ṇ ṇ nˤ nˤi
O o o o
Ò ò ɔ ɔ
P p p pi
Ṗ ṗ pʲ pʲa
R r r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ aɹa
Ṛ ṛ r̪ˤ~ɹ̪ˤ~ɾ̪ˤ~ʀˤ~ʁ̞ˤ~ɢ̆ˤ ɹˤa
S s s ɛse
Ṣ ṣ sˤ sˤi
Š š ɬ ɛɬe
Ṣ̌ ṣ̌ ɬˤ ɬˤa
T t t ti
Ṫ ṫ tʲ tʲa
Ṭ ṭ tˤ tˤi
TH th θ θonə
U u u u
Ù ù ʊ ʊ
Ü ü y y
V v v vi
W w w we
X x χ ɛχe
Y y ʝ~j~ʎ jadə
Z z z zi
Ẓ ẓ zˤ zˤi
Ž ž ɮ ɛɮe
Ẓ̌ ẓ̌ ɮˤ ɮˤi
‘ ‘ ʔ oʔi

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

Singular Plural Use
ending translation ending translation
Nominative -so the noun -zo the nouns subject, predicate
Genitive -fo of the noun -vüna of the nouns possession
Dative -ti to/for the noun -di to/for the nouns indirect object
Accusative -k noun -g nouns direct object
Ablative -ras from the noun

out of the noun

-ma from the nouns

out of the nouns

motion from
Perlative -se through the noun -zu through the nouns motion through
Instrumental -ri by means of the noun -we by means of the nouns thing used to do the action
Locative -xa in the noun

on the noun

by the noun

at the noun

under the noun

inside the noun

next to the noun

near to the noun

-xe in the nouns

on the nouns

by the nouns

at the nouns

under the nouns

inside the nouns

next to the nouns

near to the nouns

location
Allative -lus towards the noun

onto the noun

into the noun

as far as the noun

-mu towards the nouns

onto the nouns

into the nouns

as far as the nouns

motion to
Causal -ma because of the noun -ya because of the noun answers why
Temporal -ve -me time
Oblique -lù concerning the noun -pla concerning the nouns miscellaneous
Sociative -pì with the noun -bes with the nouns accompaniment
Vocative -le o noun -la o nouns direct address
Instructive -dia -dë answers how

Verbs

Conjugations

Regular
Singular Plural
Present 1st person Inclusive -m -mur
Exclusive -mus
2nd person -s -tìs
3rd person -t -nt
Past 1st person Inclusive -bam -bamur
Exclusive -bamus
2nd person -bas -batìs
3rd person -bat -bant
Future 1st person

Inclusive

-bo -bìmur
Exclusive -bìmus
2nd person -bìs -bìtìs
3rd person -bìt -bunt
Unknown 1st person

Inclusive

-si -simur
Exclusive -simus
2nd person -wisti -wistis

3rd person

-wit -werunt
Aspect

To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi

Mood

To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-.

Voice

To make it passive add do‘o.

Irregular
Hani- To eat
Singular Plural
Present 1st person Inclusive dagho dako
Exclusive dunë
2nd person datu davo
3rd person dui dea
Past 1st person Inclusive dagom dakamur
Exclusive dunamus
2nd person datus davatìs
3rd person duibat deant
Future 1st person

Inclusive

dabo dakìmur
Exclusive dunìmus
2nd person datubìs davìtìs
3rd person duibìt deunt
Unknown 1st person

Inclusive

dagi dakomur
Exclusive dunomus
2nd person datusti davostis

3rd person

duit dearunt
Kani- To drink
Singular Plural
Present 1st person Inclusive duë
Exclusive
2nd person
3rd person
Past 1st person Inclusive
Exclusive
2nd person
3rd person
Future 1st person

Inclusive

Exclusive
2nd person
3rd person
Unknown 1st person

Inclusive

Exclusive
2nd person

3rd person

Adjectives

Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives.

Adverbs

Add -li to the end of the root word

Pronouns

Singular Plural
1st

person

Inclusive

ego kako
Exclusive ne
2nd

Person

tu vo
3rd

person

idë ea

Syntax

There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akëla word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).

Lexicon

Akëla Word (the unmodified versions)

English Word

Part of Speech

Transliteration

Sound changes
së color noun
keu

light, pale; solar

Adjective
day, sun, light, sunlight Noun
to brighten, turn pale, shine Verb
pi sky Noun
lo

plant, vegetation

 Noun

to plant

 Verb
lua ground, soil Noun
ni in Preposition
le

house, home, habitat, a dwelling

 Noun
to dwell Verb
raga

song

 Noun
song-like Adjective
to sing Verb
du to give, gift Verb
gift Noun
ku

water, beverage

 Noun
to water (a plant) Verb
leì

dark

 Adjective
night, darkness, midnight Noun
to darken Verb
ilo time Noun
lunë

star, nightlight, moon, constellation

 Noun
lunar, stellar Adjective
kele solar eclipse Noun light dark

u → Ø

ɪ → Ø

fyùna lunar eclipse Noun fire moon

l → Ø

a → Ø

u → ʊ

i → j

da and Conjunction
ha

food

 Noun
dua to feed Verb give food h → Ø
hani to eat Verb

food in
prasa torso Noun
veda hair Noun
kuni to drink Verb beverage in
dughu to give water Verb k → g → ɣ
odë to smell, stink Verb
smelly Adjective
stench, odor, nose Noun
se to need Verb
a need Noun
sea hunger Noun need food h → Ø
seku thirst Noun need water
vala

speed

 Noun
quick, fast Adjective
quickly Adverb
to hurry Verb
ela ear Noun
To listen, hear Verb
kano

speech, mouth

 Noun

to talk, converse, have a conversation

 Verb
amo

love

Noun
to love Verb
wo permission Noun

to allow, let, enable, give permission

 Verb
adi human Noun
loli animal Noun
myu cute animal noise (meow, woof) Noun
ka mind, head, neck, soul Noun

main, leading

 Adjective
to control, steer, rule, lead Verb
oko eyes Noun
to look, see Verb
ocular Adjective
fira flame Noun
to light (on fire) Verb
flammable Adjective
halo any part of a plant that is edible Noun food plant
loa fertilizer, anything a plant needs to live Noun plant food h → Ø
hyero hatred Noun
to hate, despise Verb
osi object, thing Noun
raxë bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous Adjective
to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul Verb
evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, venom, lunatic Noun
badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously Adverb
makes a word derogatory Particle
ro poisonous plant Noun

a → Ø

χ → Ø

ə → Ø

l → Ø

südë good, just, righteous Adjective
justly Adverb

good, angel

 Noun
firaì sunrise, sunset Noun fire sky

s → Ø

i → ɪ

a → Ø

peno toe, foot, leg; a walk Noun
to walk Verb
anë finger, hand, arm Noun
lapë to sleep Verb
sleep Noun

Numerals

Akëla English Word Combination Sound Changes Notes
nùla zero
sa one
re two
ga three
ma four
pa five
da six
ni seven
walu eight
iwa nine
sanùla ten 1 + 0
sasa eleven 1 + 1
sare twelve 1 + 2
saga thirteen 1 + 3
sama fourteen 1 + 4
sapa fifteen 1 + 5
sada sixteen 1 + 6
sani seventeen 1 + 7
sawalu eighteen 1 + 8
sawa nineteen 1 + 9 i > Ø
renùla twenty 2 + 0
ganùla thirty 3 + 0
manùla fourty 4 + 0
panùla fifty 5 + 0
wanë > fifty, many derived from Chinese

Body

Body Parts (Akëla)
ka

↓

veda
ela oko odo oko ela
masa
prasa
anë anë
peno peno
Body Parts (translated)
Head

↓

Hair
Ear Eye Nose Eye Ear
Mouth
Neck and/or Torso
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm Finger, Hand, and/or Arm
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe Leg, Foot, and/or Toe

Colors

Akëla Transliteration English
keusë color (of) the Sun white, yellow
pisë color (of) the sky light blue, light gray
leìsë color (of) night black, dark blue, dark gray
firasë color (of) fire red, orange
luasë color (of) soil brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown
losë color (of) a plant green
lunasë color (of) the Moon silver

Example text

Akëla

Sadago. Sadue. Salapëm.

Transliteration

I give food to me. I give beverage to me. I sleep.

Translation

I eat. I drink. I sleep.

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.