mNo edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
||
(16 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | {{LangTitle|Akëla}} |
+ | {{LangTitle|Akëla}}{{Construction}}{{Template:LangBox |
− | |||
− | {{Template:LangBox |
||
|Type =Fusional |
|Type =Fusional |
||
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative |
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative |
||
Line 11: | Line 9: | ||
|NNumber = yes |
|NNumber = yes |
||
|Phonology = 90 |
|Phonology = 90 |
||
− | |Words = |
+ | |Words = 48 |
|TargetLexiconSize = 1500 |
|TargetLexiconSize = 1500 |
||
|Creator = Sgt Haleakala |
|Creator = Sgt Haleakala |
||
− | |Name = Akëla|Case = yes|Definiteness = no|Gender = no|Voice = |
+ | |Name = Akëla|Case = yes|Definiteness = no|Gender = no|Voice = yes|Mood = yes|Person = yes|VNumber = yes|Tense = yes|Aspect = yes|NounCases = 100|NounGender = 100|Head = Head-Initial|VerbPerson = 100|VerbNumber = 100|VerbTense = 100|VerbVoice = 100|AdjCase = 100|AdjNumber = 100|AdjDefinite = 100|AdjGender = 100|NounDefinite = 100|NounNumber = 100|VerbAspect = 100|VerbMood = 100|AdjComparative = 100|AdjSuperlative = 100|Supine = 100|Gerund = 100|Participle = 100|Infinitive = 100|Modality = 100}} |
==Classification and Dialects== |
==Classification and Dialects== |
||
− | It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as |
+ | It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as Fosènë. Akëla is believed to be a language isolate. |
== Culture == |
== Culture == |
||
Line 26: | Line 24: | ||
=== Kinship === |
=== Kinship === |
||
− | {{Kinship|PaternalGrandMother = Mama|PaternalGrandFather = Mama|MaternalGrandMother = Mama|MaternalGrandFather = Mama|PaternalTwinUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternalOlderUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalOlderUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Ma|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalTwinAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalYoungerAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalOlderAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Ma|Father = Ma|Mother = Ma|MaternalTwinUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalTwinUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalYoungerUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalOlderUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalOlderUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalTwinAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Ma|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalYoungerAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Ma|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalOlderAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalTwinUnclesSon = Si|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Si|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalOlderUnclesSon = Si|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalTwinAuntsSon = Si|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Si|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Si|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Si|PaternalOlderAuntsSon = Si|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalTwinUnclesSon = Si|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Si|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalOlderUnclesSon = Si|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalTwinAuntsSon = Si|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Si|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalOlderAuntsSon = Si|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Si|TwinSistersWife = Si|TwinSister = Si|LittleSistersWife = Si|LittleSister = Si|BigSistersHuband = Si|BigSister = Si|Wife = |
+ | {{Kinship|PaternalGrandMother = Mama|PaternalGrandFather = Mama|MaternalGrandMother = Mama|MaternalGrandFather = Mama|PaternalTwinUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternalOlderUnclesWife = Ma|PaternalOlderUncle = Ma|PaternaPaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Ma|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalTwinAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalYoungerAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Ma|PaternalOlderAunt = Ma|PaternaPaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Ma|Father = Ma|Mother = Ma|MaternalTwinUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalTwinUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalTwinUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalYoungerUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalYoungerUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalOlderUnclesWife = Ma|MaternalOlderUncle = Ma|PaternaMaternalOlderUnclelUncle = Ma|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalTwinAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalTwinAuntlAunt = Ma|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalYoungerAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalYoungerAuntlAunt = Ma|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband = Ma|MaternalOlderAunt = Ma|PaternaMaternalOlderAuntlAunt = Ma|PaternalTwinUnclesSon = Si|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Si|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalOlderUnclesSon = Si|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Si|PaternalTwinAuntsSon = Si|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Si|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Si|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Si|PaternalOlderAuntsSon = Si|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalTwinUnclesSon = Si|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon = Si|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalOlderUnclesSon = Si|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter = Si|MaternalTwinAuntsSon = Si|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon = Si|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter = Si|MaternalOlderAuntsSon = Si|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter = Si|TwinSistersWife = Si|TwinSister = Si|LittleSistersWife = Si|LittleSister = Si|BigSistersHuband = Si|BigSister = Si|Wife = Va|Self = Ego|Husband = Va|BigBrother = Si|BigBrothersWife = Si|LittleBrother = Si|LittleBrothersWife = Si|TwinBrother = Si|TwinBrothersWife = Si|TwinSisterNiece = Ga|TwinSisterNephew = Ga|LittleSisterNiece = Ga|LittleSisterNephew = Ga|BigSisterNiece = Ga|BigSisterNephew = Ga|HusbandSon = Ga|HusbandDaughter = Ga|WifeSon = Ga|WifeDaughter = Ga|BigBrotherNiece = Ga|BigBrotherNephew = Ga|LittleBrotherNiece = Ga|LittleBrotherNephew = Ga|TwinBrotherNiece = Ga|TwinBrotherNephew = Ga}} |
==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
||
Line 33: | Line 31: | ||
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! colspan="4" | |
− | ! |
+ | !Labial |
+ | !Dental |
||
− | ! colspan="4" |Alveolar |
||
+ | !Alveolar |
||
− | ! rowspan="3" |Palatal |
||
+ | !Palatal |
||
− | ! rowspan="3" |Velar |
||
+ | !Velar |
||
− | ! rowspan="3" |Uvular |
||
+ | !Uvular |
||
− | ! rowspan="3" |Glottal |
||
+ | !Laryngeal |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan=" |
+ | ! colspan="4" | |
− | ! colspan="2" |Pharyn. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Med. |
||
− | !Lat. |
||
− | !Med. |
||
− | !Lat. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! |
||
Nasal |
Nasal |
||
|m |
|m |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |n̪~n |
||
− | |n |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |nˤ |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="6" |Stop |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Plain |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" |Voiceless |
||
+ | |p |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |t̪~t |
||
+ | | colspan="3" |c~k~q |
||
+ | |ʡ~ʔ |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" |Voiced |
||
+ | |b |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |d̪~d |
||
+ | | colspan="3" |ɟ~g~ɢ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Palatalized |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" |Voiceless |
||
+ | |pʲ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |tʲ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 61: | Line 73: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" |Voiced |
||
− | !Stop |
||
− | | |
+ | |bʲ |
− | | |
+ | | |
+ | |dʲ |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |tˤ dˤ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |k g |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |ʔ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngealized |
||
− | !Fricat. |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" |Voiceless |
||
− | |f v |
||
− | | |
+ | | |
+ | | |
||
− | |ɬ ɮ |
||
+ | |tˤ |
||
− | |sˤ zˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
− | |ɮˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | rowspan="2" |χ ~ ʀ̥ |
||
− | |h |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | ! colspan="2" |Voiced |
||
− | !Trill |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | rowspan="2" |r~ɹ |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |dˤ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="8" |Fric. |
||
+ | ! rowspan="4" |Plain |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Medial |
||
+ | !Voiceless |
||
+ | |ɸ~f |
||
+ | |θ |
||
+ | |s |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |ç~x |
||
+ | |χ |
||
+ | | rowspan="2" |ħ~ʕ~h~ɦ |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | !Voiced |
||
+ | |β~v |
||
+ | |ð |
||
+ | |z |
||
+ | | rowspan="3" |j~ʝ~ʎ |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |ɣ~ʁ |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Lateral |
||
+ | !Voiceless |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |ɬ̪~ɬ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | !Voiced |
||
− | !Approx. |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |ɮ͆~ɮ |
||
− | |l* |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |j* |
||
− | |w* |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="4" |Pharyngealized |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Medial |
||
+ | !Voiceless |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |sˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | !Voiced |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |zˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Lateral |
||
+ | !Voiceless |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | !Voiced |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | colspan="2" |ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="4" |Semivowel |
||
+ | | colspan="6" |β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Rhotic |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" |Plain |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | colspan="5" |r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="3" |Pharyngealized |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | colspan="5" |ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | ! colspan="4" |Lateral |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | | colspan="5" |l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪ |
||
| |
| |
||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | Consonants with tilde are in free variation |
||
− | <nowiki>*</nowiki>Allophonic with similar sounding phonemes. |
||
===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
||
Line 133: | Line 221: | ||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | |
+ | |o |
|- |
|- |
||
!Mid |
!Mid |
||
Line 140: | Line 228: | ||
|ə |
|ə |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | |
+ | | |
|- |
|- |
||
!Low-Mid |
!Low-Mid |
||
Line 147: | Line 235: | ||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | |
+ | |ɔ |
|- |
|- |
||
!Open |
!Open |
||
− | | colspan="5" |a |
+ | | colspan="5" |a~ɑ |
|} |
|} |
||
==== Diphthongs ==== |
==== Diphthongs ==== |
||
− | aɪ ɛɪ |
+ | aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu ɔɪ |
===Phonotactics=== |
===Phonotactics=== |
||
Line 167: | Line 255: | ||
|A |
|A |
||
|a |
|a |
||
− | |a |
+ | |a~ɑ |
− | |a |
+ | |a~ɑ |
|- |
|- |
||
|B |
|B |
||
Line 174: | Line 262: | ||
|b |
|b |
||
|bi |
|bi |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Ḃ |
||
+ | |ḃ |
||
+ | |bʲ |
||
+ | |bʲa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|D |
|D |
||
Line 179: | Line 272: | ||
|d |
|d |
||
|di |
|di |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Ḋ |
||
+ | |ḋ |
||
+ | |dʲ |
||
+ | |dʲa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Ḍ |
|Ḍ |
||
Line 184: | Line 282: | ||
|dˤ |
|dˤ |
||
|dˤa |
|dˤa |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |DH |
||
+ | |dh |
||
+ | |ð |
||
+ | |ɛðe |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|E |
|E |
||
Line 207: | Line 310: | ||
|G |
|G |
||
|g |
|g |
||
− | |g |
+ | |ɟ~g~ɢ |
|gi |
|gi |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |GH |
||
+ | |gh |
||
+ | |ɣ |
||
+ | |ɣi |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |G-h |
||
+ | |g-h |
||
+ | |gh |
||
+ | |gidahe |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|H |
|H |
||
Line 227: | Line 340: | ||
|K |
|K |
||
|k |
|k |
||
− | |k |
+ | |c~k~q |
− | | |
+ | |ke |
+ | |- |
||
+ | |KH |
||
+ | |kh |
||
+ | |x |
||
+ | |xe |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |K-h |
||
+ | |k-h |
||
+ | |kh |
||
+ | |kedahe |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|L |
|L |
||
|l |
|l |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | l̪~ʟ̠ |
||
− | l |
||
+ | |ɛle |
||
− | |ɛl |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Ḷ |
||
− | |ʟ̣ |
||
− | |ɮˤ |
||
− | |ɮˤi |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|m |
|m |
||
|m |
|m |
||
+ | |ɛme |
||
− | |ɛm |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|N |
|N |
||
|n |
|n |
||
|n |
|n |
||
+ | |ɛne |
||
− | |ɛn |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Ṇ |
|Ṇ |
||
Line 260: | Line 378: | ||
|o |
|o |
||
|o |
|o |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Ò |
||
+ | |ò |
||
+ | |ɔ |
||
+ | |ɔ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|P |
|P |
||
Line 265: | Line 388: | ||
|p |
|p |
||
|pi |
|pi |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Ṗ |
||
+ | |ṗ |
||
+ | |pʲ |
||
+ | |pʲa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|R |
|R |
||
|r |
|r |
||
+ | |r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ |
||
− | |r |
||
+ | |aɹa |
||
− | |aɹ |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Ṛ |
||
+ | |ṛ |
||
+ | |r̪ˤ~ɹ̪ˤ~ɾ̪ˤ~ʀˤ~ʁ̞ˤ~ɢ̆ˤ |
||
+ | |ɹˤa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|S |
|S |
||
Line 281: | Line 414: | ||
|sˤi |
|sˤi |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |Š |
− | | |
+ | |š |
|ɬ |
|ɬ |
||
+ | |ɛɬe |
||
− | |ɬa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |Ṣ̌ |
||
− | |S-h |
||
+ | |ṣ̌ |
||
− | |s-h |
||
+ | |ɬˤ |
||
− | |sh |
||
+ | |ɬˤa |
||
− | |ɛsedahe |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|T |
|T |
||
Line 295: | Line 428: | ||
|t |
|t |
||
|ti |
|ti |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Ṫ |
||
+ | |ṫ |
||
+ | |tʲ |
||
+ | |tʲa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Ṭ |
|Ṭ |
||
Line 300: | Line 438: | ||
|tˤ |
|tˤ |
||
|tˤi |
|tˤi |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |TH |
||
+ | |th |
||
+ | |θ |
||
+ | |θonə |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|U |
|U |
||
Line 324: | Line 467: | ||
|w |
|w |
||
|w |
|w |
||
+ | |we |
||
− | |wɛɪ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|X |
|X |
||
|x |
|x |
||
|χ |
|χ |
||
+ | |ɛχe |
||
− | |ɛχ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Y |
|Y |
||
|y |
|y |
||
− | |j |
+ | |ʝ~j~ʎ |
+ | |jadə |
||
− | |jad |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Z |
|Z |
||
Line 346: | Line 489: | ||
|zˤi |
|zˤi |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |Ž |
− | | |
+ | |ž |
|ɮ |
|ɮ |
||
+ | |ɛɮe |
||
− | |ɮa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |Ẓ̌ |
||
− | |Z-h |
||
+ | |ẓ̌ |
||
− | |z-h |
||
+ | |ɮˤ |
||
− | |zh |
||
+ | |ɮˤi |
||
− | |zidahe |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|‘ |
|‘ |
||
Line 377: | Line 520: | ||
!translation |
!translation |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | !Nominative |
||
− | !Subjective |
||
|<nowiki>-so</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-so</nowiki> |
||
|the noun |
|the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-zo</nowiki> |
|the nouns |
|the nouns |
||
− | |subject |
+ | |subject, predicate |
− | |- |
||
− | !Predicative |
||
− | |<nowiki>-n</nowiki> |
||
− | |the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>-ka</nowiki> |
||
− | |the nouns |
||
− | |predicate |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Genitive |
!Genitive |
||
|<nowiki>-fo</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-fo</nowiki> |
||
|of the noun |
|of the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-vüna</nowiki> |
|of the nouns |
|of the nouns |
||
|possession |
|possession |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Dative |
!Dative |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-ti</nowiki> |
|to/for the noun |
|to/for the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-di</nowiki> |
|to/for the nouns |
|to/for the nouns |
||
|indirect object |
|indirect object |
||
Line 408: | Line 544: | ||
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki> |
||
|noun |
|noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-g</nowiki> |
|nouns |
|nouns |
||
|direct object |
|direct object |
||
Line 425: | Line 561: | ||
|<nowiki>-se</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-se</nowiki> |
||
|through the noun |
|through the noun |
||
− | | - |
+ | | -zu |
|through the nouns |
|through the nouns |
||
|motion through |
|motion through |
||
Line 432: | Line 568: | ||
|<nowiki>-ri</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-ri</nowiki> |
||
|by means of the noun |
|by means of the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-we</nowiki> |
|by means of the nouns |
|by means of the nouns |
||
|thing used to do the action |
|thing used to do the action |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Locative |
!Locative |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-xa</nowiki> |
|in the noun |
|in the noun |
||
on the noun |
on the noun |
||
Line 471: | Line 607: | ||
!Allative |
!Allative |
||
|<nowiki>-lus</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-lus</nowiki> |
||
− | | |
+ | |towards the noun |
onto the noun |
onto the noun |
||
Line 478: | Line 614: | ||
as far as the noun |
as far as the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-mu</nowiki> |
− | | |
+ | |towards the nouns |
onto the nouns |
onto the nouns |
||
Line 490: | Line 626: | ||
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki> |
||
|because of the noun |
|because of the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-ya</nowiki> |
|because of the noun |
|because of the noun |
||
|answers why |
|answers why |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Temporal |
!Temporal |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-ve</nowiki> |
| |
| |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-me</nowiki> |
| |
| |
||
|time |
|time |
||
Line 504: | Line 640: | ||
|<nowiki>-lù</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-lù</nowiki> |
||
|concerning the noun |
|concerning the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-pla</nowiki> |
|concerning the nouns |
|concerning the nouns |
||
|miscellaneous |
|miscellaneous |
||
Line 511: | Line 647: | ||
|<nowiki>-pì</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-pì</nowiki> |
||
|with the noun |
|with the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bes</nowiki> |
|with the nouns |
|with the nouns |
||
|accompaniment |
|accompaniment |
||
Line 518: | Line 654: | ||
|<nowiki>-le</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-le</nowiki> |
||
|o noun |
|o noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-la</nowiki> |
|o nouns |
|o nouns |
||
|direct address |
|direct address |
||
Line 525: | Line 661: | ||
|<nowiki>-dia</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-dia</nowiki> |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-dë</nowiki> |
| |
| |
||
|answers how |
|answers how |
||
Line 533: | Line 669: | ||
==== Conjugations ==== |
==== Conjugations ==== |
||
+ | |||
+ | ===== '''Regular''' ===== |
||
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
! colspan="3" | |
! colspan="3" | |
||
Line 542: | Line 680: | ||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | -m |
| rowspan="2" | -m |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-mur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-mus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 559: | Line 697: | ||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | -bam |
| rowspan="2" | -bam |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bamur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bamus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 577: | Line 715: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | -bo |
| rowspan="2" | -bo |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bìmur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bìmus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 594: | Line 732: | ||
! |
! |
||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | - |
+ | | rowspan="2" | -si |
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-simur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-simus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 610: | Line 748: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | ====== '''Aspect''' ====== |
||
− | To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. |
||
+ | To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi |
||
− | ===== Mood ===== |
+ | ====== '''Mood''' ====== |
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-. |
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-. |
||
− | ===== |
+ | ====== '''Voice''' ====== |
+ | To make it passive add do‘o. |
||
+ | |||
+ | ===== '''Irregular''' ===== |
||
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
! colspan="5" |Hani- To eat |
! colspan="5" |Hani- To eat |
||
Line 626: | Line 768: | ||
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
+ | | rowspan="2" | dagho |
|dako |
|dako |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunë |
||
− | |dunos |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
|datu |
|datu |
||
− | | |
+ | | davo |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |3rd person |
! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
Line 644: | Line 786: | ||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | dagom |
| rowspan="2" | dagom |
||
+ | |dakamur |
||
− | |dakamùr |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunamus |
||
− | |dunamùs |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 662: | Line 804: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | dabo |
| rowspan="2" | dabo |
||
+ | |dakìmur |
||
− | |dakìmùr |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunìmus |
||
− | |dunìmùs |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 680: | Line 822: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | dagi |
| rowspan="2" | dagi |
||
+ | |dakomur |
||
− | |dakomùr |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunomus |
||
− | |dunomùs |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 693: | Line 835: | ||
| rowspan="2" |duit |
| rowspan="2" |duit |
||
| rowspan="2" |dearunt |
| rowspan="2" |dearunt |
||
− | |} |
||
− | {| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
− | ! colspan="5" |Dua- To feed |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" | |
||
− | !Singular |
||
− | !Plural |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Present |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | !Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Past |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | !Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Future |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | ! |
||
− | Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="5" |Unknown |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | ! |
||
− | Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
||
− | 3rd person |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
Line 782: | Line 846: | ||
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
+ | | rowspan="2" | duë |
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 850: | Line 914: | ||
| rowspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" | |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | {| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
− | ! colspan="5" |Du‘u- To give water |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" | |
||
− | !Singular |
||
− | !Plural |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Present |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | !Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Past |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | !Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Future |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | ! |
||
− | Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="5" |Unknown |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | ! |
||
− | Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
||
− | 3rd person |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
=== Adjectives === |
=== Adjectives === |
||
− | Just the root of the word |
+ | Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives. |
=== Adverbs === |
=== Adverbs === |
||
Line 946: | Line 931: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" |ego |
| rowspan="2" |ego |
||
+ | |kako |
||
− | |kakou |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | | |
+ | |ne |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd |
! colspan="2" |2nd |
||
Person |
Person |
||
|tu |
|tu |
||
− | | |
+ | |vo |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |3rd |
! colspan="2" |3rd |
||
person |
person |
||
+ | |idë |
||
− | |id |
||
|ea |
|ea |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 975: | Line 960: | ||
!Sound changes |
!Sound changes |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |së |
|color |
|color |
||
|noun |
|noun |
||
Line 1,085: | Line 1,070: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |lunë |
| |
| |
||
<p style="text-align:center;">star, nightlight, moon, constellation</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">star, nightlight, moon, constellation</p> |
||
Line 1,157: | Line 1,142: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |dughu |
||
− | |du‘u |
||
|to give water |
|to give water |
||
|Verb |
|Verb |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |k → |
+ | |k → g → ɣ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |odë |
| style="text-align:center;" |to smell, stink |
| style="text-align:center;" |to smell, stink |
||
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb |
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb |
||
Line 1,196: | Line 1,181: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |vala |
| |
| |
||
<p style="text-align:center;">speed</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">speed</p> |
||
Line 1,336: | Line 1,321: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |raxë |
| style="text-align:center;" |bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous |
| style="text-align:center;" |bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous |
||
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective |
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective |
||
Line 1,362: | Line 1,347: | ||
<p style="text-align:center;">χ → Ø</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">χ → Ø</p> |
||
− | <p style="text-align:center;"> |
+ | <p style="text-align:center;">ə → Ø</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p> |
||
Line 1,403: | Line 1,388: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | rowspan="2" |lapë |
||
+ | |to sleep |
||
+ | |Verb |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | |
+ | |- |
+ | |sleep |
||
+ | |Noun |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 1,416: | Line 1,406: | ||
!Word Combination |
!Word Combination |
||
!Sound Changes |
!Sound Changes |
||
+ | !Notes |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|nùla |
|nùla |
||
|zero |
|zero |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |sa |
||
− | |kahi |
||
|one |
|one |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |re |
|two |
|two |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |ga |
||
− | |kolu |
||
|three |
|three |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |ma |
|four |
|four |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |pa |
||
− | |lima |
||
|five |
|five |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |da |
|six |
|six |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |ni |
||
− | |hiku |
||
|seven |
|seven |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 1,459: | Line 1,458: | ||
|walu |
|walu |
||
|eight |
|eight |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 1,464: | Line 1,464: | ||
|iwa |
|iwa |
||
|nine |
|nine |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |sanùla |
||
− | | |
||
|ten |
|ten |
||
− | |1 + |
+ | |1 + 0 |
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |sasa |
||
− | | |
||
|eleven |
|eleven |
||
+ | |1 + 1 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 1 |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |sare |
||
− | | |
||
|twelve |
|twelve |
||
+ | |1 + 2 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 2 |
||
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |saga |
||
− | | |
||
|thirteen |
|thirteen |
||
+ | |1 + 3 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 3 |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |sama |
||
|fourteen |
|fourteen |
||
+ | |1 + 4 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 4 |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |sapa |
||
|fifteen |
|fifteen |
||
+ | |1 + 5 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 5 |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |sada |
||
|sixteen |
|sixteen |
||
+ | |1 + 6 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 6 |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |sani |
||
|seventeen |
|seventeen |
||
+ | |1 + 7 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 7 |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |sawalu |
||
|eighteen |
|eighteen |
||
+ | |1 + 8 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 8 |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |sawa |
||
|nineteen |
|nineteen |
||
+ | |1 + 9 |
||
− | |(1 + augmentative suffix) + 9 |
||
+ | |i > Ø |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |renùla |
||
− | | |
||
|twenty |
|twenty |
||
− | |2 + |
+ | |2 + 0 |
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |ganùla |
||
|thirty |
|thirty |
||
− | |3 + |
+ | |3 + 0 |
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |manùla |
||
|fourty |
|fourty |
||
− | |4 + |
+ | |4 + 0 |
| |
| |
||
− | |- |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |panùla |
||
|fifty |
|fifty |
||
− | |5 + |
+ | |5 + 0 |
+ | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |wanë |
|> fifty, many |
|> fifty, many |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | |derived from Chinese |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 1,567: | Line 1,583: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| |
||
− | | colspan="3" | |
+ | | colspan="3" |masa |
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 1,626: | Line 1,642: | ||
!English |
!English |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |keusë |
||
− | |keufa |
||
|color (of) the Sun |
|color (of) the Sun |
||
|white, yellow |
|white, yellow |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |pisë |
||
− | |pifa |
||
|color (of) the sky |
|color (of) the sky |
||
|light blue, light gray |
|light blue, light gray |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |leìsë |
||
− | |leìfa |
||
|color (of) night |
|color (of) night |
||
|black, dark blue, dark gray |
|black, dark blue, dark gray |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |firasë |
||
− | |firafa |
||
|color (of) fire |
|color (of) fire |
||
|red, orange |
|red, orange |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |luasë |
||
− | |luafa |
||
|color (of) soil |
|color (of) soil |
||
|brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown |
|brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |losë |
||
− | |lofa |
||
|color (of) a plant |
|color (of) a plant |
||
|green |
|green |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | |lunasë |
||
− | |lunafa |
||
|color (of) the Moon |
|color (of) the Moon |
||
|silver |
|silver |
||
Line 1,657: | Line 1,673: | ||
=== Akëla === |
=== Akëla === |
||
+ | Sadago. Sadue. Salapëm. |
||
− | Dago hak. Sakuim kuk. |
||
=== Transliteration === |
=== Transliteration === |
||
− | I give food to me. I |
+ | I give food to me. I give beverage to me. I sleep. |
=== Translation === |
=== Translation === |
||
− | I eat |
+ | I eat. I drink. I sleep.__FORCETOC__ |
Revision as of 04:40, 28 March 2020
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
Akëla | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Head-Initial | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | None | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 95% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Creator | Sgt Haleakala |
Classification and Dialects
It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as Fosènë. Akëla is believed to be a language isolate.
Culture
Mythology
Legend has it that the language descended down from the heavens on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Nalëkilë, the god of languages.
Kinship
Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mama (Grandmother) |
Mama (Grandfather) |
Mama (Grandmother) |
Mama (Grandfather) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Father) |
Ma (Mother) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (unts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Si (Twin Sisters Husband) |
Si (Twin Sister) |
Si (Little Sisters Husband) |
Si (Little Sister) |
Si (Big Sisters Huband) |
Si (Big Sister) |
Va (Wife) |
Ego (Self) |
Ego (Husband) |
Si (Big Brother) |
Si (Big Brothers Wife) |
Si (Little Brother) |
Si (Little Brothers Wife) |
Si (Twin Brother) |
Si (Twin Brothers Wife) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Son) |
Ga (Daughter) |
Ga (Son) |
Ga (Daughter) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
m | n̪~n | ||||||||
Stop | Plain | Voiceless | p | t̪~t | c~k~q | ʡ~ʔ | ||||
Voiced | b | d̪~d | ɟ~g~ɢ | |||||||
Palatalized | Voiceless | pʲ | tʲ | |||||||
Voiced | bʲ | dʲ | ||||||||
Pharyngealized | Voiceless | tˤ | ||||||||
Voiced | dˤ | |||||||||
Fric. | Plain | Medial | Voiceless | ɸ~f | θ | s | ç~x | χ | ħ~ʕ~h~ɦ | |
Voiced | β~v | ð | z | j~ʝ~ʎ | ɣ~ʁ | |||||
Lateral | Voiceless | ɬ̪~ɬ | ||||||||
Voiced | ɮ͆~ɮ | |||||||||
Pharyngealized | Medial | Voiceless | sˤ | |||||||
Voiced | zˤ | |||||||||
Lateral | Voiceless | ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ | ||||||||
Voiced | ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ | |||||||||
Semivowel | β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ | |||||||||
Rhotic | Plain | r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ | ||||||||
Pharyngealized | ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ | |||||||||
Lateral | l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪ |
Consonants with tilde are in free variation
Vowels
Front | Near-Front | Central | Near-Back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | u | |||
Near-Close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
High-Mid | e | o | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Low-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
Open | a~ɑ |
Diphthongs
aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu ɔɪ
Phonotactics
Writing System
Uppercase Letter | Lowercase Letter | IPA value | Pronunciation of the letter (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | a~ɑ | a~ɑ |
B | b | b | bi |
Ḃ | ḃ | bʲ | bʲa |
D | d | d | di |
Ḋ | ḋ | dʲ | dʲa |
Ḍ | ḍ | dˤ | dˤa |
DH | dh | ð | ɛðe |
E | e | e | e |
È | è | ɛ | ɛ |
Ë | ë | ə | ə |
F | f | f | ɛfe |
G | g | ɟ~g~ɢ | gi |
GH | gh | ɣ | ɣi |
G-h | g-h | gh | gidahe |
H | h | h | he |
I | i | i | i |
Ì | ì | ɪ | ɪ |
K | k | c~k~q | ke |
KH | kh | x | xe |
K-h | k-h | kh | kedahe |
L | l |
l̪~ʟ̠ |
ɛle |
M | m | m | ɛme |
N | n | n | ɛne |
Ṇ | ṇ | nˤ | nˤi |
O | o | o | o |
Ò | ò | ɔ | ɔ |
P | p | p | pi |
Ṗ | ṗ | pʲ | pʲa |
R | r | r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ | aɹa |
Ṛ | ṛ | r̪ˤ~ɹ̪ˤ~ɾ̪ˤ~ʀˤ~ʁ̞ˤ~ɢ̆ˤ | ɹˤa |
S | s | s | ɛse |
Ṣ | ṣ | sˤ | sˤi |
Š | š | ɬ | ɛɬe |
Ṣ̌ | ṣ̌ | ɬˤ | ɬˤa |
T | t | t | ti |
Ṫ | ṫ | tʲ | tʲa |
Ṭ | ṭ | tˤ | tˤi |
TH | th | θ | θonə |
U | u | u | u |
Ù | ù | ʊ | ʊ |
Ü | ü | y | y |
V | v | v | vi |
W | w | w | we |
X | x | χ | ɛχe |
Y | y | ʝ~j~ʎ | jadə |
Z | z | z | zi |
Ẓ | ẓ | zˤ | zˤi |
Ž | ž | ɮ | ɛɮe |
Ẓ̌ | ẓ̌ | ɮˤ | ɮˤi |
‘ | ‘ | ʔ | oʔi |
Grammar
Nouns
Cases
Singular | Plural | Use | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ending | translation | ending | translation | ||
Nominative | -so | the noun | -zo | the nouns | subject, predicate |
Genitive | -fo | of the noun | -vüna | of the nouns | possession |
Dative | -ti | to/for the noun | -di | to/for the nouns | indirect object |
Accusative | -k | noun | -g | nouns | direct object |
Ablative | -ras | from the noun
out of the noun |
-ma | from the nouns
out of the nouns |
motion from |
Perlative | -se | through the noun | -zu | through the nouns | motion through |
Instrumental | -ri | by means of the noun | -we | by means of the nouns | thing used to do the action |
Locative | -xa | in the noun
on the noun by the noun at the noun under the noun inside the noun next to the noun near to the noun |
-xe | in the nouns
on the nouns by the nouns at the nouns under the nouns inside the nouns next to the nouns near to the nouns |
location |
Allative | -lus | towards the noun
onto the noun into the noun as far as the noun |
-mu | towards the nouns
onto the nouns into the nouns as far as the nouns |
motion to |
Causal | -ma | because of the noun | -ya | because of the noun | answers why |
Temporal | -ve | -me | time | ||
Oblique | -lù | concerning the noun | -pla | concerning the nouns | miscellaneous |
Sociative | -pì | with the noun | -bes | with the nouns | accompaniment |
Vocative | -le | o noun | -la | o nouns | direct address |
Instructive | -dia | -dë | answers how |
Verbs
Conjugations
Regular
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | -m | -mur |
Exclusive | -mus | |||
2nd person | -s | -tìs | ||
3rd person | -t | -nt | ||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | -bam | -bamur |
Exclusive | -bamus | |||
2nd person | -bas | -batìs | ||
3rd person | -bat | -bant | ||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
-bo | -bìmur |
Exclusive | -bìmus | |||
2nd person | -bìs | -bìtìs | ||
3rd person | -bìt | -bunt | ||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
-si | -simur |
Exclusive | -simus | |||
2nd person | -wisti | -wistis | ||
3rd person |
-wit | -werunt |
Aspect
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi
Mood
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-.
Voice
To make it passive add do‘o.
Irregular
Hani- To eat | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | dagho | dako |
Exclusive | dunë | |||
2nd person | datu | davo | ||
3rd person | dui | dea | ||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | dagom | dakamur |
Exclusive | dunamus | |||
2nd person | datus | davatìs | ||
3rd person | duibat | deant | ||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
dabo | dakìmur |
Exclusive | dunìmus | |||
2nd person | datubìs | davìtìs | ||
3rd person | duibìt | deunt | ||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
dagi | dakomur |
Exclusive | dunomus | |||
2nd person | datusti | davostis | ||
3rd person |
duit | dearunt |
Kani- To drink | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | duë | |
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person | ||||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | ||
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person | ||||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
||
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person | ||||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
||
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person |
Adjectives
Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives.
Adverbs
Add -li to the end of the root word
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st
person |
Inclusive |
ego | kako |
Exclusive | ne | ||
2nd
Person |
tu | vo | |
3rd
person |
idë | ea |
Syntax
There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akëla word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).
Lexicon
Akëla Word (the unmodified versions) |
English Word |
Part of Speech |
Transliteration |
Sound changes |
---|---|---|---|---|
së | color | noun | ||
keu |
light, pale; solar |
Adjective | ||
day, sun, light, sunlight | Noun | |||
to brighten, turn pale, shine | Verb | |||
pi | sky | Noun | ||
lo |
plant, vegetation |
Noun | ||
to plant |
Verb | |||
lua | ground, soil | Noun | ||
ni | in | Preposition | ||
le |
house, home, habitat, a dwelling |
Noun | ||
to dwell | Verb | |||
raga |
song |
Noun | ||
song-like | Adjective | |||
to sing | Verb | |||
du | to give, gift | Verb | ||
gift | Noun | |||
ku |
water, beverage |
Noun | ||
to water (a plant) | Verb | |||
leì |
dark |
Adjective | ||
night, darkness, midnight | Noun | |||
to darken | Verb | |||
ilo | time | Noun | ||
lunë |
star, nightlight, moon, constellation |
Noun | ||
lunar, stellar | Adjective | |||
kele | solar eclipse | Noun | light dark | u → Ø ɪ → Ø |
fyùna | lunar eclipse | Noun | fire moon |
l → Ø a → Ø u → ʊ i → j |
da | and | Conjunction | ||
ha |
food |
Noun | ||
dua | to feed | Verb | give food | h → Ø |
hani | to eat | Verb |
food in |
|
prasa | torso | Noun | ||
veda | hair | Noun | ||
kuni | to drink | Verb | beverage in | |
dughu | to give water | Verb | k → g → ɣ | |
odë | to smell, stink | Verb | ||
smelly | Adjective | |||
stench, odor, nose | Noun | |||
se | to need | Verb | ||
a need | Noun | |||
sea | hunger | Noun | need food | h → Ø |
seku | thirst | Noun | need water | |
vala |
speed |
Noun | ||
quick, fast | Adjective | |||
quickly | Adverb | |||
to hurry | Verb | |||
ela | ear | Noun | ||
To listen, hear | Verb | |||
kano |
speech, mouth |
Noun | ||
to talk, converse, have a conversation |
Verb | |||
amo |
love |
Noun |
||
to love | Verb | |||
wo | permission | Noun | ||
to allow, let, enable, give permission |
Verb | |||
adi | human | Noun | ||
loli | animal | Noun | ||
myu | cute animal noise (meow, woof) | Noun | ||
ka | mind, head, neck, soul | Noun | ||
main, leading |
Adjective | |||
to control, steer, rule, lead | Verb | |||
oko | eyes | Noun | ||
to look, see | Verb | |||
ocular | Adjective | |||
fira | flame | Noun | ||
to light (on fire) | Verb | |||
flammable | Adjective | |||
halo | any part of a plant that is edible | Noun | food plant | |
loa | fertilizer, anything a plant needs to live | Noun | plant food | h → Ø |
hyero | hatred | Noun | ||
to hate, despise | Verb | |||
osi | object, thing | Noun | ||
raxë | bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous | Adjective | ||
to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul | Verb | |||
evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, venom, lunatic | Noun | |||
badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously | Adverb | |||
makes a word derogatory | Particle | |||
ro | poisonous plant | Noun |
a → Ø χ → Ø ə → Ø l → Ø | |
südë | good, just, righteous | Adjective | ||
justly | Adverb | |||
good, angel |
Noun | |||
firaì | sunrise, sunset | Noun | fire sky |
s → Ø i → ɪ a → Ø |
peno | toe, foot, leg; a walk | Noun | ||
to walk | Verb | |||
anë | finger, hand, arm | Noun | ||
lapë | to sleep | Verb | ||
sleep | Noun |
Numerals
Akëla | English | Word Combination | Sound Changes | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
nùla | zero | |||
sa | one | |||
re | two | |||
ga | three | |||
ma | four | |||
pa | five | |||
da | six | |||
ni | seven | |||
walu | eight | |||
iwa | nine | |||
sanùla | ten | 1 + 0 | ||
sasa | eleven | 1 + 1 | ||
sare | twelve | 1 + 2 | ||
saga | thirteen | 1 + 3 | ||
sama | fourteen | 1 + 4 | ||
sapa | fifteen | 1 + 5 | ||
sada | sixteen | 1 + 6 | ||
sani | seventeen | 1 + 7 | ||
sawalu | eighteen | 1 + 8 | ||
sawa | nineteen | 1 + 9 | i > Ø | |
renùla | twenty | 2 + 0 | ||
ganùla | thirty | 3 + 0 | ||
manùla | fourty | 4 + 0 | ||
panùla | fifty | 5 + 0 | ||
wanë | > fifty, many | derived from Chinese |
Body
Body Parts (Akëla) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ka
↓ |
||||||||
veda | ||||||||
ela | oko | odo | oko | ela | ||||
masa | ||||||||
prasa | ||||||||
anë | anë | |||||||
peno | peno |
Body Parts (translated) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head
↓ |
||||||||
Hair | ||||||||
Ear | Eye | Nose | Eye | Ear | ||||
Mouth | ||||||||
Neck and/or Torso | ||||||||
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | |||||||
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe | Leg, Foot, and/or Toe |
Colors
Akëla | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
keusë | color (of) the Sun | white, yellow |
pisë | color (of) the sky | light blue, light gray |
leìsë | color (of) night | black, dark blue, dark gray |
firasë | color (of) fire | red, orange |
luasë | color (of) soil | brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown |
losë | color (of) a plant | green |
lunasë | color (of) the Moon | silver |
Example text
Akëla
Sadago. Sadue. Salapëm.
Transliteration
I give food to me. I give beverage to me. I sleep.
Translation
I eat. I drink. I sleep.