No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
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Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
− | |+ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="4" | |
! colspan="4" | |
||
Line 39: | Line 38: | ||
!Velar |
!Velar |
||
!Uvular |
!Uvular |
||
+ | !Laryngeal |
||
− | !Pharyngeal |
||
− | !Glottal |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! colspan="4" | |
Nasal |
Nasal |
||
− | ! colspan="3" |Tenius |
||
|m |
|m |
||
| colspan="2" |n̪~n |
| colspan="2" |n̪~n |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" |Pharyngealized |
||
− | | |
||
− | | colspan="2" |n̪ˤ~nˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 63: | Line 50: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="6" |Stop |
! rowspan="6" |Stop |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" | |
+ | ! rowspan="2" |Plain |
! colspan="2" |Voiceless |
! colspan="2" |Voiceless |
||
|p |
|p |
||
| colspan="2" |t̪~t |
| colspan="2" |t̪~t |
||
| colspan="3" |c~k~q |
| colspan="3" |c~k~q |
||
− | + | |ʡ~ʔ |
|
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |Voiced |
! colspan="2" |Voiced |
||
Line 74: | Line 61: | ||
| colspan="2" |d̪~d |
| colspan="2" |d̪~d |
||
| colspan="3" |ɟ~g~ɢ |
| colspan="3" |ɟ~g~ɢ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 82: | Line 68: | ||
| |
| |
||
|tʲ |
|tʲ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 92: | Line 77: | ||
| |
| |
||
|dʲ |
|dʲ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 103: | Line 87: | ||
| |
| |
||
|tˤ |
|tˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 113: | Line 96: | ||
| |
| |
||
|dˤ |
|dˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 120: | Line 102: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="8" |Fric. |
! rowspan="8" |Fric. |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" | |
+ | ! rowspan="4" |Plain |
! rowspan="2" |Medial |
! rowspan="2" |Medial |
||
!Voiceless |
!Voiceless |
||
Line 128: | Line 110: | ||
| colspan="2" |ç~x |
| colspan="2" |ç~x |
||
|χ |
|χ |
||
− | | rowspan="2" |ħ~ʕ |
+ | | rowspan="2" |ħ~ʕ~h~ɦ |
− | | rowspan="2" |h~ɦ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Voiced |
!Voiced |
||
Line 142: | Line 123: | ||
| |
| |
||
| colspan="2" |ɬ̪~ɬ |
| colspan="2" |ɬ̪~ɬ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 150: | Line 130: | ||
| |
| |
||
| colspan="2" |ɮ͆~ɮ |
| colspan="2" |ɮ͆~ɮ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 161: | Line 140: | ||
| |
| |
||
|sˤ |
|sˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 171: | Line 149: | ||
| |
| |
||
|zˤ |
|zˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 181: | Line 158: | ||
| |
| |
||
| colspan="2" |ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ |
| colspan="2" |ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 190: | Line 166: | ||
| |
| |
||
| colspan="2" |ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ |
| colspan="2" |ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 198: | Line 173: | ||
! colspan="4" |Semivowel |
! colspan="4" |Semivowel |
||
| colspan="6" |β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ |
| colspan="6" |β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="2" |Rhotic |
! rowspan="2" |Rhotic |
||
− | ! colspan="3" | |
+ | ! colspan="3" |Plain |
| |
| |
||
| colspan="5" |r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ |
| colspan="5" |r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 211: | Line 184: | ||
| |
| |
||
| colspan="5" |ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ |
| colspan="5" |ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! colspan="4" |Lateral |
− | ! colspan="3" |Tenuis |
||
| |
| |
||
| colspan="5" |l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪ |
| colspan="5" |l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪ |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" |Phary. |
||
− | | |
||
− | | colspan="5" |l̪ˤ~ʟ̠ˤ |
||
− | | |
||
| |
| |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 278: | Line 242: | ||
==== Diphthongs ==== |
==== Diphthongs ==== |
||
− | aɪ ɛɪ |
+ | aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu ɔɪ |
===Phonotactics=== |
===Phonotactics=== |
||
Line 291: | Line 255: | ||
|A |
|A |
||
|a |
|a |
||
− | |a |
+ | |a~ɑ |
|a~ɑ |
|a~ɑ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 363: | Line 327: | ||
|h |
|h |
||
|he |
|he |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Ḥ |
||
− | |ḥ |
||
− | |ħ |
||
− | |ħa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|I |
|I |
||
Line 399: | Line 358: | ||
l̪~ʟ̠ |
l̪~ʟ̠ |
||
|ɛle |
|ɛle |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Ḷ |
||
− | |ʟ̣ |
||
− | |l̪ˤ~ʟ̠ˤ |
||
− | |lˤi |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|M |
|M |
||
Line 566: | Line 520: | ||
!translation |
!translation |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | !Nominative |
||
− | !Subjective |
||
|<nowiki>-so</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-so</nowiki> |
||
|the noun |
|the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-zo</nowiki> |
|the nouns |
|the nouns |
||
− | |subject |
+ | |subject, predicate |
− | |- |
||
− | !Predicative |
||
− | |<nowiki>-n</nowiki> |
||
− | |the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>-ka</nowiki> |
||
− | |the nouns |
||
− | |predicate |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Genitive |
!Genitive |
||
|<nowiki>-fo</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-fo</nowiki> |
||
|of the noun |
|of the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-vüna</nowiki> |
|of the nouns |
|of the nouns |
||
|possession |
|possession |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Dative |
!Dative |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-ti</nowiki> |
|to/for the noun |
|to/for the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-di</nowiki> |
|to/for the nouns |
|to/for the nouns |
||
|indirect object |
|indirect object |
||
Line 597: | Line 544: | ||
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki> |
||
|noun |
|noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-g</nowiki> |
|nouns |
|nouns |
||
|direct object |
|direct object |
||
Line 614: | Line 561: | ||
|<nowiki>-se</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-se</nowiki> |
||
|through the noun |
|through the noun |
||
− | | - |
+ | | -zu |
|through the nouns |
|through the nouns |
||
|motion through |
|motion through |
||
Line 621: | Line 568: | ||
|<nowiki>-ri</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-ri</nowiki> |
||
|by means of the noun |
|by means of the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-we</nowiki> |
|by means of the nouns |
|by means of the nouns |
||
|thing used to do the action |
|thing used to do the action |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Locative |
!Locative |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-xa</nowiki> |
|in the noun |
|in the noun |
||
on the noun |
on the noun |
||
Line 660: | Line 607: | ||
!Allative |
!Allative |
||
|<nowiki>-lus</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-lus</nowiki> |
||
− | | |
+ | |towards the noun |
onto the noun |
onto the noun |
||
Line 667: | Line 614: | ||
as far as the noun |
as far as the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-mu</nowiki> |
− | | |
+ | |towards the nouns |
onto the nouns |
onto the nouns |
||
Line 679: | Line 626: | ||
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-ma</nowiki> |
||
|because of the noun |
|because of the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-ya</nowiki> |
|because of the noun |
|because of the noun |
||
|answers why |
|answers why |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Temporal |
!Temporal |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-ve</nowiki> |
| |
| |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-me</nowiki> |
| |
| |
||
|time |
|time |
||
Line 693: | Line 640: | ||
|<nowiki>-lù</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-lù</nowiki> |
||
|concerning the noun |
|concerning the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-pla</nowiki> |
|concerning the nouns |
|concerning the nouns |
||
|miscellaneous |
|miscellaneous |
||
Line 700: | Line 647: | ||
|<nowiki>-pì</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-pì</nowiki> |
||
|with the noun |
|with the noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bes</nowiki> |
|with the nouns |
|with the nouns |
||
|accompaniment |
|accompaniment |
||
Line 707: | Line 654: | ||
|<nowiki>-le</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-le</nowiki> |
||
|o noun |
|o noun |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-la</nowiki> |
|o nouns |
|o nouns |
||
|direct address |
|direct address |
||
Line 714: | Line 661: | ||
|<nowiki>-dia</nowiki> |
|<nowiki>-dia</nowiki> |
||
| |
| |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-dë</nowiki> |
| |
| |
||
|answers how |
|answers how |
||
Line 723: | Line 670: | ||
==== Conjugations ==== |
==== Conjugations ==== |
||
− | ===== Regular ===== |
+ | ===== '''Regular''' ===== |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
! colspan="3" | |
! colspan="3" | |
||
Line 733: | Line 680: | ||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | -m |
| rowspan="2" | -m |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-mur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-mus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 750: | Line 697: | ||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | -bam |
| rowspan="2" | -bam |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bamur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bamus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 768: | Line 715: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | -bo |
| rowspan="2" | -bo |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bìmur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-bìmus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 785: | Line 732: | ||
! |
! |
||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | - |
+ | | rowspan="2" | -si |
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-simur</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | |<nowiki>- |
+ | |<nowiki>-simus</nowiki> |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 801: | Line 748: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
− | ====== Aspect ====== |
+ | ====== '''Aspect''' ====== |
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi |
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi |
||
− | ====== Mood ====== |
+ | ====== '''Mood''' ====== |
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-. |
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-. |
||
− | ====== Voice ====== |
+ | ====== '''Voice''' ====== |
− | To make it passive add do‘o |
+ | To make it passive add do‘o. |
− | ===== Irregular ===== |
+ | ===== '''Irregular''' ===== |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
! colspan="5" |Hani- To eat |
! colspan="5" |Hani- To eat |
||
Line 821: | Line 768: | ||
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
+ | | rowspan="2" | dagho |
|dako |
|dako |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunë |
||
− | |dunos |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
|datu |
|datu |
||
− | | |
+ | | davo |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |3rd person |
! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
Line 839: | Line 786: | ||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | dagom |
| rowspan="2" | dagom |
||
+ | |dakamur |
||
− | |dakamùr |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunamus |
||
− | |dunamùs |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 857: | Line 804: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | dabo |
| rowspan="2" | dabo |
||
+ | |dakìmur |
||
− | |dakìmùr |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunìmus |
||
− | |dunìmùs |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 875: | Line 822: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" | dagi |
| rowspan="2" | dagi |
||
+ | |dakomur |
||
− | |dakomùr |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
+ | |dunomus |
||
− | |dunomùs |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
Line 899: | Line 846: | ||
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
!Inclusive |
!Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
+ | | rowspan="2" | duë |
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 967: | Line 914: | ||
| rowspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" | |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | {| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" |
||
− | ! colspan="5" |Du- To give, to gift |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" | |
||
− | !Singular |
||
− | !Plural |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Present |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | !Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Past |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | !Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="4" |Future |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | ! |
||
− | Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |3rd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="5" |Unknown |
||
− | ! rowspan="2" |1st person |
||
− | ! |
||
− | Inclusive |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Exclusive |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
||
− | | |
||
− | | |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
||
− | 3rd person |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
=== Adjectives === |
=== Adjectives === |
||
Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives. |
Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives. |
||
Line 1,063: | Line 931: | ||
Inclusive |
Inclusive |
||
| rowspan="2" |ego |
| rowspan="2" |ego |
||
+ | |kako |
||
− | |kakou |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Exclusive |
!Exclusive |
||
− | | |
+ | |ne |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |2nd |
! colspan="2" |2nd |
||
Person |
Person |
||
|tu |
|tu |
||
− | | |
+ | |vo |
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" |3rd |
! colspan="2" |3rd |
||
person |
person |
||
+ | |idë |
||
− | |id |
||
|ea |
|ea |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 1,202: | Line 1,070: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |lunë |
| |
| |
||
<p style="text-align:center;">star, nightlight, moon, constellation</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">star, nightlight, moon, constellation</p> |
||
Line 1,280: | Line 1,148: | ||
|k → g → ɣ |
|k → g → ɣ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |odë |
| style="text-align:center;" |to smell, stink |
| style="text-align:center;" |to smell, stink |
||
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb |
| style="text-align:center;" |Verb |
||
Line 1,453: | Line 1,321: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |raxë |
| style="text-align:center;" |bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous |
| style="text-align:center;" |bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous |
||
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective |
| style="text-align:center;" |Adjective |
||
Line 1,479: | Line 1,347: | ||
<p style="text-align:center;">χ → Ø</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">χ → Ø</p> |
||
− | <p style="text-align:center;"> |
+ | <p style="text-align:center;">ə → Ø</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">l → Ø</p> |
||
Line 1,520: | Line 1,388: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | rowspan="2" | |
+ | | rowspan="2" |lapë |
|to sleep |
|to sleep |
||
|Verb |
|Verb |
||
Line 1,805: | Line 1,673: | ||
=== Akëla === |
=== Akëla === |
||
− | Sadago. Sadue. |
+ | Sadago. Sadue. Salapëm. |
=== Transliteration === |
=== Transliteration === |
Revision as of 04:40, 28 March 2020
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
Akëla | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Head-Initial | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | None | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 95% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Creator | Sgt Haleakala |
Classification and Dialects
It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the planet Jaalvar, which is known by the Akëli tribe as Fosènë. Akëla is believed to be a language isolate.
Culture
Mythology
Legend has it that the language descended down from the heavens on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Nalëkilë, the god of languages.
Kinship
Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mama (Grandmother) |
Mama (Grandfather) |
Mama (Grandmother) |
Mama (Grandfather) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Father) |
Ma (Mother) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (Uncles Wife) |
Ma (Uncle) |
Ma (unts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) |
Ma (Aunts husband) |
Ma (Aunt) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) |
Si (Male Cousin) |
Si (Female Cousin) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Si (Twin Sisters Husband) |
Si (Twin Sister) |
Si (Little Sisters Husband) |
Si (Little Sister) |
Si (Big Sisters Huband) |
Si (Big Sister) |
Va (Wife) |
Ego (Self) |
Ego (Husband) |
Si (Big Brother) |
Si (Big Brothers Wife) |
Si (Little Brother) |
Si (Little Brothers Wife) |
Si (Twin Brother) |
Si (Twin Brothers Wife) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Son) |
Ga (Daughter) |
Ga (Son) |
Ga (Daughter) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Ga (Niece) |
Ga (Nephew) |
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
m | n̪~n | ||||||||
Stop | Plain | Voiceless | p | t̪~t | c~k~q | ʡ~ʔ | ||||
Voiced | b | d̪~d | ɟ~g~ɢ | |||||||
Palatalized | Voiceless | pʲ | tʲ | |||||||
Voiced | bʲ | dʲ | ||||||||
Pharyngealized | Voiceless | tˤ | ||||||||
Voiced | dˤ | |||||||||
Fric. | Plain | Medial | Voiceless | ɸ~f | θ | s | ç~x | χ | ħ~ʕ~h~ɦ | |
Voiced | β~v | ð | z | j~ʝ~ʎ | ɣ~ʁ | |||||
Lateral | Voiceless | ɬ̪~ɬ | ||||||||
Voiced | ɮ͆~ɮ | |||||||||
Pharyngealized | Medial | Voiceless | sˤ | |||||||
Voiced | zˤ | |||||||||
Lateral | Voiceless | ɬ̪ˤ~ɬˤ | ||||||||
Voiced | ɮ͆ˤ~ɮˤ | |||||||||
Semivowel | β̞~ʋ~w~ɰ | |||||||||
Rhotic | Plain | r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ | ||||||||
Pharyngealized | ɹ̪ˤ~ʁˤ | |||||||||
Lateral | l̪~ʟ̠~ɺ̪ |
Consonants with tilde are in free variation
Vowels
Front | Near-Front | Central | Near-Back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | u | |||
Near-Close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
High-Mid | e | o | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Low-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
Open | a~ɑ |
Diphthongs
aɪ ɛɪ aʊ ɛu ɔɪ
Phonotactics
Writing System
Uppercase Letter | Lowercase Letter | IPA value | Pronunciation of the letter (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | a~ɑ | a~ɑ |
B | b | b | bi |
Ḃ | ḃ | bʲ | bʲa |
D | d | d | di |
Ḋ | ḋ | dʲ | dʲa |
Ḍ | ḍ | dˤ | dˤa |
DH | dh | ð | ɛðe |
E | e | e | e |
È | è | ɛ | ɛ |
Ë | ë | ə | ə |
F | f | f | ɛfe |
G | g | ɟ~g~ɢ | gi |
GH | gh | ɣ | ɣi |
G-h | g-h | gh | gidahe |
H | h | h | he |
I | i | i | i |
Ì | ì | ɪ | ɪ |
K | k | c~k~q | ke |
KH | kh | x | xe |
K-h | k-h | kh | kedahe |
L | l |
l̪~ʟ̠ |
ɛle |
M | m | m | ɛme |
N | n | n | ɛne |
Ṇ | ṇ | nˤ | nˤi |
O | o | o | o |
Ò | ò | ɔ | ɔ |
P | p | p | pi |
Ṗ | ṗ | pʲ | pʲa |
R | r | r̪~ɹ̪~ɾ̪~ʀ~ʁ̞~ɢ̆ | aɹa |
Ṛ | ṛ | r̪ˤ~ɹ̪ˤ~ɾ̪ˤ~ʀˤ~ʁ̞ˤ~ɢ̆ˤ | ɹˤa |
S | s | s | ɛse |
Ṣ | ṣ | sˤ | sˤi |
Š | š | ɬ | ɛɬe |
Ṣ̌ | ṣ̌ | ɬˤ | ɬˤa |
T | t | t | ti |
Ṫ | ṫ | tʲ | tʲa |
Ṭ | ṭ | tˤ | tˤi |
TH | th | θ | θonə |
U | u | u | u |
Ù | ù | ʊ | ʊ |
Ü | ü | y | y |
V | v | v | vi |
W | w | w | we |
X | x | χ | ɛχe |
Y | y | ʝ~j~ʎ | jadə |
Z | z | z | zi |
Ẓ | ẓ | zˤ | zˤi |
Ž | ž | ɮ | ɛɮe |
Ẓ̌ | ẓ̌ | ɮˤ | ɮˤi |
‘ | ‘ | ʔ | oʔi |
Grammar
Nouns
Cases
Singular | Plural | Use | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ending | translation | ending | translation | ||
Nominative | -so | the noun | -zo | the nouns | subject, predicate |
Genitive | -fo | of the noun | -vüna | of the nouns | possession |
Dative | -ti | to/for the noun | -di | to/for the nouns | indirect object |
Accusative | -k | noun | -g | nouns | direct object |
Ablative | -ras | from the noun
out of the noun |
-ma | from the nouns
out of the nouns |
motion from |
Perlative | -se | through the noun | -zu | through the nouns | motion through |
Instrumental | -ri | by means of the noun | -we | by means of the nouns | thing used to do the action |
Locative | -xa | in the noun
on the noun by the noun at the noun under the noun inside the noun next to the noun near to the noun |
-xe | in the nouns
on the nouns by the nouns at the nouns under the nouns inside the nouns next to the nouns near to the nouns |
location |
Allative | -lus | towards the noun
onto the noun into the noun as far as the noun |
-mu | towards the nouns
onto the nouns into the nouns as far as the nouns |
motion to |
Causal | -ma | because of the noun | -ya | because of the noun | answers why |
Temporal | -ve | -me | time | ||
Oblique | -lù | concerning the noun | -pla | concerning the nouns | miscellaneous |
Sociative | -pì | with the noun | -bes | with the nouns | accompaniment |
Vocative | -le | o noun | -la | o nouns | direct address |
Instructive | -dia | -dë | answers how |
Verbs
Conjugations
Regular
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | -m | -mur |
Exclusive | -mus | |||
2nd person | -s | -tìs | ||
3rd person | -t | -nt | ||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | -bam | -bamur |
Exclusive | -bamus | |||
2nd person | -bas | -batìs | ||
3rd person | -bat | -bant | ||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
-bo | -bìmur |
Exclusive | -bìmus | |||
2nd person | -bìs | -bìtìs | ||
3rd person | -bìt | -bunt | ||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
-si | -simur |
Exclusive | -simus | |||
2nd person | -wisti | -wistis | ||
3rd person |
-wit | -werunt |
Aspect
To make it progressive (imperfect), use the suffix -ra before the conjunction ending. To make it complete (perfect), use the suffix -wü. To make it habitual add the suffix -gi
Mood
To make it indicative, use the prefix sa-. To make it imperative, use the prefix fi-.
Voice
To make it passive add do‘o.
Irregular
Hani- To eat | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | dagho | dako |
Exclusive | dunë | |||
2nd person | datu | davo | ||
3rd person | dui | dea | ||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | dagom | dakamur |
Exclusive | dunamus | |||
2nd person | datus | davatìs | ||
3rd person | duibat | deant | ||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
dabo | dakìmur |
Exclusive | dunìmus | |||
2nd person | datubìs | davìtìs | ||
3rd person | duibìt | deunt | ||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
dagi | dakomur |
Exclusive | dunomus | |||
2nd person | datusti | davostis | ||
3rd person |
duit | dearunt |
Kani- To drink | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Present | 1st person | Inclusive | duë | |
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person | ||||
Past | 1st person | Inclusive | ||
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person | ||||
Future | 1st person |
Inclusive |
||
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person | ||||
Unknown | 1st person |
Inclusive |
||
Exclusive | ||||
2nd person | ||||
3rd person |
Adjectives
Just the root of the word. There aren't superlatives or comparatives.
Adverbs
Add -li to the end of the root word
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st
person |
Inclusive |
ego | kako |
Exclusive | ne | ||
2nd
Person |
tu | vo | |
3rd
person |
idë | ea |
Syntax
There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akëla word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).
Lexicon
Akëla Word (the unmodified versions) |
English Word |
Part of Speech |
Transliteration |
Sound changes |
---|---|---|---|---|
së | color | noun | ||
keu |
light, pale; solar |
Adjective | ||
day, sun, light, sunlight | Noun | |||
to brighten, turn pale, shine | Verb | |||
pi | sky | Noun | ||
lo |
plant, vegetation |
Noun | ||
to plant |
Verb | |||
lua | ground, soil | Noun | ||
ni | in | Preposition | ||
le |
house, home, habitat, a dwelling |
Noun | ||
to dwell | Verb | |||
raga |
song |
Noun | ||
song-like | Adjective | |||
to sing | Verb | |||
du | to give, gift | Verb | ||
gift | Noun | |||
ku |
water, beverage |
Noun | ||
to water (a plant) | Verb | |||
leì |
dark |
Adjective | ||
night, darkness, midnight | Noun | |||
to darken | Verb | |||
ilo | time | Noun | ||
lunë |
star, nightlight, moon, constellation |
Noun | ||
lunar, stellar | Adjective | |||
kele | solar eclipse | Noun | light dark | u → Ø ɪ → Ø |
fyùna | lunar eclipse | Noun | fire moon |
l → Ø a → Ø u → ʊ i → j |
da | and | Conjunction | ||
ha |
food |
Noun | ||
dua | to feed | Verb | give food | h → Ø |
hani | to eat | Verb |
food in |
|
prasa | torso | Noun | ||
veda | hair | Noun | ||
kuni | to drink | Verb | beverage in | |
dughu | to give water | Verb | k → g → ɣ | |
odë | to smell, stink | Verb | ||
smelly | Adjective | |||
stench, odor, nose | Noun | |||
se | to need | Verb | ||
a need | Noun | |||
sea | hunger | Noun | need food | h → Ø |
seku | thirst | Noun | need water | |
vala |
speed |
Noun | ||
quick, fast | Adjective | |||
quickly | Adverb | |||
to hurry | Verb | |||
ela | ear | Noun | ||
To listen, hear | Verb | |||
kano |
speech, mouth |
Noun | ||
to talk, converse, have a conversation |
Verb | |||
amo |
love |
Noun |
||
to love | Verb | |||
wo | permission | Noun | ||
to allow, let, enable, give permission |
Verb | |||
adi | human | Noun | ||
loli | animal | Noun | ||
myu | cute animal noise (meow, woof) | Noun | ||
ka | mind, head, neck, soul | Noun | ||
main, leading |
Adjective | |||
to control, steer, rule, lead | Verb | |||
oko | eyes | Noun | ||
to look, see | Verb | |||
ocular | Adjective | |||
fira | flame | Noun | ||
to light (on fire) | Verb | |||
flammable | Adjective | |||
halo | any part of a plant that is edible | Noun | food plant | |
loa | fertilizer, anything a plant needs to live | Noun | plant food | h → Ø |
hyero | hatred | Noun | ||
to hate, despise | Verb | |||
osi | object, thing | Noun | ||
raxë | bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous | Adjective | ||
to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul | Verb | |||
evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, venom, lunatic | Noun | |||
badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously | Adverb | |||
makes a word derogatory | Particle | |||
ro | poisonous plant | Noun |
a → Ø χ → Ø ə → Ø l → Ø | |
südë | good, just, righteous | Adjective | ||
justly | Adverb | |||
good, angel |
Noun | |||
firaì | sunrise, sunset | Noun | fire sky |
s → Ø i → ɪ a → Ø |
peno | toe, foot, leg; a walk | Noun | ||
to walk | Verb | |||
anë | finger, hand, arm | Noun | ||
lapë | to sleep | Verb | ||
sleep | Noun |
Numerals
Akëla | English | Word Combination | Sound Changes | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
nùla | zero | |||
sa | one | |||
re | two | |||
ga | three | |||
ma | four | |||
pa | five | |||
da | six | |||
ni | seven | |||
walu | eight | |||
iwa | nine | |||
sanùla | ten | 1 + 0 | ||
sasa | eleven | 1 + 1 | ||
sare | twelve | 1 + 2 | ||
saga | thirteen | 1 + 3 | ||
sama | fourteen | 1 + 4 | ||
sapa | fifteen | 1 + 5 | ||
sada | sixteen | 1 + 6 | ||
sani | seventeen | 1 + 7 | ||
sawalu | eighteen | 1 + 8 | ||
sawa | nineteen | 1 + 9 | i > Ø | |
renùla | twenty | 2 + 0 | ||
ganùla | thirty | 3 + 0 | ||
manùla | fourty | 4 + 0 | ||
panùla | fifty | 5 + 0 | ||
wanë | > fifty, many | derived from Chinese |
Body
Body Parts (Akëla) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ka
↓ |
||||||||
veda | ||||||||
ela | oko | odo | oko | ela | ||||
masa | ||||||||
prasa | ||||||||
anë | anë | |||||||
peno | peno |
Body Parts (translated) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head
↓ |
||||||||
Hair | ||||||||
Ear | Eye | Nose | Eye | Ear | ||||
Mouth | ||||||||
Neck and/or Torso | ||||||||
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | |||||||
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe | Leg, Foot, and/or Toe |
Colors
Akëla | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
keusë | color (of) the Sun | white, yellow |
pisë | color (of) the sky | light blue, light gray |
leìsë | color (of) night | black, dark blue, dark gray |
firasë | color (of) fire | red, orange |
luasë | color (of) soil | brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown |
losë | color (of) a plant | green |
lunasë | color (of) the Moon | silver |
Example text
Akëla
Sadago. Sadue. Salapëm.
Transliteration
I give food to me. I give beverage to me. I sleep.
Translation
I eat. I drink. I sleep.