By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
Classification and Dialects[]
It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the moon, Foséna. Ákəla is related to Losa.
Culture[]
Mythology[]
Legend has it that the language descended down from Heaven on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Naləkila, the god of languages.
Kinship[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ |
Voiced | b | d | g | ||
Fric. | Voiceless | f | s | x~χ | h |
Voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||
App. | Medial | w | r~ɹ~ɾ | j | |
Lateral | l |
/n/ turns into /ŋ/ when there is a velar stop after it.
/ŋg/ turns into /ŋ/.
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ~ ɪ | ʊ ~ u | |
Close-Mid | e~ɛ | ||
Mid | ə | o | |
Open-Mid | |||
Open | a~ɑ |
Diphthongs[]
i | u | |
---|---|---|
a | ai | au |
e/ɛ | ɛi | eu |
o | oi |
Allophony/Sound changes[]
[ɛ] turns into [e] at the end of a word. [ɛ] occasionally turns into [e] in a stressed syllable. [n] turns into [ŋ] when there is a velar stop after it. [ŋg] turns into [ŋ].
Phonotactics[]
Writing System[]
Alphabet[]
Uppercase Letter | Lowercase Letter | IPA value | Pronunciation of the letter (IPA) |
---|---|---|---|
A | a | a~ɑ | a~ɑ |
B | b | b | bi |
D | d | d | da |
E | e | e~ɛ | e~ɛ |
Ə | ə | ə | ə |
F | f | f | fa |
G | g | ɡ | gi |
Ġ | ġ | ɣ | ɣa |
H | h | h | ha |
I | i | i ~ ɪ | i ~ ɪ |
K | k | k | ka |
L | l | l | la |
M | m | m | mu |
N | n | n | nu |
Ns | ns | ns ~ nz | |
Ṅ | ṅ | ŋ | aŋa |
O | o | o | o |
P | p | p | pa |
R | r | r~ɹ~ɾ | aɹa |
S | s | s | sa |
T | t | t | ta |
U | u | ʊ ~ u | ʊ ~ u |
V | v | v | vi |
W | w | w | we |
X | x~χ | x | exe |
Y | y | j | jadə |
Z | z | z | zi |
‘ | ‘ | ʔ | oʔi |
Stress[]
The most common stress pattern is: The first syllable is stressed, the second syllable has no stress, and the third syllable has secondary stress. Another stress pattern is: The first syllable has no stress, the second syllable is stressed, and the third syllable has no stress. When in a stressed syllable, a is notated á, e is notated é, i is notated í, o is notated ó, u is notated ú. Ə is never in a stressed syllable. The secondary stress is not notated.
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Cases[]
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Ø | -s |
Genitive | vu- | vu-, -s |
Accusative | -dra | -dras |
Dative | -van | -vas |
Ablative | -ma | -fan |
Locative | la- | las-,-s |
Allative | -nus | -nustas |
Instrumental | -ku | -kus |
Example[]
Verbs[]
Conjugations[]
verbs ending in "a" (1st conjugation)[]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Past | -nta | -nte | |
Present | Ø | -n | ||
Future | -na | -nas | ||
Imperative | -s | -totas |
verbs ending in "-e" (2nd conjugation)[]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Past | -la | -lan | |
Present | -ka | -kan | ||
Future | -da | -dan | ||
Imperative | -ra | -das |
verbs ending in "-o" (3rd conjugation)[]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Past | -sa | -san | |
Present | -n | -tus | ||
Future | -mo | -mos | ||
Imperative | -ra | -ras |
verbs ending in "-u" (4th conjugation)[]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Past | -sa | -sas | |
Present | Ø | -s | ||
Future | -ta | -tas | ||
Imperative | -ra | -ras |
Examples[]
róta (1st conjugation)- to turn | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | rotánta | rotántas |
Present | róta | rótan | |
Future | rotána | rotánas | |
Imperative | rótas | rotótas |
se (2nd conjugation)- to need | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | sela | selan |
Present | seka | sekan | |
Future | seda | sedan | |
Imperative | sera | seran |
ekó (3rd conjugation)- to injest | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | ekósa | ekósan |
Present | ekón | ekótus | |
Future | ekómo | ekómos | |
Imperative | ekóra | ekóras |
tu (4th conjugation)- to care for | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | tusa | tusas |
Present | tu | tus | |
Future | tuta | tutas | |
Imperative | tura | turas |
tu (4th conjugation) - to give | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | tusa | tusas |
Present | tu | tus | |
Future | tuta | tutas | |
Imperative | tura | turas |
amatu (irreg)- to love | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | sámatu | sámatus |
Present | ámatu | ámatus | |
Future | ánta | ántas | |
Imperative | amúra | amúras |
kánta (irreg conjugation)- to talk | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | kánaka | kánakas |
Present | kánta | kánarus | |
Future | kántam | mékam | |
Imperative | kántra | kántras |
váta (irreg conjugation)- to talk | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | váka | vákas |
Present | váta | vás | |
Future | ván | vánas | |
Imperative | fátra | fátras |
ela (irreg conjugation)- to hear | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Indicative | Past | eka | ekas |
Present | ema | erus | |
Future | eta | etas | |
Imperative | era | eras |
Adjectives[]
Add -to to the end of the word after the case ending or verb ending.
Adverbs[]
Add -li to the end of the word
Pronouns[]
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st Person | Exclusive | ni | nis/niz |
Inclusive | nos/noz | ||
2nd Person | ra | ras/raz | |
3rd Person | su | sus/suz |
Articles[]
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Definite | funta | funtan |
Indefinite | deste | destes |
Syntax[]
There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akəla word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).
Lexicon[]
Akəla Word (the unmodified versions) | English Word | Part of Speech | Words it is derived from | Transliteration | Sound changes (from words it is derived from) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
na | now | Adjective | ||||
-tu | makes a noun a verb | particle | Unrelated to tu (gift) | |||
sə | color | Noun | ||||
ma | parent | Noun | ||||
parental | Adjective | |||||
matu | to care for | Verb | ma+tu | |||
Ora | light, pale; solar | Adjective | ||||
day, the star Fosena orbits, light, sunlight | Noun | |||||
to brighten, turn pale, shine | Verb | |||||
pa | sky | Noun | ||||
Féna | ground, soil, the planet that the Akəli tribe lives on | Noun | place (of) life | s → Ø
o → Ø s → Ø i → Ø |
derived from archaic form of osi, which is fosi. | |
séna | life | Noun | ||||
séntu | to live | Verb | séna+tu | a → Ø | ||
óka | plant, vegetation, herb | Noun | ||||
to plant | Verb | |||||
le | house, home, habitat, a dwelling |
Noun | ||||
to dwell | Verb | |||||
rága | song, singing |
Noun | ||||
song-like | Adjective | |||||
to sing | Verb | |||||
tu | gift | Noun | ||||
to give, gift | Verb | |||||
sako | dark |
Adjective | ||||
night, darkness, midnight | Noun | |||||
to darken | Verb | |||||
ta | to make a snapping noise | Verb | ||||
snap | Noun | |||||
ilo | time | Noun | ||||
luna | moon |
Noun | ||||
lunar | Adjective | |||||
stela | constellation, star, nightlight, | Noun | ||||
stellar | Adjectives | |||||
Orasako | solar eclipse | Noun | "Sun" dark | i → Ø |
||
da | and | Conjunction | ||||
ága | unless | Conjunction | ||||
ha | sustenance |
Noun | ||||
hátu | to sustain, give food/water | Verb | ha + tu | to give sustenance | ||
ekó | to ingest | Verb | ||||
dasa | torso | Noun | ||||
vena | hair | Noun | ||||
óto | to smell, stink | Verb | ||||
smelly | Adjective | |||||
stench, odor, nose | Noun | |||||
se | a need | Noun | ||||
to hunger (for) / to thirst / to be thirsty for / to need | Verb | |||||
vála | speed |
Noun | ||||
quick, fast | Adjective | |||||
váli | quickly | Adverb | ||||
váta | to hurry | Verb | la → Ø
u → a |
|||
ela | ear | Noun | ||||
etu | To listen, hear | Verb | ||||
kána | speech, mouth |
Noun | ||||
kánta | to talk, converse, have a conversation |
Verb | kána+-tu | a → Ø
u → a |
||
áma | love |
Noun |
||||
ámatu | to love | Verb | áma+-tu | |||
vo | permission | Noun | ||||
to allow, let, enable, give permission |
Verb | |||||
sáka | mind, head, neck, soul | Noun | ||||
main, leading |
Adjective | |||||
sáta | to control, steer, rule, lead | Verb | ||||
sis | hiss | Noun | ||||
to hiss | Verb | |||||
roha | roar | Noun | ||||
to roar | Verb | |||||
awu | howl | Noun | ||||
to howl | Verb | |||||
óko | eyes | Noun | ||||
to look, see | Verb | |||||
ocular | Adjective | |||||
zuga | large, giant, big, gigantic, enormous, huge | Adjective | ||||
stiti | small, miniscule, tiny | Adjective | ||||
titi | sharp | Adjective | ||||
ho | smooth | Adjective | ||||
lolo | to undulate | |||||
undulating | ||||||
okóto | to look, see | Verb | u → o | |||
seso | to stop | Verb | ||||
menene | to repeat | Verb | ||||
fira | fire; cooking element, chemical reaction, heat source | Noun | object (of) Ora | o → i
s → Ø i → Ø |
derived from archaic form of osi, which is fosi. | |
to light (on fire) | Verb | |||||
flammable | Adjective | |||||
háka | any part of a plant that is edible | Noun | ha+oka | sustenance plant | o → Ø | |
yero | hatred | Noun | ||||
to hate, despise | Verb | |||||
osi | person, animal, place, thing, object | Noun | ||||
muka | strange, foreign | Adjective | ||||
məlisə | bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous, deceptive | Adjective | ||||
evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, lie, liar, venom, lunatic | Noun | |||||
to lie, decieve | Verb | |||||
badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously, deceptively | Adverb | |||||
makes a word derogatory | Particle | |||||
məlixa | to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul, manipulate | Verb | məlisə+máka | to make evil/intoxicated | k → x
sə → Ø ma → Ø |
|
məloka | poisonous plant | Noun | məlisə+oka | evil plant | isə → Ø |
|
suda | good, angel |
Noun | ||||
good, just, righteous | Adjective | |||||
justly | Adverb | |||||
sutu | to do that is just | Verb | ||||
firai | sunrise, sunset | Noun | fira+pa | fire sky | p → Ø a → i |
|
peta | flower | Noun | ||||
péno | toe, foot, leg; a walk | Noun | ||||
penóto | to walk | Verb | ||||
máka | creation | Noun | ||||
to create | Verb | |||||
bala | circle | Noun | ||||
circular, round | Adjective | |||||
babala | sphere, orb, globe, globule | Noun | ||||
spherical, orb-shaped, globular | Adjective | |||||
róta | to turn | Verb | ||||
ánə | finger, hand, arm | Noun | ||||
lápə | sleep | Noun | ||||
to sleep | Verb | |||||
lásəna | dream | Noun | lápə+séna | sleep life | p → Ø
ə → Ø ɛ → ə |
|
to dream | Verb | |||||
Ukúka | Heaven | Noun | úka+úka | above above | a → Ø | |
Pəpélo | Hell/The Underworld | Noun | pélo+pélo | below below | l → Ø
o → Ø |
Prepositions[]
Akəla | English | What it is used for | Cases it is used with |
---|---|---|---|
ki | in, within, inside | Location | Locative |
out from | Motion from | Ablative | |
into | Motion towards | Allative | |
ke | on | Location | Locative |
from the top of | Motion from | Ablative | |
onto | Motion towards | Allative | |
ko | outside | Location | Locative |
out from | Motion from | Ablative | |
out to | Motion towards | Allative | |
úka | above | Location | Locative |
down from, from above | Motion from | Ablative | |
up to | Motion towards | Allative | |
pélo | below | Location | Locative |
up from, from below | Motion from | Ablative | |
down to | Motion to | Allative |
Numerals[]
This language has a base 6 number system.
Akəla | English | Word Combination | Sound Changes from words it is derived from | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
senal (base 6) | decimal
(base 10 | ||||
za | 0 | 0 | |||
re | 1 | 1 | |||
ti | 2 | 2 | |||
xa | 3 | 3 | |||
ne | 4 | 4 | |||
le | 5 | 5 | |||
rozu | 10 | 6 | |||
roro | 11 | 7 | |||
rota | 12 | 8 | |||
roxa | 13 | 9 | |||
rone | 14 | 10 | |||
role | 15 | 11 | |||
tazu | 20 | 12 | |||
taro | 21 | 13 | |||
tata | 22 | 14 | |||
taxa | 23 | 15 | |||
tane | 24 | 16 | |||
tale | 25 | 17 | |||
30 | 18 | ||||
31 | 19 | ||||
32 | 20 | ||||
33 | 21 | ||||
34 | 22 | ||||
35 | 23 | ||||
40 | 24 | ||||
41 | 25 | ||||
42 | 26 | ||||
43 | 27 | ||||
44 | 28 | ||||
45 | 29 | ||||
50 | 30 | ||||
many |
Body[]
Body Parts (Akəla) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sáka
↓ |
||||||||
véna | ||||||||
éla | óko | óto | óko | éla | ||||
kána | ||||||||
dasa | ||||||||
ánə | ánə | |||||||
péno | péno |
Body Parts (translated) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head
↓ |
||||||||
Hair | ||||||||
Ear | Eye | Nose | Eye | Ear | ||||
Mouth | ||||||||
Neck and/or Torso | ||||||||
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | Finger, Hand, and/or Arm | |||||||
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe | Leg, Foot, and/or Toe |
Colors[]
Akəla | Transliteration | English | Sound Changes |
---|---|---|---|
color (of) the sky, the ocean and plants | blue, gray, green, purple | ||
color (of) night, darkness | black, dark blue, dark gray | ||
color (of) fire and Ora | red, orange, yellow, white | ||
color (of) the moon | silver | ||
color (of) Féna | brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown |
Example text[]
Akəla[]
Ni ekón vénadras vuni.
Case Translation[]
ingest-1stPresentSg hair-Pl-Acc of 1st-Sg-Gen.
Transliteration[]
I ingest the hair of I.
Translation[]
Akəla | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Head-Initial | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | None | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 89% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Creator | Sgt Haleakala |
I eat my hair.