Akəla

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Classification and Dialects

It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the moon, Foséna. Ákəla is related to Losa.

Culture

Mythology

Legend has it that the language descended down from Heaven on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Naləkila, the god of languages.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Stop	Voiceless	p	t	k	ʔ
	Voiced	b	d	g
Fric.	Voiceless	f	s	x~χ	h
	Voiced	v	z	ɣ
App.	Medial	w	r~ɹ~ɾ	j
	Lateral		l

/n/ turns into /ŋ/ when there is a velar stop after it.

/ŋg/ turns into /ŋ/.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ~ ɪ		ʊ ~ u
Close-Mid	e~ɛ
Mid		ə	o
Open-Mid
Open	a~ɑ

Diphthongs

	i	u
a	ai	au
e/ɛ	ɛi	eu
o	oi

Allophony/Sound changes

[ɛ] turns into [e] at the end of a word. [ɛ] occasionally turns into [e] in a stressed syllable. [n] turns into [ŋ] when there is a velar stop after it. [ŋg] turns into [ŋ].

Writing System

Alphabet

Uppercase Letter	Lowercase Letter	IPA value	Pronunciation of the letter (IPA)
A	a	a~ɑ	a~ɑ
B	b	b	bi
D	d	d	da
E	e	e~ɛ	e~ɛ
Ə	ə	ə	ə
F	f	f	fa
G	g	ɡ	gi
Ġ	ġ	ɣ	ɣa
H	h	h	ha
I	i	i ~ ɪ	i ~ ɪ
K	k	k	ka
L	l	l	la
M	m	m	mu
N	n	n	nu
Ns	ns	ns ~ nz
Ṅ	ṅ	ŋ	aŋa
O	o	o	o
P	p	p	pa
R	r	r~ɹ~ɾ	aɹa
S	s	s	sa
T	t	t	ta
U	u	ʊ ~ u	ʊ ~ u
V	v	v	vi
W	w	w	we
X	x~χ	x	exe
Y	y	j	jadə
Z	z	z	zi
‘	‘	ʔ	oʔi

Stress

The most common stress pattern is: The first syllable is stressed, the second syllable has no stress, and the third syllable has secondary stress. Another stress pattern is: The first syllable has no stress, the second syllable is stressed, and the third syllable has no stress. When in a stressed syllable, a is notated á, e is notated é, i is notated í, o is notated ó, u is notated ú. Ə is never in a stressed syllable. The secondary stress is not notated.

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Ø	-s
Genitive	vu-	vu-, -s
Accusative	-dra	-dras
Dative	-van	-vas
Ablative	-ma	-fan
Locative	la-	las-,-s
Allative	-nus	-nustas
Instrumental	-ku	-kus

Verbs

Conjugations

verbs ending in "a" (1st conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-nta	-nte
	Present		Ø	-n
	Future		-na	-nas
Imperative			-s	-totas

verbs ending in "-e" (2nd conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-la	-lan
	Present		-ka	-kan
	Future		-da	-dan
Imperative			-ra	-das

verbs ending in "-o" (3rd conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-sa	-san
	Present		-n	-tus
	Future		-mo	-mos
Imperative			-ra	-ras

verbs ending in "-u" (4th conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-sa	-sas
	Present		Ø	-s
	Future		-ta	-tas
Imperative			-ra	-ras

Examples

róta (1st conjugation)- to turn
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	rotánta	rotántas
	Present	róta	rótan
	Future	rotána	rotánas
Imperative		rótas	rotótas

se (2nd conjugation)- to need
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	sela	selan
	Present	seka	sekan
	Future	seda	sedan
Imperative		sera	seran

ekó (3rd conjugation)- to injest
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	ekósa	ekósan
	Present	ekón	ekótus
	Future	ekómo	ekómos
Imperative		ekóra	ekóras

tu (4th conjugation)- to care for
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	tusa	tusas
	Present	tu	tus
	Future	tuta	tutas
Imperative		tura	turas

tu (4th conjugation) - to give
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	tusa	tusas
	Present	tu	tus
	Future	tuta	tutas
Imperative		tura	turas

amatu (irreg)- to love
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	sámatu	sámatus
	Present	ámatu	ámatus
	Future	ánta	ántas
Imperative		amúra	amúras

kánta (irreg conjugation)- to talk
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	kánaka	kánakas
	Present	kánta	kánarus
	Future	kántam	mékam
Imperative		kántra	kántras

váta (irreg conjugation)- to talk
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	váka	vákas
	Present	váta	vás
	Future	ván	vánas
Imperative		fátra	fátras

ela (irreg conjugation)- to hear
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	eka	ekas
	Present	ema	erus
	Future	eta	etas
Imperative		era	eras

Adjectives

Add -to to the end of the word after the case ending or verb ending.

Adverbs

Add -li to the end of the word

Pronouns

		Singular	Plural
1st Person	Exclusive	ni	nis/niz
	Inclusive		nos/noz
2nd Person		ra	ras/raz
3rd Person		su	sus/suz

Articles

	Singular	Plural
Definite	funta	funtan
Indefinite	deste	destes

Syntax

There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akəla word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).

Lexicon

Akəla Word (the unmodified versions)	English Word	Part of Speech	Words it is derived from	Transliteration	Sound changes (from words it is derived from)	Notes
na	now	Adjective
-tu	makes a noun a verb	particle				Unrelated to tu (gift)
sə	color	Noun
ma	parent	Noun
	parental	Adjective
matu	to care for	Verb	ma+tu
Ora	light, pale; solar	Adjective
	day, the star Fosena orbits, light, sunlight	Noun
	to brighten, turn pale, shine	Verb
pa	sky	Noun
Féna	ground, soil, the planet that the Akəli tribe lives on	Noun		place (of) life	s → Ø o → Ø s → Ø i → Ø	derived from archaic form of osi, which is fosi.
séna	life	Noun
séntu	to live	Verb	séna+tu		a → Ø
óka	plant, vegetation, herb	Noun
	to plant	Verb
le	house, home, habitat, a dwelling	Noun
	to dwell	Verb
rága	song, singing	Noun
	song-like	Adjective
	to sing	Verb
tu	gift	Noun
	to give, gift	Verb
sako	dark	Adjective
	night, darkness, midnight	Noun
	to darken	Verb
ta	to make a snapping noise	Verb
	snap	Noun
ilo	time	Noun
luna	moon	Noun
	lunar	Adjective
stela	constellation, star, nightlight,	Noun
	stellar	Adjectives
Orasako	solar eclipse	Noun		"Sun" dark	i → Ø
da	and	Conjunction
ága	unless	Conjunction
ha	sustenance	Noun
hátu	to sustain, give food/water	Verb	ha + tu	to give sustenance
ekó	to ingest	Verb
dasa	torso	Noun
vena	hair	Noun
óto	to smell, stink	Verb
	smelly	Adjective
	stench, odor, nose	Noun
se	a need	Noun
	to hunger (for) / to thirst / to be thirsty for / to need	Verb
vála	speed	Noun
	quick, fast	Adjective
váli	quickly	Adverb
váta	to hurry	Verb			la → Ø u → a
ela	ear	Noun
etu	To listen, hear	Verb
kána	speech, mouth	Noun
kánta	to talk, converse, have a conversation	Verb	kána+-tu		a → Ø u → a
áma	love	Noun
ámatu	to love	Verb	áma+-tu
vo	permission	Noun
	to allow, let, enable, give permission	Verb
sáka	mind, head, neck, soul	Noun
	main, leading	Adjective
sáta	to control, steer, rule, lead	Verb
sis	hiss	Noun
	to hiss	Verb
roha	roar	Noun
	to roar	Verb
awu	howl	Noun
	to howl	Verb
óko	eyes	Noun
	to look, see	Verb
	ocular	Adjective
zuga	large, giant, big, gigantic, enormous, huge	Adjective
stiti	small, miniscule, tiny	Adjective
titi	sharp	Adjective
ho	smooth	Adjective
lolo	to undulate
	undulating
okóto	to look, see	Verb			u → o
seso	to stop	Verb
menene	to repeat	Verb
fira	fire; cooking element, chemical reaction, heat source	Noun		object (of) Ora	o → i s → Ø i → Ø	derived from archaic form of osi, which is fosi.
	to light (on fire)	Verb
	flammable	Adjective
háka	any part of a plant that is edible	Noun	ha+oka	sustenance plant	o → Ø
yero	hatred	Noun
	to hate, despise	Verb
osi	person, animal, place, thing, object	Noun
muka	strange, foreign	Adjective
məlisə	bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous, deceptive	Adjective
	evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, lie, liar, venom, lunatic	Noun
	to lie, decieve	Verb
	badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously, deceptively	Adverb
	makes a word derogatory	Particle
məlixa	to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul, manipulate	Verb	məlisə+máka	to make evil/intoxicated	k → x sə → Ø ma → Ø
məloka	poisonous plant	Noun	məlisə+oka	evil plant	isə → Ø
suda	good, angel	Noun
	good, just, righteous	Adjective
	justly	Adverb
sutu	to do that is just	Verb
firai	sunrise, sunset	Noun	fira+pa	fire sky	p → Ø a → i
peta	flower	Noun
péno	toe, foot, leg; a walk	Noun
penóto	to walk	Verb
máka	creation	Noun
	to create	Verb
bala	circle	Noun
	circular, round	Adjective
babala	sphere, orb, globe, globule	Noun
	spherical, orb-shaped, globular	Adjective
róta	to turn	Verb
ánə	finger, hand, arm	Noun
lápə	sleep	Noun
	to sleep	Verb
lásəna	dream	Noun	lápə+séna	sleep life	p → Ø ə → Ø ɛ → ə
	to dream	Verb
Ukúka	Heaven	Noun	úka+úka	above above	a → Ø
Pəpélo	Hell/The Underworld	Noun	pélo+pélo	below below	l → Ø o → Ø

Prepositions

Akəla	English	What it is used for	Cases it is used with
				ki	in, within, inside	Location	Locative
out from	Motion from	Ablative
into	Motion towards	Allative
ke	on	Location	Locative
	from the top of	Motion from	Ablative
	onto	Motion towards	Allative
ko	outside	Location	Locative
	out from	Motion from	Ablative
	out to	Motion towards	Allative
úka	above	Location	Locative
	down from, from above	Motion from	Ablative
	up to	Motion towards	Allative
pélo	below	Location	Locative
	up from, from below	Motion from	Ablative
	down to	Motion to	Allative

Numerals

This language has a base 6 number system.

Akəla	English		Word Combination	Sound Changes from words it is derived from	Notes
	senal (base 6)	decimal (base 10
za	0	0
re	1	1
ti	2	2
xa	3	3
ne	4	4
le	5	5
rozu	10	6
roro	11	7
rota	12	8
roxa	13	9
rone	14	10
role	15	11
tazu	20	12
taro	21	13
tata	22	14
taxa	23	15
tane	24	16
tale	25	17
	30	18
	31	19
	32	20
	33	21
	34	22
	35	23
	40	24
	41	25
	42	26
	43	27
	44	28
	45	29
	50	30
	many

Body

Body Parts (Akəla)
	sáka ↓
		véna
		éla	óko	óto	óko	éla
			kána
	dasa
ánə								ánə
péno								péno

Body Parts (translated)
	Head ↓
		Hair
		Ear	Eye	Nose	Eye	Ear
			Mouth
	Neck and/or Torso
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm								Finger, Hand, and/or Arm
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe								Leg, Foot, and/or Toe

Colors

Akəla	Transliteration	English	Sound Changes
	color (of) the sky, the ocean and plants	blue, gray, green, purple
	color (of) night, darkness	black, dark blue, dark gray
	color (of) fire and Ora	red, orange, yellow, white
	color (of) the moon	silver
	color (of) Féna	brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown

Example text

Akəla

Ni ekón vénadras vuni.

Case Translation

ingest-1stPresentSg hair-Pl-Acc of 1st-Sg-Gen.

Transliteration

I ingest the hair of I.

Translation

Akəla
Type	Agglutinative
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction	Head-Initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	None
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	89%
Statistics Nouns 70% Verbs 97% Adjectives 100% Syntax 98% Words 48 of 1500
Creator	Sgt Haleakala

I eat my hair.