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| Name: Akinaido
Type: Alignment: Head Direction: Number of genders: 2 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
| ||||||||||||||
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Nouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Akinaido is a language drawing heavy influence from both European and Asian languages.
Setting[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Letter | IPA | English example |
|---|---|---|
| b | b | bird |
| c | tɕ | cheap |
| d | d | dine |
| f | f | fan |
| g | g | garden |
| h | h | hot |
| j | dʑ | jeep |
| k | k | skate |
| l | l | lip |
| m | m | mark |
Vowels[]
| Letter | IPA | English example |
|---|---|---|
| a | a | father |
| ä | ɑ | hot (GA) |
| å | ɒ | hot (RP) |
| e | e | egg |
| i | i | key |
| w | ɯ | Like the Korean "eu" vowel |
| ø | ɤ | Like the "o" in "road", only with spread lips |
| o | o | boat |
| u | u | coffee |
| y | y |
French tu |
| æ | Œ | Like the "a" in "father", but with rounded lips |
| œ | ø | Like the "ay" in "day", but with rounded lips |
Diphthongs[]
In Akinaido, the main vowel of a diphthong always agrees with its offglide in labial roundedness.
| Letter | IPA | English example |
|---|---|---|
| ai | aj | pie |
| aw | aɯ | count, but with spread lips throughout |
| æy | Œɥ | pie, but with rounded lips throughout |
| æu | Œw | count, but with rounded lips throughout |
| ei | ej | day |
| ew | eɯ | Spanish farmacéutico |
| œy | øɥ | day, but with spread lips throughout |
| œu | øw | Spanish farmacéutico |
| øi | ɤj | toy, but with spread lips throughout |
| øw | ɤɯ | low, but with spread lips throughout |
| oy | oɥ |
toy, but with round lips throughout |
| ou | ow | low |
| åy | ɒɥ |
pie, but with rounded lips throughout |
| äi | ɑj |
pie |
| åu | ɒw |
cow, but with round lips throughout |
| äw | ɑɯ |
cow, but with spread lips throughout |
Phonotactics
Basic Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Cases[]
Declensions[]
Cases[]
Nominative is used for subjects of sentences and for the predicate nominative.
Genitive is used for possession, instrumentality, and to indicate motion from something. It is the object of some prepositions.
Dative is used for the indirect object of verbs and also to indicate location. It is the object of some prepositions.
Accusative is used for the direct object of verbs and also to indicate motion towards something. It is the object of some prepositions.
Akinaido nouns never end with a high vowel in the nominative singular.
Rounded Declension[]
Nouns ending in rounded vowels are usually masculine.
In order to decline an Akinaido noun ending in a rounded vowel (œ, æ, or o) simply add the endings shown in the table below. The genitive and dative endings form a diphthong with the vowel at the end of the stem.
| Number | Sg. ending | Pl. ending |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -- | -s |
| Genitive | -u | -us |
| Dative | -y | -ys |
| Accusative | -b | -bes |
Unrounded Declension[]
Nouns ending in unrounded vowels are usually feminine.
In order to decline an Akinaido noun ending in an unrounded vowel (e, a, or ø), simply add the endings shown in the table below. The genitive and dative endings form a diphthong with the vowel at the end of the stem.
| Number | Sg. ending | Pl. ending |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -- | -s |
| Genitive | -w | -ws |
| Dative | -i | -is |
| Accusative | -b | -bes |
Consonant Declension[]
Nouns ending in consonants vary in gender. A rule of thumb is that nouns ending in sonorant consonants (nasals and liquids) are usually either masculine or feminine, depending on the vowel that precedes it (rounded = masculine; unrounded = feminine). There is no neuter in Akinaido.
In order to decline an Akinaido noun ending in a consonant, simply add the endings in the table below:
| Number | Sg. ending | Pl. ending |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -- | -es |
| Genitive | -w | -ws |
| Dative | -i | -is |
| Accusative | -ab | -abes (†) |
†For this form, an acute accent goes on the antepenult of the noun as a stress marker.
Verbs[]
Voices[]
Tenses[]
There are three tenses in Akinaido: present, past, and future.
- Present tense: Marked by a zero morpheme between the stem vowel (vowel before final -r of present active infinitive) and the personal suffix.
- Past tense: Marked by "-ba-" between the stem vowel and the personal suffix.
- Future tense: Marked by "-be-" between the stem vowel and the personal suffix.
Aspects[]
There are four aspects in Akinaido:
- Simple aspect: Indicates neither a completed or currently ongoing action. Marked by a zero morpheme.
- Perfective aspect: Indicates an action completed at a time the speaker is referring to. Marked by a reduplication of the first syllable of the verb added at the beginning of the verb.
- Progressive aspect: Indicates a continuous or ongoing action at a time the speaker is referring to. Marked by a "e" and the nasal consonant closest to the place of articulation of the initial sound of the verb. See "progressive suffix" for more details.
- Perfect progressive aspect: Indicates an ongoing or continuous action that has been done by the point the speaker is referring to. The reduplication and the "e-nasal" are added, but the reduplication is added on before the "e-nasal" is added on.
Progressive Prefix[]
To give a verb progressive or perfect progressive aspect, add a prefix consisting of "e" and a nasal corresponding to the place of articulation of the first sound in the verb. So, in other words:
before a root starting with a labial consonant, add em- before a root starting with a coronal consonant, add en- (†) before a root starting with a palatal consonant or front vowel, add eñ- (††) before a root starting with a velar consonant or back vowel, add eng- † Changes to "end-" before "r". †† "a" and "æ" are considered front vowels.
Moods[]
Indicative mood[]
The indicative mood is used to state facts and ask factual questions. It is marked by vowel the preceding the final "r" in the present active infinitive, which is always a front vowel.
Subjunctive mood[]
The subjunctive mood is used for many uses, including purpose clauses, result clauses introduced by degree words, rhetorical questions, wishes, mild imperatives, and many other uses. It is marked by retraction of the original stem vowel found in the present active infinitive. The vowel keeps its roundedness (so a changes to ä, œ changes to o, æ changes to å, etc.)
Infinitive mood[]
The infinitive is used to complement certain verbs, such as verbs of wishing, trying or ordering. The infinitive is also used as a gerund. An infinitive's gender depends on the roundedness of the vowel before the "-r" of the present active infinitive (rounded = masculine, unrounded = feminine). There are 6 infinitives in Akinaido:
- Present active infinitive: This is the infinitive that you use to conjugate, translating "to verb" or "verbing". It ends in "-r".
- Example: tolar - to look at, watch
- Present passive infinitive: Translates "to be verbed", "to get verbed", "being verbed" or "getting verbed". It is formed by adding on "-en" to the present active infinitive.
- Example: tolaren - to be watched, looked at
- Perfect active infinitive: Translates "to have verbed" or "having verbed". It is formed by reduplicating the first syllable of the present active infinitive and placing it on the beginning of the word.
- Example: totolar - to have watched
- Perfect passive infinitive: Translates "to have been verbed" or "having been verbed". Formed by adding on "-en" to the present active infinitive.
- Example: totolaren - to have been watched
- Future active infinitive: Translates "to be about to verb" or "being about to verb". Formed by adding "-ber" on to the stem of the verb.
- Example: tolaber - to be about to watch
- Future passive infinitive: Translates "to be about to be verbed" or "being about to be verbed". Formed by adding "-en" to the future active infinitive.
- Example: tolaberen - to be about to be watched
- This infinitive actually does have a practical use:
- Hingaberen terrile sit. - Being about to get killed is frightening.
Imperative mood[]
The imperative mood gives a direct command to someone.
- Active imperative: Translates "verb!" Formed by removing an "-r" from the present active infinitive in the singular, and by replacing that "-r" with a "-d" in the plural.
- E domwb kai naki, puer! - Go home and cry, little boy!
- Ed domwb kai nakid, pueres! - Go home and cry, little boys!
- Passive imperative: Translates "be verbed!" or "get verbed!". Formed by adding "-hen" to the present active imperative in the singular and "-en" in the plural.
- Altiehen æp samew! - Get eaten by a shark! (speaking to one person)
- Altieden æp samew! - Get eaten by a shark! (speaking to multiple people)
To make any of these imperatives negative, simply add nœ in front.
Akinaido used to have future imperatives, but they faded out over time with the use of the jussive subjunctive.
Conjugations[]
There is really only one "conjugation" in Akinaido, as verbs in Akinaido generally conjugate with the same endings (except for a few irregulars).
Personal Suffixes[]
These are the suffixes that indicate the person and number of a verb (besides the infinitive and imperatives). They are always added on the very end of the verb.
Active personal suffixes[]
| Number | Sg. ending | Pl. ending |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -ri | -rw |
| 2nd person | -s | -zzi |
| 3rd person | -t | -las |
Passive personal suffixes[]
| Number | Sg. ending | Pl. ending |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -re | -rø |
| 2nd person | -sen | -zze |
| 3rd person | -ten | -lasen (†) |
†With this ending, an acute accent goes on the antepenult of the verb as a stress marker.
Example of a highly inflected verb[]
ensosoñæbarw
en- (progressive) + so- (perfect reduplication) + soñæ (root) + -ba (past marker) + -rw (1st person plural)
soñær means "to dream"
So therefore, this verb form means "We had been dreaming"
Irregular Verbs[]
sir (to be)[]
| present active infinitive | sir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| perfect active infinitive | veør | ||||||
| future active infinitive | erer | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | siri | sis | sit | sirw | sizzi | silas | |
| imperfect | erari | eras | erat | erarw | erazzi | eralas | |
| future | ereri | eres | eret | ererw | erezzi | erelas | |
| perfect | veøri | veøs | veøt | veørw | veøzzi | veølas | |
| pluperfect | veøbari | veøbas | veøbat | veøbarw | veøbazzi | veøbalas | |
| future perfect | veøberi | veøbes | veøbet | veøberu | veøbezzi | veøbelas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | sari | sas | sat | saro | satsi | salas | |
| imperfect | siveri | sives | sivet | sivero | sivetsi | sivelas | |
| perfect | veogami | veogas | veogat | veogamu | veogatsi | veogalas | |
| past historic | veogomi | veogos | veogut | veogomu | veogutsi | veogolas | |
| pluperfect | veossomi | veossos | veossut | veossomu | veossutsi | veossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | sonii | sat | saro | sid | salas | ||
| negative | no sas | no sat | no saro | no satsi | no salas | ||
er (to go)[]
*Note: "Er" has passive forms that act as impersonal verbs.
| present active infinitive | er | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | eries | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | wanossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | etu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | edoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | eslam | ||||||
| gerund | ezon | ||||||
| past participle | etu/e/ud | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | vari | vas | vat | varo | vatsi | valas | |
| imperfect | ebari | ebas | ebat | ebaro | ebatsi | ebalas | |
| future | ebeiri | ebeis | ebeit | ebeiro | ebeitsi | ebeilas | |
| perfect | wanomi | wanos | wanut | wanomu | wanutsi | wanolas | |
| past historic | wanobomi | wanobos | wanobut | wanobomu | wanobutsi | wanobolas | |
| pluperfect | wanobami | wanobas | wanobat | wanobamu | wanobatsi | wanobalas | |
| future perfect | wanobeimi | wanobeis | wanobeit | wanobeimu | wanobeitsi | wanobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | vadari | vadas | vadat | vadaro | vadatsi | vadalas | |
| imperfect | everi | eves | evet | evero | evetsi | evelas | |
| perfect | wanogami | wanogas | wanogat | wanogamu | wanogatsi | wanogalas | |
| past historic | wanogomi | wanogos | wanogut | wanogomu | wanogutsi | wanogolas | |
| pluperfect | wanossomi | wanossos | wanossut | wanossomu | wanossutsi | wanossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | onei | vadat | vadaro | ed | vadalas | ||
| negative | no vadas | no vadat | no vadaro | no vadatsi | no vadalas | ||
kerir (to carry)[]
While this verb is standard fifth conjugation in present, imperfect, and future, it is irregular in the other tenses as the stem changes from "ker" to "teik".
| present active infinitive | kerir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | keriries | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | teikossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | ghestu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | ghesdoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | kerislam | ||||||
| gerund | kerizon | ||||||
| past participle | ghestu/e/ud | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | keriri | keris | kerit | keriro | keritsi | kerilas | |
| imperfect | keriiari | keriias | keriiat | keriiaro | keriiatsi | keriialas | |
| future | keriieiri | keriieis | keriieit | keriieiro | keriieitsi | keriieilas | |
| perfect | teikomi | teikos | teikut | teikomu | teikutsi | teikolas | |
| past historic | teikobomi | teikobos | teikobut | teikobomu | teikobutsi | teikobolas | |
| pluperfect | teikobami | teikobas | teikobat | teikobamu | teikobatsi | teikobalas | |
| future perfect | teikobeimi | teikobeis | teikobeit | teikobeimu | teikobeitsi | teikobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | keruri | kerus | kerut | keruro | kerutsi | kerulas | |
| imperfect | keriveri | kerives | kerivet | kerivero | kerivetsi | kerivelas | |
| perfect | teikogami | teikogas | teikogat | teikogamu | teikogatsi | teikogalas | |
| past historic | teikogomi | teikogos | teikogut | teikogomu | teikogutsi | teikogolas | |
| pluperfect | teikossomi | teikossos | teikossut | teikossomu | teikossutsi | teikossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | keronii | kerut | keruro | kerid | kerulas | ||
| negative | no kerus | no kerut | no keruro | no kerutsi | no kerulas | ||
star (to be) (DEFECTIVE)[]
Note: Star is defective in that it only conjugates in the present, imperfect, and future. It is only seen with passive verbs in these three tenses, such as in:
stari ghestu = I am being carried stabari ghestu = I was being carried stabeiri ghestu = I will be carried
| present active infinitive | star | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| future active infinitive | stadoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| gerund | stazon | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | stari | stas | stat | staro | statsi | stalas | |
| imperfect | stabari | stabas | stabat | stabaro | stabatsi | stabalas | |
| future | stabeiri | stabeis | stabeit | stabeiro | stabeitsi | stabeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | steri | stes | stet | stero | stetsi | stelas | |
| imperfect | staveri | staves | stavet | stavero | stavetsi | stavelas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | stonai | stet | stero | stad | stelas | ||
| negative | no stes | no stet | no stero | no stetsi | no stelas | ||
por (to be able, to be strong, to have power)[]
| present active infinitive | por | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| perfect active infinitive | peossoi | ||||||
| future active infinitive | podoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| gerund | pozon | ||||||
| past participle | potu/e/ud (used as an active rather than a passive) | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | pori | pos | pot | poro | potsi | polas | |
| imperfect | puerari | pueras | puerat | pueraro | pueratsi | pueralas | |
| future | puereiri | puereis | puereit | puereiro | puereitsi | puereilas | |
| perfect | peomi | peos | peüt | peomu | peütsi | peolas | |
| past historic | peobomi | peobos | peobut | peobomu | peobutsi | peobolas | |
| pluperfect | peobami | peobas | peobat | peobamu | peobatsi | peobalas | |
| future perfect | peobeimi | peobeis | peobeit | peobeimu | peobeitsi | peobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | poiri | pois | poit | poiro | poitsi | poilas | |
| imperfect | poveri | poves | povet | povero | povetsi | povelas | |
| perfect | peogami | peogas | peogat | peogamu | peogatsi | peogalas | |
| past historic | peogomi | peogos | peogut | peogomu | peogutsi | peogolas | |
| pluperfect | peossomi | peossos | peossut | peossomu | peossutsi | peossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | ponoi | poit | poiro | pod | poilas | ||
| negative | no pois | no pois | no poiro | no poitsi | no poilas | ||
vell (to wish)[]
| present active infinitive | vell | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | vellies | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | vulossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | veltu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | veldoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | velslam | ||||||
| gerund | volizon | ||||||
| past participle | veltu/e/ud | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | velli | viis | velt | vello | veltsi | vellas | |
| imperfect | voliiari | voliias | voliiat | voliiaro | voliiatsi | voliialas | |
| future | voliieiri | voliieis | voliieit | voliieiro | voliieitsi | voliieilas | |
| perfect | vulomi | vulos | vulut | vulomu | vulutsi | vulolas | |
| past historic | vulobomi | vulobos | vulobut | vulobomu | vulobutsi | vulobolas | |
| pluperfect | vulobami | vulobas | vulobat | vulobamu | vulobatsi | vulobalas | |
| future perfect | vulobeimi | vulobeis | vulobeit | vulobeimu | vulobeitsi | vulobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | veliro | velis | velit | veliro | velitsi | velilas | |
| imperfect | velveri | velves | velvet | velvero | velvetsi | velvelas | |
| perfect | vulogami | vulogas | vulogat | vulogamu | vulogatsi | vulogalas | |
| past historic | vulogomi | vulogos | vulogut | vulogomu | vulogutsi | vulogolas | |
| pluperfect | vulossomi | vulossos | vulossut | vulossomu | vulossutsi | vulossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | volonii | velit | veliro | volid | velilas | ||
| negative | no velis | no velit | no veliro | no velitsi | no velilas | ||
mall (to prefer)[]
| present active infinitive | mall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | mallies | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | mulossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | maltu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | maldoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | malslam | ||||||
| gerund | malizon | ||||||
| past participle | maltu/e/ud | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | malli | maviis | malt | mallo | maltsi | mallas | |
| imperfect | maliiari | maliias | maliiat | maliiaro | maliiatsi | maliialas | |
| future | maliieiri | maliieis | maliieit | maliieiro | maliieitsi | maliieilas | |
| perfect | mulomi | mulos | mulut | mulomu | mulutsi | mulolas | |
| past historic | mulobomi | mulobos | mulobut | mulobomu | mulobutsi | mulobolas | |
| pluperfect | mulobami | mulobas | mulobat | mulobamu | mulobatsi | mulobalas | |
| future perfect | mulobeimi | mulobeis | mulobeit | mulobeimu | mulobeitsi | mulobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | maliri | malis | malit | maliro | malitsi | malilas | |
| imperfect | malveri | malves | malvet | malvero | malvetsi | malvelas | |
| perfect | mulogami | mulogas | mulogat | mulogamu | mulogatsi | mulogalas | |
| past historic | mulogomi | mulogos | mulogut | mulogomu | mulogutsi | mulogolas | |
| pluperfect | mulossomi | mulossos | mulossut | mulossomu | mulossutsi | mulossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | malonii | malit | maliro | malid | malilas | ||
| negative | no malis | no malit | no maliro | no malitsi | no malilas | ||
noll (to refuse)[]
| present active infinitive | noll | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | nollies | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | nulossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | noltu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | noldoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | nolslam | ||||||
| gerund | nolizon | ||||||
| past participle | noltu/e/ud | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | nolli | no viis | nolt | nollo | noltsi | nollas | |
| imperfect | noliiari | noliias | noliiat | noliiaro | noliiatsi | noliialas | |
| future | noliieiri | noliieis | noliieit | noliieiro | noliieitsi | noliieilas | |
| perfect | nulomi | nulos | nulut | nulomu | nulutsi | nulolas | |
| past historic | nulobomi | nulobos | nulobut | nulobomu | nulobutsi | nulobolas | |
| pluperfect | nulobami | nulobas | nulobat | nulobamu | nulobatsi | nulobalas | |
| future perfect | nulobeimi | nulobeis | nulobeit | nulobeimu | nulobeitsi | nulobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | noliri | nolis | nolit | noliro | nolitsi | nolilas | |
| imperfect | nolveri | nolves | nolvet | nolvero | nolvetsi | nolvelas | |
| perfect | nulogami | nulogas | nulogat | nulogamu | nulogatsi | nulogalas | |
| past historic | nulogomi | nulogos | nulogut | nulogomu | nulogutsi | nulogolas | |
| pluperfect | nulossomi | nulossos | nulossut | nulossomu | nulossutsi | nulossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | nolonii | nolit | noliro | nolid | nolilas | ||
| negative | no nolis | no nolit | no noliro | no nolitsi | no nolilas | ||
fier (to be made, to become)[]
| present infinitive | fier | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| perfect infinitive | feutu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future infinitive | feuslam | ||||||
| gerund | fizon | ||||||
| past participle | feutu/e/ud (used as an active) | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | fieri | fies | fiet | fiero | fietsi | fielas | |
| imperfect | fibari | fibas | fibat | fibaro | fibatsi | fibalas | |
| future | fibeiri | fibeis | fibeit | fibeiro | fibeitsi | fibeilas | |
| perfect | feuëü siri | feuëü sis | feuëü sit | feuëü siro | feuëü sitsi | feuëü silas | |
| past historic | feuëü siri | feuëü sis | feuëü sit | feuëü siro | feuëü sitsi | feuëü silas | |
| pluperfect | feuëü erari | feuëü eras | feuëü erat | feuëü eraro | feuëü eratsi | feuëü eralas | |
| future perfect | feuëü ereiri | feuëü ereis | feuëü ereit | feuëü ereiro | feuëü ereitsi | feuëü ereilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | fiari | fias | fiat | fiaro | fiatsi | fialas | |
| imperfect | fiveri | fives | fivet | fivero | fivetsi | fivelas | |
| perfect | feuëü sari | feuëü sas | feuëü sat | feuëü saro | feuëü satsi | feuëü salas | |
| past historic | feuëü sari | feuëü sas | feuëü sat | feuëü saro | feuëü satsi | feuëü salas | |
| pluperfect | feuëü sirkri | feuëü sirks | feuëü sirkt | feuëü sirkro | feuëü sirkytsi | feuëü sirklas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | fiehi | fiat | fiaro | fied | fialas | ||
| negative | no fias | no fiat | no fiaro | no fiatsi | no fialas | ||
empyr (to buy)[]
| present active infinitive | empyr | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | empries | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | empossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | emptu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | empdoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | empyslam | ||||||
| gerund | empzon | ||||||
| past participle | emptu/e/ud | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | empri | emps | empt | empro | empytsi | emplas | |
| imperfect | empiiari | empiias | empiiat | empiiaro | empiiatsi | empiialas | |
| future | empiieiri | empiieis | empiieit | empiieiro | empiieitsi | empiieilas | |
| perfect | empomi | empos | emput | empomu | emputsi | empolas | |
| past historic | empobomi | empobos | empobut | empobomu | empobutsi | empobolas | |
| pluperfect | empobami | empobas | empobat | empobamu | empobatsi | empobalas | |
| future perfect | empobeimi | empobeis | empobeit | empobeimu | empobeitsi | empobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | empari | empas | empat | emparo | empatsi | empalas | |
| imperfect | empyveri | empyves | empyvet | empyvero | empyvetsi | empyvelas | |
| perfect | empogami | empogas | empogat | empogamu | empogatsi | empogalas | |
| past historic | empogomi | empogos | empogut | empogomu | empogutsi | empogolas | |
| pluperfect | empossomi | empossos | empossut | empossomu | empossutsi | empossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | empyhi | empat | emparo | empyd | empalas | ||
| negative | no empas | no empat | no emparo | no empatsi | no empalas | ||
ess (to be there, to have got)[]
| present active infinitive | ess | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present passive infinitive | essies | ||||||
| perfect active infinitive | fuossoi | ||||||
| perfect passive infinitive | futu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future active infinitive | fudoru/e/ud sir | ||||||
| future passive infinitive | fuslam (irregular, to distinguish from "eslam", from "er") | ||||||
| gerund | esson | ||||||
| past participle | futu/e/ud sir | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | essi | ess | est, ai | esso | esytsi | eslas, ai | |
| imperfect | esbari | esbas | esbat | esbaro | esbatsi | esbalas | |
| future | esbeiri | esbeis | esbeit | esbeiro | esbeitsi | esbeilas | |
| perfect | fuomi | fuos | fuüt | fuomu | fuütsi | fuolas | |
| past historic | fuobomi | fuobos | fuobut | fuobomu | fuobutsi | fuobolas | |
| pluperfect | fuobami | fuobas | fuobat | fuobamu | fuobatsi | fuobalas | |
| future perfect | fuobeimi | fuobeis | fuobeit | fuobeimu | fuobeitsi | fuobeilas | |
| subjunctive | its | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| present | esari | esas | esat | esaro | esatsi | esalas | |
| imperfect | esveri | esves | esvet | esvero | esvetsi | esvelas | |
| perfect | fuogami | fuogas | fuogat | fuogamu | fuogatsi | fuogalas | |
| past historic | fuogomi | fuogos | fuogut | fuogomu | fuogutsi | fuogolas | |
| pluperfect | fuossomi | fuossos | fuossut | fuossomu | fuossutsi | fuossolas | |
| imperative | — | bu | so/sa/son | itsi | bui | soi/sei/sa/sai | |
| affirmative | esonsi | esat | esaro | esyd | esalas | ||
| negative | no esas | no esat | no esaro | no esatsi | no esalas | ||
Articles[]
There are only definite articles in Akinaido:
| Gender & Number | M. | MM. | F. | FF. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | tœ | tœs | te | tes |
| Genitive | tœu | tœus | tew | tews |
| Dative | tœy | tœys | tei | teis |
| Accusative | tœb | tœbes | teb | tebes |
Adverbs[]
Take the stem of an adjective and add iter.
sastu --> sast + iter ---> sastiter
Dictionary[]
Nouns[]
Verbs[]
tatyr - to stand
sir - to be
er - to go
altier - to eat
kerir - to carry
kaver - to open
canur - to drink
solir - to wash
igoir - to play
trahair - to pull, to drag
pekuir - to climb
caneir - to sing
sasyr - to cook
fleur - to swim, to flow
nuer - to nod
quier - to hide
diikyr - to say, to speak
laber - to taste
volur - to fly
kazir - to swear, curse
savoir - to know
cosair - to run
loguir - to study
sekeir - to follow
sedyr - to sit
feur - to make
air - to do, to act
questier - to be necessary for (ex. me questiet cosair = it is necessary for me to run)
creier - to believe
leier - to read
ar - to paint (shortest verb)
sokashnihomonkadir - to lie down on a bed with a dog (longest verb)
Adjectives[]
Numbers[]
uno - one (DECLINES)
duoi - two (DECLINES)
trani - three (DECLINES)
All the rest of the numbers do not decline
coitro - four
sinco - five
seis - six
sietes - seven
achi - eight
nona - nine
dec - ten
decun - eleven
decdu - twelve
dectra - thirteen
deccoi - fourteen
decsinco - fifteen
decseis - sixteen
decsietes - seventeen
decachi - eighteen
decnona - nineteen
bisdec - twenty
bisdecun - twenty-one
bisdecdu - twenty-two
terdec - thirty
coiterdec - forty
sincodec - fifty
seisdec - sixty
sietesdec - seventy
achidec - eighty
nonadec - ninety
squar - one hundred
bissquar - two hundred
tersquar - three hundred
kuib - one thousand
coirt - ten thousand
Colloquial Phrases[]
salonui! - hello (to one person)
salud! - hello (to more than one person)
ponoi! - good-bye (to one person)
pod! - good-bye (to more than one person)
coit annuis ess? - how old are you?
essi unum annum - I am one year old
essi traniis annuis - I am three years old
essi deccoi annuis - I am fourteen years old
essi sincodectra annuis - I am fifty-three years old
essi squar annuis - I am one hundred years old
frijiet - it's cold
calet - it's hot
quid ais? or quid sis aizon? - what are you doing?
quid aos? - what did you do?
quid sit hon? - what is this?
altigaro - let's eat
essi meganim - I'm hungry
tss! - shh!, hush!