Name: Akaltirolis
Type: Fusional semi-agglutinative language Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: Yes Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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Contents
Classification and Dialects[edit | edit source]
Akutirolis is a language spoken in northern Italy, western Austria, and is somewhat related to the Gaulish languages in the conjugations and declensions, although it is largely unrelated in vocabulary.
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | ||||||||||||
Plosive | ||||||||||||
Fricative | ||||||||||||
Affricate | ||||||||||||
Approximant | ||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||
Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
Lateral app. | ||||||||||||
Lateral flap |
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | |||||
Near-high | |||||
High-mid | |||||
Mid | |||||
Low-mid | |||||
Near-low | |||||
Low |
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
Writing System[edit | edit source]
Letter | A | B | C | D | E | S | M | P | R | H | Ch | W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | Ts | Greek chi, or German ch | ||||||||||
Letter | V | T | Z | Tsh | Sh | I | F | G | K | O | U | Gh |
Sound | Ch | hard chi | ||||||||||
Letter | L | N | ||||||||||
Sound |
Grammar (Akatirolis)[edit | edit source]
Nouns[edit | edit source]
Nouns are declined according to case, gender, and number. There are five cases: Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative; three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter; and two numbers: singular and plural. They are very easy to distinguish as in the nominative and ablative cases, they start and end with a vowel, while for the other three, they start with a vowel and end in a consonant.
All masculine nouns either have a k-stem, and r-stem, an m-stem or a d-stem. Feminine nouns all either have an l-stem, a w-stem or an s-stem. Neuter nouns either have an h-stem, a j-stem, an n-stem or a c-stem.
The endings are all the same.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ~ | -n~ |
Genitive | -s | -n~s |
Dative | -b | -b~ |
Accusative | -n | -n~n |
Ablative | -i | -n~
i |
Here three examples-one per gender:
k-stem | l-stem | c-stem | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aku | Akuna | Ale | Alenu | Aci | Acine |
2 | Akus | Akunas | Ales | Alenus | Acis | Acines |
3 | Akub | Akuba | Aleb | Alebu | Acib | Acibe |
4 | Akun | Akunan | Alen | Alenun | Acin | Acinen |
5 | Akui | Akunai | Alei | Alenui | Acii | Acinei |
Verbs[edit | edit source]
Verbs all start with a consonant and end with a "t" in the infinitive, but in all indicative cases, they end in vowels.
The following example is using the verb "to have", which is banut in Tyrolese (with the stress on the last syllable).
Indicative | Present | Past | Pluperfect | Future | Future Perfect | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Person | binu | binru | banu | banru | benu | benru | bonu | bonru | bunu | bunru |
2nd Person | binlu | binnu | banlu | bannu | benlu | bennu | bonlu | bonnu | bunlu | bunnu |
3rd Person | bintu | binsu | bantu | bansu | bentu | bensu | bontu | bonsu | buntu | bunsu |
Imperative | Subjunctive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | banú | banrú | banau | banrau |
2. | banlú | bannú | banlau | bannau |
3. | bantú | bansú | bantau | bansau |
Syntax[edit | edit source]
Word syntax is quite simple: the root of a noun or of an adjective is followed by the root of a verb, whereas the root of an object precedes the root of a verb. The root of an adjective follows the root of the noun. The root of an adverb is followed by the root of a verb. Prepositions precede the nouns they describe.
Sentence syntax is just as simple: subject+object+verb.
Lexicon[edit | edit source]
Nouns | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root: | ac, ca | ec, | ic, | oc, | uc, | ||||
aca | love | eca | ica | oca | uca | ||||
ace | passion, devotion | ece | ice | oce | uce | ||||
aci | lust, cupidity | eci | ici | oci | uci | ||||
aco | infatuation | eco | ico | oco | uco | ||||
acu | kiss, bliss | ecu | icu | ocu | ucu | ||||
Root: | ad, de | ed, | id, | od, | ud, | ||||
ada | wood | eda | ida | oda | uda | ||||
ade | tree | ede | ide | ode | ude | ||||
adi | stick | edi | idi | odi | udi | ||||
ado | branch | edo | ido | odo | udo | ||||
adu | lumber | edu | idu | odu | udu | ||||
Root: | as, su | es, se | is, | os, | us, | ||||
asa | brook | esa | ocean | isa | gulf | osa | usa | ||
ase | creek | ese | sea | ise | lagoon | ose | use | ||
asi | stream | esi | bay | isi | lake | osi | usi | ||
aso | river | eso | harbour | iso | pond | oso | uso | ||
asu | water | esu | cove | isu | pool | osu | usu | ||
Root: | am, me | em, | im, | om, | um, | ||||
ama | salt | ema | ima | oma | uma | ||||
ame | spice | eme | ime | ome | ume | ||||
ami | zest | emi | imi | omi | umi | ||||
amo | brine | emo | imo | omo | umo | ||||
amu | herb | emu | imu | omu | umu | ||||
Root: | ar, ro | er, | ir, | or, | ur, | ||||
ara | leaf | era | ira | ora | ura | ||||
are | flower | ere | ire | ore | ure | ||||
ari | stem | eri | iri | ori | uri | ||||
aro | plant | ero | iro | oro | uro | ||||
aru | root | eru | iru | oru | uru | ||||
Root: | ah, he | eh, | ih, he | oh, | uh, | ||||
aha | leg | eha | stomach | iha | eye | oha | hand | uha | bone |
ahe | body | ehe | ribs | ihe | face | ohe | finger | uhe | lung |
ahi | arm | ehi | chest | ihi | nose | ohi | nail | uhi | heart |
aho | front | eho | breast | iho | ear | oho | toe | uho | brain |
ahu | back | ehu | diaphragm | ihu | mouth | ohu | foot | uhu | testicle |
Root: | aw, we | ew, | iw, | ow, | uw, | ||||
awa | ewa | iwa | owa | uwa | |||||
awe | ewe | iwe | owe | uwe | |||||
awi | ewi | iwi | owi | uwi | |||||
awo | ewo | iwo | owo | uwo | |||||
awu | ewu | iwu | owu | uwu | |||||
Root: | ak, ke | ek, ka | ik, ki | ok, ka | uk, ka | ||||
aka | sound | eka | grammar | ika | phonotactics | oka | alphabet | uka | vocabulary |
ake | speech | eke | syntax | ike | pronunciation | oke | letter | uke | terminology |
aki | writing | eki | declension | iki | phonology | oki | vowel | uki | jargon |
ako | tongue, dialect | eko | conjugation | iko | accent | oko | character | uko | slang, colloquialism |
aku | language | eku | inflection | iku | syllable | oku | consonant | uku | vernacular |
Root: | al, le | el, | il, | ol, | ul, le | ||||
ala | people, nation, tribe | ela | cliff | ila | canyon | ola | mountain | ula | ridge |
ale | land, country | ele | bluff | ile | gorge | ole | mount | ule | hill |
ali | possession, property | eli | precipice | ili | valley | oli | peak, summit, pinnacle, alp | uli | dune |
alo | province, territory | elo | escarpment | ilo | vale, dale | olo | cordillera, range | ulo | knoll |
alu | region, state | elu | ledge | ilu | glen | olu | volcano | ulu | mound |
Root: | an, ni | en, | in, | on, | un, | ||||
ana | ena | ina | ona | una | |||||
ane | ene | ine | one | une | |||||
ani | eni | ini | oni | uni | |||||
ano | eno | ino | ono | uno | |||||
anu | enu | inu | onu | unu |