Akəla

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By all means, take a look around. Thank you.

Classification and Dialects

It is one of the many rich and vibrant languages of the moon, Fosena. Akəla is related to Losa.

Culture

Mythology

Legend has it that the language descended down from Heaven on Creation Day. It was gifted to mortals from Naləkilə, the god of languages.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Stop	Voiceless	p	t	k	ʔ
	Voiced	b	d	g
Fric.	Voiceless	f	s	x~χ	h
	Voiced	v	z	ɣ
App.	Medial	w	r~ɹ~ɾ	j
	Lateral		l

/n/ turns into /ŋ/ when there is a velar stop after it.

/ŋg/ turns into /ŋ/.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-Mid	e~ɛ
Mid		ə	o
Open-Mid
Open	a~ɑ

Diphthongs

	i	u
a	ai	au
e/ɛ	ɛi	eu
o	oi

Allophony/Sound changes

[ɛ] turns into [e] at the end of a word. [ɛ] occasionally turns into [e] in a stressed syllable. [n] turns into [ŋ] when there is a velar stop after it. [ŋg] turns into [ŋ].

Writing System

Alphabet

Uppercase Letter	Lowercase Letter	IPA value	Pronunciation of the letter (IPA)
A	a	a~ɑ	a~ɑ
B	b	b	bi
D	d	d	da
E	e	e~ɛ	e~ɛ
Ə	ə	ə	ə
F	f	f	fa
G	g	ɡ	gi
Ġ	ġ	ɣ	ɣa
H	h	h	ha
I	i	i	i
K	k	k	ka
L	l	l	la
M	m	m	mu
N	n	n	nu
Ṅ	ṅ	ŋ	aŋa
O	o	o	o
P	p	p	pa
R	r	r~ɹ~ɾ	aɹa
S	s	s	sa
T	t	t	ta
U	u	u	u
V	v	v	vi
W	w	w	we
X	x~χ	x	exe
Y	y	j	jadə
Z	z	z	zi
‘	‘	ʔ	oʔi

Stress

When in a stressed syllable, a is notated á, e is notated é, i is notated í, o is notated ó, u is notated ú. Ə is never in a stressed syllable.

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Ø	-s
Genitive	vu-	vu-, -s
Accusative	-dra	-dras
Dative	-van	-vans
Ablative	-ma	-fan
Locative	la-	las-,-s
Allative	-nus	-nustas
Instrumental	-ku	-kus

Verbs

Conjugations

verbs ending in "a" (1st conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-ka	-kas
	Present		-me	-rus
	Future		-ta	-tas
Imperative			-tra	-tras

verbs ending in "-e" (2nd conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-la	-lan
	Present		-ka	-kan
	Future		-da	-dan
Imperative			-ra	-das

verbs ending in "-o" (3rd conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-sa	-san
	Present		-n	-tus
	Future		-mo	-mos
Imperative			-ra	-ras

verbs ending in "-tu" (4th conjugation)

			Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past		-sa	-sas
	Present		Ø	-s
	Future		-ta	-tas
Imperative			-ra	-ras

Examples

kána (1st conjugation)- to talk
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	kánaka	kánakas
	Present	káname	kánarus
	Future	kánata	kánatas
Imperative		kánatra	kánatras

se (2nd conjugation)- to need
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	séla	sélan
	Present	séka	sékan
	Future	séda	sédan
Imperative		séra	seran

eko (3rd conjugation)- to injest
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	ekosa	ekosan
	Present	ekon	ekotus
	Future	ekomo	ekomos
Imperative		ekora	ekoras

matu (4th conjugation)- to care for
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	matusa	matusas
	Present	matu	matus
	Future	matuta	matutas
Imperative		matura	maturas

ámatu (irreg)- to love
		Singular	Plural
Indicative	Past	sámatu	sámatus
	Present	ámatu	ámatus
	Future	ámata	ámatas
Imperative		ámatura	ámaturas

Adjectives

Add -to to the end of the word after the case ending or verb ending.

Adverbs

Add -li to the end of the word

Pronouns

		Singular	Plural
1st Person	Exclusive	ni	nis/niz
	Inclusive		nos/noz
2nd Person		ra	ras/raz
3rd Person		su	sus/suz

Articles

	Singular	Plural
Definite
Indefinite

Syntax

There aren't any supines, participles, or infinitives. Akəla word order is SVO (Subject Verb Object).

Lexicon

Akəla Word (the unmodified versions)	English Word	Part of Speech	Words it is derived from	Transliteration	Sound changes (from words it is derived from)	Notes
na	now	Adjective
-tu	makes a noun a verb	particle				Unrelated to tu (gift)
sə	color	Noun
ma	parent	Noun
	parental	Adjective
matu	to care for	Verb	ma+tu
Ora	light, pale; solar	Adjective
	day, the star Fosena orbits, light, sunlight	Noun
	to brighten, turn pale, shine	Verb
pa	sky	Noun
Fosena	ground, soil, the planet that the Akəli tribe lives on	Noun		place (of) life	s → Ø i → Ø	derived from archaic form of osi, which is fosi.
séna	life	Noun
sénatu	to live	Verb	séna+tu
oka	plant, vegetation, herb	Noun
	to plant	Verb
le	house, home, habitat, a dwelling	Noun
	to dwell	Verb
raga	song, singing	Noun
	song-like	Adjective
	to sing	Verb
tu	gift	Noun
tuta	to give, gift	Verb	tu+-tu		u → a
lei	dark	Adjective
	night, darkness, midnight	Noun
	to darken	Verb
ilo	time	Noun
luna	star, nightlight, moon, constellation	Noun
	lunar, stellar	Adjective
Orale	solar eclipse	Noun		Star dark	i → Ø
da	and	Conjunction
aġa	unless	Conjunction
ha	sustenance	Noun
hatu	to sustain, give food/water	Verb	ha + tu	to give sustenance
eko	to ingest	Verb
dasa	torso	Noun
vena	hair	Noun
oto	to smell, stink	Verb
	smelly	Adjective
	stench, odor, nose	Noun
se	a need	Noun
	to need	Verb
sea	hunger/thirst	Noun	se+ha	need sustenance	h → Ø
	to hunger/thirst	Verb
vala	speed	Noun
	quick, fast	Adjective
	quickly	Adverb
	to hurry	Verb
ela	ear	Noun
	To listen, hear	Verb
kána	speech, mouth	Noun
	to talk, converse, have a conversation	Verb
áma	love	Noun
ámatu	to love	Verb	áma+-tu
vo	permission	Noun
	to allow, let, enable, give permission	Verb
saka	mind, head, neck, soul	Noun
	main, leading	Adjective
	to control, steer, rule, lead	Verb
oko	eyes	Noun
	to look, see	Verb
	ocular	Adjective
fira	fire; cooking element, chemical reaction, heat source	Noun		object (of) Ora	o → i s → Ø i → Ø	derived from archaic form of osi, which is fosi.
	to light (on fire)	Verb
	flammable	Adjective
haka	any part of a plant that is edible	Noun	ha+oka	sustenance plant	o → Ø
yero	hatred	Noun
	to hate, despise	Verb
osi	person, animal, place, thing, object	Noun
ráxa	bad, evil, foul, terrible, dirty, disgusting, corrupt, toxic, crazy, drunk, psychotic, awful, despicable, poisonous, venomous, strange, foreign, deceptive	Adjective
	evil, devil, demon, dirt, filth, pollution, disease, poison, lie, liar, venom, lunatic	Noun
	to lie, decieve	Verb
	badly, filthily, crazily, fouly, terribly, awfully, drunkenly, venomously, deceptively	Adverb
	makes a word derogatory	Particle
ráxamáxa	to dirty, turn evil, corrupt, intoxicate, foul	Verb	ráxa+máka	to make evil/intoxicated	k → x
roka	poisonous plant	Noun	rax̌a+oka	evil plant	a → Ø χ → Ø a → Ø
sudə	good, angel	Noun
	to do that is just	Verb
	good, just, righteous	Adjective
	justly	Adverb
firai	sunrise, sunset	Noun	fira+pa	fire sky	p → Ø a → i
peta	flower	Noun
péño	toe, foot, leg; a walk	Noun
	to walk	Verb
máka	creation	Noun
	to create	Verb
róta	to turn	Verb
ánə	finger, hand, arm	Noun
lápə	sleep	Noun
	to sleep	Verb
lápsəna	dream	Noun	lápə+séna	sleep life	ə → Ø ɛ → ə
	to dream	Verb
Úka‘úka	Heaven	Noun	úka+úka	above above	Ø → ʔ
Pélopélo	Hell/The Underworld	Noun	pélo+pélo	below below

Prepositions

Akəla	English	What it is used for	Cases it is used with
				ki	in, within, inside	Location	Locative
out from	Motion from	Ablative
into	Motion towards	Allative
ke	on	Location	Locative
	from the top of	Motion from	Ablative
	onto	Motion towards	Allative
ko	outside	Location	Locative
	out from	Motion from	Ablative
	out to	Motion towards	Allative
úka	above	Location	Locative
	down from, from above	Motion from	Ablative
	up to	Motion towards	Allative
pélo	below	Location	Locative
	up from, from below	Motion from	Ablative
	down to	Motion to	Allative

Numerals

This language has a base 6 number system.

Akəla	English		Word Combination	Sound Changes from words it is derived from	Notes
	senal (base 6)	decimal (base 10
za	0	0
re	1	1
ti	2	2
xa	3	3
ne	4	4
le	5	5
rozu	10	6
roro	11	7
rota	12	8
roxa	13	9
rone	14	10
role	15	11
tazu	20	12
taro	21	13
tata	22	14
taxa	23	15
tane	24	16
tale	25	17
	30	18
	31	19
	32	20
	33	21
	34	22
	35	23
	40	24
	41	25
	42	26
	43	27
	44	28
	45	29
	50	30
	many

Body

Body Parts (Akəla)
	saka ↓
		vena
		ela	oko	oto	oko	ela
			kána
	dasa
ánə								ánə
péño								péño

Body Parts (translated)
	Head ↓
		Hair
		Ear	Eye	Nose	Eye	Ear
			Mouth
	Neck and/or Torso
Finger, Hand, and/or Arm								Finger, Hand, and/or Arm
Leg, Foot, and/or Toe								Leg, Foot, and/or Toe

Colors

Akəla	Transliteration	English	Sound Changes
	color (of) the sky, the ocean and plants	blue, gray, green, purple
	color (of) night, darkness	black, dark blue, dark gray
	color (of) fire and Ora	red, orange, yellow, white
	color (of) the moon	silver
	color (of) Fosena	brown, gray, brownish-gray, dark brown

Example text

Akəla

Ni ekon venadras vuni.

Case Translation

ingest-1stPresentSg hair-Pl-Acc of 1st-Sg-Gen.

Transliteration

I ingest the hair of I.

Translation

Akəla
Type	Agglutinative
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction	Head-Initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	None
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	89%
Statistics Nouns 70% Verbs 97% Adjectives 100% Syntax 98% Words 48 of 1500
Creator	Sgt Haleakala

I eat my hair.