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Phonology
Consonants
The consonant in brackets follows the phonology symbol.
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Alveo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m[m] | n[n] | ||||||||||
| Plosive | p[p] b[b] | t[t] d[d] | tj[ţ] | k[k] g[g] | ||||||||
| Fricative | f[f] v[v] | θ[ð] þ[þ] | s[s] z[z] | ʃ[ş] ʒ[j] | ɕ[ś] ʑ[ź] | ç[h] | x[x] | |||||
| Affricate | ts[c] | tʃ[ç] | tɕ[ć] | j[y] | ||||||||
| Approximant | ||||||||||||
| Trill | r[r] | |||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ||||||||||||
| Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l[l] | ʎ[ĺ] | ||||||||||
| Lateral flap |
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i[i] | y[ú] | ɨ[ı] | u[u] | |
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | e[e] | ø[ø] | o[o] | ||
| Mid | |||||
| Open-mid | ɛ[æ] ɛ̃[ë] | œ[ø] | ɔ[o] ɔ̃[ö] | ||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | a[a] ã[ä] |
Alphabet
| Letter | Phonotatics |
|---|---|
| A a | [a] |
| Ä ä | [ã] |
| Æ æ | [ɛ] |
| B b | [b] |
| C c | [ts] |
| Ç ç | [tʃ] |
| Ć ć | [tɕ] |
| D d | [d] |
| E e | [e] |
| Ë ë | [ɛ̃] |
| F f | [f] |
| G g | [g] |
| H h | [ç] |
| İ i | [i] |
| I ı | [ɨ] |
| J j | [ʒ] |
| K k | [k] |
| L l | [l] |
| Ĺ ĺ | [ʎ] |
| M m | [m] |
| N n | [n] |
| Ń ń | [ɲ] |
| O o | [o] / [ɔ] |
| Ö ö | [ɔ̃] |
| Ø ø | [ø] / [œ] |
| P p | [p] |
| R r | [r] |
| S s | [s] |
| Ş ş | [ʃ] |
| Ś ś | [ɕ] |
| T t | [t] |
| Ţ ţ | [tɉ] |
| U u | [u] |
| Ú ú | [y] |
| V v | [v] |
| W w | [w] |
| X x | [x] |
| Y y | [j] |
| Z z | [z] |
| Ź ź | [ʑ] |
| Ð ð | [ð] |
| Þ þ | [θ] |
Grammar
Conjugation
Tables explanations [example with pronouns]
| I | Us |
| You [singular] | You [plural] |
| He | You [politeness] |
| She | Them |
Class 0 verb : Vnea [To suffer]
Present
| vner | vnem |
| vneç | vneń |
| vnek | vneş |
| vneko | vnekı |
Past [İmparfait]
| vnar | vnam |
| vnaç | vnań |
| vnak | vnaş |
| vnako | vnakı |
Past [Parfait]
| vnær | vnæm |
| vnæç | vnæń |
| vnæk | vnæş |
| vnæko | vnækı |
Future
| vnir | vnim |
| vniç | vniń |
| vnik | vniş |
| vniko | vnikı |
Possible conditionnal
| vneber | vnebem |
| vnebeç | vnebeń |
| vnebek | vnebeş |
| vnebeko | vnebekı |
Unpossible conditionnal
| vnever | vnevem |
| vneveç | vneveń |
| vnevek | vneveş |
| vneveko | vnevekı |
Past situation
| vnab | vnax |
| vnac | vnan |
| vnaţ | vnas |
| vnaĺ | vnah |
Present situation
| vneb | vnex |
| vnec | vnen |
| vneţ | vnes |
| vneĺ | vneh |
Future situation
| vnib | vnix |
| vnic | vnin |
| vniţ | vnis |
| vniĺ | vnih |
İmperative
| vnı | vnal |
| vna | vnez |
| vnæ | vnæź |
| vno | vne |
Participes
| Present | vne |
|---|---|
| Past | vna |
| Future | vni |
| Situation | vnä |
Class 1 verb : Nalda [To like]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Last voiced consonnant consonant becomes voiceless in situations tenses and doesn´t exist in conditionnal.
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Present
| nalder | naldem |
| naldeç | naldeń |
| naldek | naldeş |
| naldeko | naldekı |
Past [İmparfait]
| naldar | naldam |
| naldaç | naldań |
| naldak | naldaş |
| naldako | naldakı |
Past [Parfait]
| naldær | naldæm |
| naldæç | naldæń |
| naldæk | naldæş |
| naldæko | naldækı |
Future
| naldir | naldim |
| naldiç | naldiń |
| naldik | naldiş |
| naldiko | naldikı |
Possible conditionnal
| nalber | nalbem |
| nalbeç | nalbeń |
| nalbek | nalbeş |
| nalbeko | nalbekı |
Unpossible conditionnal
| nalver | nalvem |
| nalveç | nalveń |
| nalvek | nalveş |
| nalveko | nalvekı |
Past situation
| naltar | naltam |
| naltaç | naltań |
| naltak | naltaş |
| naltako | naltakı |
Present situation
| nalter | naltem |
| nalteç | nalteń |
| naltek | nalteş |
| nalteko | naltekı |
Future situation
| naltir | naltim |
| naltiç | naltiń |
| naltik | naltiş |
| naltiko | nalitkı |
İmperative
| nalti | naltom |
| naltä | naltoń |
| naltæ | naltoş |
| nalto | nalte |
Participes
| Present | nalte |
|---|---|
| Past | nalta |
| Future | nalti |
| Situation | naltä |
Class 2 verb : Korna [To sleep]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Tense and first voyel are switched.
Present
| krenor | krenom |
| krenoç | krenoń |
| krenok | krenoş |
| krenoko | krenokı |
Past [İmparfait]
| kranor | kranom |
| kranoç | kranoń |
| kranok | kranoş |
| kranoko | kranokı |
Past [Prefect]
| krænor | krænom |
| krænoç | krænoń |
| krænok | krænoş |
| krænoko | krænoki |
Future
| krinor | krinom |
| krinoç | krinoń |
| krinok | krinoş |
| krinoko | krinokı |
Possible conditionnal
| krebnor | krebnom |
| krebnoç | krebnoń |
| krebonk | krebnoş |
| krebnoko | krebnokı |
Unpossible conditionnal
| krevnor | krevnom |
| krevnoç | krevnoń |
| krevnok | krevnoş |
| krevnoko | krevnokı |
Past situation
| kranob | kranox |
| kranoc | kranon |
| kranoţ | kranos |
| kranoĺ | kranoh |
Present situation
| krenob | krenox |
| krenoc | krenon |
| krenoţ | krenos |
| krenoĺ | krenoh |
Future situation
| krinob | krinox |
| krinoc | krinon |
| krinoţ | krinos |
| krinoĺ | krinoh |
İmperative
| krino | kranol |
| krano | krenoz |
| kræno | krænoź |
| krono | kreno |
.
Participes
| Present | kreno |
|---|---|
| Past | krano |
| Future | krino |
| Situation | kräno |
Class 3 verb : Lægna [To live]
Class 4 verb : Gaa [To hope]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />When the tense and the final voyel of the root are the same, the voyel appears only once.
Present
| gaer | gaem |
| gaeç | gaeń |
| gaek | gaeş |
| gaeko | gaekı |
Past [İmparfait]
| gar | gam |
| gaç | gań |
| gak | gaş |
| gako | gakı |
Past [Parfait]
| gaær | gaæm |
| gaæç | gaæń |
| gaæk | gaæş |
| gaæko | gaækı |
Future
| gair | gaim |
| gaiç | gaiń |
| gaik | gaiş |
| gaiko | gaikı |
Possible conditionnal
| gaber | gabem |
| gabeç | gabeń |
| gabek | gabeş |
| gabeko | gabekı |
Unpossible conditionnal
| gaver | gavem |
| gaveç | gaveń |
| gavek | gaveş |
| gaveko | gavekı |
Past situation
| geb | gex |
| gec | gen |
| geţ | ges |
| geĺ | geh |
Present situation
| gaeb | gaex |
| gaec | gaen |
| gaeţ | gaes |
| gaeĺ | gaeh |
Future situation
| gaib | gaix |
| gaic | gain |
| gaiţ | gais |
| gaiĺ | gaih |
İmperative
| gai | gal |
| gaa | gaz |
| gaæ | gaź |
| gao | gae |
Participe
| Present | gae |
|---|---|
| Past | ga |
| Future | gai |
| Situation | gaä |
Class 5 verb : Mreka [To heal]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />The tense voyel goes between the first couple of consonnants, except for the situation tenses.
Present
| merekar | merekam |
| merekaç | merekań |
| merekak | merekaş |
| merekako | merekakı |
Past [İmparfait]
| marekar | marekam |
| marekaç | marekań |
| marekak | marekaş |
| marekako | marekakı |
Past [Parfait]
| mærekar | mærekam |
| mærekaç | mærekań |
| mærekak | mærekaş |
| mærekako | mærekakı |
Future
| mirekar | mirekam |
| mirekaç | mirekań |
| mirekak | mirekaş |
| mirekako | mirekakı |
Possible conditionnal
| mebrekar | mebrekam |
| mebrekaç | mebrekań |
| mebrekak | mebrekaş |
| mebrekako | mebrekakı |
Unpossible conditionnal
| mevrekar | mevrekam |
| mevrekaç | mevrekań |
| mevrekak | mevrekaş |
| mevrekako | mevrekakı |
Past situation
| mrekar | mrekam |
| mrekaç | mrekań |
| mrekak | mrekaş |
| mrekako | mrekakı |
Present situation
| mreker | mrekem |
| mrekeç | mrekeń |
| mrekek | mekeş |
| mrekeko | mrekekı |
Future
| mrekir | mrekim |
| mrekiç | mrekiń |
| mrekik | mrekiş |
| mrekiko | mrekikı |
İmperative
| mrika | mralka |
| mraka | mrezka |
| mræka | mræźka |
| mroka | mreka |
| Present | mereka |
|---|---|
| Past | mareka |
| Future | mireka |
| Situation | märeka |
Class 6 verb : Lońa [To kill]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Declinaisons
Personnal pronouns
| Case | I | You [singular] | He | She | We | You [plural] | You [politeness] | Them |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -r | -ç | -k | -ko | -m | -ń | -ş | -kı |
| Accusative | ra | ça | ka | ko | ma | ńa | şa | kı |
| Genitive | raú | çaú | kaú | koú | maú | ńaú | şaú | kıú |
| Dative | rað | çað | kað | koð | mað | ńað | şað | kıð |
| Intrrumental | rat | çat | kat | kot | mat | ńat | şat | kıt |
| Locative | rak | çak | kak | kok | mak | ńak | şak | kık |
| Aversive | rah | çah | kah | koh | mah | ńah | şah | kıh |
| Causal | ras | ças | kas | kos | mas | ńas | şas | kıs |
| Abessive | raya | çaya | kaya | koya | maya | ńaya | şaya | kıya |
| Comitative | rayu | çayu | kayu | koyu | mayu | ńayu | şayu | kıyu |
Nouns
There is one daclinaison and one only in this language... Gender is defined in an other way.
Example with "Sorena" [Shelter] [Nouns witch last letter is a voyel loose it on singular accusative]
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Sorena [-] | Sorenae [-e] |
| Accusative | Sorenú [-ú] | Sorenav [-v] |
| Genitive | Sorenaţ [-ţ] | Sorenac [-c] |
| Dative | Sorenað [-ð] | Sorenaþ [-þ] |
| Instrumental | Sorenat [-t] | Sorenad [-d] |
| Locative | Sorenak [-k] | Sorenag [-g] |
| Aversive | Sorenah [-h] | Sorenax [-x] |
| Causal | Sorenas [-s] | Sorenaz [-z] |
| Abessive | Sorenaya [-ya] | Sorenama [-ma] |
| Comitative | Sorenayu [-yu] | Sorenamu [-mu] |
