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Phonology
Consonants
The consonant in brackets follows the phonology symbol.
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Alveo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m[m] | n[n] | ||||||||||
Plosive | p[p] b[b] | t[t] d[d] | tj[ţ] | k[k] g[g] | ||||||||
Fricative | f[f] v[v] | θ[ð] þ[þ] | s[s] z[z] | ʃ[ş] ʒ[j] | ɕ[ś] ʑ[ź] | ç[h] | x[x] | |||||
Affricate | ts[c] | tʃ[ç] | tɕ[ć] | j[y] | ||||||||
Approximant | ||||||||||||
Trill | r[r] | |||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||
Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
Lateral app. | l[l] | ʎ[ĺ] | ||||||||||
Lateral flap |
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i[i] | y[ú] | ɨ[ı] | u[u] | |
Near-close | |||||
Close-mid | e[e] | ø[ø] | o[o] | ||
Mid | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ[æ] ɛ̃[ë] | œ[ø] | ɔ[o] ɔ̃[ö] | ||
Near-open | |||||
Open | a[a] ã[ä] |
Alphabet
Letter | Phonotatics |
---|---|
A a | [a] |
Ä ä | [ã] |
Æ æ | [ɛ] |
B b | [b] |
C c | [ts] |
Ç ç | [tʃ] |
Ć ć | [tɕ] |
D d | [d] |
E e | [e] |
Ë ë | [ɛ̃] |
F f | [f] |
G g | [g] |
H h | [ç] |
İ i | [i] |
I ı | [ɨ] |
J j | [ʒ] |
K k | [k] |
L l | [l] |
Ĺ ĺ | [ʎ] |
M m | [m] |
N n | [n] |
Ń ń | [ɲ] |
O o | [o] / [ɔ] |
Ö ö | [ɔ̃] |
Ø ø | [ø] / [œ] |
P p | [p] |
R r | [r] |
S s | [s] |
Ş ş | [ʃ] |
Ś ś | [ɕ] |
T t | [t] |
Ţ ţ | [tɉ] |
U u | [u] |
Ú ú | [y] |
V v | [v] |
W w | [w] |
X x | [x] |
Y y | [j] |
Z z | [z] |
Ź ź | [ʑ] |
Ð ð | [ð] |
Þ þ | [θ] |
Grammar
Conjugation
Tables explanations [example with pronouns]
I | Us |
You [singular] | You [plural] |
He | You [politeness] |
She | Them |
Class 0 verb : Vnea [To suffer]
Present
vner | vnem |
vneç | vneń |
vnek | vneş |
vneko | vnekı |
Past [İmparfait]
vnar | vnam |
vnaç | vnań |
vnak | vnaş |
vnako | vnakı |
Past [Parfait]
vnær | vnæm |
vnæç | vnæń |
vnæk | vnæş |
vnæko | vnækı |
Future
vnir | vnim |
vniç | vniń |
vnik | vniş |
vniko | vnikı |
Possible conditionnal
vneber | vnebem |
vnebeç | vnebeń |
vnebek | vnebeş |
vnebeko | vnebekı |
Unpossible conditionnal
vnever | vnevem |
vneveç | vneveń |
vnevek | vneveş |
vneveko | vnevekı |
Past situation
vnab | vnax |
vnac | vnan |
vnaţ | vnas |
vnaĺ | vnah |
Present situation
vneb | vnex |
vnec | vnen |
vneţ | vnes |
vneĺ | vneh |
Future situation
vnib | vnix |
vnic | vnin |
vniţ | vnis |
vniĺ | vnih |
İmperative
vnı | vnal |
vna | vnez |
vnæ | vnæź |
vno | vne |
Participes
Present | vne |
---|---|
Past | vna |
Future | vni |
Situation | vnä |
Class 1 verb : Nalda [To like]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Last voiced consonnant consonant becomes voiceless in situations tenses and doesn´t exist in conditionnal.
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Present
nalder | naldem |
naldeç | naldeń |
naldek | naldeş |
naldeko | naldekı |
Past [İmparfait]
naldar | naldam |
naldaç | naldań |
naldak | naldaş |
naldako | naldakı |
Past [Parfait]
naldær | naldæm |
naldæç | naldæń |
naldæk | naldæş |
naldæko | naldækı |
Future
naldir | naldim |
naldiç | naldiń |
naldik | naldiş |
naldiko | naldikı |
Possible conditionnal
nalber | nalbem |
nalbeç | nalbeń |
nalbek | nalbeş |
nalbeko | nalbekı |
Unpossible conditionnal
nalver | nalvem |
nalveç | nalveń |
nalvek | nalveş |
nalveko | nalvekı |
Past situation
naltar | naltam |
naltaç | naltań |
naltak | naltaş |
naltako | naltakı |
Present situation
nalter | naltem |
nalteç | nalteń |
naltek | nalteş |
nalteko | naltekı |
Future situation
naltir | naltim |
naltiç | naltiń |
naltik | naltiş |
naltiko | nalitkı |
İmperative
nalti | naltom |
naltä | naltoń |
naltæ | naltoş |
nalto | nalte |
Participes
Present | nalte |
---|---|
Past | nalta |
Future | nalti |
Situation | naltä |
Class 2 verb : Korna [To sleep]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Tense and first voyel are switched.
Present
krenor | krenom |
krenoç | krenoń |
krenok | krenoş |
krenoko | krenokı |
Past [İmparfait]
kranor | kranom |
kranoç | kranoń |
kranok | kranoş |
kranoko | kranokı |
Past [Prefect]
krænor | krænom |
krænoç | krænoń |
krænok | krænoş |
krænoko | krænoki |
Future
krinor | krinom |
krinoç | krinoń |
krinok | krinoş |
krinoko | krinokı |
Possible conditionnal
krebnor | krebnom |
krebnoç | krebnoń |
krebonk | krebnoş |
krebnoko | krebnokı |
Unpossible conditionnal
krevnor | krevnom |
krevnoç | krevnoń |
krevnok | krevnoş |
krevnoko | krevnokı |
Past situation
kranob | kranox |
kranoc | kranon |
kranoţ | kranos |
kranoĺ | kranoh |
Present situation
krenob | krenox |
krenoc | krenon |
krenoţ | krenos |
krenoĺ | krenoh |
Future situation
krinob | krinox |
krinoc | krinon |
krinoţ | krinos |
krinoĺ | krinoh |
İmperative
krino | kranol |
krano | krenoz |
kræno | krænoź |
krono | kreno |
.
Participes
Present | kreno |
---|---|
Past | krano |
Future | krino |
Situation | kräno |
Class 3 verb : Lægna [To live]
Class 4 verb : Gaa [To hope]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />When the tense and the final voyel of the root are the same, the voyel appears only once.
Present
gaer | gaem |
gaeç | gaeń |
gaek | gaeş |
gaeko | gaekı |
Past [İmparfait]
gar | gam |
gaç | gań |
gak | gaş |
gako | gakı |
Past [Parfait]
gaær | gaæm |
gaæç | gaæń |
gaæk | gaæş |
gaæko | gaækı |
Future
gair | gaim |
gaiç | gaiń |
gaik | gaiş |
gaiko | gaikı |
Possible conditionnal
gaber | gabem |
gabeç | gabeń |
gabek | gabeş |
gabeko | gabekı |
Unpossible conditionnal
gaver | gavem |
gaveç | gaveń |
gavek | gaveş |
gaveko | gavekı |
Past situation
geb | gex |
gec | gen |
geţ | ges |
geĺ | geh |
Present situation
gaeb | gaex |
gaec | gaen |
gaeţ | gaes |
gaeĺ | gaeh |
Future situation
gaib | gaix |
gaic | gain |
gaiţ | gais |
gaiĺ | gaih |
İmperative
gai | gal |
gaa | gaz |
gaæ | gaź |
gao | gae |
Participe
Present | gae |
---|---|
Past | ga |
Future | gai |
Situation | gaä |
Class 5 verb : Mreka [To heal]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />The tense voyel goes between the first couple of consonnants, except for the situation tenses.
Present
merekar | merekam |
merekaç | merekań |
merekak | merekaş |
merekako | merekakı |
Past [İmparfait]
marekar | marekam |
marekaç | marekań |
marekak | marekaş |
marekako | marekakı |
Past [Parfait]
mærekar | mærekam |
mærekaç | mærekań |
mærekak | mærekaş |
mærekako | mærekakı |
Future
mirekar | mirekam |
mirekaç | mirekań |
mirekak | mirekaş |
mirekako | mirekakı |
Possible conditionnal
mebrekar | mebrekam |
mebrekaç | mebrekań |
mebrekak | mebrekaş |
mebrekako | mebrekakı |
Unpossible conditionnal
mevrekar | mevrekam |
mevrekaç | mevrekań |
mevrekak | mevrekaş |
mevrekako | mevrekakı |
Past situation
mrekar | mrekam |
mrekaç | mrekań |
mrekak | mrekaş |
mrekako | mrekakı |
Present situation
mreker | mrekem |
mrekeç | mrekeń |
mrekek | mekeş |
mrekeko | mrekekı |
Future
mrekir | mrekim |
mrekiç | mrekiń |
mrekik | mrekiş |
mrekiko | mrekikı |
İmperative
mrika | mralka |
mraka | mrezka |
mræka | mræźka |
mroka | mreka |
Present | mereka |
---|---|
Past | mareka |
Future | mireka |
Situation | märeka |
Class 6 verb : Lońa [To kill]
<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20RTE%3A%3A%7B%5C%22spaces%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22type%5C%22%3A%5C%22LINE_BREAK%5C%22%7D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="96-161730835052d960d79d7f0" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" />Declinaisons
Personnal pronouns
Case | I | You [singular] | He | She | We | You [plural] | You [politeness] | Them |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -r | -ç | -k | -ko | -m | -ń | -ş | -kı |
Accusative | ra | ça | ka | ko | ma | ńa | şa | kı |
Genitive | raú | çaú | kaú | koú | maú | ńaú | şaú | kıú |
Dative | rað | çað | kað | koð | mað | ńað | şað | kıð |
Intrrumental | rat | çat | kat | kot | mat | ńat | şat | kıt |
Locative | rak | çak | kak | kok | mak | ńak | şak | kık |
Aversive | rah | çah | kah | koh | mah | ńah | şah | kıh |
Causal | ras | ças | kas | kos | mas | ńas | şas | kıs |
Abessive | raya | çaya | kaya | koya | maya | ńaya | şaya | kıya |
Comitative | rayu | çayu | kayu | koyu | mayu | ńayu | şayu | kıyu |
Nouns
There is one daclinaison and one only in this language... Gender is defined in an other way.
Example with "Sorena" [Shelter] [Nouns witch last letter is a voyel loose it on singular accusative]
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | Sorena [-] | Sorenae [-e] |
Accusative | Sorenú [-ú] | Sorenav [-v] |
Genitive | Sorenaţ [-ţ] | Sorenac [-c] |
Dative | Sorenað [-ð] | Sorenaþ [-þ] |
Instrumental | Sorenat [-t] | Sorenad [-d] |
Locative | Sorenak [-k] | Sorenag [-g] |
Aversive | Sorenah [-h] | Sorenax [-x] |
Causal | Sorenas [-s] | Sorenaz [-z] |
Abessive | Sorenaya [-ya] | Sorenama [-ma] |
Comitative | Sorenayu [-yu] | Sorenamu [-mu] |