No edit summary |
m (Feel free to revert, typos fixed: arbitary → arbitrary, procede → proceed, Staf → Staff, Moreover → Moreover,) Tag: apiedit |
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|Head =Final |
|Head =Final |
||
|Tonal =No |
|Tonal =No |
||
− | |Declined = |
+ | |Declined =yes |
− | |Conjugated = |
+ | |Conjugated =yes |
− | |Genders = |
+ | |Genders =yes |
− | |NounCase = |
+ | |NounCase =yes |
− | |NounNumber = |
+ | |NounNumber =yes |
|NounDefiniteness =No |
|NounDefiniteness =No |
||
− | |NounGender = |
+ | |NounGender =yes |
− | |VerbVoice = |
+ | |VerbVoice =yes |
− | |VerbMood = |
+ | |VerbMood =yes |
− | |VerbPerson = |
+ | |VerbPerson =yes |
− | |VerbNumber = |
+ | |VerbNumber =yes |
− | |VerbTense = |
+ | |VerbTense =yes |
+ | |VerbAspect = No}} |
||
⚫ | |||
==General information== |
==General information== |
||
− | Alternative English (''Oðer |
+ | Alternative English (''Oðer English'') is a Germanic tongue descended from Old English in a world where the Norman conquest of 1066 failed and where there was therefore a much reduced influence of French upon the language. This manifests itself in a greater Germanic portion of the wordstock, the preservation of'' ''a second person singular and a more (though still not entirely) regular orthography, amongst others. Moreover, greater verbal inflection is found, along with a more conservative article system that is more akin to Modern German's. |
==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
||
! style="width: 90px; " | |
! style="width: 90px; " | |
||
− | ! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
+ | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front |
− | ! style="width: 90px; " |Central |
+ | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central |
− | ! style="width: 90px; " |Back |
+ | ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back |
|- |
|- |
||
! style="width: 90px; " | |
! style="width: 90px; " | |
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Line 163: | Line 163: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! |
||
− | | colspan="2"| |
+ | | colspan="2" | |
− | | colspan="2"| |
+ | | colspan="2" | |
− | | colspan="2"| |
+ | | colspan="2" | |
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! |
||
− | | colspan="2"| |
+ | | colspan="2" | |
− | | colspan="2"| |
+ | | colspan="2" | |
− | | colspan="2"|<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ː</span> |
+ | | colspan="2" |<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ː</span> |
|} |
|} |
||
− | ===Alphabet=== |
+ | ===Alphabet (Stafrow)=== |
Alternative English is written like its real-world counterpart in the Roman Alphabet, although there are several variations. |
Alternative English is written like its real-world counterpart in the Roman Alphabet, although there are several variations. |
||
{| border="20" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 100px; height: 100px;" |
{| border="20" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 100px; height: 100px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
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− | ! scope="col"|Letter |
+ | ! scope="col" |Letter |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|IPA |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |IPA |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Example word |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Example word |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|a |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |a |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;text-align:left;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;text-align:left;"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;text-align:left;">[</span>ɑ<span style="text-align:center;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ː]</span></span> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|after |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |after |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|æ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |æ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[æ] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[æ] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|cæt |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |cæt |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|b |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |b |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[b] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[b] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|big |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |big |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|c |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |c |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[k] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[k] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |cæt |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|d |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |d |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[d] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[d] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dog |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |e |
|[e]/[<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">ə]*</span> |
|[e]/[<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">ə]*</span> |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |walce |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|f |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |f |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[f] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[f]/[v] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |fish |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|g |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |g |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[g] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[g] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |god |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|h |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |h |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[h] |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[h]/[x] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hiy |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|i |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |i |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">[ɪ]/[</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">ɪ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ː]</span> |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">[ɪ]/[</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">ɪ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ː]/[ai]</span> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |in |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |l |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|[ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[l] |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |liy |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |m |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[m] |
||
− | |[l] |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |man |
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⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |n |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[n] |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |cniyf |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |o |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,DejaVuSans,SegoeUI,LucidaGrande,CharisSIL,DoulosSIL,TITUSCyberbitBasic,Code2000,LucidaSansUnicode,sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">[</span><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;">ɒ</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;text-align:left;">]</span> |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |not |
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⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |p |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[p] |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |pig |
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⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |r |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[r] |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |riys |
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⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |s |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[s]/[z] |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |sick |
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⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |t |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[t] |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |tiym |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |u |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">[ʌ]/[</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:center;">ʊ]/</span> |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |duc/bun |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |w |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[w] |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |wax |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |x |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[ks] |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |wax |
||
− | | |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |y |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[j] |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |why |
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− | | |
||
|- |
|- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |þ/ð |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:start;">θ]/[ð]</span> |
||
− | | |
||
+ | |þink/bað |
||
− | | |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
+ | '''<span style="font-size:14px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Letter combinations (Staf bindings)</span>''' |
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+ | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="height: 100px; width: 100px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
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+ | ! scope="col" |Letters |
||
− | | |
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+ | ! scope="col" |IPA |
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− | | |
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+ | ! scope="col" |Example |
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− | | |
||
|- |
|- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ay |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">[eɪ]</span> |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |taycen |
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− | | |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |al |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ː]</span> |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |walcen |
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|- |
|- |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ch |
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− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">[tʃ]</span> |
||
− | | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |chees |
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− | | |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |sh |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">ʃ]</span> |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |she |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dg |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="text-align:center;">[dʒ]</span> |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |edg |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ol |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[əʊ] |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" |folc |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ee |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |[<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;text-align:left;">iː]</span> |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |chees |
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⚫ | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
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+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
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|} |
|} |
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⚫ | |||
===Phonotactics=== |
===Phonotactics=== |
||
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. --> |
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. --> |
||
− | ==Grammar== |
+ | ==Grammar (Stafcraft)== |
{{agreement |
{{agreement |
||
− | |VerbGender = |
+ | |VerbGender =no |
− | |VerbCases = |
+ | |VerbCases =no |
− | |VerbNumber = |
+ | |VerbNumber =yes |
− | |VerbTenses = |
+ | |VerbTenses =yes |
− | |VerbPerson = |
+ | |VerbPerson =yes |
− | |VerbMoods = |
+ | |VerbMoods =yes |
− | |VerbVoices = |
+ | |VerbVoices =yes |
− | |NounGender = |
+ | |NounGender =yes |
− | |NounCases = |
+ | |NounCases =yes |
− | |NounNumber = |
+ | |NounNumber =yes |
− | |NounTenses = |
+ | |NounTenses =no |
− | |NounPerson = |
+ | |NounPerson =no |
− | |NounMoods = |
+ | |NounMoods =no |
− | |NounVoices = |
+ | |NounVoices =no |
− | |AdjectiveGender = |
+ | |AdjectiveGender =no |
− | |AdjectiveCases = |
+ | |AdjectiveCases =no |
− | |AdjectiveNumber = |
+ | |AdjectiveNumber =yes |
− | |AdjectiveTenses = |
+ | |AdjectiveTenses =no |
|AdjectivePerson = |
|AdjectivePerson = |
||
|AdjectiveMoods =No |
|AdjectiveMoods =No |
||
Line 371: | Line 398: | ||
|ParticleMoods = |
|ParticleMoods = |
||
|ParticleVoices = |
|ParticleVoices = |
||
+ | |VerbAspect = no|NounAspect = no}} |
||
− | }} |
||
<!-- Explain the grammatical rules, such as the use of declensions, conjugations and adpositions. --> |
<!-- Explain the grammatical rules, such as the use of declensions, conjugations and adpositions. --> |
||
− | ===Nouns=== |
+ | ===Nouns (Naymwords)=== |
+ | The first main point of importance where nouns are concerned in AE is that there is retention in some part of the old grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. |
||
+ | |||
+ | In Alternative English, the arbitrary gender system present in Old English has collapsed to a lesser degree than with real-world English. Instead, a two-case Scandinavian model exists, whereby all nouns have either common (into which the old masculine and feminine nouns are grouped) and neuter gender. |
||
+ | |||
+ | '''Typical common noun paradigm - 'cæt (Tocen woenkind naymword bending)''' |
||
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Grammatical case |
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+ | ! scope="col"|Singular |
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+ | ! scope="col"|Plural |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Nominative |
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+ | |(se) cæt |
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+ | |(þe) cæts |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Accusative |
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+ | |(þon) cæt |
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+ | |(þe) cæts |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Dative |
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+ | |(þem) cæte |
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+ | |(þem) cætum |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Genitive |
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+ | |(þis) cæts |
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+ | |(þer) cæta |
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⚫ | |||
+ | '''Typical neuter noun paradigm - 'child' (Tocen neiðerkind naymword bending)''' |
||
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"| |
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+ | Grammatical case |
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+ | ! scope="col"|Singular |
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+ | ! scope="col"|Plural |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Nominative |
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+ | |(þæt) child |
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+ | |(þe) children |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Accusative |
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+ | |(þæt) child |
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+ | |(þe) children |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Dative |
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+ | |(þem) childe |
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+ | |(þem) childrum |
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⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"|Genitive |
||
+ | |(þis) childs |
||
+ | |(þer) childra |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | |||
+ | A German-like system of definite articles still exists, detailed below: |
||
+ | |||
+ | '''Definite article paradigm (Strong liþword bending)''' |
||
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 250px; height: 500px;" |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Common (sg.) |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Neuter (sg.) |
||
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Plural |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Nom. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|se |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þæt |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þe |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Acc. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þon |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þæt |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þe |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Dat. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þem |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þem |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þem |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Gen. |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þis |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þis |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;"|þer |
||
⚫ | |||
===Verbs=== |
===Verbs=== |
||
− | Verbs are conjugated with somewhat more inflection than modern English verbs. Due to the continued usage of '' |
+ | Verbs are conjugated with somewhat more inflection than modern English verbs. Due to the continued usage of ''þow'', the '-est' ending is not at all archaic, whilst the plural ending of '-en' has equally been retained (as well as marking the infinitive). Notably different also is the fact that the distinction between strong and weak verbs has been kept, so that a distinct set of classes has remained for verbs which share vowel changes throughout their paradigm. |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="height: 250px; width: 300px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="height: 250px; width: 300px;" |
||
− | |+Regular verb endings in the present tense |
+ | |+Regular verb endings in the present tense (Steady deedword endings in þon nowtiym) |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Person |
+ | ! scope="col" |Person |
− | ! scope="col"|Ending |
+ | ! scope="col" |Ending |
− | ! scope="col"|Example verb (to |
+ | ! scope="col" |Example verb (to walcen) |
|- |
|- |
||
|1st p. sing. (''I'') |
|1st p. sing. (''I'') |
||
| -e |
| -e |
||
| |
| |
||
− | I |
+ | I walce |
[ai <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)]</span> |
[ai <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)]</span> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | |2nd p. sing. ('' |
+ | |2nd p. sing. (''þow)'' |
| -st/-est |
| -st/-est |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | þow walcst |
||
− | þou walkst |
||
[<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">θow w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːkst]</span> |
[<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">θow w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːkst]</span> |
||
Line 404: | Line 513: | ||
| -eth/-th/-t* |
| -eth/-th/-t* |
||
| |
| |
||
− | he |
+ | he walceþ |
− | [h |
+ | [h<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">iː </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)ð]</span> |
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 414: | Line 523: | ||
| -en |
| -en |
||
| |
| |
||
− | we |
+ | we walcen |
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">[w</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">iː </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)n]</span> |
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">[w</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">iː </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)n]</span> |
||
Line 421: | Line 530: | ||
| -en |
| -en |
||
| |
| |
||
− | ye |
+ | ye walcen |
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">[j</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">iː </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)n]</span> |
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">[j</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:Gentium,GentiumAlt,'DejaVuSans','SegoeUI','LucidaGrande','CharisSIL','DoulosSIL','TITUSCyberbitBasic',Code2000,'LucidaSansUnicode',sans-serif;font-size:15px;line-height:21px;">iː </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)n]</span> |
||
Line 428: | Line 537: | ||
3rd p. plural |
3rd p. plural |
||
− | ('' |
+ | (''þey'') |
| -en |
| -en |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | þey walcen |
||
− | þei walken |
||
[<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">θei w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)n]</span> |
[<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">θei w</span><span class="IPA" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">ːk(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;text-align:-webkit-center;">ə)n]</span> |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ===Adjectives (Marcwords)=== |
||
+ | Adjectives decline depending upon definiteness and number, but ''not'' case or gender. |
||
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 600px; height: 200px;" |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"| |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|Singular (indefinite) |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|Singular (definite) |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|Plural (indefinite) |
||
+ | ! scope="col"|(Plural definite |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | ! scope="row"| |
||
+ | Adjective |
||
+ | |||
+ | (good) |
||
+ | |a good cæt |
||
+ | |se goode cæt |
||
+ | |goode cats |
||
+ | |þe goode cats |
||
|} |
|} |
||
===Syntax=== |
===Syntax=== |
||
+ | The underlying word order of AE is SVO, but there is a much stronger V2 tendency than in real world English. Any adverb or subordinate clause will cause the verb to proceed its subject as with: |
||
+ | |||
+ | ''Se fish swimmeþ '''fast''' in þon see. --> '''Fast '''swimmeþ se fish in þon see.'' |
||
+ | |||
+ | ''Often goen we down to þon seerim (coast) to saylen amidst þem wayfum.'' |
||
+ | |||
+ | ''Hafing yseen þon unholye mess yleft at þem table, was se man unbeliefing and wiðchoes þer bidding to hangen wið þem.'' - Having seen the unholy mess left at the table, the man couldn't believe it and turned down their offer to join them. |
||
==Vocabulary== |
==Vocabulary== |
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[[Category:Languages]] |
[[Category:Languages]] |
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+ | [[Category:Germanic conlangs]] |
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+ | [[Category:English-based]] |
Latest revision as of 02:16, 5 January 2016
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|
Alternative English Oðer Englisc | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Alignment | |||
Head direction | |||
Final | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
Yes | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information
Alternative English (Oðer English) is a Germanic tongue descended from Old English in a world where the Norman conquest of 1066 failed and where there was therefore a much reduced influence of French upon the language. This manifests itself in a greater Germanic portion of the wordstock, the preservation of a second person singular and a more (though still not entirely) regular orthography, amongst others. Moreover, greater verbal inflection is found, along with a more conservative article system that is more akin to Modern German's.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Stop | p b | t d | k g | |||||
Fricative | f v | ð θ | s z | ʃ ʒ | h | |||
Affricate | tʃ dʒ | x | ||||||
Approximant | r | j | w | |||||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | |
Close | iː | ɪ | uː | ʊ | ||
Mid | e | ɜː | ə | ɔː | ||
Open | æ | ʌ | ɑː | ɒ | ||
ː |
Alphabet (Stafrow)
Alternative English is written like its real-world counterpart in the Roman Alphabet, although there are several variations.
Letter | IPA | Example word |
---|---|---|
a | [ɑː] | after |
æ | [æ] | cæt |
b | [b] | big |
c | [k] | cæt |
d | [d] | dog |
e | [e]/[ə]* | walce |
f | [f]/[v] | fish |
g | [g] | god |
h | [h]/[x] | hiy |
i | [ɪ]/[ɪː]/[ai] | in |
l | [l] | liy |
m | [m] | man |
n | [n] | cniyf |
o | [ɒ] | not |
p | [p] | pig |
r | [r] | riys |
s | [s]/[z] | sick |
t | [t] | tiym |
u | [ʌ]/[ʊ]/ | duc/bun |
w | [w] | wax |
x | [ks] | wax |
y | [j] | why |
þ/ð | [θ]/[ð] | þink/bað |
- - e is pronounced [ə] when it is word-final and often in unstressed syllables.
Letter combinations (Staf bindings)
Letters | IPA | Example |
---|---|---|
ay | [eɪ] | taycen |
al | [ɔː] | walcen |
ch | [tʃ] | chees |
sh | [ʃ] | she |
dg | [dʒ] | edg |
ol | [əʊ] | folc |
ee | [iː] | chees |
Phonotactics
Grammar (Stafcraft)
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Nouns (Naymwords)
The first main point of importance where nouns are concerned in AE is that there is retention in some part of the old grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.
In Alternative English, the arbitrary gender system present in Old English has collapsed to a lesser degree than with real-world English. Instead, a two-case Scandinavian model exists, whereby all nouns have either common (into which the old masculine and feminine nouns are grouped) and neuter gender.
Typical common noun paradigm - 'cæt (Tocen woenkind naymword bending)
Grammatical case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | (se) cæt | (þe) cæts |
Accusative | (þon) cæt | (þe) cæts |
Dative | (þem) cæte | (þem) cætum |
Genitive | (þis) cæts | (þer) cæta |
Typical neuter noun paradigm - 'child' (Tocen neiðerkind naymword bending)
Grammatical case |
Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | (þæt) child | (þe) children |
Accusative | (þæt) child | (þe) children |
Dative | (þem) childe | (þem) childrum |
Genitive | (þis) childs | (þer) childra |
A German-like system of definite articles still exists, detailed below:
Definite article paradigm (Strong liþword bending)
Common (sg.) | Neuter (sg.) | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | se | þæt | þe |
Acc. | þon | þæt | þe |
Dat. | þem | þem | þem |
Gen. | þis | þis | þer |
Verbs
Verbs are conjugated with somewhat more inflection than modern English verbs. Due to the continued usage of þow, the '-est' ending is not at all archaic, whilst the plural ending of '-en' has equally been retained (as well as marking the infinitive). Notably different also is the fact that the distinction between strong and weak verbs has been kept, so that a distinct set of classes has remained for verbs which share vowel changes throughout their paradigm.
Person | Ending | Example verb (to walcen) |
---|---|---|
1st p. sing. (I) | -e |
I walce [ai wɔːk(ə)] |
2nd p. sing. (þow) | -st/-est |
þow walcst [θow wɔːkst] |
3rd p. sing. (he/she/hit) |
-eth/-th/-t* |
he walceþ [hiː wɔːk(ə)ð] |
1st p. plural (we) |
-en |
we walcen [wiː wɔːk(ə)n] |
2nd p. plural (ye) | -en |
ye walcen [jiː wɔːk(ə)n] |
3rd p. plural (þey) |
-en |
þey walcen [θei wɔːk(ə)n] |
Adjectives (Marcwords)
Adjectives decline depending upon definiteness and number, but not case or gender.
Singular (indefinite) | Singular (definite) | Plural (indefinite) | (Plural definite | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjective (good) |
a good cæt | se goode cæt | goode cats | þe goode cats |
Syntax
The underlying word order of AE is SVO, but there is a much stronger V2 tendency than in real world English. Any adverb or subordinate clause will cause the verb to proceed its subject as with:
Se fish swimmeþ fast in þon see. --> Fast swimmeþ se fish in þon see.
Often goen we down to þon seerim (coast) to saylen amidst þem wayfum.
Hafing yseen þon unholye mess yleft at þem table, was se man unbeliefing and wiðchoes þer bidding to hangen wið þem. - Having seen the unholy mess left at the table, the man couldn't believe it and turned down their offer to join them.
Vocabulary
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | — |
2 | you (singular) | — |
3 | he | — |
4 | we | — |
5 | you (plural) | — |
6 | they | — |
7 | this | — |
8 | that | — |
9 | here | — |
10 | there | — |
11 | who | — |
12 | what | — |
13 | where | — |
14 | when | — |
15 | how | — |
16 | not | — |
17 | all | — |
18 | many | — |
19 | some | — |
20 | few | — |
21 | other | — |
22 | one | — |
23 | two | — |
24 | three | — |
25 | four | — |
26 | five | — |
27 | big | — |
28 | long | — |
29 | wide | — |
30 | thick | — |
31 | heavy | — |
32 | small | — |
33 | short | — |
34 | narrow | — |
35 | thin | — |
36 | woman | — |
37 | man (adult male) | — |
38 | man (human being) | — |
39 | child | — |
40 | wife | — |
41 | husband | — |
42 | mother | — |
43 | father | — |
44 | animal | — |
45 | fish | — |
46 | bird | — |
47 | dog | — |
48 | louse | — |
49 | snake | — |
50 | worm | — |
51 | tree | — |
52 | forest | — |
53 | stick | — |
54 | fruit | — |
55 | seed | — |
56 | leaf | — |
57 | root | — |
58 | bark | — |
59 | flower | — |
60 | grass | — |
61 | rope | — |
62 | skin | — |
63 | meat | — |
64 | blood | — |
65 | bone | — |
66 | fat | — |
67 | egg | — |
68 | horn | — |
69 | tail | — |
70 | feather | — |
71 | hair | — |
72 | head | — |
73 | ear | — |
74 | eye | — |
75 | nose | — |
76 | mouth | — |
77 | tooth | — |
78 | tongue | — |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | — |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | — |