| Ancient Lusian | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | |||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | Three | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | [[User:|]] | ||||||||||||
Ancient Lusian was an Ancient Greek dialect whose texts we have were written between 7th Century BC and 500 AD.
History[]
Ancient Lusian was spoken by Ancient Lusians, a Hellenic population which lived in Venetian region between 1200 BC and 600 BC ca. Then, during 7th Century BC, Ancient Lusians left Italic peninsula and settled to North Western Morocco. In this period, the first texts which we still can read were written.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||
| Plosive | b p | d t tʰ | g k kʰ | |||||||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | h | |||||||||
| Affricate | ||||||||||||
| Approximant | ||||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ||||||||||||
| Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l | |||||||||||
| Lateral flap |
Vowels[]
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |||
| Near-high | |||||
| High-mid | e | o | |||
| Mid | |||||
| Low-mid | |||||
| Near-low | a | ||||
| Low |
Writing System[]
| Letter | 𐌀 | 𐌁 | 𐌊 | 𐌃 | 𐌄 | 𐌚 | 𐌂 | 𐌇 | 𐌆 | 𐌞 | 𐌋 | 𐌌 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | a | b | k | d | e | f | g | h | i | tʰ | l | m |
| Letter | 𐌍 | 𐌏 | 𐌐 | 𐌛 | 𐌔 | 𐌕 | 𐌖 | 𐌅 | 𐌗 | 𐌣 | 𐌙 | 𐌒 |
| Sound | n ŋ | o | p | r | s | t | u | v | kʰ | ks | ps | z |
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
In Ancient Lusian there are 3 declensions.
First declension. 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄𐌀 (travel)[]
Singular[]
Nominative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌀
Genitive: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌀𐌔
Dative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌀𐌇
Accusative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌀𐌍
Vocative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌀
Ablative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌏
Plural[]
Nominative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌄
Genitive: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌖𐌍
Dative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌄𐌔
Accusative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌀𐌍𐌔
Vocative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌄
Ablative: 𐌐𐌏𐌛𐌄-𐌏𐌣
Second declension (masculine). 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌔 (sky)[]
Singular[]
Nominative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌏𐌔
Genitive: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌖
Dative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌖𐌇
Accusative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌏𐌍
Vocative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌏𐌔
Ablative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌏
Plural[]
Nominative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌆
Genitive: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌖𐌍
Dative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌆𐌔
Accusative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌏𐌍𐌔
Vocative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌆
Ablative: 𐌖𐌛𐌀𐌍-𐌏𐌣
Second declension (neuter). 𐌒𐌖𐌇𐌏𐌍 (animal)[]
Singular[]
Nominative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌏𐌍
Genitive: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌖
Dative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌖𐌇
Accusative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌏𐌍
Vocative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌏𐌍
Ablative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌏
Plural[]
Nominative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌀
Genitive: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌖𐌍
Dative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌆𐌔
Accusative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌀
Vocative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌀
Ablative: 𐌒𐌖𐌇-𐌏𐌣
Third declension (guttural). 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀𐌣 (guard)[]
Singular[]
Nominative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌣
Genitive: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌂𐌏𐌔
Dative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌂𐌆
Accusative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌍𐌊
Vocative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌣
Ablative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌙
Plural[]
Nominative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌂𐌄𐌔
Genitive: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌂𐌖𐌍
Dative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌣𐌆
Accusative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌂𐌄𐌔
Vocative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌂𐌄𐌔
Ablative: 𐌚𐌖𐌋𐌀-𐌙𐌀
Third declension (-𐌆𐌔 words). 𐌐𐌏𐌋𐌆𐌔 (city)[]
Singular[]
Nominative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌆𐌔
Genitive: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄𐌏𐌔
Dative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄/-𐌆
Accusative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌆𐌍
Vocative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌆𐌔
Ablative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌆𐌙
Plural[]
Nominative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄𐌔
Genitive: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄𐌖𐌍
Dative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌆
Accusative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄𐌔
Vocative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄𐌔
Ablative: 𐌐𐌏𐌋-𐌄𐌙𐌀
Verbs[]
Present. 𐌄𐌌𐌆 (to be)[]
1. 𐌄𐌌𐌆
2. 𐌄
3. 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌆
1. 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍
2. 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄
3. 𐌄𐌔𐌆𐌍
Present (active). 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖𐌏 (to see)[]
1. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌏
2. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌔
3. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄
1. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌏𐌌𐌄𐌍
2. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌕𐌄
3. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌖𐌔𐌆
Present (middle-passive)[]
1. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌌𐌀𐌆
2. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌀𐌇
3. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌕𐌀𐌆
1. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌌𐌄𐌞𐌀
2. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌔𐌞𐌄
3. 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌍𐌕𐌄/-𐌍𐌕𐌀𐌆
Imperfect. 𐌀𐌍 (I was)[]
1. 𐌀𐌍
2.𐌀𐌔𐌞𐌀
3.𐌀𐌍
4.𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌍
5.𐌀𐌕𐌄
6.𐌀𐌔𐌀𐌍
Imperfect (active)[]
In the Imperfect, the verbs always has at the begining 𐌄-, which substitutes a vowel (if there is). If there is already an 𐌄, the letter is mantained, but the verb will begin with 𐌇.
1. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌏𐌍
2. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌔
3. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌍
1. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌏𐌌𐌄𐌍
2. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌕𐌄
3. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌏𐌍𐌣/-𐌏𐌍
Imperfect (middle-passive)[]
1. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌌𐌀𐌍
2. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌔𐌏
3. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌕𐌏
1. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌌𐌄𐌞𐌀
2. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌔𐌞𐌄 3. 𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌍𐌕𐌏
Aorist[]
Aorist is like imperfect, with the difference that there is the addition of 𐌔 between the verb's root and its desincence. If there is a consonant first or after, there are 2 possibilities. If the consonant is 𐌊 or 𐌐, they have a fusion with 𐌔 and they become 𐌣 and 𐌙, otherwise there is just the addition of 𐌄 between the 2 letters.
Future[]
With the same rules about the addition of 𐌔 between the verb's root and its desinence, it's like the present.
Infinitive of "to be"[]
𐌄𐌍𐌄
Infinitive (active)[]
𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌍
Infinitive (middle-passive)[]
𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌖-𐌄𐌔𐌞𐌆
Future and aorist infinitive[]
After the infinitive, 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌛𐌏𐌍 is put for the future and 𐌐𐌛𐌆𐌍 for the aorist
Imperative[]
For giving an imperative meaning, after the verb the sign 𐌡 is added.
Subjunctive[]
In subjunctive, the verb mantains the Indicative's desinences, but its last vowel in its root changes.
𐌏 becomes 𐌖.
𐌄 becomes 𐌀.
𐌖 becomes 𐌏.
𐌀 becomes 𐌄.
Example text[]
The following text is the Proemium of the main Ancient Lusian Literature's book, written by Anthusa.
𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌖𐌔𐌀, 𐌖𐌐𐌆𐌔𐌗𐌍𐌄𐌀𐌇 𐌡 𐌌𐌆 𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌏· 𐌀 𐌏𐌋𐌀 𐌐𐌆𐌔𐌕𐌆𐌍 𐌔𐌀𐌐𐌚𐌏𐌇, 𐌀 𐌔𐌖𐌕𐌀𐌛𐌆𐌀 𐌌𐌖. 𐌖𐌐𐌆𐌔𐌗𐌍𐌄𐌀𐌇 𐌕𐌄 𐌌𐌆 𐌡 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌛𐌏𐌍 𐌃𐌆𐌃𐌄𐌍 𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌇 𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌀𐌍𐌔 𐌐𐌆𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌔 𐌄𐌍 𐌕𐌏 𐌄𐌃𐌏.
Translation: Anthusa, promise me this: the whole loyalty to Sapphus, my salvation. Promise me also to give her these letters in Hades.
