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{{AdminPick}}
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{{FeaturedLang}}
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{{Private}}
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{{Construction}}
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{{Progress
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|Phonology=95
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|NounCases=95
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|NounDef=95
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|NounNumbers=85
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|NounGender=95
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|VerbPerson=100
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|VerbNumber=100
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|VerbAspect=90
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|VerbTense=90
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|VerbMood=90
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|VerbVoice=85
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|AdjCase=95
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|AdjNumber=100
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|AdjDef=100
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|AdjGen=100
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|AdjComparative=100
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|AdjSuperlative=100
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|Supine=100
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|Gerund=100
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|Participle=85
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|Infinitive=100
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|Modality=80
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|Words=25}}
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{{Conlang Info
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|Name = Ancient Qâêr
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|Type = Synthetic Agglutinative
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|Alignment = Ergative/Absolutive
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|Head = Inital
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|Genders = 12
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|Declined = yes
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|Conjugated = yes
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|NounCase = yes
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|NounNumber = yes
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|NounDefinitiveness = yes
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|NounGender = yes
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|VerbVoice = yes
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|VerbPerson = no
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|VerbNumber = yes
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|VerbTense = yes
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|VerbMood = yes
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|VerbAspect = yes
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}}
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=Brief Overview=
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Qâêr is an SVO structured language with most of the focus and inflections around the verb as well as a few particles.
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Qâêr was spoken on the planet [http://conworld.wikia.com/wiki/S%C3%A2faolehrac%C3%B3p%C3%A2 Sâfâolêracópâ]. In the current time period this language is extinct however the 7 major languages on this planet all descend from Ancient Qâêr which in turn descends from [[Proto-Vamynouyynem]]. This language is suffix heavy with very few irregularities.
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For a list on the dialects and different variations of Qâêr, please see the [[Qâêr Language Family]]
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==General==
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{{agreement
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|VerbGender = yes
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|VerbCase = yes
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|VerbNumber = yes
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|VerbTenses = yes
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|VerbVoices = yes
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|VerbAspect = yes
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|NounGender = yes
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|NounCases = yes
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|NounNumber = yes
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|AdjectiveGender = yes
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|AdjectiveNumber = yes
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|NumberGender = yes
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|NumberCases = yes
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|ParticipleGender = yes
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|ParticipleCases = yes
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|ParticipleNumber = yes
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|ParticipleTenses = yes
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|ParticipleAspect = yes
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|AdverbTenses = yes
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|PronounGender = yes
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|PronounCases = yes
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|PronounNumber = yes
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|PronounPerson = yes
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|AdpositionGender = yes
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|ParticleMoods = yes
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}}
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=Phonology=
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==Single Letters (Romanization)==
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{|class="wikitable" style="width: 1000px"
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!scope="col" colspan=2 width="100px" |
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Bilabial
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Labiode.
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dental
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveol.
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Postalve.
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Retrofl.
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Palatal
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
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!colspan="2" scope="col"|Glottal
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|-
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!scope="row" colspan=2|Plosives
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|p (p)<br />p<sup>w</sup> (pw)
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|b (b)<br />b<sup>w</sup> (bw)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="3" style="text-align: center"|t (t)<br />t<sup>w</sup> (tw)
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|colspan="3" style="text-align: center"|d (d)<br />d<sup>w</sup> (dw)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|k (k)<br />k<sup>w</sup> (kw)
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|g (g)<br />g<sup>w</sup> (gw)
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|-
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!scope="row" colspan=2|Fricatives
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|f (f)<br />f<sup>w</sup> (fw)
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|v (v)<br />v<sup>w</sup> (vw)
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|θ (th)
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|ð (dh)
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|s (s)<br />s<sup>w</sup> (sw)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|h (h)
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|-
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!scope="row" colspan=2|Nasals
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|m (m)
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|
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|colspan="6" style="text-align: center"|n (n)<br />n<sup>w</sup> (nw)
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|ɲ (ñ)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|-
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!scope="row" colspan="2"|Trill
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="6" style="text-align: center"|r (r)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|-
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! rowspan=3 | Glides
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!scope="row"|Approxim.
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|ʍ (hw)
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|colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|w (w)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="6" style="text-align: center"|ɹ (r)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|j (j)
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|-
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!scope="row"|Lateral Appr.
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="6" style="text-align: center"|l (l)
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|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|ɭ (l)
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|colspan="2"|
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|}
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==Mutations==
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#Both Approximants and Lateral Approximants are de-voiced before nasals.
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#Final Obstruent Devoicing.
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#/l/ becomes /ɭ/ after vowels.
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#/ɹ/ becomes /r/ before plosives.
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::'''NB''' /l/ & /ɭ/ '''not''' distinguishing phonemes.
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==Diphthongs==
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:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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! Diphthong
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! IPA
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|-
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| ao
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| '''ɐʊ'''
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|-
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| ey
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| '''eɪ'''
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|-
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| ôe
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| '''ɔː'''
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|-
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|ŷe
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|'''ɪəː'''
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|}
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==Vowels==
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{|class="wikitable" style="width: 500px"
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Vowels'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''IPA Symbols'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Vowel'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''IPA Symbols'''
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|a
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| style="text-align: center"|æ
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| style="text-align: center"|o
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| style="text-align: center"|ɒ
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|â
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| style="text-align: center"|ɐː
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| style="text-align: center"|ô
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| style="text-align: center"|ɵː
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|á
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| style="text-align: center"|eɪː
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| style="text-align: center"|ó
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| style="text-align: center"|əʊː
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|e
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| style="text-align: center"|e
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| style="text-align: center"|y
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| style="text-align: center"|ɪ
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|ê
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| style="text-align: center"|eːə
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| style="text-align: center"|ŷ
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| style="text-align: center"|iː
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|-
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| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center"|
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| style="text-align: center"|ÿ
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| style="text-align: center"|ɐɪː
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|}
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=Phonotactics=
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The smallest syllable possible;
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 150px;"
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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| style="text-align: center;"|V
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| style="text-align: center;"|(C)
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|}
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The standard being;
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 150px;"
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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| style="text-align: center;"|V
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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|}
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With some possible extremes being;
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 300px;"
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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| style="text-align: center;"|C/A
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| style="text-align: center;"|V
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| style="text-align: center;"|A
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| style="text-align: center;"|A/C
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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| style="text-align: center;"|C
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|}
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*A being any consonant other than a plosive or fricative.
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==Syllable Structure in relation to Consonant==
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A '''-''' sign indicates the consonant may not grouped with the other indicated consonant whereas a '''+''' sign indicates it is allowed. A '''<''' sign indicates it may come before and a '''>''' after.
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A '''+''' or '''-''' sign in the ''Initial, Medial,'' or ''Coda'' boxes indicates whether or not it can appear in those positions
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{|class="wikitable" style="width: 750px"
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Position<br /><br />Consonant'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''k<sup>w</sup>/ʍ'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Plosives'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Nasals'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Fricatives'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Approximants'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Liquids'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Initial'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Medial'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Coda'''
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|k<sup>w</sup> and ʍ
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|Plosives
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| >
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| style="text-align: center"| >
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| <
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|Nasals
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| <
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| <
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|Fricatives
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| <
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| >
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|Approximants
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| >
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| style="text-align: center"| <
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| <
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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|-
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| style="text-align: center"|Liquids
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| -
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| style="text-align: center"| >
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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| style="text-align: center"| +
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|}
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==Stress==
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The stress is always placed on the second last accentuated vowel, and in the case where this is not accentuated then the stress swaps to the nearest accentuated vowel. In the case of two syllable words then the stress is always placed on the accentuated vowel and in the rare case where both vowels are accentuated the first one is favoured.
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*In words with are more than four syllables long the first accentuated and second last accentuated voewl are stressed.
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**E.g ''dhonsênansêwe'' where the stress is on BOTH ''sên'' and ''sê''.
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=Grammar=
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==Sentence Structure & Word Order==
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The main clause structure is SVO, with subclauses being SOV.
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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
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! colspan=4 | Main Clause
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|-
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| NP
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| VP
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| NP
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| NP/PP
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|}
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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
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! colspan=4 | Subclauses
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|-
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| NP
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| NP
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| NP/PP
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| VP
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|}
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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
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! colspan=4 | Noun Phrase
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|-
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| Head Noun
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| Sec. Nouns
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| Det,
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| Adj.
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|}
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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
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! colspan=3 | Verb Phrase
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|-
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| Mood
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| Verb
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| Abverb
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|}
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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
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! colspan=5 | Verb Phrase
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|-
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| Verb
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| Prep.
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| Noun
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| Det.
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| Adj.
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|}
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==Noun, Verb, and Adjective Structure==
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'''Noun Structure'''
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{|class="wikitable" style="width: 300px"
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Derivations'''
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| style="text-align: center"|''Noun''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Case'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Plural/Defined'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Class'''
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|}
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'''Verb Structure'''
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 350px;"
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Other Prefixes'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Derivations'''
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| style="text-align: center"|''Verb''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Voice'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Aspect'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Agreement'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Participles'''
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|}
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'''Adjective Structure'''
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{|class="wikitable" style="width:400 px"
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Derivations'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Comparative '''/'''''Gradable'''''
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| style="text-align: center"|''Adjective''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Agreement'''
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| style="text-align: center"|'''Adjectival Participle'''
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|}
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*Adjectives cannot be inflected with comparative and the "''Gradable''" sufffix at the same time.
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==Aspect and Tense==
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{|class="wikitable" style="width: 650px"
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! scope="row"|
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Aspect
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  +
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Tense
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! scope="col"|Aorist
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! scope="col"|Imperfective
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! scope="col"|Conative
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! scope="col"|Habitual
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! scope="col"|Perfect
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! scope="col"|Inceptive
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! scope="col"|Continuative
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! scope="col"|Terminative
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|-
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! scope="row"|Past
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| style="text-align: center"| -el-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wen-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wâl-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wón-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wenen-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wolen-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wyl-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wemnen-
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|-
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! scope="row"|Present
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| style="text-align: center"| --
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| style="text-align: center"| -wyn-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wâl-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wonyn-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wynlen-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wel-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wân-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wemnen-
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|-
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! scope="row"|Future
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| style="text-align: center"| -yl-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wym-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wymel-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wonŷn-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wynlen-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wosel-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wâsen-
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| style="text-align: center"| -wynen-
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|}
  +
  +
==Correlatives==
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{| class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap float:middle;"
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|+'''Table of correlatives'''
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|-
  +
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! rowspan="2" | interrogative
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! colspan="2" | demonstrative
  +
! colspan="5" | quantifier
  +
|-
  +
! proximal
  +
! distal
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! existential
  +
! elective
  +
! universal
  +
! negative
  +
! alternative-positive
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|-
  +
! colspan="2" | determiner
  +
| which<br />what
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| this (sg.)<br />these (pl.)
  +
| that (sg.)<br />those (pl.)
  +
| some
  +
| any<br />whichever<br />whichsoever
  +
| every<br />each<br />all
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| no
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| another
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" | pronoun
  +
! human
  +
| who<br />whom
  +
| this (one) (sg.)<br />these (ones) (pl.)
  +
| that (one) (sg.)<br />those (ones) (pl.)
  +
| someone<br />somebody
  +
| anyone<br />anybody<br />whoever<br />whomever<br />whosoever<br />whomsoever
  +
| everyone<br />everybody<br />all
  +
| no one<br />nobody
  +
| another<br />someone else<br />somebody else
  +
|-
  +
! nonhuman
  +
| what
  +
| this (one) (sg.)<br />these (ones) (pl.)
  +
| that (one) (sg.)<br />those (ones) (pl.)
  +
| something
  +
| anything<br />whatever<br />whatsoever
  +
| everything<br />all
  +
| nothing
  +
| something else
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! out of two
  +
| rowspan="2" | which
  +
| rowspan="2" | this one (sg.)<br />these (ones) (pl.)
  +
| rowspan="2" | that one (sg.)<br />those (ones) (pl.)
  +
| one
  +
| either<br />whichever<br />whichsoever
  +
| both
  +
| neither
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! out of many
  +
| some<br />one
  +
| any<br />whichever<br />whichsoever
  +
| each<br />all
  +
| none
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="6" | pro-adverb
  +
! location
  +
| where
  +
| here
  +
| there
  +
| somewhere
  +
| anywhere<br />wherever<br />wheresoever
  +
| everywhere
  +
| nowhere
  +
| elsewhere
  +
|-
  +
! source
  +
| whence<br />wherefrom
  +
| hence
  +
| thence<br />thencefrom
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| whenceever<br />whencesoever
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| nowhence
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! goal
  +
| whither<br />whereto<br />whereinto<br />whereunto
  +
| hither
  +
| thither
  +
| somewhither
  +
| anywhither<br />whithersoever
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| nowhither
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! time
  +
| when
  +
| now
  +
| then
  +
| sometime
  +
| anytime<br />whenever<br />whensoever
  +
| always<br />everywhen
  +
| never
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
! manner
  +
| how<br />whereby
  +
| thus<br />hereby
  +
| thereby
  +
| somehow
  +
| anyhow<br />however<br />howsoever
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| noway<br />noways<br />nowise<br />nohow (col.)
  +
| otherwise
  +
|-
  +
! reason
  +
| why<br />wherefore
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| therefore
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
| &nbsp;
  +
|
  +
|}
  +
  +
  +
==Personal Pronouns==
  +
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 750px;"
  +
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|'''First Person'''
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
  +
|
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|''Exclusive''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|''Inclusive''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Erg.'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Sâ (I)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Nom (We)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Rŷs (We)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Abs.'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Wâ (Me)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Nym (Us)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Ryss (Us)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Poss.'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Em (My/Mine)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Om (Ours)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Rost (Ours)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Dat.'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Kâ (to Me)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Myn (to Us)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Rytos (to Us)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Inst'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Ethâ (by Me)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Nwâss (by Us)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Bryt (by Us)
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|'''Second Person'''
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
  +
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center"|''Living''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|''Non-Living''
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Singular (Exclusive) '''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|'''Plural (Inclusive)'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Singular'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Erg.'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Dwá (Thou)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dwyn (You)
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Se (It)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Abs.'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Dyn (Thee)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dynen (Ye)
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Só (It)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Poss.'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Dán (Thy)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dent (Yours)
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Some (Its)
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Dat.'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Hwán (to Thee)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dÿm (to You)
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|Esym (to It)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Inst.'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Brendey (by Thou)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Tŷern (by You)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Mysten (by It)
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|'''Third Person Singular'''
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|'''Living & Non-Gendered'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|'''Non-Living & Neutral'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Erg.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Bess (He/She)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dha (It)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Abs.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Boss (Him/Her)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dhen (It)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Poss.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Bessen (His/Hers)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Dhyss (Its)
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Dat.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Tyn (to Him/Her)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Thyr (to It)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Inst.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Sâyb (by Him/Her)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Ydheld (by It)
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
  +
|-
  +
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center"|'''Third Person Plural'''
  +
|-
  +
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|'''Living & Non-Gendered'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|'''Non-Living & Neutral'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Erg.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Mêr (They)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Thâl (Its)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Abs.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Mron (Them)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Thyl (Its)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Poss.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Nyr (Theirs)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Fel (Its)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Dat.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Nyren (to Them)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Thyren (To Its)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Inst.'''
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Ñÿthêr (by Them)
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Falrŷoth (by Its)
  +
|}
  +
  +
==Cases==
  +
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 400px"
  +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|'''Cases'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|ERG
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Ergative
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|ABS
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Absolutive
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|DAT
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Dative
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|GEN
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Genitive<br />''Description'' - e.g. ''Men of Rome''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|PART
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Partitive
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|POSS
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Possessive<br />''Static Possessive''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|VOC
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Vocative
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|ABES
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Abessive
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|INS
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Instrumental
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|EQU
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Equative
  +
|}
  +
  +
==Case Declension Table for Nouns with Examples==
  +
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 550px"
  +
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Cases'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Inflexion'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Example'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Ergative
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -o-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Absolutive
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(n)e-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Genitive
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(th)o-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Possessive
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -rê-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Partitive
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -dh(y)-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Dative
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -ve-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Abessive
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -tê-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Instrumental
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(m)ele-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Equative
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -os-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|<br />
  +
|-
  +
|Vocative
  +
| colspan="1"|Replaces the last syllable with -(l)ó
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Brutus > '''Brutó'''
  +
|}
  +
  +
==Noun Class/Gender Declension Table==
  +
Noun classes are inflected onto nouns, a noun must be in a noun class at all times. These classes are open to variation though only minor, and can also be used for derivation. Example a ''Man'' could be moved from the ''Human'' class to the ''Small Inanimate'' class suggesting the man is now dead, or is a corpse. These noun classes can also be used for comedy, example putting the same man into the ''Large Inanimate'' class suggesting obesity. However there are strict rules and guidlines and not all nouns can fit, or are allowed to be put into any class. Inanimate objects cannot move to the ''Human'' class, and the ''Non-Human'' class is, obviously, applied to all living things that are not ''Human''. The third last class would be used to derive such forms as ''Pizzaria'', and the second last being used for Planets and Stars and such.
  +
  +
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 750px"
  +
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Class'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Inflexion*'''
  +
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center"|'''Example'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Humans
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)m-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|jymânem<br />(A Man)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Non-Human Life
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)s-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|hworenes<br />(A Bird)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Flora/Insects
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(e)rl-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|emynerl<br />(swamp flower)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Magical/Emotional
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -hyl-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|vwelâvehyl<br />(Emotional feelings always take dative case)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Large Inanimate
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(s)âl-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|ðonsênesâl<br />(A Mountain)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Small Inanimate
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)t-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|fymet<br />(A Pebble)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Mass Nouns
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)nn-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|syrynynn<br />(Water)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Cherished/Sacred
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)nd-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|jymânend<br />(A Cherished/sacred Man)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Beings/Things able to be Learned From
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)ld-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|jymâneld<br />(A man who can be learned from)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Things which produce/sell/are home to/place of available acquisition of
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -ryl-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -emyneryl<br />(A Swamp flower shop/place to find/acquire swamp flowers)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Things Immovable/Untouchable/On the edge of Comprehension
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)k-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -sópâek (A Star)
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|Abstract or Anything that doesn't fit the above
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -(y)nf-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -Lyþênyþynf (Position)<br />(i.e The Position of a physical object)
  +
|}
  +
  +
- *When the last consonant of the root (or preceding suffix) is a vowel then the vowel of the suffix is not added.
  +
  +
- ** Commonly, when the root ends in a long vowel or a diphthong, the short vowel of the suffix is added rather than dropped as in the usual case.
  +
  +
==Noun Plural==
  +
Plural is marked on the verb only, not nouns.
  +
  +
==Noun Definitiveness==
  +
Singluar Defined Nouns are followed by the suffix'''-(n)yth''' and plural defined nouns by the suffix '''(n)êth'''.
  +
  +
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 400px"
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Un-Defined'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Defined'''
  +
|-
  +
| style="text-align: center"|jymân<br />(A Man)
  +
| style="text-align: center"|jymânyth<br />(The Man)
  +
|}
  +
  +
===Example of a Fully Inflected Noun===
  +
'''''jymânenythyld''' is a fully inflected noun.''
  +
  +
The noun, and accompanying determiner translates, roughly, to ''The Man/Men who can be learned from/The Man/Men who are teachers/can be teachers''
  +
  +
It can be broken down into;
  +
:jymân-e-nyth-yld
  +
::Man-ABS-def.-IX
  +
  +
===Summary of Nouns and Their Structure===
  +
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 300px"
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Derivations'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|''Noun''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Case'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Defined'''
  +
| style="text-align: center"|'''Class'''
  +
|}
  +
  +
Nouns '''must''' be in a class at all times, no noun is to be used (spoken or written) without being put into a class. This would be grammatically incorrect in Ancient Qâêr. Nouns may (though rarely) change classes however a noun '''must''' always be inflected with its relevant class at all times. Derivational affixes always precede the noun and where applicable, remove the first vowel of the noun.
  +
  +
==Adjectives==
  +
All Adjective agree with their correpsonding nouns in class. All adjectives are neutral and are therefore inflected with whatever class their parent noun is inflected with.
  +
  +
==Copulas==
  +
There is one ''Copula'' in Qâêr and that is '''Mellon'''.
  +
  +
'''Mellon''' is similar to the English verb '''to be''' however it is used only in two contexts, in reference to nouns and adjectives. ''Mellon'' is used when one is saying or describing one noun as another, or when using adjectives with pronouns.
  +
It conjugates thus;
  +
  +
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
  +
!
  +
! Mellon
  +
!
  +
! Mellon
  +
|-
  +
| I
  +
| '''Mel'''
  +
| style="background-color: #999999"|
  +
| style="background-color: #999999"|
  +
|-
  +
| He/She
  +
| '''Mên'''
  +
| They
  +
| '''Len'''
  +
|-
  +
| You
  +
| '''Lon'''
  +
| You (Plural)
  +
| '''Ellon'''
  +
|-
  +
| It
  +
| '''Mon'''
  +
| It (Plural)
  +
| '''Men'''
  +
|-
  +
| We (Exclusive)
  +
| '''Lá'''
  +
| We (Plural)
  +
| '''Lánon'''
  +
|}
  +
  +
  +
:'''NB''' Any Pronouns/Nouns used with '''Mellon''' take the Ergative case.
  +
:'''NB''' This copula can be inflected with aspect however not with any of the other verb affixes.
  +
:'''NB''' Any Noun (defined or not) that is not a Pronoun or Special Noun (eg. Names e.c.t) takes the form for '''They'''.
  +
  +
==Verb Agreement==
  +
Verbs agree and conjugate with only two genders even though Qâêr has twelve. Verbs agree with the two genders ''Animate'' vs. ''Non-Animate'' because, in a sense, all twelve genders of Qâêr fit into these two distinctions. All living life including humans, plants, animals as well as emotions and magical entities come under the ''Animate'' distinction, everything not included in the above comes under the ''Inanimate''. Verb conjugation is a suffix and is dependant on the Agent, Subject, and Object in the sentence.
  +
  +
'''Intransitive Verbs'''
  +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;"
  +
!
  +
! Singular
  +
! Plural
  +
|-
  +
! Animate
  +
|'''-â-'''
  +
|'''-nnâ-'''
  +
|-
  +
! '''Inanimate'''
  +
|'''-fym-'''
  +
|'''-bwym-'''
  +
|}
  +
  +
  +
'''Transitive Verbs'''
  +
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-alignment: center; width: 500px"
  +
! colspan="3" rowspan=3|
  +
! colspan="4" | Object
  +
|-
  +
! colspan="2" | Singular
  +
! colspan="2" | Plural
  +
|-
  +
! Animate
  +
! Inanimate
  +
! Animate
  +
! Inanimate
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="4" | Agent
  +
! rowspan="2" | Singular
  +
! Animate
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -nÿ-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -eth-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -nÿn-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -nÿth-
  +
|-
  +
! Inanimate
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -son-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -bá-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -sonÿn-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -spá-
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" | Plural
  +
! Animate
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -nÿen-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -en-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -nÿnen-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -nÿthÿ-
  +
|-
  +
! Inanimate
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -sonen-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -ben-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -soney-
  +
| style="text-align: center"| -benÿth-
  +
|}
  +
  +
==Affixes and Their Meanings==
  +
There are many affixes in Qâêr however here is a basic list of the ones that won't be mentioned anywhere else on this page.
  +
  +
===Negation===
  +
Verb negation is done by adding the prefix '''sao-''' to any particular verb one wishes to negate. Double negation is done by adding the prefix '''sêsao-''' to any verbs. Double negation implies at ''not at all'' sense of meaning.
  +
*The single negative would convey a meaning as - ''He did not see'' Which conveys he did not see [an event/something].
  +
*The double negative would convey a meaning as - ''He cannot see'' Which conveys that the man can't see at all, i.e He is blind, or ''He sees nothing'' Which conveys that he is seeing or saw nothing at all, i.e He completely missed seeing the entire event/thing.
  +
  +
The negation of adjectives is done also in a similiar fashion by adding the negation prefix '''sao-''' to the adjective thus obtaining results such as ''Happy - '''Un'''happy''
  +
  +
===Averb Infix===
  +
There is only one infix in Ancient Qâêr, which stems from Proto-Fárîân, and this is the infix which marks an adverb. This infix no longer has any meaning though grammatically speaking, every adverb has to take this infix when being used in both spoken and written language. The infix is '''-yr-''' and is placed after the first consonant of the adverb, or if the adverb lacks an initial consonant then this simply becomes a prefix. An example would be, if we had the adverb ''Tydbrâl'' (this being the standard dictionary entry of the adverb) in written and spoken language it would become '''Tyrydbrâl'''. This infix is relatively useless in Ancient Qâêr though it remains in use and is still grammatically required due to archaic rules from Proto-Fárîân from which it's derived.
  +
  +
===Middle/Reflexive Voice===
  +
To create the middle/reflexive voice in Qâêr, the suffix '''dâr''' is added onto the verb and no other syntactical or morphological changes are necessary.
  +
E.g see '''Voice''' section.
  +
  +
=== Derivation===
  +
All the following are Prefixes which remove the first vowel (if applicable, i.e is simply added if the word begins with a consonant) when being attached to the host.
  +
{| class=wikitable style="width: 700px"
  +
|'''Derivation Pattern'''
  +
|'''Afiix & Example'''
  +
|-
  +
|Adjective --> Adverb
  +
|'''maryth-'''<br />Quick > Quickly
  +
|-
  +
|Adjective --> Noun
  +
|'''lÿth'''-<br />Happy > Happiness
  +
|-
  +
|Noun --> Verb
  +
|'''menyn'''-<br />Glory > Glorify
  +
|-
  +
|Noun --> Adjective
  +
|'''gâla'''-<br />Recreation > Recreational
  +
|-
  +
|Adjectives --> Transitive Verbs
  +
|'''arem'''-<br />Rich > Enrich
  +
|-
  +
|Nouns --> Transitive Verbs
  +
|'''thar'''-<br />Rapture > Enrapture
  +
|-
  +
|Transitive Verbs --> Intransitive Verbs (Passive Voice)<br />Agent/Experience and Patient/Focus swap places
  +
|'''Ablaut ô'''<br />E.g.to hit > to be hit by<br />to like > to be pleasing to
  +
|-
  +
|Intransitive Verbs --> Transitive Verbs<br />Increase transitivity, turn impersonal verb into agent-intransitive,<br />Intransitive verb into transitive, transitive into ditransitive
  +
|'''Ablaut ŷ'''<br />to rain > to water (plants, etc.)<br />to have > to give
  +
|-
  +
|Inchoative/Inceptive Verb
  +
|''See Inceptive Aspect''
  +
|-
  +
|Catenative Verb
  +
|'''mwen-'''
  +
|-
  +
|Opposite (Quality)
  +
|'''ryllon'''-<br />Happy > sad, clear > vague
  +
|-
  +
|opposite (reverse action)<br />Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes
  +
|'''amyr'''-<br />Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay
  +
|-
  +
|Motion Purpose<br />Go somewhere in order to do VERB
  +
|'''karal'''-<br />to buy > to go shopping
  +
|-
  +
|Nominal Participle<br />Person who is doing VERB at the current moment<br />(Also inflects for tense)
  +
|'''ethyl'''-<br />Run > runner
  +
|-
  +
|Person who does verb habitually
  +
|'''aras'''-<br />Write > writer
  +
|-
  +
|Place where VERB is typically done
  +
|'''venim'''-<br />to cook > kitchen, to sleep > bedroom
  +
|-
  +
|Place with lots of NOUN
  +
|'''vâl'''-<br />Book > library, tree > forest
  +
|-
  +
|Tool or substance used for doing VERB
  +
|'''gir'''-<br />to write > writing implement, to wash > soap
  +
|-
  +
|ADJ = made of NOUN
  +
|'''okwê'''-<br />Gold > golden, wood > wooden
  +
|-
  +
|ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN
  +
|'''par'''-<br />Money > rich, trash > messy
  +
|-
  +
|ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN
  +
|'''invÿth'''-<br />Tooth > toothless, money > poor
  +
|-
  +
|Augmentation
  +
|'''lamon'''-<br />House > mansion, cat > lion
  +
|-
  +
|Pejoration
  +
|'''ven'''-<br />Man > scoundrel, child > brat
  +
|-
  +
|ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ
  +
|'''envith'''-<br />think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful
  +
|-
  +
|VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way
  +
|'''sârem'''-<br />Lips > kiss, Hammer > to hammer
  +
|-
  +
|Name of bacteria, virus, parasite etc > name of disease caused by same
  +
|'''simen'''-<br />Amoeba > diarrhea
  +
|}
  +
  +
=Verbs=
  +
{{Fixup}}
  +
Below are the different types of verbs found in Qâêr, unless previously stated above.
  +
  +
==Supines==
  +
Supines are formed very simply in Qâêr. A Supine is a verb used to represent that the another previous verb means ''to be able to'' or ''for the purpose of''. Example.
  +
::''I shovelled the snow '''to clear''' the path.''
  +
To create/form supines in Qâêr, the verb intended to be the supine is placed after the main verb, and the supine takes no inflections or tenses, a ''root'' verb one could say.
  +
  +
Example, using english.
  +
::I shovelled '''clear''' the snow the path
  +
:::Where the main verb '''Shovelled''' takes tense ''(led)'' and the supine, here seen as '''clear''' is left ''blank'', so to say. This is how it would be structured in Qâêr.
  +
  +
==Participles==
  +
===The Present Active Participle===
  +
To derive the Present Active Participle form of a Verb the suffix '''-pon''' is added which transforms verbs as '''walk''' or '''write '''into '''walking''' and '''writing''' and e.c.t.
  +
The present active participle is used to describe the name or noun version of a verb and takes the place of either the direct object (I like '''Swimming''') or the subject ('''Swimming''' is Fun). When a verb is inflected with the present active participle it cannot be inflected with aspect or tense or any other affix. The position of the present active participle in a sentence depends on if it is taking the place of the subject or object in which case it takes the normal position of any normal subject or object in a Qâêr sentence, also these Present Active Participle nouns are commonly used as secondary nouns, eg. ''The '''Swimming Pool''''' where ''swimming'' is a secondary noun of ''Pool'', same as in ''The '''swimming race'''''.
  +
  +
===The Present Passive Participle===
  +
To derive the Present Passive Participle form of a verb the suffix '''-pones''' which transforms verbs such as '''speak''' and '''write''' into '''spoken''' and '''written''' and e.c.t.
  +
The present passive participle is most commonly used as an adjective in Qâêr and it follows the noun like normal adjectives. An example of the Present Passive Participle is;
  +
''The '''written''' word'', or ''It is a '''spoken''' law'', ''the '''burnt''' log'', and e.c.t
  +
Example, in the above sentences it would follow the main noun like '''log''', or '''law'''.
  +
  +
===Derivation using the Present Active Participle and the Present Passive Participle===
  +
The present active participle and the present passive participle also have other derived lexical uses, mainly deriving concrete nouns. The suffix '''â''' is added onto the present active and passive participles (the complete suffixes becoming '''-ponâ''' and''' -ponesâ''' respectively) which in turn transform these two participles from '''writing''' and '''written''' into '''writer/author''' and '''letter '''respectively and so on for other participles.
  +
: Example; '''Speaking > Speaker''' and '''Spoken > Speech '''e.c.t
  +
  +
  +
===The Adjectival Participle===
  +
To derive the Adjectival Participle form of a verb the prefix of '''thyl''' is added which transforms verbs to adjective participles. An example of an adjectival participle is;
  +
: ''very '''overrated''' books, ''or ''a very '''frightening''' experience,'' or '''''fallen''' leaves.''
  +
  +
However in Qâêr Adjectival Participles can be inflected with the '''Comparative''' or ''''Gradable' prefix''' because they are being used as adjectives.
  +
  +
==Gerunds==
  +
Qâêr has no gerunds and does not use or incorporate them in any way, instead the Present Active Participle takes the place and function of Gerunds in Qâêr.
  +
  +
  +
==Voice==
  +
Voice is represented by suffixes that attaches to the verb to indicate the voice of the noun in the ergative case, or when lacking one then in the Absolutive case.
  +
  +
Qâêr has three voices, '''Active''', '''Passive''', and '''Middle''', however only two of these are marked, the '''Passive''' and '''Middle''' voice. This is because the active voice is used the majority of the time therefore not needing an affix of its own.
  +
  +
  +
Examples are in English and Qâêr.
  +
  +
'''Sentence in Past Perfective Tense'''
  +
: English – He gave Mary Money
  +
: Qâêr - bess semnelelnÿ swârene Merŷve
  +
: Qâêr - bess semnel-el-nÿ swâren-e Merŷ-ve
  +
: Qâêr – [Erg]He Gave-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Money-[Abs] Mary-[Dat]
  +
  +
'''Sentence in Active Voice'''
  +
: English – bess semnelwynnÿ swârene Merŷve
  +
: English – bess semnel-wyn-nÿ swâren-e Merŷ-ve
  +
: Qâêr – [Erg]He Give-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Money-[Abs] Mary-[Dat]
  +
  +
'''Sentence in Passive Voice'''
  +
: English – Mary was Given Money
  +
: Qâêr – sômnelwynnÿ swârene Merŷve
  +
: Qâêr – sômnel-wyn-nÿ swâren-e Merŷ-ve
  +
: Qâêr – Give-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Money-[Abs] Mary-[Dat]
  +
::''NB'' Passive voice (if you didn't notice) is done through ablaut of the verb.(See Derivations for more)
  +
  +
'''Sentence in Middle Voice'''
  +
: English – He washes himself with soap.
  +
: Qâêr - bess donsyldârwyneth hwesymele
  +
: Qâêr - bess donsyl-dâr-wyn-eth hwesym-ele
  +
: Qâêr – [Erg]He Washes-[Middle/Refl.]-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Soap-[Instrumental]
  +
  +
==Manner Time Place==
  +
Example in Qâêr – ''I[Erg] Ride[Tense/Aspect] Today Horse[Abs] My[Pos] shop[Dat]''
  +
: English Translation – ‘I will ride my horse to the shop today.’
  +
  +
  +
==Mood and Modality==
  +
{{Fixup}}
  +
In Qâêr mood is represented by a particle that is placed at the head of the sentence.
  +
  +
  +
'''The Qâêr moods are as follows;'''
  +
  +
: '''Indicative (Realis)'''
  +
:: The indicative mood or evidential mood (abbreviated ind) is used for factual statements and positive beliefs.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''byth'''
  +
  +
: '''Optative'''
  +
::The optative mood (abbreviated opt) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope that will not come true.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''staol'''
  +
  +
: '''Oditative'''
  +
::The Oditative mood (abbreviated odt) is a grammatical mood that indicates a dislike, or something unfavourable that is likely to occur.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''sêstaol'''
  +
  +
: '''Subjunctive'''
  +
:: In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used to express a wish, emotion, or possibility that has not yet occurred.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''dan'''
  +
  +
: '''Possibility'''
  +
:: Possibility isn't an actual proper mood in Qâêr however to represent the notion of possibility; i.e the possibility of an action being true, or being '''able to''' to be true or completed, regardless of and separate to any act or intention of volition by any agent, can still be represented in Qâêr. This is done through combining the ''Subjunctive'' mood and the ''Passive Voice''.
  +
::: ''Mood = '''Verb Ablaut ô''' + '''dan''' Particle ''
  +
  +
::: Example -
  +
:::: Bess dan brakôrynwynnÿÿn mron
  +
:::: Translates roughly to - He has the ability/It's very possible he could kill them/those even though he has no intention of doing so.
  +
::::: The possibility is there that he '''could''' do it, however this says nothing about if it will actually come to pass, rather this just sates the actions possibility of occurring/being able to be done.
  +
  +
: '''Speculative'''
  +
::Speculative mood (abbreviated spec) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the utterance is based on speculation of the speaker, and not actually known to be the case. For example, "The butler could have been the killer."
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''dôw'''
  +
  +
: '''Potential'''
  +
::The potential mood (abbreviated pot) is a mood of probability indicating that, in the opinion of the speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''wylf'''
  +
  +
: '''Necessitative'''
  +
:: The Necessitative mood (abbreviated nec) is a grammatical mood which combines elements of both the cohortative and the jussive moods. It expresses insistence, intent, command or purpose.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''dÿod'''
  +
  +
: '''Dubitative'''
  +
::Dubitative mood (abbreviated dub) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, that indicates that the statement is dubious, doubtful, or uncertain.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''esmwyth'''
  +
  +
: '''Conditional'''
  +
::The conditional mood (abbreviated cond) is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. E.g. ''When/If I feel well, I will sing.''
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''pwâtry'''
  +
  +
: '''Hypothetical'''
  +
::Hypothetical mood (abbreviated hyp) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that while a statement is not actually true, it could easily have been. For instance, in English, "You know you shouldn't play with knives! You could have hurt someone!"
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''kwer'''
  +
  +
: '''Imperative'''
  +
::The imperative mood (abbreviated imp) expresses direct commands.
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''heb'''
  +
  +
: '''Interrogative (Particle)'''
  +
::In linguistics and grammar, the interrogative mood (abbreviated int) is an epistemic grammatical mood used for asking questions by inflecting the main verb
  +
::: ''Particle'' = '''lê'''
  +
  +
: '''Deliberative (Inflects on Interrogative)'''
  +
::Deliberative mood (abbreviated del) is a grammatical mood that asks whether the speaker should do something, e. g. "Shall I go to the market?
  +
::: ''Affix'' = '''-boÿ'''
  +
  +
: '''Precative (Inflects on Interrogative)'''
  +
::Precative (abbreviated prec) mood is a grammatical mood which signifies requests, e.g. "Will you pass me the salt?"
  +
::: ''Affix'' = '''-delŷs'''
  +
  +
==Interrogative Words==
  +
The interrogative particle '''lê '''will be inflected with prefixes and these will phrase interrogative words such as ''what'', ''where ''e.c.t. The interrogative particle without one of these prefixes will just be turned into a normal question.
  +
  +
: ''What = qâ + lê'' – '''qâlê'''
  +
: ''Where = qysyn + lê –'' '''qysynlê'''
  +
: ''When = qôe + lê –'' '''qôelê'''
  +
: ''Who = qem + lê –'' '''qemlê'''
  +
: ''Why = qŷ + lê –'' '''qŷlê'''
  +
: ''How = qyfao + lê –'' '''qyfaolê'''
  +
: ''How Much = sonâ + lê –'' '''sonâlê'''
  +
:: '''Sonâ '''is derived from the Fáriân word '''Sjinolâme '''which means ''‘to barter’''.
  +
:: '''Note '''– when using any of these interrogative words in Subordinate or Relative clauses, just the prefix is used, not the prefix with the particle.
  +
  +
=Examples=
  +
  +
  +
==The Number System==
  +
===Basic Numbers===
  +
The Qâêr number system is duodecimal, similar to that of the ''Chepang'' and ''Mahl'' languages.
  +
  +
To derive words such as first, second e.t.c one simply attaches the prefix '''po(w)-''' to the number for example
  +
:powonno = first
  +
:posont = second
  +
:powonno-ey-syryley = One hundred and first
  +
  +
  +
0 - Lyn
  +
  +
1 - Onno
  +
  +
2 - Sont
  +
  +
3 - Kes
  +
  +
4 - Loto
  +
  +
5 - Yros
  +
  +
6 - Mello
  +
  +
7 - Seles
  +
  +
8 - Opo
  +
  +
9 - Nesso
  +
  +
A (10) - Kyros
  +
  +
B (11) - Penlyn
  +
  +
10 (12) - Syryl
  +
  +
  +
11 (13) - Onros
  +
  +
12 (14) - Sonros
  +
  +
13 (15) - Keros
  +
  +
14 (16) - Loros
  +
  +
15 (17) - Yrylos
  +
  +
16 (18) - Melros
  +
  +
17 (19) - Selros
  +
  +
18 (20)- Opos
  +
  +
19 (21) - Neros
  +
  +
1A (22) - Kyrylos
  +
  +
1B (23) - Penros
  +
  +
===Other Numbers before 100===
  +
With the numbers 24 - 100 there is a structured system however.
  +
  +
20 (24) - Sonân
  +
  +
30 (36) - Kenân
  +
  +
40 (48) - Lonân
  +
  +
50 (60) - Yrân
  +
  +
60 (72) - Melân
  +
  +
70 (84) - Selân
  +
  +
80 (96) - Opân
  +
  +
90 (108) - Nesân
  +
  +
A0 (120) - Kyrân
  +
  +
B0 (132) - Penlân
  +
  +
100 (144) - Syryley
  +
  +
===Combining Numbers===
  +
To derive numbers such as 21 (twenty-one) or 36 (thirty-six) for example, the structure is thus;
  +
  +
21 = Onno-ey-Sonân
  +
  +
:The smallest number precedes the larger number.
  +
  +
145 = Yros-ey-Lonân-ey-Syryley
  +
  +
==Sentences==
  +
{{Fixup}}
  +
  +
===The Featured Banner===
  +
English Example -
  +
::''This language was once featured.''
  +
  +
::''Thanks to its high level of quality and uniqueness, it has been voted as featured.''
  +
  +
Qâêr Translation -
  +
:elysñâmêthek synjômenwenâ
  +
  +
:elswâok âmnewynnÿethÿ dysênenf kwatwân ird sôemsymónolenf, sonlâ yponônwenâ elswâok Lythênythvenf Arasânythand.
  +
  +
Re-translated version of Qâêr translation -
  +
::This Language has been made known to the public.
  +
  +
::The cherished language of Qâêr possesses a very high level of quality and uniqeness and therefore has been voted was voted to this sacred position of Honour.

Revision as of 09:38, 28 September 2013

This language has been selected by the administration as an example language.
It has reached a high level of completeness and detail.
This language was once featured.
Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities, it has been voted as featured.
The author requests that you do not make significant changes to this project without first seeking approval.
By all means, please either help fix spelling, grammar and organization problems or contact the author about them. Thank you.
The author wishes to make it clear this project is currently undergoing significant construction or revamp.
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
Progress 91%
Name: Ancient Qâêr

Type: Synthetic Agglutinative

Alignment: Ergative/Absolutive

Head Direction: Inital

Number of genders: 12

Declensions: Yes

Conjugations: Yes

Nouns declined
according to
Case Number
Definitiveness Gender
Verbs conjugated
according to
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect


Brief Overview

Qâêr is an SVO structured language with most of the focus and inflections around the verb as well as a few particles. Qâêr was spoken on the planet Sâfâolêracópâ. In the current time period this language is extinct however the 7 major languages on this planet all descend from Ancient Qâêr which in turn descends from Proto-Vamynouyynem. This language is suffix heavy with very few irregularities.

For a list on the dialects and different variations of Qâêr, please see the Qâêr Language Family


General

Gender Cases Numbers Tenses Persons Moods Voices Aspects
Verb Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
Nouns Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
Adjectives Yes No Yes No No No No No
Numbers Yes Yes No No No No No No
Participles Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes
Adverb No No No Yes No No No No
Pronouns Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
Adpositions Yes No No No No No No No
Article No No No No No No No No
Particle No No No No No Yes No No


Phonology

Single Letters (Romanization)

Bilabial Labiode. Dental Alveol. Postalve. Retrofl. Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives p (p)
pw (pw)
b (b)
bw (bw)
t (t)
tw (tw)
d (d)
dw (dw)
k (k)
kw (kw)
g (g)
gw (gw)
Fricatives f (f)
fw (fw)
v (v)
vw (vw)
θ (th) ð (dh) s (s)
sw (sw)
h (h)
Nasals m (m) n (n)
nw (nw)
ɲ (ñ)
Trill r (r)
Glides Approxim. ʍ (hw) w (w) ɹ (r) j (j)
Lateral Appr. l (l) ɭ (l)

Mutations

  1. Both Approximants and Lateral Approximants are de-voiced before nasals.
  2. Final Obstruent Devoicing.
  3. /l/ becomes /ɭ/ after vowels.
  4. /ɹ/ becomes /r/ before plosives.
NB /l/ & /ɭ/ not distinguishing phonemes.

Diphthongs

Diphthong IPA
ao ɐʊ
ey
ôe ɔː
ŷe ɪəː


Vowels

Vowels IPA Symbols Vowel IPA Symbols
a æ o ɒ
â ɐː ô ɵː
á eɪː ó əʊː
e e y ɪ
ê eːə ŷ
ÿ ɐɪː

Phonotactics

The smallest syllable possible;

C V (C)


The standard being;

C V C


With some possible extremes being;

C C C/A V A A/C C C
  • A being any consonant other than a plosive or fricative.


Syllable Structure in relation to Consonant

A - sign indicates the consonant may not grouped with the other indicated consonant whereas a + sign indicates it is allowed. A < sign indicates it may come before and a > after.

A + or - sign in the Initial, Medial, or Coda boxes indicates whether or not it can appear in those positions

Position

Consonant
kw Plosives Nasals Fricatives Approximants Liquids Initial Medial Coda
kw and ʍ - - - - - - + + -
Plosives - + > > + < + + -
Nasals - < + - < - + + +
Fricatives - < - - > - - + +
Approximants - + > < + < + + +
Liquids - - - - > + + + +

Stress

The stress is always placed on the second last accentuated vowel, and in the case where this is not accentuated then the stress swaps to the nearest accentuated vowel. In the case of two syllable words then the stress is always placed on the accentuated vowel and in the rare case where both vowels are accentuated the first one is favoured.

  • In words with are more than four syllables long the first accentuated and second last accentuated voewl are stressed.
    • E.g dhonsênansêwe where the stress is on BOTH sên and .

Grammar

Sentence Structure & Word Order

The main clause structure is SVO, with subclauses being SOV.

Main Clause
NP VP NP NP/PP
Subclauses
NP NP NP/PP VP
Noun Phrase
Head Noun Sec. Nouns Det, Adj.
Verb Phrase
Mood Verb Abverb
Verb Phrase
Verb Prep. Noun Det. Adj.

Noun, Verb, and Adjective Structure

Noun Structure

Derivations Noun Case Plural/Defined Class


Verb Structure

Other Prefixes Derivations Verb Voice Aspect Agreement Participles


Adjective Structure

Derivations Comparative /Gradable Adjective Agreement Adjectival Participle
  • Adjectives cannot be inflected with comparative and the "Gradable" sufffix at the same time.

Aspect and Tense

Aspect


Tense

Aorist Imperfective Conative Habitual Perfect Inceptive Continuative Terminative
Past -el- -wen- -wâl- -wón- -wenen- -wolen- -wyl- -wemnen-
Present -- -wyn- -wâl- -wonyn- -wynlen- -wel- -wân- -wemnen-
Future -yl- -wym- -wymel- -wonŷn- -wynlen- -wosel- -wâsen- -wynen-

Correlatives

Table of correlatives
interrogative demonstrative quantifier
proximal distal existential elective universal negative alternative-positive
determiner which
what
this (sg.)
these (pl.)
that (sg.)
those (pl.)
some any
whichever
whichsoever
every
each
all
no another
pronoun human who
whom
this (one) (sg.)
these (ones) (pl.)
that (one) (sg.)
those (ones) (pl.)
someone
somebody
anyone
anybody
whoever
whomever
whosoever
whomsoever
everyone
everybody
all
no one
nobody
another
someone else
somebody else
nonhuman what this (one) (sg.)
these (ones) (pl.)
that (one) (sg.)
those (ones) (pl.)
something anything
whatever
whatsoever
everything
all
nothing something else
out of two which this one (sg.)
these (ones) (pl.)
that one (sg.)
those (ones) (pl.)
one either
whichever
whichsoever
both neither
out of many some
one
any
whichever
whichsoever
each
all
none
pro-adverb location where here there somewhere anywhere
wherever
wheresoever
everywhere nowhere elsewhere
source whence
wherefrom
hence thence
thencefrom
  whenceever
whencesoever
  nowhence
goal whither
whereto
whereinto
whereunto
hither thither somewhither anywhither
whithersoever
  nowhither
time when now then sometime anytime
whenever
whensoever
always
everywhen
never
manner how
whereby
thus
hereby
thereby somehow anyhow
however
howsoever
  noway
noways
nowise
nohow (col.)
otherwise
reason why
wherefore
  therefore        


Personal Pronouns

First Person
Exclusive Inclusive
Erg. Sâ (I) Nom (We) Rŷs (We)
Abs. Wâ (Me) Nym (Us) Ryss (Us)
Poss. Em (My/Mine) Om (Ours) Rost (Ours)
Dat. Kâ (to Me) Myn (to Us) Rytos (to Us)
Inst Ethâ (by Me) Nwâss (by Us) Bryt (by Us)
Second Person
Living Non-Living
Singular (Exclusive) Plural (Inclusive) Singular
Erg. Dwá (Thou) Dwyn (You) Se (It)
Abs. Dyn (Thee) Dynen (Ye) Só (It)
Poss. Dán (Thy) Dent (Yours) Some (Its)
Dat. Hwán (to Thee) Dÿm (to You) Esym (to It)
Inst. Brendey (by Thou) Tŷern (by You) Mysten (by It)
Third Person Singular
Living & Non-Gendered Non-Living & Neutral
Erg. Bess (He/She) Dha (It)
Abs. Boss (Him/Her) Dhen (It)
Poss. Bessen (His/Hers) Dhyss (Its)
Dat. Tyn (to Him/Her) Thyr (to It)
Inst. Sâyb (by Him/Her) Ydheld (by It)
Third Person Plural
Living & Non-Gendered Non-Living & Neutral
Erg. Mêr (They) Thâl (Its)
Abs. Mron (Them) Thyl (Its)
Poss. Nyr (Theirs) Fel (Its)
Dat. Nyren (to Them) Thyren (To Its)
Inst. Ñÿthêr (by Them) Falrŷoth (by Its)

Cases

Cases
ERG Ergative
ABS Absolutive
DAT Dative
GEN Genitive
Description - e.g. Men of Rome
PART Partitive
POSS Possessive
Static Possessive
VOC Vocative
ABES Abessive
INS Instrumental
EQU Equative

Case Declension Table for Nouns with Examples

Cases Inflexion Example
Ergative -o-
Absolutive -(n)e-
Genitive -(th)o-
Possessive -rê-
Partitive -dh(y)-
Dative -ve-
Abessive -tê-
Instrumental -(m)ele-
Equative -os-
Vocative Replaces the last syllable with -(l)ó Brutus > Brutó

Noun Class/Gender Declension Table

Noun classes are inflected onto nouns, a noun must be in a noun class at all times. These classes are open to variation though only minor, and can also be used for derivation. Example a Man could be moved from the Human class to the Small Inanimate class suggesting the man is now dead, or is a corpse. These noun classes can also be used for comedy, example putting the same man into the Large Inanimate class suggesting obesity. However there are strict rules and guidlines and not all nouns can fit, or are allowed to be put into any class. Inanimate objects cannot move to the Human class, and the Non-Human class is, obviously, applied to all living things that are not Human. The third last class would be used to derive such forms as Pizzaria, and the second last being used for Planets and Stars and such.

Class Inflexion* Example
Humans -(y)m- jymânem
(A Man)
Non-Human Life -(y)s- hworenes
(A Bird)
Flora/Insects -(e)rl- emynerl
(swamp flower)
Magical/Emotional -hyl- vwelâvehyl
(Emotional feelings always take dative case)
Large Inanimate -(s)âl- ðonsênesâl
(A Mountain)
Small Inanimate -(y)t- fymet
(A Pebble)
Mass Nouns -(y)nn- syrynynn
(Water)
Cherished/Sacred -(y)nd- jymânend
(A Cherished/sacred Man)
Beings/Things able to be Learned From -(y)ld- jymâneld
(A man who can be learned from)
Things which produce/sell/are home to/place of available acquisition of -ryl- -emyneryl
(A Swamp flower shop/place to find/acquire swamp flowers)
Things Immovable/Untouchable/On the edge of Comprehension -(y)k- -sópâek (A Star)
Abstract or Anything that doesn't fit the above -(y)nf- -Lyþênyþynf (Position)
(i.e The Position of a physical object)

- *When the last consonant of the root (or preceding suffix) is a vowel then the vowel of the suffix is not added.

- ** Commonly, when the root ends in a long vowel or a diphthong, the short vowel of the suffix is added rather than dropped as in the usual case.

Noun Plural

Plural is marked on the verb only, not nouns.

Noun Definitiveness

Singluar Defined Nouns are followed by the suffix-(n)yth and plural defined nouns by the suffix (n)êth.

Un-Defined Defined
jymân
(A Man)
jymânyth
(The Man)

Example of a Fully Inflected Noun

jymânenythyld is a fully inflected noun.

The noun, and accompanying determiner translates, roughly, to The Man/Men who can be learned from/The Man/Men who are teachers/can be teachers

It can be broken down into;

jymân-e-nyth-yld
Man-ABS-def.-IX

Summary of Nouns and Their Structure

Derivations Noun Case Defined Class

Nouns must be in a class at all times, no noun is to be used (spoken or written) without being put into a class. This would be grammatically incorrect in Ancient Qâêr. Nouns may (though rarely) change classes however a noun must always be inflected with its relevant class at all times. Derivational affixes always precede the noun and where applicable, remove the first vowel of the noun.

Adjectives

All Adjective agree with their correpsonding nouns in class. All adjectives are neutral and are therefore inflected with whatever class their parent noun is inflected with.

Copulas

There is one Copula in Qâêr and that is Mellon.

Mellon is similar to the English verb to be however it is used only in two contexts, in reference to nouns and adjectives. Mellon is used when one is saying or describing one noun as another, or when using adjectives with pronouns. It conjugates thus;

Mellon Mellon
I Mel
He/She Mên They Len
You Lon You (Plural) Ellon
It Mon It (Plural) Men
We (Exclusive) We (Plural) Lánon


NB Any Pronouns/Nouns used with Mellon take the Ergative case.
NB This copula can be inflected with aspect however not with any of the other verb affixes.
NB Any Noun (defined or not) that is not a Pronoun or Special Noun (eg. Names e.c.t) takes the form for They.

Verb Agreement

Verbs agree and conjugate with only two genders even though Qâêr has twelve. Verbs agree with the two genders Animate vs. Non-Animate because, in a sense, all twelve genders of Qâêr fit into these two distinctions. All living life including humans, plants, animals as well as emotions and magical entities come under the Animate distinction, everything not included in the above comes under the Inanimate. Verb conjugation is a suffix and is dependant on the Agent, Subject, and Object in the sentence.

Intransitive Verbs

Singular Plural
Animate -â- -nnâ-
Inanimate -fym- -bwym-


Transitive Verbs

Object
Singular Plural
Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate
Agent Singular Animate -nÿ- -eth- -nÿn- -nÿth-
Inanimate -son- -bá- -sonÿn- -spá-
Plural Animate -nÿen- -en- -nÿnen- -nÿthÿ-
Inanimate -sonen- -ben- -soney- -benÿth-

Affixes and Their Meanings

There are many affixes in Qâêr however here is a basic list of the ones that won't be mentioned anywhere else on this page.

Negation

Verb negation is done by adding the prefix sao- to any particular verb one wishes to negate. Double negation is done by adding the prefix sêsao- to any verbs. Double negation implies at not at all sense of meaning.

  • The single negative would convey a meaning as - He did not see Which conveys he did not see [an event/something].
  • The double negative would convey a meaning as - He cannot see Which conveys that the man can't see at all, i.e He is blind, or He sees nothing Which conveys that he is seeing or saw nothing at all, i.e He completely missed seeing the entire event/thing.

The negation of adjectives is done also in a similiar fashion by adding the negation prefix sao- to the adjective thus obtaining results such as Happy - Unhappy

Averb Infix

There is only one infix in Ancient Qâêr, which stems from Proto-Fárîân, and this is the infix which marks an adverb. This infix no longer has any meaning though grammatically speaking, every adverb has to take this infix when being used in both spoken and written language. The infix is -yr- and is placed after the first consonant of the adverb, or if the adverb lacks an initial consonant then this simply becomes a prefix. An example would be, if we had the adverb Tydbrâl (this being the standard dictionary entry of the adverb) in written and spoken language it would become Tyrydbrâl. This infix is relatively useless in Ancient Qâêr though it remains in use and is still grammatically required due to archaic rules from Proto-Fárîân from which it's derived.

Middle/Reflexive Voice

To create the middle/reflexive voice in Qâêr, the suffix dâr is added onto the verb and no other syntactical or morphological changes are necessary. E.g see Voice section.

Derivation

All the following are Prefixes which remove the first vowel (if applicable, i.e is simply added if the word begins with a consonant) when being attached to the host.

Derivation Pattern Afiix & Example
Adjective --> Adverb maryth-
Quick > Quickly
Adjective --> Noun lÿth-
Happy > Happiness
Noun --> Verb menyn-
Glory > Glorify
Noun --> Adjective gâla-
Recreation > Recreational
Adjectives --> Transitive Verbs arem-
Rich > Enrich
Nouns --> Transitive Verbs thar-
Rapture > Enrapture
Transitive Verbs --> Intransitive Verbs (Passive Voice)
Agent/Experience and Patient/Focus swap places
Ablaut ô
E.g.to hit > to be hit by
to like > to be pleasing to
Intransitive Verbs --> Transitive Verbs
Increase transitivity, turn impersonal verb into agent-intransitive,
Intransitive verb into transitive, transitive into ditransitive
Ablaut ŷ
to rain > to water (plants, etc.)
to have > to give
Inchoative/Inceptive Verb See Inceptive Aspect
Catenative Verb mwen-
Opposite (Quality) ryllon-
Happy > sad, clear > vague
opposite (reverse action)
Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes
amyr-
Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay
Motion Purpose
Go somewhere in order to do VERB
karal-
to buy > to go shopping
Nominal Participle
Person who is doing VERB at the current moment
(Also inflects for tense)
ethyl-
Run > runner
Person who does verb habitually aras-
Write > writer
Place where VERB is typically done venim-
to cook > kitchen, to sleep > bedroom
Place with lots of NOUN vâl-
Book > library, tree > forest
Tool or substance used for doing VERB gir-
to write > writing implement, to wash > soap
ADJ = made of NOUN okwê-
Gold > golden, wood > wooden
ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN par-
Money > rich, trash > messy
ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN invÿth-
Tooth > toothless, money > poor
Augmentation lamon-
House > mansion, cat > lion
Pejoration ven-
Man > scoundrel, child > brat
ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ envith-
think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful
VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way sârem-
Lips > kiss, Hammer > to hammer
Name of bacteria, virus, parasite etc > name of disease caused by same simen-
Amoeba > diarrhea

Verbs

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

Below are the different types of verbs found in Qâêr, unless previously stated above.

Supines

Supines are formed very simply in Qâêr. A Supine is a verb used to represent that the another previous verb means to be able to or for the purpose of. Example.

I shovelled the snow to clear the path.

To create/form supines in Qâêr, the verb intended to be the supine is placed after the main verb, and the supine takes no inflections or tenses, a root verb one could say.

Example, using english.

I shovelled clear the snow the path
Where the main verb Shovelled takes tense (led) and the supine, here seen as clear is left blank, so to say. This is how it would be structured in Qâêr.

Participles

The Present Active Participle

To derive the Present Active Participle form of a Verb the suffix -pon is added which transforms verbs as walk or write into walking and writing and e.c.t. The present active participle is used to describe the name or noun version of a verb and takes the place of either the direct object (I like Swimming) or the subject (Swimming is Fun). When a verb is inflected with the present active participle it cannot be inflected with aspect or tense or any other affix. The position of the present active participle in a sentence depends on if it is taking the place of the subject or object in which case it takes the normal position of any normal subject or object in a Qâêr sentence, also these Present Active Participle nouns are commonly used as secondary nouns, eg. The Swimming Pool where swimming is a secondary noun of Pool, same as in The swimming race.

The Present Passive Participle

To derive the Present Passive Participle form of a verb the suffix -pones which transforms verbs such as speak and write into spoken and written and e.c.t. The present passive participle is most commonly used as an adjective in Qâêr and it follows the noun like normal adjectives. An example of the Present Passive Participle is; The written word, or It is a spoken law, the burnt log, and e.c.t Example, in the above sentences it would follow the main noun like log, or law.

Derivation using the Present Active Participle and the Present Passive Participle

The present active participle and the present passive participle also have other derived lexical uses, mainly deriving concrete nouns. The suffix â is added onto the present active and passive participles (the complete suffixes becoming -ponâ and -ponesâ respectively) which in turn transform these two participles from writing and written into writer/author and letter respectively and so on for other participles.

Example; Speaking > Speaker and Spoken > Speech e.c.t


The Adjectival Participle

To derive the Adjectival Participle form of a verb the prefix of thyl is added which transforms verbs to adjective participles. An example of an adjectival participle is;

very overrated books, or a very frightening experience, or fallen leaves.

However in Qâêr Adjectival Participles can be inflected with the Comparative or 'Gradable' prefix because they are being used as adjectives.

Gerunds

Qâêr has no gerunds and does not use or incorporate them in any way, instead the Present Active Participle takes the place and function of Gerunds in Qâêr.


Voice

Voice is represented by suffixes that attaches to the verb to indicate the voice of the noun in the ergative case, or when lacking one then in the Absolutive case.

Qâêr has three voices, Active, Passive, and Middle, however only two of these are marked, the Passive and Middle voice. This is because the active voice is used the majority of the time therefore not needing an affix of its own.


Examples are in English and Qâêr.

Sentence in Past Perfective Tense

English – He gave Mary Money
Qâêr - bess semnelelnÿ swârene Merŷve
Qâêr - bess semnel-el-nÿ swâren-e Merŷ-ve
Qâêr – [Erg]He Gave-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Money-[Abs] Mary-[Dat]

Sentence in Active Voice

English – bess semnelwynnÿ swârene Merŷve
English – bess semnel-wyn-nÿ swâren-e Merŷ-ve
Qâêr – [Erg]He Give-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Money-[Abs] Mary-[Dat]

Sentence in Passive Voice

English – Mary was Given Money
Qâêr – sômnelwynnÿ swârene Merŷve
Qâêr – sômnel-wyn-nÿ swâren-e Merŷ-ve
Qâêr – Give-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Money-[Abs] Mary-[Dat]
NB Passive voice (if you didn't notice) is done through ablaut of the verb.(See Derivations for more)

Sentence in Middle Voice

English – He washes himself with soap.
Qâêr - bess donsyldârwyneth hwesymele
Qâêr - bess donsyl-dâr-wyn-eth hwesym-ele
Qâêr – [Erg]He Washes-[Middle/Refl.]-[Aspect]-[Agreement] Soap-[Instrumental]

Manner Time Place

Example in Qâêr – I[Erg] Ride[Tense/Aspect] Today Horse[Abs] My[Pos] shop[Dat]

English Translation – ‘I will ride my horse to the shop today.’


Mood and Modality

This article or section requires fix up.
It will be done soon.

In Qâêr mood is represented by a particle that is placed at the head of the sentence.


The Qâêr moods are as follows;

Indicative (Realis)
The indicative mood or evidential mood (abbreviated ind) is used for factual statements and positive beliefs.
Particle = byth
Optative
The optative mood (abbreviated opt) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope that will not come true.
Particle = staol
Oditative
The Oditative mood (abbreviated odt) is a grammatical mood that indicates a dislike, or something unfavourable that is likely to occur.
Particle = sêstaol
Subjunctive
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used to express a wish, emotion, or possibility that has not yet occurred.
Particle = dan
Possibility
Possibility isn't an actual proper mood in Qâêr however to represent the notion of possibility; i.e the possibility of an action being true, or being able to to be true or completed, regardless of and separate to any act or intention of volition by any agent, can still be represented in Qâêr. This is done through combining the Subjunctive mood and the Passive Voice.
Mood = Verb Ablaut ô + dan Particle
Example -
Bess dan brakôrynwynnÿÿn mron
Translates roughly to - He has the ability/It's very possible he could kill them/those even though he has no intention of doing so.
The possibility is there that he could do it, however this says nothing about if it will actually come to pass, rather this just sates the actions possibility of occurring/being able to be done.
Speculative
Speculative mood (abbreviated spec) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the utterance is based on speculation of the speaker, and not actually known to be the case. For example, "The butler could have been the killer."
Particle = dôw
Potential
The potential mood (abbreviated pot) is a mood of probability indicating that, in the opinion of the speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely.
Particle = wylf
Necessitative
The Necessitative mood (abbreviated nec) is a grammatical mood which combines elements of both the cohortative and the jussive moods. It expresses insistence, intent, command or purpose.
Particle = dÿod
Dubitative
Dubitative mood (abbreviated dub) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, that indicates that the statement is dubious, doubtful, or uncertain.
Particle = esmwyth
Conditional
The conditional mood (abbreviated cond) is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. E.g. When/If I feel well, I will sing.
Particle = pwâtry
Hypothetical
Hypothetical mood (abbreviated hyp) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that while a statement is not actually true, it could easily have been. For instance, in English, "You know you shouldn't play with knives! You could have hurt someone!"
Particle = kwer
Imperative
The imperative mood (abbreviated imp) expresses direct commands.
Particle = heb
Interrogative (Particle)
In linguistics and grammar, the interrogative mood (abbreviated int) is an epistemic grammatical mood used for asking questions by inflecting the main verb
Particle =
Deliberative (Inflects on Interrogative)
Deliberative mood (abbreviated del) is a grammatical mood that asks whether the speaker should do something, e. g. "Shall I go to the market?
Affix = -boÿ
Precative (Inflects on Interrogative)
Precative (abbreviated prec) mood is a grammatical mood which signifies requests, e.g. "Will you pass me the salt?"
Affix = -delŷs

Interrogative Words

The interrogative particle will be inflected with prefixes and these will phrase interrogative words such as what, where e.c.t. The interrogative particle without one of these prefixes will just be turned into a normal question.

What = qâ + lêqâlê
Where = qysyn + lê – qysynlê
When = qôe + lê – qôelê
Who = qem + lê – qemlê
Why = qŷ + lê – qŷlê
How = qyfao + lê – qyfaolê
How Much = sonâ + lê – sonâlê
Sonâ is derived from the Fáriân word Sjinolâme which means ‘to barter’.
Note – when using any of these interrogative words in Subordinate or Relative clauses, just the prefix is used, not the prefix with the particle.

Examples

The Number System

Basic Numbers

The Qâêr number system is duodecimal, similar to that of the Chepang and Mahl languages.

To derive words such as first, second e.t.c one simply attaches the prefix po(w)- to the number for example

powonno = first
posont = second
powonno-ey-syryley = One hundred and first


0 - Lyn

1 - Onno

2 - Sont

3 - Kes

4 - Loto

5 - Yros

6 - Mello

7 - Seles

8 - Opo

9 - Nesso

A (10) - Kyros

B (11) - Penlyn

10 (12) - Syryl


11 (13) - Onros

12 (14) - Sonros

13 (15) - Keros

14 (16) - Loros

15 (17) - Yrylos

16 (18) - Melros

17 (19) - Selros

18 (20)- Opos

19 (21) - Neros

1A (22) - Kyrylos

1B (23) - Penros

Other Numbers before 100

With the numbers 24 - 100 there is a structured system however.

20 (24) - Sonân

30 (36) - Kenân

40 (48) - Lonân

50 (60) - Yrân

60 (72) - Melân

70 (84) - Selân

80 (96) - Opân

90 (108) - Nesân

A0 (120) - Kyrân

B0 (132) - Penlân

100 (144) - Syryley

Combining Numbers

To derive numbers such as 21 (twenty-one) or 36 (thirty-six) for example, the structure is thus;

21 = Onno-ey-Sonân

The smallest number precedes the larger number.

145 = Yros-ey-Lonân-ey-Syryley

Sentences

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English Example -

This language was once featured.
Thanks to its high level of quality and uniqueness, it has been voted as featured.

Qâêr Translation -

elysñâmêthek synjômenwenâ
elswâok âmnewynnÿethÿ dysênenf kwatwân ird sôemsymónolenf, sonlâ yponônwenâ elswâok Lythênythvenf Arasânythand.

Re-translated version of Qâêr translation -

This Language has been made known to the public.
The cherished language of Qâêr possesses a very high level of quality and uniqeness and therefore has been voted was voted to this sacred position of Honour.