Andusoan

Progress 61%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 0% Adjectives 100% Syntax 67% Words of 1500

Name: Andusoan Type: Fusional Alignment: Nominative-accusative Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: 2 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Setting

Andusoan (Andusenno) is a regional language of the United Islands of Morlago (Le Isle Unitate de Mórlago), spoken in Andusoa. It is a partial Romance language that shares some characteristics with Spanish, Italian, and to a lesser extent, French and Portuguese, but has also been influenced by Old Morlagoan, an a priori conlang.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio- velar	Glottal
Plosive		p b		t d			k g		ʔ
Affricate					t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricative			f v	s z	ʃ ʒ
Nasal		m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Trill				r
Tap / flap				ɾ
Approximant	central					j		w
	lateral			l

Vowels

	Front		Back
Close	i	y	u
Close-mid	e		o
Open	a

Diphthongs and Triphthongs

The five vowels are divided into strong vowels (a, e, o) and weak vowels (i, u, ü). Diphthongs are formed when a strong vowel is followed by a weak vowel (e.g. ai, eu, oi), the reverse (e.g. ia, ue) or when two weak vowels are together (i.e. iu, ui). Ü is special in that the only diphthong it can form is üi. When they are desired to be pronounced separately, a grave accent is added to the first vowel (e.g. agua water ['agwa] and fueron they were ['fweron], but geografía geography [d͡ʒeogɾa'fi.a] and policía police [poli'ʃi.a]). Triphthongs are formed when two weak vowels enclose a strong vowel. Ü cannot form triphthongs.

Vowel Strength

In Andusoan, vowels are divided into two groups and have a strength order, and the weakening of vowels play a major part in the conjugations of Andusoan verbs, as well as other aspects. The two groups are (> means is stronger than):

• a > e > i
• o > u > ü

This is the basis of the native conjugations (see Verbs), plural nouns (see Nouns) and

Phonotactics

The basic syllabic structure is C(C)(C)V(C), where C represents consonants, V represents vowels or vowel clusters and letters in parentheses (e.g. (C)) are optional. The following are the phonological rules of Andusoan:

• The beginning consonant can be any consonant.

• If the initial consonant is s, b, p, t, d, f, g or c, a second consonant is possible.
  • If it is s, the second consonant must be p, c (que, qui), l or t.
  • If it is b, f, c, g or p, the second consonant must be r or l.
  • If it is t or d, the second consonant must be r.

• A third consonant is only available if the first two were either st, sc or sp. St can only be followed by r while sp and sc can be followed by r or l.

• If the vowel is a triphthong, it cannot be followed by a consonant.

• Any consonant can end a syllable.
• One forbidden structure is yi. This is the only exception to the rule. All verb conjugations that would normally have such a construction are reduced to i.

Therefore, the consonant clusters accepted are (s)pr, (s)tr, br, bl, (s)'cr, (s)cl, gr or fr. However, it must noted that this only applies to sounds of the same syllable. Ducto /dukto/ (past participle of ducire - to lead) is accepted because the cluster /kt/ are not in the same syllable.

Pronunciation and Orthography

Andusoan uses the Latin alphabet, with the addition of ñ and exception and k, making a total of 25 letters. In order they are:

A B C Ch D E F G H I J L M N Ñ Nn O P Q R S T Tz U Ü V W X Y Z
a b c ch d e f g h i j l m n ñ nn o p q r s t tz u ü v w x y z

They are pronounced as follows:

Vowels

Letter	Name	IPA of Name	IPA of Pronunciation	Example	IPA	English approximation
A a	a	/a/	/a/	mar sea	/maɾ/	father
E e	e	/e/	/e/	parte part	/'paɾte/	yay
I i	i	/i/	/i/ when not part of (c/g)i(a/o/u)	vivire live	/vi'viɾe/	be
			silent when part of (c/g)i(a/o/u)	baciare to kiss	/ba'ʃaɾe/
			/j/ when part of a vowel cluster	historia history	/is'torja/	yes
O o	o	/o/	/o/	forco fire	/'foɾko/	war (non-rhotic)
U u	u	/u/	/u/ when not part of (g/q)u(e/i)	mura wall	/'muɾa/	moo
			silent when part of (g/q)u(e/i)	que what, that	/ke/
			/w/ when part of a vowel cluster	agua water	/'agwa/	why
Ü ü	ü	/y/	/y/	tzünaga to swim	/t͡sy'naga/	none; French tu

Consonants

Letter	Name	IPA of Name	IPA of Pronunciation	Example	IPA	English approximation
B b	be	/be/	/b/	beza beast	/'beza/	boat
C c	ce	/ʃe/	/k/ when alone/before a, o, u	costa coast	/'koʃta/	skin
			/ʃ/ when before e, i	ducire to lead	/du'ʃire/	ship
Ch ch	che	/t͡ʃe/	/t͡ʃ/	choga to leave	/'t͡ʃoga/	chin
D d	de	/de/	/d/	Deo God	/'deo/	dear
F f	efe	/efe/	/f/	forco fire	/'foɾko/	fire
G g	ge	/d͡ʒe/	/g/ when alone/before a, o, u	agua water	/'agwa/	good
			/d͡ʒ/ when before e, i	magia magic	/'mad͡ʒa/	June
H h	echa	/et͡ʃa/	silent	hotel hotel	/o'tel/
			/ʔ/ when between vowels	woho owl	/'woʔo/	button (Cockney English)
J j	ja	/ʒa/	/ʒ/	jamare to call	/ʒa'maɾe/	vision
L l	ele	/ele/	/l/	luç light	/luʃ/	lake
M m	eme	/eme/	/m/	meu my	/meu/	mat
N n	ene	/ene/	/n/ not preceding /g/ or /k/	noche night	/not͡ʃe/	no
			/ŋ/ when preceding /g/ or /k/	diptongo diphthong	/dip'toŋgo/	finger
Ñ ñ	eñe	/eŋe/	/ŋ/	puña fight	/'puŋa/	sing
Nn nn	enne	/eɲe/	/ɲ/	andusenno Andusoan	/moɾla'goɲo/	canyon; Spanish uña
P p	pe	/pe/	/p/	pórec pig	/'poɾek/	spin
Q q	qe	/xe/	/k/ before ue or ui	qui who	/ki/	skin
			/x/ in all other situations	qabanoga to sacrifice	/xaba'noga/	loch
R r	ere	/eɾe/	/ɾ/	rúa road	/'ɾu.a/	mirror (Scottish English)
S s	ese	/ese/	/s/	see below
T t	te	/te/	/t/	tu you	/tu/	stick
Tz tz	tze	/t͡se/	/t͡s/	tzünaga to swim	/t͡sy'naga/	none; Italian grazia
V v	ve	/ve/	/v/	volo flight	/'volo/	vain
W w	ve doble	/ve 'doble/	/w/	woho owl	/'woʔo/	went
X x	ixa	/iksa/	/ks/	expresare to express	/ekspɾe'zaɾe/	mix
Y y	ye	/je/	/j/	fayare to speak	/fa'jaɾe/	yes
Z z	ze	/ze/	/z/	beza beast	/'beza/	zoo

The pronunciation of S

S is the most complicated letter with regards to phonological rules. It can represent three different phonemes: /ʃ/, /s/ and /z/.

• S is pronounced as /ʃ/ in the clusters st(r), sc(r) and sp(r), so st(r), sc(r) and sp(r) is pronounced /ʃt(ɾ)/, /ʃc(ɾ)/ and /ʃp(ɾ)/, as well as in a word final position

• S is pronounced as /s/ when it is:
  • in a word initial position
  • following a consonant
  • in the digraph ss
  • intervocalic and following a syllable that does not begin with an affricate, rhotic or fricative (i.e. does not begin with /s/, /z/, /f/, /v/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/, /r/) or no initial (i.e. a vowel-only syllable).

• S is pronounced as /z/ when it is intervocalic and following a syllable that begins with an affricate, rhotic or fricative (i.e. begins with /s/, /z/, /f/, /v/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/, /r/)

So necesare (to need) would be pronounced /neʃezaɾe/, while nesare (to worship) would be pronounced /nesaɾe/. However, the voicing of s varies from dialect to dialect, region to region, even individual to individual.

Double consonants

Some double consonants have special pronunciation rules.

• nn is pronounced as a palatal nasal (e.g. anno year [aɲo]) and is considered a letter in its own right

• rr is pronounced as an alveolar trill (i.e. trilled r - /r/)

• ss is always pronounced as /s/, regardless of voicing rules (e.g. fessaga to pull [fesaga])

All other double consonants are pronounced by lengthening/doubling the consonant, like in Italian (e.g. motto a lot [motto])

Basic Grammar

Nouns

Gender

All nouns are assigned into one of the two genders in Andusoan: masculine or feminine. While in some situations it is predictable, such as a bull being masculine and a cow being feminine, the gender of inanimate objects is arbitrary and the gender of each noun must be learnt. A rule of thumb is that nouns ending in -o are usually masculine and those ending in -a are feminine, like in Spanish and Italian.

Number

Nouns are made plural by the following rules:

• If the noun ends in a vowel (e.g. deo god, mura wall), the noun is made plural by vowel weakening (i.e. a > e > i or o > u > ü - e.g. deo > deu, mura > mure), unless it ends in either nn /ɲ/ or y /j/, which weakens from o > ü (e.g. danno curse > dannü curses)

• If the noun ends in a consonant other than -l (e.g. mar sea, condisiòn condition), -es is added to the end (e.g. mar > mares, condisión > condisiones †).

• If the noun ends in -l (e.g. nivel level, degree), the -l is removed, -is added and the vowel before it is accented (e.g. nivel > nivéis). Double i's merge (e.g. sil small wood, bush > *sìís > sís).

† Note the loss of the diacritic. This will be explained in the Stress section.

Definiteness and Case

Andusoan has lost the case system which exists in Latin, and nouns do not decline according to definiteness. Instead, articles are added to show definitiveness, and this will be explained below in the Articles section.

Adjectives

Adjectives decline according to the number and gender of the noun that it compliments. The declensions of adjectivesare shown in the tables below.

Type of adjective	Example	Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
-o	bono good	bono	bonu	bona	bone
-e	triste sad	triste	tristi	triste	tristi
-l	posibel possible	posibel	posibéis	posibel	posibéis
-n/-s	joven young	joven	jóvenes	joven	jóvenes
other consonants	cusavar talkative	cusavar	cusavares	cusavar	cusavares

Comparatives

The comparative form of the adjective is formed by adding tzeya (more) in front of the adjective (e.g. alto high, tall > tzeya alto higher, taller). The adjective declines as usual according to the rules above (e.g. tzeya alto/alta/altu/alte
The comparative form of bono (good) and malo (bad) are irregular:

• bono good > meyor better (meyores)
• malo bad > peor worse (peores)

When used to compare two objects, the adjective is usually followed by que (that) (e.g. Lo elefante é tzeya gran que lo gato. The elephant is bigger than the cat.). Like in English, the second object can be omitted when the context is clear (e.g. Lo elefante é tzeya gran. The elephant is bigger.)

However, the comparative can be used with the definite article lo (e.g. Cuál é lo meyor? Which is the better one?). Lo morphs according to the rules shown in the Article section. (e.g. Jon é lo tzeya inteligente de lu ru pelochu. John is the cleverer one of the two children.; Cuál mesa debo comprar? Va, cuál é la meyor?

Superlatives

The superlative is formed as such:

• If the adjective ends in a vowel, the last vowel is removed and -íssimo is added (e.g. masculino masculine, manly > masculiníssimo most masculine, most manly; triste sad > tristíssimo saddest).

• If the adjective ends in a consonant, -íssimo is directly added to the word (e.g. dificil difficult > dificilíssimo most difficult).
• The superlative declines according to the declensions above (e.g. tristíssimo/tristíssima/tristíssimu/tristíssime)

The superlative form of bono (good) and malo (bad) are irregular:

• bono good > óptimo best
• malo bad > pésimo worst

When used to compare objects, lo (the) usually precedes the adjective, which is followed by de (of) (e.g. Petro é l'óptimo futbolator del mondo, mai Cristiana é la pésima. Peter is the best footballer in the world, but Christiana is the worst.). Note the gender agreement between Cristiana, la and pésima

Prepositions and Conjunctions

Like all other Romance languages, Andusoan has lost the original case system found in Latin and has turned to using prepositions to show the relationship between words. These are mostly derived from Latin. Many of these form contractions with articles and will be explained in the Articles section.

Most conjunctions are also derived from Latin. E (and) and O (or) are special and will morph under certain conditions.

• E morphs into I when preceding a word beginning with /e/
• O morphs into U when preceding a word beginning with /o/

Articles

Articles determines the definiteness of a noun. Like English, there is a definite and indefinite article, each having four forms to represent masculine and feminine, and singular and plural. The definite article is lo, while the indefinite article is un. The following table shows how it morphs according to the gender and number of the noun.

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter	Notes
Definite	lo	lu	la	le	o
Indefinite	un	unu	una	une		The plural forms are translated as some/several

The neuter article O

There is also a neuter article in Morlagoan, o, not to be confused with o (or). This is used in the following situations:

• Used to mean "the thing" in the phrases o que (the thing that/what - e.g. O que vulóu pro la Nativitá é... The thing that/What I want for Christmas is...) and o de (the thing of/the matter of - e.g. O de que seo una beza enorma na citá é la vertá. The thing about/The matter about there being a gigantic beast in the city is true.; La gente spe do del goberno. The people know of the problem/matter with the government.).

• Used with adjectives to create abstract nouns (e.g. Mie omó me demanda o imposibel. My mother demands the impossible from me.; O bono de vivir n'essurbe é que noi seo motto tráfico. The good thing about living in the countryside is that there isn't much traffic.). O morphs into u when it precedes a word starting with o- or ho- (e.g. Tottro mondo vulé u óptimo. Everyone wants the best.)

• Used with infinitives to create a noun (usually translated as the gerund in English) (e.g. O fumar sta prohipto. Smoking is prohibited.; O fayare andusenno é mot dificil. Speaking Andusoan is very difficult.). O morphs to u when preceding an infinitive starting with o- or ho- (e.g. U oírte me vesa. Listening to you annoys me.)

• Used with nouns as an honorific (e.g. O sennor/sennora vulé alco d'hisoga? Would the fine gentleman/lady like something to drink?). It can be used in conjunction with determiners (e.g. O isto sennor This fine gentleman), adjectives (e.g. O Sie Majestá His/Her Majesty, O suave voç do dama The oh-so sweet voice of the lady) etc.

Pronouns

The following is a table of Andusoan pronouns.

Number	Person	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive	Emphatic Nom.	Emphatic Acc./Dat./Refl.	Prepositional
singular	1st	au	me	mi	meu/mie	kia	ke	mi
	2nd (infm.)	tu	te	ti	teu/tie	pia	pe	ti
	2nd (fml.)	voi	vo/se †	vu	veu/vie	cha	che	voi
	3rd	il (m.)/illa (f.)	lo/la/se †	lu/le/si †	seu/sie	dua/fia ‡	due/fe ‡	il / illa / si †
plural	1st	nosé	nos		nostro/nostra (sg.) nostru/nostre (pl.)	kial	kel	nos
	2nd (infm.)	vosé	vos		vostro/vostra (sg.) vostru/vostre (pl.)	pial	pel	vos
	2nd (fml.)	same as 2nd person formal singular
	3rd	illi (m./mixed)/ille (f.)	lu/le/se †	lü/li/si †	seu/sie	dual/fial ‡	duel/fel ‡	ili/ile/si †

† Se and Si are the reflexive form of the 2nd person formal/3rd person accusative case and 3rd person dative/prepositional cases respectively. (e.g. Jon si seo vostogat un carro. John has bought himself a car. Jon heva un concordo con si. John had an agreement with himself.)

‡ fia/fe/fial/fel are used for inanimate things (like it in English) generally, but inanimate things can take on dua as well, which is closer and more intimate than fia.

Contractions

Contractions play a major part in Andusoan grammar.

Some forms of the articles contract when they precede certain nouns:

• The definite articles (lo/la/lu/le) contract to l' when it precedes a noun/adjective with the same initial phonetic sound as its own (i.e. lo when before o-/ho-, la when before a-/ha-, lu when before u-/hu-, le when before e-/he-). Examples:

*lo ojo the eye > l'ojo, *lo hotel the hotel > l'hotel

*la arena the sand, arena > l'arena, *la habità habitat > l'habità

*lu humanu the human > l'humanu

*le essurbe the outskirts > l'essurbe

• un does not contract
• una, unu, une contract according to their definite counterparts above.
• o does not contract with nouns

Lo (lu), la (le) and o also contract with many prepositions and conjunctions:

	lo	la	lu	le	o
en in	no	na	nu	ne	no
de of	del		du		do
a to, at	al		au		eu
con with	cono	cona	conu	cone	cono
pro for	prol		pru		pró
per by, through	pelo	pela	pelu	pele	peu
tot all, entire	tottro	tottra	tottru	tottre
o or	ol †				vo
sur above, over	sulo	sula	sulu	sule	so

† colloquial

Contractions can combine where necessary. This will simply be adding the noun or adjective to the presposition-article combination in the case of contractions ending with -l(a) (e.g. al'hotel to the hotel, del'homo of the man, prol'ojo for the eye, pel'arena through the arena/sand). The contractions of en, con and tot contract even further to n'-, con'- and tottr'- to preserve the phonetic value of the contractions (e.g. n'hotel in the hotel, con'agua with the water, tottr'habitá the entire/whole habitat). However, the neuter article o cannot form such complex contractions. When preceding a word with the initial sound as its final sound (o-/ho- for do, no, cono and vo; u-/hu- for eu and peu), it does not further contract or morph to u.

There are other situations where words will contract.

De contracts to d' when preceding a word starting with e-/he-/i-/hi (e.g. *de educasiòn > d'educasiòn of education)

Noi morphs to no when preceding a word starting with e-/he-/i-/hi (e.g. *noi inteyere > no inteyere Do not understand!). Its inflected form ná contracts to n' before words beginning with a-/ha-, but the other inflected forms (noite, noimo, nate) do not contract.

The direct object pronouns lo/la contract like the definite articles lo/la. Likewise, the indirect object pronouns lu/le contract like the definite articles lu/le.

The direct and indirect object pronouns me/mi/te/ti and reflexive pronouns se/si contract to m' /t' /s' when preceding a verb starting with e-/he-/i-/hi (m'inteye he understands me), while vo/vu contract to v' before verbs beginning with o-/ho-/u-/hu-.

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated according to aspect, voice, person, number, mood and tense. There are officially five conjugation groups in Andusoa, three derived from Latin (Latin conjugations) and two from Old Morlagoan (native conjugations).

Some main differences between Andusoan and other Romance languages is the use of four different auxiliary verbs for the perfective and progressive/continuous aspects, compared to the two or three in other Romance languages, as well as the retention of a synthetic structure for the passive voice, like Latin.

Copula

There are three copulae in Andusoan: sere and stare from Latin, and saga from Old Morlagoan. Each have strict rules of application.

• sere is used for permanent qualities (e.g. nationality, colour, character), general truths (e.g. The Earth is round.), time and with past participles to form to form the passive perfect tenses for verbs in groups 1, 2 and 3 (English - to have been etc.)

• stare is used for transient qualities (e.g. emotions, state of health), certain phrases, with past participles when used as adjectives and with present participles to form the continuous tenses (English - to be -ing)

• saga is used for location, showing the existence of something (translated as there is/are; Seo un fútbol acá. There is a football here.) and to form the perfect tenses for verbs in groups 4 and 5

Compare the following two sentences:

Petro é doreo. Peter is nice (character - permanent).
Petro sta sumagat. Peter is sick (state of health - transient).

The use of one over the other can imply different meanings:

Petro é doreo. Peter is nice (and has always been a nice person).
Petro sta doreo. Peter is (being) nice (only currently).

Impersonal forms

	Latin conjugations			Native conjugations
	Group 1 (-are verbs)	Group 2 (-ere verbs)	Group 3 (-ire verbs)	Group 4 (-aga verbs)	Group 5a (-oga verbs)
Example	to love	to drink	to sleep	to chat	to desire
Infinitive (see below)	amare	bebere	dormire	cusaga	omoga
Present participle/Gerund	amando	bebendo	dormendo	cusagán	omogán
Past participle	amato	see below		cusagat	omogat
Stem	am-	beb-	dorm-	cus-	om-

The infinitive has two forms:

• The literary form (also called the full or formal form) is the original form descended from Latin or Old Morlagoan. All of the examples above are given in this form. As the name implies, nowadays it is only used for literature, formal writing and very formal speaking, e.g. meeting a Head of State, talking to a person you respect very much, praying etc. Traditionally, even less formal situations, such as balls and other upper class activities or talking to an elder, would use this form, but rather recently most of those have switched to the apocopic form (below). It is also worthy to note that while this is the form used in literature, a mixture of both forms can be found in poetry, prose, songs etc., even from hundreds of years ago for reasons such as rhyme, meter etc.

• The apocopic form (also called the short, abbreviated or informal form) is the form used mostly today for informal written and spoken Andusoan. It is also the grammatically correct form when clitics are added to the verb (e.g. omocte to desire you). This form is formed by removing the e from -re (Groups 1, 2 and 3 - amare > amar) or changing the -ga ending to -c (Groups 4 and 5 - cusaga > cusac).

The stem of the is simply the root of the conjugations. It is formed by removing the -ar(e)/-er(e)/-ir(e) in Groups 1-3, or the -aga (ac)/-oga (oc)
The past participle is formed more complicatedly in groups 2 and 3:

Group 2:

• If the stem consists of only a consonant/consonant cluster (e.g. spere to know - stem sp), -uto is added to the stem (spere > sputo). This rule is almost exclusively for the highly irregular verbs

• If the stem consists of a complete syllable or more (i.e. most verbs - bebere to drink - stem beb), -ito is added to the stem (bebere > bebito). Stems ending in -y (e.g. leyere to read - stem ley) has the y removed and -ito added to that (leyere > leito). Note that the stress is changed in this rule (leyere [le'jeɾe] > leito ['leito]; compare with bebere [be'beɾe] > bebito [be'bito])

Group 3:

• If the stem ends in /n/, /k/, /p/, /s/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/, /l/, /ɾ/ or /f/ (e.g. venire to come - stem ven), -to is added to the stem (venire > vento). Note that this applies to verbs ending in -quire as well (pronounced /kiɾe/) - -qu morphs to -c. Also, phonological changes will apply to -cire verbs (e.g. ducire to lead /duʃiɾe/), as the 'soft c' /ʃ/ will become a 'hard c' /k/ when the -to is added (ducire [duʃiɾe] > ducto [dukto]).

• If the stem ends in /g/, /b/, /z/ (disregarding voiced s), /v/, /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/ or /m/ (e.g. prohibire to prohibit/ban - prohib), the final consonant is morphed to its unvoiced counterpart, or /n/ in the case of /m/ (i.e. /g/ > /k/, /b/ > /p/, /z/ > /s/, /v/ > /f/, /d͡ʒ/ > /t͡ʃ/, /ʒ/ > /ʃ/), then -to is added (e.g. stem prohib > *prohip > prohipto. Note that this also applies to verbs ending in -guire (pronounced /giɾe/) - -gu morphs to -c.

• If the stem ends in a vowel (e.g. oíre to hear/listen - stem o) -tto is added to the stem (oíre > otto)

• If the stem ends in a consonant cluster (e.g. dormire to sleep - stem dorm), -uto is added to the end (dormire > dormuto).

The past participle can be used as adjectives with the verb stare. It morphs like a regular -o adjective (Groups 1, 2 and 3) or as a regular -tadjective (Groups 4 and 5).

The highly irregular verbs

There are eleven verbs in Andusoan that are classified as highly irregular. These have irregular constructions in almost every tense and need to be memorised.

They are:

• sere to be (permanent)
• stare to be (transient)
• pozere to be able to (can)
• fazere to do/make
• dizere to say/tell
• habere to have
• ire to go
• spere to know
• vóilere to want †
• saga to exist
• choga to leave

† vòilere has an irregular apocopic infinitive - voler

Present indicative

Pronoun	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Au (I)	amo	bebo	dormo	cusa	omo
Tu (You (informal))	ame	bebi	dormi	cuse	omu
Il/Ila/Voi (He/She/You (formal))	ama	bebe	dormi	cusi	omü
Nosé (We)	amamo	bebemo	dormimo	cusalga	omolgo
Vosé (You (famaliar pl.))	amate	bebete	dormite	cusalgue	omolgu
Ili/Ile/Voi (They/You (formal pl.))	aman	beben	dormen	cusalgui	omolgü

The highly irregular verbs (note that fazere has two different set of conjugations that are acceptable):

Pronoun	sere	stare	pozere	fazere	dizere	habere	ire	spere	saga	choga
Au	sou	stou	pozóu	fazóu / fou	dizóu	hou	vou	spou	sa	cho
Tu	eréi	stai	pozéi	fazéi / fai	dizéi	hai	vai	spei	sei	chau
Il/Ila/Voi	é	sta	pozé	fazé / fa	dizé	ha	va	spe	seo	cheo
Nosé	somo	stamo	pozomo	fazemo / famo	dizemo	hemo	vamo	spemo	sal	chol
Vosé	sette	state	pozete	fazete / fate	dizete	hate	vate	spete	sel	chul
Ili/Ile/Voi	son	stan	pozén	fazen / fan	dizén	han	van	spen	saya	choya

The present indicative is used to express:

• single statements (Hiso agua. I drink water.)
• habitual or regular actions (Vou al mercato cuotidiamén. I go to the market every day.)
• general truths (Seo roppón segundu en un minuto. There are sixty seconds in a minute.)
• actions happening at the present moment (Il tsün. He is swimming.)
• actions in the near future, normally with a time expression (Lo tren cheo a la ruti. The train leaves at two o'clock.)
• conditions which lead to regular action and their consequences (Cuando noi seo sol, noi pozóu laborare. When there is no sun, I cannot work.)

Imperfect indicative

Pronoun	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Au	amaba	bebeba	dormiba	cusaja	omojo
Tu	amabe	bebebe	dormibe	cusaje	omoju
Ile/Ila/Voi	amaba	bebeba	dormiba	cusaji	omojü
Nose	amábamo	bebébamo	dormíbamo	cusava	omovo
Vosé	amábate	bebébate	dormíbate	cusave	omovu
Ili/Ile/Voi	amaban	bebeban	dormiban	cusavi	omovü

Preterite indicative

Pronoun	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Au	amái	bebéi	dorméi	cusaká	omoká
Tu	amasti	bebisti	dormisti	cuseká	omuká
Il/Ila/Voi	amáu	bebéu	dorméu	cusiká	omüká
Nosé	amaimo	bebeimo	dormimo	cusakó	omokó
Vosé	amaite	bebeite	dormite	cusekó	omukó
Ili/Ile/Voi	amaron	beberon	dormeron	cusikó	omükó

Dictionary

No.	English	Morlagoan
1	I	au
2	you (singular)	tu/voi
3	he	il
4	we	nosé
5	you (plural)	vosé
6	they	ili
7	this	isto
8	that	isso
9	here	acá
10	there	ayá/akó
11	who	qui
12	what	que
13	where	ove
14	when	cuando
15	how	com
16	not	noi
17	all	tot
18	many	motto
19	some	unu
20	few	unu
21	other	aitro
22	one	ya
23	two	ru
24	three	sa
25	four	sayém
26	five	karoga
27	big	gran
28	long	yeno
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	parro
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	geva
37	man (adult male)	giano
38	man (human being)	homo
39	child	tisito
40	wife	ojeva
41	husband	vangio
42	mother	omó
43	father	obó
44	animal	beraláu
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	dog	—
48	louse	—
49	snake	senna
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	dagria
55	seed	—
56	leaf	—
57	root	—
58	bark	—
59	flower	flor
60	grass	—
61	rope	—
62	skin	—
63	meat	—
64	blood	exüto
65	bone	—
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	feft
72	head	cio
73	ear	—
74	eye	ojo
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	aqen
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	ten
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	cia
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	giagaga
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	vomitare
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	vere
102	hear	oíre
103	know	spere
104	think	pensare
105	smell	—
106	fear	temere
107	sleep	dormire
108	live	vivire
109	die	morire
110	kill	necare
111	fight	puñare
112	hunt	wotatzoga
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	tzünaga
120	fly	volare
121	walk	aqenoga
122	come	venire
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	starse
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	dare
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	fessaga
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	dizere
141	sing	cantare
142	play	tocolaga
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	cibriogaga
146	swell	—
147	sun	sol
148	moon	luna
149	star	astel
150	water	agua
151	rain	cacela
152	river	sesia
153	lake	lac
154	sea	mar
155	salt	sal
156	stone	petra
157	sand	arena
158	dust	—
159	earth	terra
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	celo
163	wind	vento
164	snow	soyoge
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	forco
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	rúa
171	mountain	montaña
172	red	vermello
173	green	frávito
174	yellow	kamo
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	noche
178	day	día
179	year	anno
180	warm	saxante
181	cold	briotto
182	full	—
183	new	novo
184	old	vetto
185	good	bono
186	bad	malo
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	amdo
197	near	cano
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	a/en
202	in	en
203	with	con
204	and	e
205	if	si
206	because	procao
207	name	ñacra

Example text

Tottru homu son nascatu libri i eguáis en dignité e potrí. Sayatro agogat con rasón e mentecorre e deben fazerse un a aitro con un spírito de fraternitá.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)