| Apasan Hāta | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Either | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 97% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Aenil2 | ||||||||||||
The Apasan flag
Apasan (in Apasan : Hāta /hä:tä/) is a conlang somehow minimalist and highly fusional
Phonology[]
Apasan phonology is pretty small, as it's composed of 10 consonants and 5 vowels
Consonants[]
| Labials | Coronals | Dorsals | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | |
| Plosives | p | t | k, ʔ <'> |
| Fricatives | ɸ <f> | s | h |
| Approximants | ʋ <v> |
Vowels[]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i, i: <ī> | u~ɯ, u:~ɯ: <ū> |
| Mid | e~ɛ, e:~ɛ: <ē> | o, o: <ō> |
| Open | ä~a~ɐ <a>, ä:~a:~ɐ: <ā> | |
Phonotactics[]
(C)V word-initially, CV everywhere else (Verbs can end in -n, and adjectives can end in -t though)
Grammar[]
Word order[]
In Apasan, word order is free, except when a genitive construction happens : the possessor and the possessee need to follow each other.
Ex : "Pu vīkino i etīt" (SPossVO) , "I vīkino pu etīt" (VPossSO) and "Etīt vīkino pu i" (OPossSV) are valid sentences, but "Pu i vīkino etīt" (SVPossO) isn't, as S (Subject) and Poss (Possessed) aren't following each other
Nouns[]
Nouns can be declined using five cases, two numbers and definitiveness :
Cases and numbers[]
| Case | Function | Suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Subject of a verb | Stem / -tē |
| Accusative | Direct object of a verb | -sa / -sā |
| Genitive | Possession | -no / -nō |
| Dative | Indirect object of a verb | -vi / -vī |
| Prepositional | Words which are described by a preposition | -hu / -hū |
Definitiveness[]
| Definitiveness | Prefix |
|---|---|
| Definite | k(a)- |
| Indefinite | Stem |
Verbs[]
Verbs are the most complex feature of Apasan, as they are conjugated using 2 tenses, 2 numbers, 3 aspects, 4 moods and 4 voices, all in 2 affixes and 1 "auxiliary"
TA + Numbers[]
| Tense | Aspect | Function | Suffixes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Perfective | Completed action in the present | Stem / -(m)ū |
| Non-Present | Completed action in the past/future | -(f)ā / -(v)a | |
| Present | Imperfective | Not completed action in the present | -(s)ō / -(n)o |
| Non-Present | Not completed action in the past/future | -(p)e / -(t)ē | |
| Present | Prospective (can be COND) | Action subsequent to a present action | -(h)u / -(e)kū |
| Non-Present | Action subsequent to a past/future action | -(a)mu / -(a)nū |
Moods[]
| Mood | Function | Prefix |
|---|---|---|
| Indicative | Factual Statements | Stem |
| Subjunctive | Desired / Potential Events (can work as Tentative) | n(i)- |
| Imperative | Commands / Requests | s(o)- |
| Interrogative | Questions | h(u)- |
Voices[]
| Voice | Function | Auxiliary |
|---|---|---|
| Active | Subject is the doer of an action | None |
| Passive | Telic aspect and promotes an object as subject | kōvi |
| Antipassive | Atelic aspect and promotes an object as subject | ēvi |
| Applicative | LOC : Promotes a locative object | nomā |
| INSTC : Promotes an instrumental-comitative object | otā |
Pronouns[]
Pronouns are declined using five cases and two numbers : the same as nouns, except the suffixes are different
| Case | Function | Suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Subject of a verb | Stem / -nī |
| Accusative | Direct object of a verb | -ta / -tā |
| Genitive | Possession | -su / -sū |
| Dative | Indirect object of a verb | -fe / -fē |
| Prepositional | Words which are described by a preposition | -vo / -vō |
Adjectives[]
Adjectives are declined using 3 forms and 2 numbers
| Forms | Function | Suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | Standard adjective form | Stem / -(n)i |
| Comparative | Greater degree of adjective | -(t)u / -(p)a |
| Superlative | Greatest degree of adjective | -(s)e / -(h)o |
Other grammar points[]
Changement of Part of speech[]
Apasan has prefixes to change words' part of speech
| POS changer | Prefix |
|---|---|
| Nominalizer | r(a)- |
| Verbalizer | k(u)- |
| Adjectivizer | n(i)- |
| Adverbializer | s(e)- |
Demonstratives[]
Demonstratives have no distinction between Proximal and Medial, as they are the same :
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal-Medial | na | navo |
| Distal | ke | kevo |
Polarity[]
Polarity markers can be placed wherever in the sentence, and defaults to Affirmative when no markers are written
| Polarity | Marker |
|---|---|
| Affirmative | None / ō |
| Negative | ē |
Example texts[]
UDHR Article 1[]
Ka'avetē kukanememu fosukeni u hemāfoni vi monufisahu u 'ufusahu. Nenī ōpūnuva fekefīsa u osūkesu, sefīpova kōva fāsāhū kōva mapivesahu
Ka-'ave-tē ku-kaneme-mu fosuke-ni u hemāfo-ni vi monufi-sa-hu u 'ufu-sa-hu. Ne-nī ōpūnu-va fekafī-sa u osūke-sa, s-efīpo-va kōva fā-sā-hū kōva mapive-sa-hu
DEF.human.PL.NOM VBZ.birth.PL.PFV.PRE free.PL.POSI and equal.PL.POSI in dignity.SG.ACC.PREP and rights.SG.ACC.PREP || 3P.NOM give.NPRS.PFV.PL reason.ACC.SG and conscience.ACC.SG | IMP.act.NPRS.PFV.PL with others.ACC.PREP.PL with brotherhood.ACC.PREP.SG
(Litt. Humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They were given reason and conscience (at birth), (and) must act with others with brotherhood)