Aquilian

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	Stats Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500

Aquilian '
Type
Alignment
Nominative-Accusative, Dative
Head direction
Variable
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

The Aquilian language is closely related to Latin, with very similar grammar and basic vocabulary. Native speakers are well aware of the similarities and a common origin between the two is often suspected, but despite the close relations and ongoing interlinguistic contact, there are some very significant differences between Latin and Aquilian.

These differences include the passive voice, which is common in Latin but is falling out of use in Aquilian except in a few verbs where the passive is most used. Aquilian also lacks a synthetic future tense, and in general distinguishes aspect before tense unlike in Latin. However, while Aquilian verbal morphology has greatly simplified relative to Latin, the nominal morphology retains archaic features lost or marginalized in Latin, such as the locative case. But the most striking differences are in the syntax; Latin, despite using prepositions and most adjectives after nouns, is normally verb-final. This contrasts with Aquilian, where the syntax is head-initial with very few exceptions, and is best shown by the verb-initial and verb-second word orders, and the mainstream Aquilian dialects seem to be developing a topic-prominent structure similar to many East Asian languages but very unusual among Western European languages.

Phonology

Consonants

(NOTE. Sounds in round brackets are allophones)

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n	(n)				(ŋ)
Plosive	p b		t d					k kʷ g gʷ
Fricative	ɸ (β)	(f) (v)	θ (ð)	s (z)				x (ɣ)
Affricate
Approximant				l			j	w
Trill				r
Flap or tap				(ɾ)
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.
Lateral flap

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i				u
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid	e		ə		o
Open-mid
Near-open
Open			a

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are declined in several classes, but there are some patterns that can aid memory of the various forms:

Class I, final -a

akʷa- 'water', feminine	Singular	Plural
Nominative, Vocative	akʷā	akʷās
Accusative	akʷām	akʷans
Genitive	akʷās	akʷāzom
Locative	akʷai	akʷais
Dative	akʷai	akʷais
Ablative	akʷād	akʷaid

Vocabulary

No.	English
1	I	egō(m), me
2	you (singular)	tū, te
3	he	ēs
4	we	wēs, nōs
5	you (plural)	ūs, wōs
6	they	ēzoi
7	this	kēs, kēa, kēd
8	that	iβēs, iβēa, iβēd
9	here	kē
10	there	iβē
11	who	kʷōs
12	what	kʷōd
13	where	kʷōɸē
14	when	kʷande
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	—
37	man (adult male)	—
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	—
40	wife	—
41	husband	—
42	mother	—
43	father	—
44	animal	—
45	fish	—
46	bird	—
47	cat	—
48	dog	—
49	louse	—
50	snake	—
51	worm	—
52	tree	—
53	forest	—
54	stick	—
55	fruit	—
56	seed	—
57	leaf	—
58	root	—
59	bark	—
60	flower	—
61	grass	—
62	rope	—
63	skin	—
64	meat	—
65	blood	—
66	bone	—
67	fat	—
68	egg	—
69	horn	—
70	tail	—
71	feather	—
72	hair	—
73	head	—
74	ear	—
75	eye	—
76	nose	—
77	mouth	—
78	tooth	—
79	tongue	—
80	fingernail	—
81	foot	—
82	leg	—
83	knee	—
84	hand	—
85	wing	—
86	belly	—
87	guts	—
88	neck	—
89	back	—
90	breast	—
91	heart	—
92	liver	—
93	drink	—
94	eat	—
95	bite	—
96	suck	—
97	spit	—
98	vomit	—
99	blow	—
100	breathe	—
101	laugh	—
102	see	—
103	hear	—
104	know	—
105	think	—
106	smell	—
107	fear	—
108	sleep	—
109	live	—
110	die	—
111	kill	—
112	fight	—
113	hunt	—
114	hit	—
115	cut	—
116	split	—
117	stab	—
118	scratch	—
119	dig	—
120	swim	—
121	fly	—
122	walk	—
123	come	—
124	lie	—
125	sit	—
126	stand	—
127	turn	—
128	fall	—
129	give	—
130	hold	—
131	squeeze	—
132	rub	—
133	wash	—
134	wipe	—
135	pull	—
136	push	—
137	throw	—
138	tie	—
139	sew	—
140	count	—
141	say	—
142	sing	—
143	play	—
144	float	—
145	flow	—
146	freeze	—
147	swell	—
148	sun	—
149	moon	—
150	star	—
151	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
160	earth	—
161	cloud	—
162	fog	—
163	sky	—
164	wind	—
165	snow	—
166	ice	—
167	smoke	—
168	fire	—
169	ash	—
170	burn	—
171	road	—
172	mountain	—
173	red	—
174	green	—
175	yellow	—
176	white	—
177	black	—
178	night	—
179	day	—
180	year	—
181	warm	—
182	cold	—
183	full	—
184	new	—
185	old	—
186	good	—
187	bad	—
188	rotten	—
189	dirty	—
190	straight	—
191	round	—
192	sharp	—
193	dull	—
194	smooth	—
195	wet	—
196	dry	—
197	correct	—
198	near	—
199	far	—
200	right	—
201	left	—
202	at	—
203	in	—
204	with	—
205	and	—
206	if	—
207	because	—
208	name	—