Arda lingwa

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	Stats Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500

Arda lingwa (temporary name)
Type
fusional
Alignment
nominative-accusative
Head direction
initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
No
Conjugations
No
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

As a general idea, consonnants don't distinguish voiced and unvoiced, explaining the [~] between two letters of the IPA.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	ɱ1	n			ŋ2
Plosive	p~b (b)		t~d (d)			k~g (g)
Fricative		f~v (v)	s~z (z)	ʃ~ʒ (j)		x3		h4
Affricate			t͡s~d͡z5 (dz)	t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ5 (dj)
Approximant					j (y)		w
Trill			r
Lateral app.			l

¹ When followed by /f~v/
² When followed by /k~g/
³ Occurs for two reasons:

• 1.When /i/ is followed or preceded by /j/; or when a descending diphthong is followed by an ascending diphthong of the same nature (e.g. /äj.jä/ -> /äj.xä/);

• 2.When /u/ is followed by /w/; or when a descending diphthong is followed by an ascending diphthong of the same nature (e.g. /äw.wä/ -> /äw.xä/

⁴ This sound isn't written, but implied within the text and speech. It's used instead of the glottal stop, between vowels or in a beginning of a word that begins with a vowel.
⁵ Associated with the digraphs "dz" and "dj"

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e̞	ə (h)	o̞
Open-Mid			ɔ1 (o)
Open		ä

¹ In diphthongs "wo" and "ow", in triphthongs "yow' and "woy"; and when followed by two consonants in the same word.

Alphabet

a b d e g h i j l m n o r u v w y z

Diphthongs and triphthongs

Diphthongs

Ascending with y: ya ye (yi [xi]) yh yo yu

Descending with y: ay ey hy oy

Ascending with w: wa we wi wh wo (wu [xu])

Descending with w: aw ew hw ow

Triphthongs

Initial and final y: yay yey yhy yoy

Initial y and final w: yaw yew yhw yow

Initial w and final y: way wey why woy

Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No

Word Identification

Words are susceptible to ablaut in order to identify their nature. The principle goes likewise:

• A becomes E
• O becomes I
• H becomes U

Explanation

• If the first and last syllable has an A, O, or H, the word is identified as a singular noun.

• If the first syllable has an A, O, or H, but the last syllable became E, I, or U, the word is identified as a plural noun.

• If the first syllable has either an E, I, U, but the last syllable has an A, O, or H, the word is either an adjective (if it follows a noun) or an adverb (if it follows a verb). N.B.: adjective don't take a number agreement.
• If the first and last syllable has an E, I, or U, the word is a verb.

last syllable	a, o, h	e, i, u
first syllable
a, o, h	singular noun	plural noun
e, i, u	adjective/adverb	verb

Exception:

In case of a descending diphthong, or triphthong implying H and O in the last syllable:

• H becomes O

last syllable	a, h	e, o
first syllable
a, o, h	singlular noun	plural noun
e, i, u	adjective/adverb	verb