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Arda lingwa (temporary name) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
nominative-accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
initial | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
No | |||
Conjugations | |||
No | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
As a general idea, consonnants don't distinguish voiced and unvoiced, explaining the [~] between two letters of the IPA.
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | ɱ1 | n | ŋ2 | ||||
Plosive | p~b (b) | t~d (d) | k~g (g) | |||||
Fricative | f~v (v) | s~z (z) | ʃ~ʒ (j) | x3 | h4 | |||
Affricate | t͡s~d͡z5 (dz) | t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ5 (dj) | ||||||
Approximant | j (y) | w | ||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral app. | l |
1 When followed by /f~v/
2 When followed by /k~g/
3 Occurs for two reasons:
- 1.When /i/ is followed or preceded by /j/; or when a descending diphthong is followed by an ascending diphthong of the same nature (e.g. /äj.jä/ -> /äj.xä/);
- 2.When /u/ is followed by /w/; or when a descending diphthong is followed by an ascending diphthong of the same nature (e.g. /äw.wä/ -> /äw.xä/
4 This sound isn't written, but implied within the text and speech. It's used instead of the glottal stop, between vowels or in a beginning of a word that begins with a vowel.
5 Associated with the digraphs "dz" and "dj"
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e̞ | ə (h) | o̞ |
Open-Mid | ɔ1 (o) | ||
Open | ä |
1 In diphthongs "wo" and "ow", in triphthongs "yow' and "woy"; and when followed by two consonants in the same word.
Alphabet[]
a b d e g h i j l m n o r u v w y z
Diphthongs and triphthongs[]
Diphthongs[]
Ascending with y: ya ye (yi [xi]) yh yo yu
Descending with y: ay ey hy oy
Ascending with w: wa we wi wh wo (wu [xu])
Descending with w: aw ew hw ow
Triphthongs[]
Initial and final y: yay yey yhy yoy
Initial y and final w: yaw yew yhw yow
Initial w and final y: way wey why woy
Phonotactics[]
Grammar[]
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nouns | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Word Identification[]
Words are susceptible to ablaut in order to identify their nature. The principle goes likewise:
- A becomes E
- O becomes I
- H becomes U
Explanation[]
- If the first and last syllable has an A, O, or H, the word is identified as a singular noun.
- If the first syllable has an A, O, or H, but the last syllable became E, I, or U, the word is identified as a plural noun.
- If the first syllable has either an E, I, U, but the last syllable has an A, O, or H, the word is either an adjective (if it follows a noun) or an adverb (if it follows a verb). N.B.: adjective don't take a number agreement.
- If the first and last syllable has an E, I, or U, the word is a verb.
last syllable | a, o, h | e, i, u |
---|---|---|
first syllable | ||
a, o, h | singular noun | plural noun |
e, i, u | adjective/adverb | verb |
Exception:
In case of a descending diphthong, or triphthong implying H and O in the last syllable:
- H becomes O
last syllable | a, h | e, o |
---|---|---|
first syllable | ||
a, o, h | singlular noun | plural noun |
e, i, u | adjective/adverb | verb |