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Ardlang Ardlang | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Rather isolating | |||
Alignment | |||
Direct | |||
Head direction | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
No | |||
Conjugations | |||
No | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Contents
General information[edit | edit source]
Ardlang is a worldlang project. It has an a posteriori dictionary and an a priori grammar.
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Ardlang follows the rule "one letter = one sound" with few exceptions due to euphonia.
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Alphabet[edit | edit source]
Currently there is only a Latin and a Cyrillic alphabet.
Latin |
Cyrillic |
Pronunciation |
---|---|---|
A a |
A a |
[a] |
B b |
Б б |
[b] |
C c |
Ц ц |
[ts] |
D d |
Д д |
[d] |
E e |
E e |
[e] |
F f |
Ф ф |
[f] |
G g |
Г г |
[g] |
H h |
X x |
[h] or [x] |
I i |
И и |
[i] |
J j |
Ж ж |
[ʒ] or [dʒ] |
K k |
К к |
[k] |
L l |
Л л |
[l] |
M m |
М м |
[m] |
N n |
Н н |
[n] |
O o |
O o |
[o] |
P p |
П п |
[p] |
Q q |
Ч ч |
[tʃ] |
R r |
P p |
[r] or [ɹ] |
S s |
C c |
[s] |
T t |
Т т |
[t] |
U u |
У у |
[u] |
V v |
В в |
[v] |
W w |
Ў ў |
[w] |
X x |
Ш ш |
[ʃ] |
Y y |
Й й |
[j] |
Z z |
З з |
[z] or [dz] |
H, J and R can be pronounced in two different ways. For example, an English speaker would find more natural to pronounce J as [ʤ], while a French or a Russian one would more easily pronounce it as [ʒ].
Stress[edit | edit source]
Stress is on the penultimate syllable. W and Y are semivowels, therefore the stress is never placed on them. For example, sekwi (to follow) is pronounced [sEkwi] and not [sekUi]. An exception is made for AO and EO, due to euphony. When they constitute the last two syllables, O is considered a vowel and the stress falls on A or E. Therefore, leon (lion) is pronounced [lEon]. Otherwise, O is considered a semivowel. So baoli (violence) is pronounced [bAoli] and not [baOli].
Compound words, kept together by an hyphen, have one stress for each root word. Ex: Frans-lang (French language) [frAns-lAng].
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
Grammar[edit | edit source]
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Nouns | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Vocabulary[edit | edit source]
The vocabulary borrows from various language families, categorized as follows.
- Indo-European: Italian, English, French, Spanish, German, Russian, Hindi-Urdu, Sanskrit, Farsi, Latin, Greek. Minor sources include Basque, Portuguese, Ukrainian, Irish, Albanian, Armenian and Bengali.
- Altaic: Japanese, Korean, Turkish
- Sino-Tibetan: Mandarin Chinese
- Afroasiatic: Arabic. Minor sources include Hebrew.
- Austronesian: Indonesian, Malay, Javanese
- Niger-Congo: Swahili. Minor sources include Bantu languages.
Swadesh List[edit | edit source]
No. | English | Ardlang |
---|---|---|
1 | I | me |
2 | you (singular) | te |
3 | he | ho |
4 | we | we |
5 | you (plural) | ve |
6 | they | le |
7 | this | este |
8 | that | kele |
9 | here | je |
10 | there | na |
11 | who | kwi |
12 | what | kto |
13 | where | kwer |
14 | when | kwan |
15 | how | kak |
16 | not | ne |
17 | all | ves |
18 | many | poli |
19 | some | irgen |
20 | few | xao |
21 | other | ali |
22 | one | un |
23 | two | du |
24 | three | tri |
25 | four | qar |
26 | five | pent |
27 | big | meg |
28 | long | long |
29 | wide | wid |
30 | thick | dik |
31 | heavy | wazni |
32 | small | parve |
33 | short | dwan |
34 | narrow | ang |
35 | thin | bao |
36 | woman | gina, fem |
37 | man (adult male) | andro, nan |
38 | man (human being) | human |
39 | child | infant, kid |
40 | wife | gamfem |
41 | husband | gamnan |
42 | mother | matra |
43 | father | patro |
44 | animal | animal |
45 | fish | maq |
46 | bird | pakxi |
47 | cat | — |
48 | dog | kuk |
49 | louse | lus |
50 | snake | serpent |
51 | worm | verm |
52 | tree | arbor |
53 | forest | forest |
54 | stick | stik |
55 | fruit | frukt |
56 | seed | sem |
57 | leaf | yez |
58 | root | riza |
59 | bark | korteks |
60 | flower | flor |
61 | grass | cao |
62 | rope | kord |
63 | skin | derm |
64 | meat | maz |
65 | blood | hema |
66 | bone | osto |
67 | fat | lipo, lipid |
68 | egg | ovo |
69 | horn | korn |
70 | tail | kawd |
71 | feather | plum |
72 | hair | har, triho |
73 | head | kaput |
74 | ear | oto |
75 | eye | ayk |
76 | nose | nos |
77 | mouth | mund |
78 | tooth | dent |
79 | tongue | jib |
80 | fingernail | nag |
81 | foot | pod |
82 | leg | noga |
83 | knee | genue |
84 | hand | hand |
85 | wing | pter |
86 | belly | ventre |
87 | guts | antra |
88 | neck | jing |
89 | back | dors |
90 | breast | yuban |
91 | heart | kor, kardyo |
92 | liver | hepat |
93 | drink | pin |
94 | eat | fag |
95 | bite | yao |
96 | suck | sukti |
97 | spit | spit |
98 | vomit | vomit |
99 | blow | sufle |
100 | breathe | nafas |
101 | laugh | rid |
102 | see | vid |
103 | hear | awdit |
104 | know | gnoz |
105 | think | pens |
106 | smell | wen |
107 | fear | fob |
108 | sleep | dorm |
109 | live | jiv |
110 | die | mort |
111 | kill | mord, katla |
112 | fight | jeng |
113 | hunt | kaz |
114 | hit | udar |
115 | cut | katna |
116 | split | split |
117 | stab | ponard |
118 | scratch | skrat |
119 | dig | kav |
120 | swim | plav |
121 | fly | fey |
122 | walk | zow |
123 | come | lay |
124 | lie | lug |
125 | sit | sid |
126 | stand | stand |
127 | turn | rotat, spin |
128 | fall | pad |
129 | give | dan |
130 | hold | ten |
131 | squeeze | klem |
132 | rub | frot |
133 | wash | don |
134 | wipe | terg |
135 | pull | trakt |
136 | push | twi |
137 | throw | pao |
138 | tie | ligat |
139 | sew | kudre |
140 | count | kont, komput |
141 | say | xwo |
142 | sing | gan |
143 | play | ludo, play, igrat |
144 | float | flot |
145 | flow | fluks |
146 | freeze | maroz |
147 | swell | inflati |
148 | sun | sol |
149 | moon | lun |
150 | star | xin |
151 | water | hidro, akwa |
151 | rain | pluv |
152 | river | nadi |
153 | lake | lak |
154 | sea | mar |
155 | salt | sal, hal |
156 | stone | petra |
157 | sand | sand |
158 | dust | pulve |
160 | earth | ard, zemya |
161 | cloud | nub |
162 | fog | nebul |
163 | sky | tyan |
164 | wind | feng |
165 | snow | sneg |
166 | ice | lyod |
167 | smoke | duman, fum |
168 | fire | agni |
169 | ash | seniz |
170 | burn | bren |
171 | road | dao |
172 | mountain | xan |
173 | red | rud |
174 | green | ahdar |
175 | yellow | hwan |
176 | white | byel |
177 | black | kal |
178 | night | nokt |
179 | day | din |
180 | year | nyan |
181 | warm | garm |
182 | cold | halod |
183 | full | plen |
184 | new | nov |
185 | old | lao |
186 | good | bon |
187 | bad | mal |
188 | rotten | putrid |
189 | dirty | zang |
190 | straight | ort |
191 | round | rond |
192 | sharp | akut |
193 | dull | tup |
194 | smooth | glat |
195 | wet | mokri |
196 | dry | suk |
197 | correct | korekti |
198 | near | karib |
199 | far | dalek |
200 | right | desne |
201 | left | levne |
202 | at | a |
203 | in | in |
204 | with | yu |
205 | and | i |
206 | if | ag |
207 | because | sabab |
208 | name | nam |
Example text[edit | edit source]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Ves human quxen azad i egal in endiote i prav. Le hav razon i yanxim, i deb akt mutwal in spirit de fratiote.