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Arjanos is a simplified and regularized version of the Proto-Indo-European language. Laryngeals, Ablauting, Heteroclites, and themetic vowels were removed to ensure regularity.
| Name: Arjanos
Type: Fusional Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: Number of genders: 3 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
| ||||||||||||||
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Nouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Setting[]
Phonology[]
| Letter | Name | IPA |
| a | a | /a/ |
| ā | ā | /a:/ |
| b | be | /b/ |
| bh | bhe | /bʰ/ |
| d | de | /d/ |
| dh | dhe | /dʰ/ |
| e | e | /ɛ/ |
| ē | ē | /e:/ |
| g | ge | /g/ |
| gh | ghe | /gʰ/ |
| c | ce | /gʷ/ |
| ch | che | /gʷʰ/ |
| i | /i/ | /i/ |
| ī | ī | /i:/ |
| j | je | /j/ |
| k | ke | /k/ |
| q | qe | /kʷ/ |
| qh | qhe | /kʷʰ/ |
| l | el | /l/ |
| l. | l. | /l̥/ |
| m | em | /m/ |
| m. | m. | /m̥/ |
| en | en | /n/ |
| n. | n. | /n̥/ |
| o | o | /ɔ/ |
| ō | ō | /o:/ |
| p | pe | /p/ |
| r | er | /r/ |
| r. | r. | /r̥/ |
| s | es | /s/ |
| t | te | /t/ |
| u | u | /u/ |
| ū | u | /u:/ |
| w | we | /w/ |
Diphthongs:
ei, eu, ai, au, oi, ou,
Symbols to represent foreign sounds in loan words:
| IPA | Symbol |
| /f/ | f |
| /v/ | v |
| /z/ | z |
| /x/ | kh |
| /ɣ/ | gh |
| /ʃ/ | sh |
| /ʒ/ | zh |
| /ŋ/ | ng |
| /ɲ/ | nj |
| /ʎ/ | lj |
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Retrofl. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn. | Epiglot. | Glottal | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Affricates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fricatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Affricates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nasals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trills | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Flaps / taps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glides | Approxim. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Appr. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-art. approx. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vowels[]
| Front | Near front | Central | Near back | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ||||||||||
| Near-close | ||||||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||||||
| Mid | ||||||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||||||
| Near-open | ||||||||||
| Open | ||||||||||
Phonotactics[]
Basic Grammar[]
|
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | ||||||||||
|
Thematic |
Athematic |
Thematic |
Athematic |
Thematic | Athematic | |||||||
|
animate |
neuter |
animate |
neuter |
animate |
neuter |
animate |
neuter |
Animate | Neuter | Animate | Neuter | |
|
Nominative |
-os |
-om |
-s* |
- |
-ō |
-oi |
-(ō) |
-i |
-ōs | -a | -(e)s | -a |
|
Vocative |
-e |
-om |
- |
- |
-ō |
-oi |
-(ō) |
-i |
-ōs | -a | -(e)s | -a |
|
Accusative |
-om |
-om |
-m |
- |
-ō |
-oi |
-(ō) |
-i |
-ons | -a | -ns | -a |
|
Genitive |
-osjo |
-(o)s |
-ōm |
-(ō)m |
-ōm | -(ō)m | ||||||
|
Dative |
-oi |
-(e)i |
-oibhos |
-bhos |
-oibhos | -bhos | ||||||
|
Instrumental |
-ō |
-bhi |
-oibhis |
-bhis |
-oibhis | -bhis | ||||||
|
Ablative |
-ōd |
-(o)s |
-oibhos |
-bhos |
-oibhos | -oibhos | ||||||
|
Locative |
-oi |
-i |
-oisu |
-su |
-oisu | -oisu | ||||||
- If the stem vowel is "-a" the the nominative singular animate ending is "-"
Letters in parentheses appear only if the stem ends in a consonant or in "-i" or "-u", in which case they become "j" and "w", repsectively, when the letters in parentheses appear.
If the omited letter in parentheses is a long vowel, the stem vowel becomes long.
Adjectives:
Declines as a noun does and may be thematic or athematic. Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in case, gender, and number. Thematic adjectives do not become athematic when modifying athematic nouns, however, when a thematic adjective modifies a feminine noun, the stem vowel is changed to -a and becomes athematic, as in Latin.
Adverbs:
Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by adding the ending -ē.
Verb tense:
| Past | Present | Future |
| ē-[stem]-[ending] | [stem]-[ending] | [stem]-(i)si/(i)sj-[ending] |
Verb Aspect and Mood:
| Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Opative | Imperfect | Perfect | Middle | Passive | |
| 1st Sing | -mi | -ō | -jem | -m. | -a | -mai | -mar | |
| 2nd Sing | -si | -dhi | -ēsi | -jes | -s | -tha | -soi | -sor |
| 3rd Sing | -ti | -ēti | -jet | -t | -e | -toi | -tor | |
| 1st dual | -wos | -ōwe | -iwe | -we | -we | -wodhoi | -wodhor | |
| 2nd dual | -tes | -tes | -etis | -itis | -tis | -tis | -dhisoi | -dhisor |
| 3rd dual | -ses | -ēse | -ise | -se | -se | -sedhoi | -sedhor | |
| 1st Plural | -mos | -ōmos | -ime | -me | -me | -modhoi | -modhor | |
| 2nd Plural | -te | -te | -ēte | -ite | -te | -te | -dhoi | -dhor |
| 3rd Plural | -enti | -ōnti | -int | -n.t | -ēr | -n.toi | -n.tor |
Infinitive:
-tūs (Declinable)
Gerund:
-endos/m
Passive Pariciple:
-tos/m
Active Pariciple:
-nt/s
Agent:
-tor/s
Pronouns:
|
Stem |
1st |
2nd | ||||
|
Numb |
sing |
dual |
plur |
sing |
dual |
plur |
|
Nom. |
ego |
wē |
wējes |
tū |
jū |
jūs |
|
Acc. |
mē |
nō |
n.sme |
tē |
wō |
usme |
|
Gen. |
moi |
nos |
nos | tewe | wos | wos |
|
Dat. |
mēghei |
nōsbheis |
nōsbheis | tēbhei | wōsbheis | wōsbheis |
|
Abl. |
mēd |
n.smed |
n.smed |
twēd |
usmed | usmed |
|
Ins. |
mojo |
n.smi |
n.smi | twojo | usmi | usmi |
|
Loc. |
mēi |
n.smei |
n.smei | twēi | usmei | usmei |
Third Person Pronouns/Demonstrative Pronouns/Definate Article
|
Masculine |
||
|
sing |
plur | |
| Nominative |
Sō |
Toi |
| Accusative |
Tom |
Tons |
| Genitive |
Tosjo |
Toisom |
| Dative |
Tosmoi |
Tōbhos |
| Instrumental |
Tosmod |
Tōbhos |
| Ablative |
Toi |
Tois |
| Locative |
Tosmi |
Toisu |
|
Feminine |
||
|
sing |
plur | |
| Nominative |
Sa |
Tai |
| Accusative |
Tam |
Tans |
| Genitive |
Tasjas |
Tasom |
| Dative |
Tasjai |
Tabhos |
| Ablative |
Tasjas |
Tabhos |
| Instrumental |
Tasja |
Tabhis |
| Locative |
Tasjai |
Tasu |
|
Neuter |
||
|
sing |
plur | |
| Nominative |
Tod |
Ta |
| Accusative |
Tod |
Ta |
| Genitive |
Tosjo |
Toisom |
| Dative |
Tosmoi |
Tōbhos |
| Instrumental |
Tosmod |
Tōbhos |
| Ablative |
Toi |
Tois |
| Locative |
Tosmi |
Toisu |
Prepositions
· Ap-from
· Epi-Near
· Ad-To
· En-In
· Enter-Among
· An-On
· Au-Away From
· Ambi-Around
· Com-With
· Ander-Under
· Nu-Now
· Pra-Before, In front of
· Pēr-Through
· Ūpar-Above
· Up-Under
· Ne-Not
· -ne-Question
· -qe-And
· -weor
· joqe-And
· Ā!-Oh!
· Wai!-Woe!
Reflective Pronouns:
Acc. se
Gen. sewe
Dat. sebi
Inst. sesoi
Abl. sesed
Loc. sesi
Relative Pronoun:
kwi
Interogative/Indefinite Pronoun:
Nominative: kwis kwid
Accusative: kwim kwid
Genative: kwisio kwidio
Dative : kwismoi kwidmoi
Ablative: kwido kwido
Instrumental: kwiso kwido
Locative: kwoi kwoi
Pronominal Adjective:
alyo-, another
Demonstratives:
"This"
Singular
Mas. Neu. Fem.
Nom. so tod sa
Acc. tom tod tam
Gen. tosio tosio tasas
Dat. tosmoi tosmoi tasai
Loc. tosmoi tosmoi tasai
Ins. toi toi toi
Ablative. toid toid tad
Plural
Mas. Neu. Fem.
Nom. toi ta sai
Acc. tons ta tans
Gen. tesom tesom tesom
Dat. toimos toimos tamos
Loc. toisu toisu tasu
Ins. toibi toibi tabi
Ablative. toibo toibo tabo
"That"
Singular
Mas. Neu. Fem.
Nom. he hid ia
Acc. im hid im
Gen. heso heso hesas
Dat. hesmoi hesmoi hesai
Loc. hesmi hesmi hesiai
Ins. heo heo hea
Abl. hed hed he
Plural
Mas. Neu. Fem.
Nom. hei i ies
Acc. ins i ins
Gen. hesom hesom hesom
Dat. heimus heimus heimus
Loc. heibo heibo heibo
Ins. hebi hebi habi
Abl. heibo hebo habo
Esi:
Esmi
Esi
Esti
Esmos
Este
Sent
Numerals:
Hoino-, one
Duwo-, two
Trei-, three
Kwetwor-, four
Pekwe-, five
Sweks-, six
Sept(e)m-, seven
Hekto, eight
newn-, nine
Dekimt-, ten
wikimt-Twenty
trikomt-Thirty
Kwetwirikomt-Forty
Pekwekomt-Fifty
Sweksikomipt-Sixty
Septimkompt-Seventy
newnikomipt-Ninety
Hektoukomipt-Eighty
Dekimtom-, hundred
Gheslo-, thousand
Numeral Prefixes:
sim-one
dwi-two
tri-three
kwetru-four
Ordinal numbers:
pri-first
alyo-second
tirto-third
oktowo-eighth
Conjunction
kwe-and
we-or
de-(because)
nu-(therefore)
Interjections:
Wai!-woe or agony
O!-oh!
Particles:
apo-from
epi-near, at, upon, by
had-to, by, at
hen-in
henter-within
heno-on
heuo-off, away, down from
hanbi- around
kata-down
kom-with
ni-down, under
nu-now
pe-together, with
peri-around, through
per-before, forth, in front of
-r, for (enclitic)
uper-over
up-under, below
ne/n-(negator)
Dictionary[]
| No. | English | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | — |
| 2 | you (singular) | — |
| 3 | he | — |
| 4 | we | — |
| 5 | you (plural) | — |
| 6 | they | — |
| 7 | this | — |
| 8 | that | — |
| 9 | here | — |
| 10 | there | — |
| 11 | who | — |
| 12 | what | — |
| 13 | where | — |
| 14 | when | — |
| 15 | how | — |
| 16 | not | — |
| 17 | all | — |
| 18 | many | — |
| 19 | some | — |
| 20 | few | — |
| 21 | other | — |
| 22 | one | — |
| 23 | two | — |
| 24 | three | — |
| 25 | four | — |
| 26 | five | — |
| 27 | big | — |
| 28 | long | — |
| 29 | wide | — |
| 30 | thick | — |
| 31 | heavy | — |
| 32 | small | — |
| 33 | short | — |
| 34 | narrow | — |
| 35 | thin | — |
| 36 | woman | — |
| 37 | man (adult male) | — |
| 38 | man (human being) | — |
| 39 | child | — |
| 40 | wife | — |
| 41 | husband | — |
| 42 | mother | — |
| 43 | father | — |
| 44 | animal | — |
| 45 | fish | — |
| 46 | bird | — |
| 47 | dog | — |
| 48 | louse | — |
| 49 | snake | — |
| 50 | worm | — |
| 51 | tree | — |
| 52 | forest | — |
| 53 | stick | — |
| 54 | fruit | — |
| 55 | seed | — |
| 56 | leaf | — |
| 57 | root | — |
| 58 | bark | — |
| 59 | flower | — |
| 60 | grass | — |
| 61 | rope | — |
| 62 | skin | — |
| 63 | meat | — |
| 64 | blood | — |
| 65 | bone | — |
| 66 | fat | — |
| 67 | egg | — |
| 68 | horn | — |
| 69 | tail | — |
| 70 | feather | — |
| 71 | hair | — |
| 72 | head | — |
| 73 | ear | — |
| 74 | eye | — |
| 75 | nose | — |
| 76 | mouth | — |
| 77 | tooth | — |
| 78 | tongue | — |
| 79 | fingernail | — |
| 80 | foot | — |
| 81 | leg | — |
| 82 | knee | — |
| 83 | hand | — |
| 84 | wing | — |
| 85 | belly | — |
| 86 | guts | — |
| 87 | neck | — |
| 88 | back | — |
| 89 | breast | — |
| 90 | heart | — |
| 91 | liver | — |
| 92 | drink | — |
| 93 | eat | — |
| 94 | bite | — |
| 95 | suck | — |
| 96 | spit | — |
| 97 | vomit | — |
| 98 | blow | — |
| 99 | breathe | — |
| 100 | laugh | — |
| 101 | see | — |
| 102 | hear | — |
| 103 | know | — |
| 104 | think | — |
| 105 | smell | — |
| 106 | fear | — |
| 107 | sleep | — |
| 108 | live | — |
| 109 | die | — |
| 110 | kill | — |
| 111 | fight | — |
| 112 | hunt | — |
| 113 | hit | — |
| 114 | cut | — |
| 115 | split | — |
| 116 | stab | — |
| 117 | scratch | — |
| 118 | dig | — |
| 119 | swim | — |
| 120 | fly | — |
| 121 | walk | — |
| 122 | come | — |
| 123 | lie | — |
| 124 | sit | — |
| 125 | stand | — |
| 126 | turn | — |
| 127 | fall | — |
| 128 | give | — |
| 129 | hold | — |
| 130 | squeeze | — |
| 131 | rub | — |
| 132 | wash | — |
| 133 | wipe | — |
| 134 | pull | — |
| 135 | push | — |
| 136 | throw | — |
| 137 | tie | — |
| 138 | sew | — |
| 139 | count | — |
| 140 | say | — |
| 141 | sing | — |
| 142 | play | — |
| 143 | float | — |
| 144 | flow | — |
| 145 | freeze | — |
| 146 | swell | — |
| 147 | sun | — |
| 148 | moon | — |
| 149 | star | — |
| 150 | water | — |
| 151 | rain | — |
| 152 | river | — |
| 153 | lake | — |
| 154 | sea | — |
| 155 | salt | — |
| 156 | stone | — |
| 157 | sand | — |
| 158 | dust | — |
| 159 | earth | — |
| 160 | cloud | — |
| 161 | fog | — |
| 162 | sky | — |
| 163 | wind | — |
| 164 | snow | — |
| 165 | ice | — |
| 166 | smoke | — |
| 167 | fire | — |
| 168 | ash | — |
| 169 | burn | — |
| 170 | road | — |
| 171 | mountain | — |
| 172 | red | — |
| 173 | green | — |
| 174 | yellow | — |
| 175 | white | — |
| 176 | black | — |
| 177 | night | — |
| 178 | day | — |
| 179 | year | — |
| 180 | warm | — |
| 181 | cold | — |
| 182 | full | — |
| 183 | new | — |
| 184 | old | — |
| 185 | good | — |
| 186 | bad | — |
| 187 | rotten | — |
| 188 | dirty | — |
| 189 | straight | — |
| 190 | round | — |
| 191 | sharp | — |
| 192 | dull | — |
| 193 | smooth | — |
| 194 | wet | — |
| 195 | dry | — |
| 196 | correct | — |
| 197 | near | — |
| 198 | far | — |
| 199 | right | — |
| 200 | left | — |
| 201 | at | — |
| 202 | in | — |
| 203 | with | — |
| 204 | and | — |
| 205 | if | — |
| 206 | because | — |
| 207 | name | — |
Example text[]
| No. | English | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | — |
| 2 | you (singular) | — |
| 3 | he | — |
| 4 | we | — |
| 5 | you (plural) | — |
| 6 | they | — |
| 7 | this | — |
| 8 | that | — |
| 9 | here | — |
| 10 | there | — |
| 11 | who | — |
| 12 | what | — |
| 13 | where | — |
| 14 | when | — |
| 15 | how | — |
| 16 | not | — |
| 17 | all | — |
| 18 | many | — |
| 19 | some | — |
| 20 | few | — |
| 21 | other | — |
| 22 | one | — |
| 23 | two | — |
| 24 | three | — |
| 25 | four | — |
| 26 | five | — |
| 27 | big | — |
| 28 | long | — |
| 29 | wide | — |
| 30 | thick | — |
| 31 | heavy | — |
| 32 | small | — |
| 33 | short | — |
| 34 | narrow | — |
| 35 | thin | — |
| 36 | woman | — |
| 37 | man (adult male) | — |
| 38 | man (human being) | — |
| 39 | child | — |
| 40 | wife | — |
| 41 | husband | — |
| 42 | mother | — |
| 43 | father | — |
| 44 | animal | — |
| 45 | fish | — |
| 46 | bird | — |
| 47 | dog | — |
| 48 | louse | — |
| 49 | snake | — |
| 50 | worm | — |
| 51 | tree | — |
| 52 | forest | — |
| 53 | stick | — |
| 54 | fruit | — |
| 55 | seed | — |
| 56 | leaf | — |
| 57 | root | — |
| 58 | bark | — |
| 59 | flower | — |
| 60 | grass | — |
| 61 | rope | — |
| 62 | skin | — |
| 63 | meat | — |
| 64 | blood | — |
| 65 | bone | — |
| 66 | fat | — |
| 67 | egg | — |
| 68 | horn | — |
| 69 | tail | — |
| 70 | feather | — |
| 71 | hair | — |
| 72 | head | — |
| 73 | ear | — |
| 74 | eye | — |
| 75 | nose | — |
| 76 | mouth | — |
| 77 | tooth | — |
| 78 | tongue | — |
| 79 | fingernail | — |
| 80 | foot | — |
| 81 | leg | — |
| 82 | knee | — |
| 83 | hand | — |
| 84 | wing | — |
| 85 | belly | — |
| 86 | guts | — |
| 87 | neck | — |
| 88 | back | — |
| 89 | breast | — |
| 90 | heart | — |
| 91 | liver | — |
| 92 | drink | — |
| 93 | eat | — |
| 94 | bite | — |
| 95 | suck | — |
| 96 | spit | — |
| 97 | vomit | — |
| 98 | blow | — |
| 99 | breathe | — |
| 100 | laugh | — |
| 101 | see | — |
| 102 | hear | — |
| 103 | know | — |
| 104 | think | — |
| 105 | smell | — |
| 106 | fear | — |
| 107 | sleep | — |
| 108 | live | — |
| 109 | die | — |
| 110 | kill | — |
| 111 | fight | — |
| 112 | hunt | — |
| 113 | hit | — |
| 114 | cut | — |
| 115 | split | — |
| 116 | stab | — |
| 117 | scratch | — |
| 118 | dig | — |
| 119 | swim | — |
| 120 | fly | — |
| 121 | walk | — |
| 122 | come | — |
| 123 | lie | — |
| 124 | sit | — |
| 125 | stand | — |
| 126 | turn | — |
| 127 | fall | — |
| 128 | give | — |
| 129 | hold | — |
| 130 | squeeze | — |
| 131 | rub | — |
| 132 | wash | — |
| 133 | wipe | — |
| 134 | pull | — |
| 135 | push | — |
| 136 | throw | — |
| 137 | tie | — |
| 138 | sew | — |
| 139 | count | — |
| 140 | say | — |
| 141 | sing | — |
| 142 | play | — |
| 143 | float | — |
| 144 | flow | — |
| 145 | freeze | — |
| 146 | swell | — |
| 147 | sun | — |
| 148 | moon | — |
| 149 | star | — |
| 150 | water | — |
| 151 | rain | — |
| 152 | river | — |
| 153 | lake | — |
| 154 | sea | — |
| 155 | salt | — |
| 156 | stone | — |
| 157 | sand | — |
| 158 | dust | — |
| 159 | earth | — |
| 160 | cloud | — |
| 161 | fog | — |
| 162 | sky | — |
| 163 | wind | — |
| 164 | snow | — |
| 165 | ice | — |
| 166 | smoke | — |
| 167 | fire | — |
| 168 | ash | — |
| 169 | burn | — |
| 170 | road | — |
| 171 | mountain | — |
| 172 | red | — |
| 173 | green | — |
| 174 | yellow | — |
| 175 | white | — |
| 176 | black | — |
| 177 | night | — |
| 178 | day | — |
| 179 | year | — |
| 180 | warm | — |
| 181 | cold | — |
| 182 | full | — |
| 183 | new | — |
| 184 | old | — |
| 185 | good | — |
| 186 | bad | — |
| 187 | rotten | — |
| 188 | dirty | — |
| 189 | straight | — |
| 190 | round | — |
| 191 | sharp | — |
| 192 | dull | — |
| 193 | smooth | — |
| 194 | wet | — |
| 195 | dry | — |
| 196 | correct | — |
| 197 | near | — |
| 198 | far | — |
| 199 | right | — |
| 200 | left | — |
| 201 | at | — |
| 202 | in | — |
| 203 | with | — |
| 204 | and | — |
| 205 | if | — |
| 206 | because | — |
| 207 | name | — |