Atráve/Irregular Verbs

Atráve contains numerous irregular verbs. As each Atráve verb has about 50 distinct forms in up to 3 persons, 3 numbers, 2 voices, and 3 moods, numerous verbs, usually common or phonologically unusual ones, are irregular.

The majority of irregular verbs belong to the -ega and -siga verbs, with there being two irregular -iga verbs (nacuriga and báriga) and no irregular -oga verbs.

For each irregular verb, only the tenses that deviate from the normal conjugation (which is always based off the -ga form of the verb) are shown, as some verbs are only irregular in some tenses.

(This page is under construction)

Category I: Regular Verbs

More than 90% of Atráve verbs are regular. There are four different ways to conjugate a regular verb, depending on which -ga ending it has (which in turn usually depends on the final sound of the verb's root). Given below are the conjugations of one regular verb from each class.

(Note: the formal singular "you" (esenu) is the same as the 2d (second-person dual) conjugation. In addition, im stands for "impersonal/passive".)

tevega "to answer/respond" (regular -ega verb)

Infinitive: tevega

Past Participle: tevat

Present Participle: tevar

	Present	Past Simple	Past Imperfect	Future	Subjunctive Non-Past	Subjunctive Past	Imperative
1s	tevua	tevram	tevkam	tevuas	tevém	tevím	teve
2s	teveu	tevrad	tevkad	teveus	tevéd	tevíd
3s	tev	tevra	tevka	teves	tevé	teví
1d	tevén	tevrain	tevkain	tevines	tevéin	teviîn	tevek
2d	tevunt	tevral	tevkal	tevuntes	tevél	tevíl
3d	tevent	tevrabh	tevkabh	teventes	tevébh	tevíbh
1p	tevim	tevraim	tevkaim	tevimes	tevéim	tevíîm
2p	tevum	tevral	tevkal	tevumes	tevél	tevíl
3p	tevant	tevrav	tevkav	tevantes	tevév	tevív
im	tevu	tevru	tevku	tevus	tevéu	tevíu

tomasiga "to know, meet" (regular -siga verb)

	Present	Past Simple	Past Imperfect	Future	Subjunctive Non-Past	Subjunctive Past	Imperative
1s	tomam	tomaram	tomakam	tomames	tomaém	tomaím	toma
2s	tomad	tomarad	tomakad	tomades	tomaéd	tomaíd
3s	toma	tomara	tomaka	tomas	tomaé	tomaí
1d	tomaén	tomarain	tomakain	tomaines	tomaéin	tomaíîn	tomak
2d	tomal	tomaral	tomakal	tomales	tomaél	tomaíl
3d	tomabh	tomarabh	tomakabh	tomabhes	tomaébh	tomaíbh
1p	tomaim	tomaraim	tomakaim	tomaimes	tomaéim	tomaíîm
2p	tomal	tomaral	tomakal	tomales	tomaél	tomaíl
3p	tomav	tomarav	tomakav	tomaves	tomaév	tomaív
im	tomau	tomaru	tomaku	tomaus	tomaéu	tomaíu

maisoga "to hurt, injure" (regular -oga verb)

	Present	Past Simple	Past Imperfect	Future	Subjunctive Non-Past	Subjunctive Past	Imperative
1s	maisam	maistam	maiskam	maisamez	maisém	maisím	maise
2s	maisad	maistad	maiskad	maisadez	maiséd	maisíd
3s	mais	maista	maiska	maisez	maisé	maisí
1d	maisén	maistain	maiskain	maisinez	maiséin	maisíîn	maisek
2d	maisum	maistal	maiskal	maisumez	maisél	maisíl
3d	maisabh	maistabh	maiskabh	maisabhez	maisébh	maisíbh
1p	maisim	maistaim	maiskaim	maisimez	maiséim	maisíîm
2p	maisum	maistal	maiskal	maisumez	maisél	maisíl
3p	maisav	maistav	maiskav	maisavez	maisév	maisív
im	maisu	maistu	maisku	maisus	maiséu	maisíu

Class II: Vowel-Mutation Verbs

eusiga "to go"

With the exception of the third-person singular eu "he/she/it goes", conjugated forms of eusiga delete the initial e-. In addition, the past tense has the stem dra-, likely originating from the same source as dramega "to go out, leave".

	Present	Past Simple	Past Imperfect	Future	Subjunctive Non-Past	Subjunctive Past	Imperative
1s	um	dram	ukam	umes	uém	uím	u
2s	ud	drad	ukad	udes	uéd	uíd
3s	eu	dra / yé	uka	us	ué	uí
1d	uèn	drain	ukain	uènes	uéin	uíîn	uk
2d	ul	dral	ukal	ules	uél	uíl
3d	ubh	drabh	ukabh	ubhes	uébh	uíbh
1p	uim	draim	ukaim	uimes	uéim	uíîm
2p	ul	dral	ukal	ules	uél	uíl
3p	uv	drav	ukav	uves	uév	uív
im	uû	drau	uku	uûs	uéu	uíu

Class IV: Multi-Stem Verbs

These are highly-irregular verbs whose infinitive stem differs from that of its present and past tense. This class comprises just two verbs, gega and viga. In addition to being the two most common verbs in the language (both meaning "to be"), they are the most irregular. Despite ending in -ega and -iga, these two verbs form a small pseudo-class of their own: the -ga verbs. Thus, their regular stems are ge- and vi- (which are observed in some tenses).

gega "to be"

Infinitive: gega

Past Participle: get

Present Participle: ger

	Present	Past Simple	Past Imperfect	Future	Subjunctive Non-Past	Subjunctive Past	Imperative
1s	sua	ram	gékam	gemes	sém	sím	ge
2s	séu	rad	gékad	gedes	séd	síd
3s	san	ra	géka	ges	sé	sí
1d	saén	rain	gékain	geines	séin	síin	gek
2d	sén	ral	gékal	geles	sél	síl
3d		ran	gékabh	gebhes	sébh	síbh
1p	saím	raím	gékaim	geimes	séim	síim
2p	sant	ral	gékal	geles	sél	síl
3p		rat	gékav	geves	sév	sív
im	gu	geru	géku	geus	sèu	síu

viga "to be"

Infinitive: viga

Past Participle: vit

Present Participle: vir

Viga is arguably the most irregular verb in Atráve, having only regular imperfect and imperative forms. As opposed to gega, viga is used as "to be" in temporary aspects, such as condition, emotion, and location. With the infinitive, viga is used to mark the progressive aspect, albeit not as often as in English. Viga has two different, synonymous future tenses; one has the regular stem vi-, while the other has the unrelated stem la-. This could be used as a potential "dialectical difference".

(table in progress)

	Present	Past Simple	Past Imperfect	Future	Subjunctive Non-Past	Subjunctive Past	Imperative
1s	som	trám	vikam	lám	mém	mìm	vi
2s	mad	trád	vikad	lád	méd	míd
3s	mav	tráv	vika	là	mé	mí
1d	maén	tráen					vik
2d	munt	tráunt
3d	ment
1p	maím	tráim	vikaim	láim	méim	míim
2p	munt	tráunt
3p	mant	tránt
im	mu