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Progress 93%

Avb'el is a conlang that is currently work in progress.

Avb'el
Avbxelɨi
Type
Agglutinative
Alignment
Nominative–accusative
Head direction
First
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
No
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect


History[]

I came up with the idea of creation of a new language without any particular reason... But, it doesn't make me stop creating it. Because I know English and Ukrainian and am learning Chinese, some words might be partly based on these languages. But, mostly, I want it to be unique one. Also, I'm trying to keep it simple and don't add a lot of declensions. I am using modified Latin alphabet for it, although a Cyrillic alternative is also available.

Edit: So maybe there is a reason why I am creating this. I am trying to keep this language relatively simple. Most languages that I have seen on this wiki have a lot of declensions and conjugations (which is not necessarily a bad thing). But this language is much simpler, at least gramatically speaking.

Phonetics[]

Alphabet with IPA[]

Letter

(Latin)

Sound Example English example Letter

(Cyrillic)

a /ɑ~ɐ/ sora father а
b /b/ abdeh bird б
d /d/ dē door д
/d͡z/ mage podzol
ɣ /u/ kɣ pool у
v /v/ volêse view в
e /ɛ/ bêdrel edge е
ê /ʲe~e/ obêsa square є
ʓ /ʒ/ namʓe beige ж
z /z/ zeno zebra з
g /g/ g argue ґ
h /h/ hor hard г
y /j~ʝ/ Yevrop yes й
i /i/

/j/

yōni

i

eat

yoghurt

і
ɨ /ɪ/ kɨroɯe lip и
p /p/ tapkite spy п
k /k/ dok mask к
x /ʔ/ Avbxelɨi uh-oh х
l /l/ lop lime л
m /m/ metna margin м
n /n/ normi normal н
o /ɔ/ tro off о
r /r/ mabre trilled r р
s /s/ spove salt с
t /t/ tomora beet т
ț /t͡s/ ețrod bats ц
ɯ /ʃ/ ɯab short ш
ɇ no sound evolɣ̄tiɇ bite ь
lh /lʲ/ lh least љ
ph /f/ ph farm пх
tg /g/ tgeʓe garden тґ
nn /n:/ milenn evenness нн
rr /r:/ akorro trill r, but longer рр
kk /k:/ dakke bookkeeper кк
ll /l:/ stoll-gem guileless лл
bb /b:/ mobb subbasement бб
mm /m:/ ɯimm roommate мм
/ɥu/ reb a mix of /j/ and /w/, then u as in put ю

Alphabet[]

Latin (Main)[]

Adding macron to a vowel will make it a double vowel (i.e. a -> ā or ɣ-> ɣ̄)

Some sounds are expressed through two letters (lh and ph).

In "tg", the "t" is not read, leaving only a "g".

Letters n, r, k, l, b, m can be doubled.

x is only lowercase because it cannot be found in beginning of any Avb'el word.

Combination "yɣ" was originally planned to be read like /ju/, but later I realized that I pronounce it in words more like /ɥu/. Of course, it would still technically be correct if you said /ju/ instead of /ɥu/, but it is just a way I find simpler.

Letter "i" is read /j/ when it is placed after another vowel.

Cyrillic (Alternative)[]

Latin is used as the main alphabet, but cyrillic can be used alternatively.

Adding macron to a vowel will make it a double vowel.

Letters н, р, к, л, б, м can be doubled,

Sound f is represented through combination пх.

In "тґ", the "т" is not read, leaving only a "ґ".

х is only lowercase because it cannot be found in beginning of any Avb'el word.

Letter ю is used to represent the combination "yɣ", and љ is used to represent the combination "lh".

Letter "і" is read /j/ when it is placed after another vowel.


IPA charts[]

Vowels[]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid (e) ʲe
Mid
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Near-open (ɐ)
Open ɑ

Pulmonic consonants[]

Bilabial

Labiodental

Alveolar

Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Normal Patalized

Nasal

m n

Stop

p b t d k g ʔ

Sibilant affricative

t͡s d͡z
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ
Non-sibilant fricative f v (ʝ) h
Approximant j
Trill r
Lateral approximant l

Co-articulated consonants[]

Labial-velar
Approximant ɥ

Stress/Accent[]

Generally, almost every word of Avb'el stresses the first vowel (excluding the prefix(es)). If there are two or three vowels in a row, the stress goes to second vowel (e.g. Yiera - [ji'ɛrɑ]). Words with x in the middle have the stress on the syllable that includes the x (e.g. Abvxelɨi - [ɑvb'ʔɛlɪj]). Foreign words might have other stress.

For example, Dakke is read like /'dɑk:e/, not /dɑ'k:e/

Word order[]

Word order in Avb'el is only SVO (subject-verb-object) because nouns and pronouns are not declining to any cases. Thus, to make it clear where is which part of sentence, only SVO is used.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe namʓ. - You eat food.

Adjectives, participles and abilitatives are added before nouns.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe bagsali namʓ. - You eat loud food.

Adverbs are added before verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Example: Yoɣra rɣpɨa namʓe namʓ. - You speedily eat food.

In addition, all adpositions are prepositions.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe sa dodê. - You eat on bed.

Also, time-place-manner order is used. ENG example: I today [time] to Germany [place] ride train [manner].

Tenses and aspects[]

Avb'el has 4 tenses: present, past, future, and present continuous.

Present tense[]

Present tense shows an action that is going on in the present. To write in present form, do not add any extra particles.

Example: Tomora tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walk and listen to each other.)

Present continuous tense[]

Present continuous tense shows an action that is going on at the moment. To write in present continuous form, add ngɣ particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora ngɣ tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They are walking and listening to each other.)

Past tense[]

Past tense shows an action that was going on before. To write in past form, add hor particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora hor tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and listened to each other.)

Perfect aspect[]

Adding ze particle after hor particle shows that an action is already finished.

Example: Tomora hor ze tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They had walked and listened to each other.)

Future tense[]

Future tense shows an action that will be done. To write in future form, add hal particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora hal tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will walk and listen to each other.)

Perfect aspect[]

Adding ze particle after hal particle shows that an action will be finished.

Example: Tomora hal ze tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will have walked and listened to each other.)

Mixing tenses[]

To mix tenses, add the corresponding particle before the verbs.

Example: Tomora hal tapkite lop hor ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will walk and listened to each other.)

Another example: Tomora hor tapkite lop ngɣ ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and are listening to each other.)

To mix with present tense, add meț particle.

Example: Tomora hor tapkite lop meț ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and listen to each other.)

Perfect aspects can be added, too.

Example: Tomora ngɣ tapkite lop hor ze ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They are walking and had listened to each other.)

Mood[]

Avb'el has three moods: indicative, conditional, and optative.

Conditional mood[]

Conditional mood indicates a condition or possibility. To write in conditional form, add particle rit before verb.

Example: TBA

Optative mood[]

Optative mood indicates a wish. To write in optative form, add particle par before verb.

Example: TBA

Lexicon[]

See Avb'el's ConWorkShop for lexicon (current)

See Avb'el/Lexicon for lexicon (old)

*It is not done yet and will be improved in future.

Parts of speech[]

Avb'el has the following parts of speech:

  1. Noun (n.) - thing, person, place, quality, or idea.
  2. Verb (v.) - action, occurrence, or state of being.
  3. Pronoun (pron.) - replaces nouns.
  4. Adjective (adj.) - describes nouns.
  5. Adverb (adv.) - describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
  6. Transgressive (trans.) - a concurrently proceeding or following action.
  7. Preposition (prep.) - expresses relationship of objects in time and space.
  8. Interrogative (interrog.) - used to ask questions.
  9. Particle (part.) - helps to establish meaning to word or phrase.
  10. Conjunction (conj.) - helps joining words or phrases.
  11. Interjection (interj.) - expresses feeling or reaction.

Transforming words[]

In Avb'el, adjectives and adverbs are formed by adding special suffixes to a noun. Thus, they can be easily identified from other words by the suffixes.

Making adjectives[]

To form an adjective, add -i suffix to a noun.

Example: Dok (doctor, n.) + i = Doki (doctor, adj.)

If some words that are borrowed from other languages (names, places, other borrowed words) end on 'i' already, then an 'ɇ' is added to the end. When transforming these words, the ɇ is removed and the i is doubled.

Example: Bɣlhiɇ (bully, n.) + i = Bɣlhī (bully, adj.)

Adding -like suffixoid to noun makes it an adjective meaning similarity (i.e. cat -> cat-like). Same thing can be done in Avb'el, adding suffixoid -goɇ to the end of the word. It can be added only to nouns.

Example: Patit (father, n.) + goɇ = Patit-goɇ (father-like, adj.)

Making adverbs[]

To form an adverb, add -pɨa suffix to a noun.

Example: Ețrod (exception, n.) + pɨa = Ețrodpɨa (exceptionally, adv.)

If the word already ends on a 'p', then add only -ɨa.

Example: Rɣp (speed, n.) + ɨa = Rɣpɨa (speedily, adv.)

Making verbs[]

To form a common verb, add -e suffix to noun.

Example: Dakk (touch, t.) + e = Dakke (to touch, v.)

To form a modal verb, add -ɣnh suffix to noun.

Example: Yek (need, n.) + ɣnh = Yekɣnh (to need, v.)

There are only two exceptions for this rule: van (to be) and ɯab (to like).

Making transgressives[]

To make a transgressive, add -sɨ suffix to a verb.

Example: Milenne (make, v.) + sɨ = Milennesɨ (while making, trans.)

Making participles[]

To make an active participle, add -ʓo suffix to a verb.

Example: Guzere (know, v.) + ʓo = Guzereʓo (knowing, ac. parc.)

To make a passive participle, add -d̦ɣ suffix to a verb.

Example: Voɯpe (write, v.) + d̦ɣ = Voɯped̦u (written, pas. parc.)

Making abilitatives[]

To make an abilitative, add -ɯɨ suffix to a verb.

Example: Aspe (understand, v.) + ɯɨ = Aspeɯɨ (understandable, ab.)

Group suffix[]

To show a group of things, add -or suffix.

Example: Namʓ (food, n.) + or = Namʓor (group of foods, n.)

The difference between grouped and ungrouped namʓ is that the usual one is not saying exactly if there is only one type food or multiple types of it, while the grouped version specifies that it is one type, and plural grouped specifies that there are multiple types (see table in Plurality section below).

Plurality[]

To change a singular noun to a plural noun, add -s suffix.

Example: Ersa (human, n., sing.) + s = Ersas (humans, n., pl.)

You can even make a grouped word plural.

Example: Naɣsor (group of sciences) + s = Naɣsors (groups of sciences)

If the word ends on following (ʓ, z, ɯ, ț, ḍ, sɇ, ʓɇ, zɇ, ɯɇ, țɇ, ḍɇ), suffix -ês is used instead.

Example: Lenʓ (lens, n., sing.) + ês = Lenʓês (lenses, n., pl.)

Quantity >

Types \/

1 >1
1 Don't use suffixes Use -or suffix
>1 - Use -or and -s suffixes
Unspecified Use -s / -ês suffix

Diminutive[]

To make diminutive (as in ENG: cat -> kitty), add suffix -olh.

Example: Loy (drink, n.) + olh = Loyolh (small drink, n.)

It can even be added to names!

Example: Aleks (Alex, n.) + olh = Aleksolh (Alex, but smaller and cuter, n.)

If the word already ends on o, then double it.

Example: Bordo (Bordeaux, n.) + olh = Bodrōlh (small Bordeaux, n.)

It CANNOT be added to transgressives, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, and other parts of speech other than nouns.

Particles[]

The particles of Avb'el help arranging the words and identifying the types of sentences, tenses, aspects, possession, and moods.

Type of particle

ABX

ENG explanation

Possessive (left-right) Equivalent of English " 's ", shows possession from left to right.
Possessive (right-left) Equivalent of English "of", shows possession from right to left.
Past tense hor Add before first verb to convert to past tense.
Future tense hal Add before first verb to convert to future tense.
Present continuous tense ngɣ Add before first verb to convert to present continuous tense.
Present tense (mixing) meț Add before a verb to convert to present tense when the previous verb is in another tense.
Perfect aspect ze Add inbetween hor/hal and verb to convert to perfect apsect.
Question phaɯ Add in the end of a direct question when no interrogative word is used (may be omitted when speaking).
Strong command zarʓ Add in the end of the sentence to show a strong command.
Reflexive mobb Add after a pronoun or noun to convert to reflexive form (i.e. reflexive of 'you' is 'yourself').
Instrumental bɨ̄yɣ Add after noun or pronoun to convert to instrumental form.
Epenthetic lno Used when a sentence does not have a subject. Example: "It rains" -> "Lno roɯe" [EP rain]
Conditional rit Add before verb (inbetween hor/hal and verb, if the particle is present) to indicate conditional mood.
Optative par Add before verb (inbetween hor/hal and verb, if the particle is present) to indicate optative mood.
Reciprocal (?)

Gender[]

There are four genders in Avb'el: masculine, feminine, neuter, and indeterminate.

Masculine gender[]

Masculine gender is used in male animals (including humans).

So, words like husband, man, tom cat, and father automatically become masculine.

Feminine gender[]

Feminine gender is used in female animals (including humans).

So, words like wife, woman, she-cat, and mother automatically become feminine.

Neuter gender[]

Neuter gender is used in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and non-living objects.

So, words like mushroom, tree, bacteria, stone, and air automatically become neuter.

Indeterminate gender[]

Indeterminate gender is used when you do not specify if an animal (including humans) is a male or a female.

It is also automatically set to words that can be either female or male. Those words include spouse, human, cat, parent, and student.

Pronouns[]

Personal pronouns[]

Type*

ABX ENG
1st person singular Yiera I
1st person plural Yiɣtra We
2nd person singular Yoɣra You, thou
2nd person plural Toɣra You
3rd person singular masc. Hora He
3rd person singular fem. Dora She
3rd person singular neut. Sora It
3rd person singular indet. Bora One (he/she/it)
3rd person plural Tomora They

*Some of these, like "third person singular masculine personal pronoun," sound scary, although this phrase can be simplified into word "he."

Interrogatives[]

Type ABX ENG ENG example
Thing Ʒos What What is this object?
Kind Ʒerd What What color is it?
Person Ʒlɣ Who Who are you?
Location Ʒmis Where Where is the building?
Possesion Ʒlɣkɣ Whose Whose table is it?
Signification/Goal Ʒmizo Whither (old) Whither are you going?
Source Ʒniso Whence (old) Whence did he come?
Time Ʒam When When will she start?
Reason Ʒda Why Why did it happen?
Manner/Method Ʒeha How How are you doing it?
Choice Ʒoph Which Which one should I chose?
Choice

between two

Ʒêv Whether Whether you like this or that?

Amount

Ʒerin How much/how many How much water is there?
Time spent Ʒalh How long How long did it take?

Numbers[]

Common numbers[]

ABX ENG Number
Stoll-gem Zero 0
Gem One 1
Two 2
Trō Three 3
Vlō Four 4
Phlhō Five 5
Slō Six 6
Rsō Seven 7
Mêno Eight 8
Vinyo Nine 9
Zeno Ten 10
Keno Hundred 100
Êtno Thousand 1000
Gemnê Million 1000000
Lōnê Billion 1000000000
Tronê Trillion 1000000000000
Vlonê Quadrillion 1000000000000000

Complex numbers[]

To make complex numbers like twenty-two and four hundred eighteen, you should use the simple numbers combined.

Example: Lō zeno lō [Two ten two] (Twenty-two) 22

Example: Vlō keno mêno zeno [Four hundred eight ten] (Four hundred eighty) 480

Example: Êtno keno zeno gem [Thousand hundred ten one] (One thousand one hundred eleven) 1111

Example: Slō gemnê trō zeno êtno rsō keno vinyo zeno phlhō [Six million three ten thousand seven hundred nine ten five] (Six million thirteen thousand seven hundred ninety-five) 6013795

Comparison[]

Positive adjectives[]

Adjectives without prefixes da- or eph- are automatically classified as positive. They are used as base adjectives for transforming into either comparative or superlative form. They are never used for comparison.

Comparative adjectives[]

To change the adjective to comparative form add da- prefix.

Example: da + Ersai (Human, adj., positive) = Daersai (Humaner, adj., comparative)

Sentence example: Hora van daersai omt eɯonn (He is humaner than alien)

Superlative adjectives[]

To change the adjective to superlative form, add eph- prefix.

Example: eph + Naɣsi (scientific, adj., positive) = Ephnaɣsi (the most scientific, adj., superlative)

Sentence example: Sora van ephnaɣsi omt tomora. [It is the most scientific than them] (It is the most scientific compared to them)

List of affixes[]

Suffixes[]

Type ABX Description
Plurality suffix -s Common version, add to noun.
Plurality suffix -ês Used when the word ends on z, ʓ, ɯ, ț, ḍ, sɇ, zɇ, ʓɇ, ɯɇ, țɇ or ḍɇ add to noun.
Group suffix -or Adding it makes the word grouped.
Adjective suffix -i Common version, add to noun.
Adjective suffix Used when the word ends on iɇ, change iɇ to the suffix, add to noun.
Adverb suffix -pɨa Common version, add to noun.
Adverb suffix -ɨa Used when the word ends on p, add to noun.
Deminutive noun suffix -olh Common version, add to noun to make it sound smaller and cuter.
Deminutive noun suffix -ōlh Used when the word ends on o, change o to suffix.
Modal verb suffix -ɣnh Common version, add to noun.
Modal verb suffix -ɣ̄nh Used when the word ends ɣ, add to noun.
Transgressive suffix -sɨ Common version, add to verb.
Verb suffix -e Common version, add to noun.

Suffixoids[]

Type ABX Description
Alternative to ENG -like. -goɇ Similar to ENG -like. Example: cat-like, stone-like, ship-like. Added to nouns

Prefixes[]

Type ABX Description
'No' prefix le- Similar to ENG un-, in-, im-, non-. Added to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or gerunds.
'With' prefix bag- Similar to ENG with- and -ful. Added to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or gerunds.
'Without' prefix lebag- Similar to ENG without- and -less. Added to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or gerunds.
Comparative prefix da- Similar to ENG -er. Added only to adjectives.
Superlative prefix eph- Similar to ENG -est. Added only to adjectives.

Swadesh list[]

Basic Swadesh list with Avb'el, its IPA, English, Ukrainian. [not done yet]

ABX ABX IPA ENG UKR
Yiera /jiɛrɑ/ I Я
Yiɣtra /jiutrɑ/ We Ми
Yoɣra /jɔurɑ/ You (sing.) Ти
Gem /gɛm/ One Один
/lɔ:/ Two Два
Ɯimm /ʃim:/ This Цей
Ɯamm /ʃɑm:/ That Той
Bêdrel /bʲedrɛl/ Name Ім'я
Sagnar /sɑgnɑr/ Fire Вогонь
Ʒlɣ /ʒlu/ Who Хто
Ʒos /ʒɔs/ What Що
Spove /spɔvɛ/ Speak Говорити
Gɣzere /guzɛrɛ/ Know Знати
Karoɯe /kɑrɔʃɛ/ See Бачити
Akorre /ɑkɔr:ɛ/ Hear Чути
Namʓe /nɑmʒɛ/ Eat Їсти
Loye /lɔjɛ/ Drink Пити

Example sentences[]

Yiera dɨɣnh spove Avbxelɨi. - I can speak Avb'el

Milennesɨ yiera kɣ hemêni milenn, yiera hor ze namʓe serɯi namʓ. - While doing my homework, I had eaten my evening meal.

ConWorkShop[]

Link to Avb'el on ConWorkShop: https://conworkshop.com/view_language.php?l=AXE

TBC[]

(If it ever seems like I stopped working on it, I will return in a few months)

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