Avb'el

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By all means, please either help fix spelling, grammar and organization problems or contact the author about them. Thank you.

Progress 92%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 85% Words 210 of 1500

Avb'el is a conlang that is currently work in progress.

Avb'el Avbxelɨi
Type
Agglutinative
Alignment
Nominative–accusative
Head direction
First
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
No
Genders
4 (masculine, feminine, neuter, and indeterminate)
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

History

I came up with the idea of creation of a new language without any particular reason... But, it doesn't make me stop creating it. Because I know English and Ukrainian and am learning Chinese, some words might be partly based on these languages. But, mostly, I want it to be unique one. Also, I'm trying to keep it simple and don't add a lot of declensions. I am using modified Latin alphabet for it.

Phonetics

Alphabet with IPA

Letter (Latin)	Sound	Example	English example	Letter (Cyrillic)
a	/ɑ~ɐ/	sora	father	а
b	/b/	abde	bird	б
d	/d/	de	door	д
ɣ	/u/	kɣ	pool	у
v	/v/	volêse	view	в
e	/ɛ/	bêdrel	edge	е
ê	/ʲe~e/	obêsa	square	є
ʓ	/ʒ/	namʓe	beige	ж
z	/z/	zeno	zebra	з
g	/g/	goʓ	argue	ґ
h	/h/	hor	hard	г
y	/j~ʝ/	Yevrop	yes	й
i	/i/ /j/	yōni lɨi	eat yoghurt	і
ɨ	/ɪ/	kɨroɯe	lip	и
p	/p/	tapkite	spy	п
k	/k/	dok	mask	к
x	/ʔ/	Avbxelɨi	uh-oh	х
l	/l/	lop	lime	л
m	/m/	metna	margin	м
n	/n/	normi	normal	н
o	/ɔ/	tronê	off	о
r	/r/	mabre	trilled r	р
s	/s/	spove	salt	с
t	/t/	tomora	beet	т
t̆	/t͡s/	et̆rod	bats	ц
ɯ	/ʃ/	ɯab	short	ш
ɇ	no sound	evolɣ̄tiɇ	bite	ь
lh	/lʲ/	bɣlhiɇ	least	љ
ph	/f/	phaɯ	farm	пх
tg	/g/	tgeʓe	garden	тґ
nn	/n:/	milenn	evenness	нн
rr	/r:/	akorro	trill r, but longer	рр
kk	/k:/	dakke	bookkeeper	кк
ll	/l:/	stoll-gem	guileless	лл
bb	/b:/	mobb	subbasement	бб
mm	/m:/	ɯimm	roommate	мм
yu	/ɥ/	reyɣb	a mix of /j/ and /w/	ю

Alphabet

Latin (Main)

Aa Bb Dd Ɣɣ Vv Ee Êê Ʒʓ Zz Gg Hh Yy Ii Ɨɨ Pp Kk x Ll Mm Nn Oo Rr Ss Tt T̆t̆ Ɯɯ Ɇɇ
Label	Avb'el has 27 letters

Adding macron to a vowel will make it a double vowel (i.e. a -> ā or ɣ-> ɣ̄)

Some sounds are expressed through two letters (lh and ph).

In "tg", the "t" is not read, leaving only a "g".

Letters n, r, k, l, b, m can be doubled.

x is only lowercase because it cannot be found in beginning of any Avb'el word.

Combination "yɣ" was originally planned to be read like /ju/, but later I realized that I pronounce it in words more like /ɥ/. Of course, it would still technically be correct if you said /ju/ instead of /ɥ/, but it is just a way I find simpler.

Letter "i" is read /j/ when it is placed after another vowel.

Cyrillic (Alternative)

Latin is used as the main alphabet, but cyrillic can be used alternatively.

Adding macron to a vowel will make it a double vowel.

Аа Бб Дд Уу Вв Ее Єє Жж Зз Ґґ Гг Йй (Юю) Іі Ии Пп Кк х Лл (Љљ) Мм Нн Оо Рр Сс Тт Цц Шш Ьь
Label	Unlike the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet has two more letters

Letters н, р, к, л, б, м can be doubled,

Sound f is represented through combination пх.

In "тґ", the "т" is not read, leaving only a "ґ".

х is only lowercase because it cannot be found in beginning of any Avb'el word.

Letter ю is used to represent the combination "yɣ", and љ is used to represent the combination "lh".

Letter "і" is read /j/ when it is placed after another vowel.

IPA charts

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Near-close	ɪ
Close-mid	(e) ʲe
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-open		(ɐ)
Open			ɑ

Pulmonic consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar		Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			Normal	Patalized
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d				k g	ʔ
Sibilant affricative			t͡s
Sibilant fricative			s z		ʃ ʒ
Non-sibilant fricative		f v				(ʝ)		h
Approximant						j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l	lʲ

Co-articulated consonants

	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ

Stress/Accent

Generally, almost every word of Avb'el stresses the first vowel. If there are two or three vowels in a row, the stress goes to second vowel (e.g. Yiera - [ji'ɛrɑ]). Foreign words might have other stress.

For example, Yoɣra is read like /'jɔurɑ/, not /jɔ'urɑ/ or /jɔu'rɑ/

Word order

Word order in Avb'el is only SVO (subject-verb-object) because nouns and pronouns are not declining to any cases. Thus, to make it clear where is which part of sentence, only SVO is used.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe namʓ. - You eat food.

Adjectives are added before nouns or gerunds.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe bagsali namʓ. - You eat loud food.

Adverbs are added before verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Example: Yoɣra rɣpɨa namʓe namʓ. - You speedily eat food.

In addition, all adpositions are prepositions.

Example: Yoɣra namʓe ka dodê. - You eat on bed.

Also, time-place-manner order is used. ENG example: I today [time] to Germany [place] ride train [manner].

Tenses and aspects

Avb'el has 4 tenses: present, past, future, and absolute.

Present tense

Present tense shows an action that is going on in the present. To write in present form, do not add any extra particles.

Example: Tomora tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walk and listen to each other.)

Absolute tense

Absolute present tense shows an action that is going on at the moment. To write in absolute form, add ngɣ particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora ngɣ tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They are walking and listening to each other.)

Past tense

Past tense shows an action that was going on before. To write in past form, add hor particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora hor tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and listened to each other.)

Perfect aspect

Adding ze particle after hor particle shows that an action is already finished.

Example: Tomora hor ze tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They had walked and listened to each other.)

Future tense

Future tense shows an action that will be done. To write in future form, add hal particle before the first verb.

Example: Tomora hal tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will walk and listen to each other.)

Perfect aspect

Adding ze particle after hal particle shows that an action will be finished.

Example: Tomora hal ze tapkite lop ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will have walked and listened to each other.)

Mixing tenses

To mix tenses, add the corresponding particle before the verbs.

Example: Tomora hal tapkite lop hor ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They will walk and listened to each other.)

Another example: Tomora hor tapkite lop ngɣ ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and are listening to each other.)

To mix with present tense, add met̆ particle.

Example: Tomora hor tapkite lop met̆ ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They walked and listen to each other.)

Perfect aspects can be added, too.

Example: Tomora ngɣ tapkite lop hor ze ekepase soll bora mobb bora. (They are walking and had listened to each other.)

Lexicon

See Avb'el/Lexicon

*It is not done yet and will be improved in future.

Parts of speech

Avb'el has the following parts of speech:

1. Noun (n.) - thing, person, place, quality, or idea.
2. Verb (v.) - action, occurrence, or state of being.
3. Pronoun (pron.) - replaces nouns.
4. Adjective (adj.) - describes nouns.
5. Adverb (adv.) - describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
6. Transgressive (trans.) - a concurrently proceeding or following action.
7. Preposition (prep.) - expresses relationship of objects in time and space.
8. Interrogative (interrog.) - used to ask questions.
9. Particle (part.) - helps to establish meaning to word or phrase.
10. Conjunction (conj.) - helps joining words or phrases.
11. Interjection (interj.) - expresses feeling or reaction.

Transforming words

In Avb'el, adjectives and adverbs are formed by adding special suffixes to a noun. Thus, they can be easily identified from other words by the suffixes.

Making adjectives

To form an adjective, add -i suffix to a noun.

Example: Dok (doctor, n.) + i = Doki (doctor, adj.)

If some words that are borrowed from other languages (names, places, other borrowed words) end on 'i' already, then an 'ɇ' is added to the end. When transforming these words, the ɇ is removed and the i is doubled.

Example: Bɣlhiɇ (bully, n.) + i = Bɣlhī (bully, adj.)

Adding -like suffixoid to noun makes it an adjective meaning similarity (i.e. cat -> cat-like). Same thing can be done in Avb'el, adding suffixoid -goɇ to the end of the word. It can be added only to nouns.

Example: Patit (father, n.) + goɇ = Patit-goɇ (father-like, adj.)

Making adverbs

To form an adverb, add -ɨa suffix to a noun.

Example: Et̆rod (exception, n.) + pɨa = Et̆rodpɨa (exceptionally, adv.)

If the word already ends on a 'p', then add only -ɨa.

Example: Rɣp (speed, n.) + ɨa = Rɣpɨa (speedily, adv.)

Making verbs

To form a common verb, add -e suffix to noun.

Example: Dakk (touch, t.) + e = Dakke (to touch, v.)

To form a modal verb, add -ɣnh suffix to noun.

Example: Yek (need, n.) + ɣnh = Yekɣnh (to need, v.)

There are only two exceptions for this rule: van (to be) and ɯab (to like).

Making transgressives

To make a transgressive, add -sɨ suffix to a verb.

Example: Milenne (make, v.) + sɨ = Milennesɨ (making, g.)

Group suffix

To show a group of things, add -or suffix.

Example: Namʓ (food, n.) + or = Namʓor (group of foods, n.)

The difference between grouped and ungrouped namʓ is that the usual one is not saying exactly if there is only one food or a group of it, while the grouped version specifies that it is a group.

Plurality

To change a singular noun to a plural noun, add -s suffix.

Example: Ersa (human, n., sing.) + s = Ersas (humans, n., pl.)

You can even make a grouped word plural.

Example: Naɣsor (group of sciences) + s = Naɣsors (groups of sciences)

If the word ends on following (ʓ, z, ɯ, t̆, sɇ, ʓɇ, zɇ, ɯɇ, t̆ɇ), suffix -ês is used instead.

Example: Lenʓ (lens, n., sing.) + ês = Lenʓês (lenses, n., pl.)

Diminutive

To make diminutive (as in ENG: cat -> kitty), add suffix -olh.

Example: Loy (drink, n.) + olh = Loyolh (small drink, n.)

It can even be added to names!

Example: Aleks (Alex, n.) + olh = Aleksolh (Alex, but smaller and cuter, n.)

If the word already ends on o, then double it.

Example: Bordo (Bordeaux, n.) + olh = Bodrōlh (small Bordeaux, n.)

It CANNOT be added to transgressives, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, and other parts of speech other than nouns.

Particles

The particles help arranging the words and identifying the types of sentences and tenses.

Type of particle	ABX	ENG explanation
Possessive (left-right)	kɣ	Equivalent of English " 's ", shows possession from left to right.
Possessive (right-left)	dē	Equivalent of English "of", shows possession from right to left.
Past tense	hor	Add before first verb to convert to past tense.
Future tense	hal	Add before first verb to convert to future tense.
Absolute tense	ngɣ	Add before first verb to convert to absolute tense.
Present tense (mixing)	met̆	Add before a verb to convert to present tense when the first verb is in other tense.
Perfect aspect	ze	Add inbetween hor/hal and verb to convert to perfect apsect.
Question	phaɯ	Add in the end of a direct question when no interrogative word is used.
Command	zarʓ	Add in the end of the sentence to show command.
Reflexive	mobb	Add after a pronoun or noun to convert to reflexive form (i.e. reflexive of 'you' is 'yourself').
Instrumental	bɨ̄ryɣ	Add after noun or pronoun to convert to instrumental form.

Gender

There are four genders in Avb'el: masculine, feminine, neuter, and indeterminate.

Masculine gender

Masculine gender is used in male animals (including humans).

So, words like husband, man, tom cat, and father automatically become masculine.

Feminine gender

Feminine gender is used in female animals (including humans).

So, words like wife, woman, she-cat, and mother automatically become feminine.

Neuter gender

Neuter gender is used in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and non-living objects.

So, words like mushroom, tree, bacteria, stone, and air automatically become neuter.

Indeterminate gender

Indeterminate gender is used when you do not specify if an animal (including humans) is a male or a female.

It is also automatically set to words that can be either female or male. Those words include spouse, human, cat, parent, and student.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Type*	ABX	ENG
1st person singular	Yiera	I
1st person plural	Yiɣtra	We
2nd person singular	Yoɣra	You, thou
2nd person plural	Toɣra	You
3rd person singular masc.	Hora	He
3rd person singular fem.	Dora	She
3rd person singular neut.	Sora	It
3rd person singular indet.	Bora	One (he/she/it)
3rd person plural	Tomora	They

*Some of these, like "third person singular masculine personal pronoun," sound scary, although this phrase can be simplified into word "he."

Interrogatives

Type	ABX	ENG	ENG example
Thing	Ʒos	What	What is this object?
Kind	Ʒerd	What	What color is it?
Person	Ʒlɣ	Who	Who are you?
Location	Ʒmis	Where	Where is the building?
Possesion	Ʒlɣkɣ	Whose	Whose table is it?
Signification/Goal	Ʒmizo	Whither (old)	Whither are you going?
Source	Ʒniso	Whence (old)	Whence did he come?
Time	Ʒam	When	When will she start?
Reason	Ʒda	Why	Why did it happen?
Manner	Ʒeha	How	How are you doing it?
Choice	Ʒoph	Which	Which one should I chose?
Choice between two	Ʒêv	Whether	Whether you like this or that?
Amount	Ʒerin	How much/how many	How much water is there?
Time spent	Ʒalh	How long	How long did it take?

Numbers

Common numbers

ABX	ENG	Number
Stoll-gem	Zero	0
Gem	One	1
Lō	Two	2
Trō	Three	3
Vlō	Four	4
Phlhō	Five	5
Sllō	Six	6
Rsō	Seven	7
Mêno	Eight	8
Vinyo	Nine	9
Zeno	Ten	10
Keno	Hundred	100
Êtno	Thousand	1000
Gemnê	Million	1000000
Lōnê	Billion	1000000000
Tronê	Trillion	1000000000000
Vlonê	Quadrillion	1000000000000000

Complex numbers

To make complex numbers like twenty-two and four hundred eighteen, you should use the simple numbers combined.

Example: Lō zeno lō [Two ten two] (Twenty-two) 22

Example: Vlō keno mêno zeno [Four hundred eight ten] (Four hundred eighty) 480

Example: Êtno keno zeno gem [Thousand hundred ten one] (One thousand one hundred eleven) 1111

Example: Sllō gemnê trō zeno êtno rsō keno vinyo zeno phlhō [Six million three ten thousand seven hundred nine ten five] (Six million thirteen thousand seven hundred ninety-five) 6013795

Comparison

Positive adjectives

Adjectives without prefixes da- or eph- are automatically classified as positive. They are used as base adjectives for transforming into either comparative or superlative form. They are never used for comparison.

Comparative adjectives

To change the adjective to comparative form add da- prefix.

Example: da + Ersai (Human, adj., positive) = Daersai (Humaner, adj., comparative)

Sentence example: Hora van daersai omt eɯonn (He is humaner than alien)

Superlative adjectives

To change the adjective to superlative form, add eph- prefix.

Example: eph + Naɣsi (scientific, adj., positive) = Ephnaɣsi (the most scientific, adj., superlative)

Sentence example: Sora van ephnaɣsi omt tomora. [It is the most scientific than them] (It is the most scientific compared to them)

List of affixes

Suffixes

Type	ABX	Description
Plurality suffix	-s	Common version, add to noun.
Plurality suffix	-ês	Used when the word ends on z, ʓ, ɯ, t̆, sɇ, zɇ, ʓɇ, ɯɇ, or t̆ɇ, add to noun.
Group suffix	-or	Adding it makes the word grouped.
Adjective suffix	-i	Common version, add to noun.
Adjective suffix	-ī	Used when the word ends on iɇ, change iɇ to the suffix, add to noun.
Adverb suffix	-pɨa	Common version, add to noun.
Adverb suffix	-ɨa	Used when the word ends on p, add to noun.
Deminutive noun suffix	-olh	Common version, add to noun to make it sound smaller and cuter.
Deminutive noun suffix	-ōlh	Used when the word ends on o, change o to suffix.
Modal verb suffix	-ɣnh	Common version, add to noun.
Modal verb suffix	-ɣ̄nh	Used when the word ends ɣ, add to noun.
Transgressive suffix	-sɨ	Common version, add to verb.
Verb suffix	-e	Common version, add to noun.

Suffixoids

Type	ABX	Description
Alternative to ENG -like.	-goɇ	Similar to ENG -like. Example: cat-like, stone-like, ship-like. Added to nouns

Prefixes

Type	ABX	Description
'No' prefix	le-	Similar to ENG un-, in-, im-, non-. Added to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or gerunds.
'With' prefix	bag-	Similar to ENG with- and -ful. Added to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or gerunds.
'Without' prefix	lebag-	Similar to ENG without- and -less. Added to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or gerunds.
Comparative prefix	da-	Similar to ENG -er. Added only to adjectives.
Superlative prefix	eph-	Similar to ENG -est. Added only to adjectives.

Swadesh list

Basic Swadesh list with Avb'el, its IPA, English, Ukrainian. [not done yet]

ABX	ABX IPA	ENG	UKR
Yiera	/jiɛrɑ/	I	Я
Yiɣtra	/jiutrɑ/	We	Ми
Yoɣra	/jɔurɑ/	You (sing.)	Ти
Gem	/gɛm/	One	Один
Lō	/lɔ:/	Two	Два
Ɯimm	/ʃim:/	This	Цей
Ɯamm	/ʃɑm:/	That	Той
Bêdrel	/bʲedrɛl/	Name	Ім'я
Sagnar	/sɑgnɑr/	Fire	Вогонь
Ʒlɣ	/ʒlu/	Who	Хто
Ʒos	/ʒɔs/	What	Що
Spove	/spɔvɛ/	Speak	Говорити
Gɣzere	/guzɛrɛ/	Know	Знати
Karoɯe	/kɑrɔʃɛ/	See	Бачити
Akorre	/ɑkɔr:ɛ/	Hear	Чути
Namʓe	/nɑmʒɛ/	Eat	Їсти
Loye	/lɔjɛ/	Drink	Пити

Example sentences

Yiera dɨɣnh spove Avbxelɨi. - I can speak Avb'el

Milennesɨ yiera kɣ hemêni milenn, yiera hor ze namʓe serɯi namʓ. - While doing my homework, I had eaten my evening meal.