Avrekel Avärikelaenä | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Head-initial | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | Three (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter) | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 92% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Creator | Mattia Tosin |
Avrekel language (Avärikel Aenä or Avärikelaenä in Avrekel, also called language of the West-elves by humans, Sänäranilavathaenä or simply Sänäraenä by some kinds of elves, which can be translated as "language of the west-ancestors") is mainly spoken in Anhmor and Mifmor, where it is recognized as national language, but some speakers can be found in other countries because of the migration to other lands or because they were colonies in ancient times.
Classification and Dialects[]
This language is an elfic language (kel) which comes from the Ancient Gordhur (once a sort of common elfic language) and Aniskel (spoken in the west of Kahaymah). They were both Gordhurish languages contrasting with the languages of Anthuraal, but as Avrekel started beign spoken only in the West this language is considered a Western Gordhurish language.
Officially, only the "traditional" form of Avrekel is accepted, although there are quite a lot dialects. For a West-elf it is very important to speak this language with a correct grammar and pronunciation, because it is considered sacred. Grammar rules and pronunciation are strictly fixed and it is offensive to speak a different type of Avrekel in public; even foreigners have to use a different language if they don't speak Avrekel very well.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | /m/ | /ɱ/ | /n/ | /ɳ/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | ||||
Plosive | /p/ | /t/ /d/ | /c/ | /k/ /g/ | /q/ | |||||
Fricative | /ɸ/ | /f/ /v/ | /θ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /x/ | ||||
Affricate | /ʈ/ /ɖ/ | |||||||||
Approximant | /ʋ/ | /ð/ | /h/ | |||||||
Trill | /r/ | /ɻ/ | ||||||||
Flap or tap | /ɾ/ | /ɽ/ | ||||||||
Lateral app. | /l/ | /ɭ/ | /ʎ/ |
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | /i/ /y/ | /u/ /ɯᵝ/ | |
Close-mid | /e/ /ø/ | /ɘ/ | /o/ |
Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ | |
Near-open | /æ/ | /ɐ/ | |
Open | /a/ | /ɒ/ |
Writing Systems[]
There are three different writing systems in Avrekel.
The eldest one is called Malähanena or Malävhanena, "Malähan's one", which consists in a complicated connection between basic consonant sounds and diacritical marks which explicate the vowel sounds, read from left to right. With this alphasyllabary the terminations of declensions are specific symbols which are put after the word in a clear order.
Almost at the time another writing system was born: it is called Näranä, "ideogram". In fact, it consists of ideographs which represent a concept. But this alphabet was just invented for military and political using, so it is possible to write only some of the whole words in Avrekel. It is read from left to right, but terminations are put upon and below the ideograph.
In the middle of the Second Era, a member of the Dheran Anol (the council of the Elves), Nwmäl, invented a new, simplified writing system called Nwmälena, "Nwmäl's one". It is an alphasyllabary like the Malähanena, but has less consonants and simpler diacritical marks and rules. It has been a success and soon became the most used writing system among Avrekel's speakers. Like the others, it is read from left to right.
Alphasyllabary Nwmäl (Nwmälena)[]
Here are the basic vowel symbols used in Avrekel language. They are written only at the beginning of a word (if there are no consonants before) and at the beginning of a termination.
Symbol | Transliteration | Sound | Corresponding diacritic mark |
---|---|---|---|
A | /ɒ/, /a/ or /ɐ/ | ||
Ä | /a/ or /æ/ | None | |
E | /ɛ/ or /e/ | ||
I | /i/ | ||
O | /ɔ/ or /o/ | ||
Ö | /ø/ | ||
Y | /y/ | ||
W | /ɯᵝ/ | ||
AE | /a͡ɛ/ or /ɒ͡e/ | ||
EÖ | /ɘ͡ø/ | ||
OW | /uː/ |
Here are the consonants in Avrekel language. It is also showed the sound of the letter when it is mollified (by putting a specific diacritical mark), although these alterations of some consonants aren't used very often.
Symbol | Transliteration | Sound | Mollification (sound and transliteration) |
---|---|---|---|
K | /k/ | /q/ (Q or K') | |
CH | /x/ | No | |
R | /r/ or /ɾ/ | /ɻ/ (Ř or R') | |
LLR | /ɭ͡ɽ/ | No | |
DH | /ð/ | No | |
D | /d/ | /ɖ/ (Ď or D') | |
T | /t/ | /ʈ/ (Ť or T') | |
TH | /θ/ | No | |
F | /f/ | No | |
V | /v/ | No | |
VH | /ʋ/ | No | |
L | /l/ | /ʎ/ (Ĺ or L') | |
LL | /ɭ/ | No | |
G | /g/ | No | |
Ç | /c/ | No | |
S | /s/ | No | |
SH | /ʃ/ | No | |
M | /m/ | No | |
MN | /ɱ͡ŋ/ | No | |
N | /n/ | /ɲ/ (Ñ or N') | |
MR | /m͡r/ | No | |
NL | /ɳ͡l/ | No | |
P | /p/ | No | |
PH | /ɸ/ | No |
- There are also three diacritic marks which are put before the other marks, if used. These consist in a mollification mark (used only with some consonants), a vowel-stop mark which remove the vocalic sound after a consonant one, and an aspirate mark only for vowels, used to aspirate the vocalic sound (what is transliterated with a "H" at the beginning of the word).
Symbol | Meaning | Use |
---|---|---|
Mollification mark | Used with some consonants to get an altered sound. | |
Vowel-stop mark | It removes the vowel sound which usually is pronounced after the consonant. | |
Aspirate mark | Used to aspirate the vocalic sound, only on vowels. It replaces the dot that identifies vowels. |
Grammar[]
Gender and Number[]
In Avrekel there are three genders which are masculine, feminine and neuter. The identification of the gender is useless because declensions don't care of it, but it is helpful for native speakers in rhetoric and literature.
There are also three numbers: singular, paucal and plural. The terminations are put according to the last letter of the word. In fact, if the word ends in a vocalic sound terminations are different from a word which finishes with a consonant sound.
Singular | Paucal | Plural | Meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vowel ending | merow | (-n) merown | (-(a)na) merowana/merowna* | land |
Consonant ending | hädon | (-a) hädona | (-ali) hädonali | mountain |
- If a word ends with sound "A" the termination -na is the only one which is allowed.
Cases[]
In Avrekel languages there are eighteen cases which consist in one termination for each case, neglecting the number. They are divided in two categories: vowel-ending words and consonant-ending words.
When a termination begins with a vowel, this one is never written as a diacritic mark, but as a basic symbol.
Vowel-ending | Consonant-ending | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | [zero]
merow, merown, merowana |
[zero]
hädon, hädona, hädonali |
Accusative | [zero]
merow, merown, merowana |
-ne
hädonne, hädonane, hädonaline |
Essive | -te
merowte, merownte, merowanate |
-ae
hädonae, hädonaae, hädonaliae |
Abessive | -nw
merownw, merownnw, merowananw |
-w
hädonw, hädonaw, hädonaliw |
Adessive | -ae
merowae, merownae, merowanaae |
-ae
hädonae, hädonaae, hädonaliae |
Ablative | -tasi
merowtasi, merowntasi, merowanatasi |
-asi
hädonasi, hädonaasi, hädonaliasi |
Allative | -nesi
merownesi, merownnesi, merowananesi |
-esi
hädonesi, hädonaesi, hädonaliesi |
Elative | -to
merowto, merownto, merowanato |
-ato
hädonato, hädonaato, hädonaliato |
Illative | -ti
merowti, merownti, merowanati |
-ati
hädonati, hädonaati, hädonaliati |
Locative | -i
merowi, merowni, merowanai |
-i
hädoni, hädonai, hädonalii |
Possessive | -en
merowen, merownen, merowanaen |
-en
hädonen, hädonaen, hädonalien |
Respective | -ena
merowena, merownena, merowanaena |
-ena
hädonena, hädonaena, hädonaliena |
Dative | -ne
merowne, merownne, merowanane |
-ne
hädonne, hädonane, hädonaline |
Comitative | -nwd'
merownwd', merownnwd', merowananwd' |
-nwd'
hädonnwd', hädonanwd', hädonalinwd' |
Prolative | -sä
merowsä, merownsä, merowanasä |
-sä
hädonsä, hädonasä, hädonalisä |
Instrumental | -teö
merowteö, merownteö, merowanateö |
-eö
hädoneö, hädonaeö, hädonalieö |
Confective | -lle
merowlle, merownlle, merowanalle |
-alle
hädonalle, hädonaalle, hädonalialle |
Reputative | -no
merowno, merownno, merowanano |
-no
hädonno, hädonano, hädonalino |
- The respective, confective and reputative cases are invented. Respective states an affinity or a mode (Note: Nwmälena, the alphabet related to Nwmäl), confective is the case of the agent in a passive sentence and reputative expresses a evaluation or a quality.
- Cases which express a position in space can be also related to a position in time: for example, if we consider the elative and the illative cases, the "inner" is the present and the "external" is the future and/or the past.
- Adjectives (also numerals) have the same terminations used for nouns but don't change in number.
Personal Pronouns[]
Singular persons[]
1st | Formal 1st | 2nd | Formal 2nd | 3rd | Undefined 3rd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | allä | wllä | edh | dow | val | tenin |
Accusative | alläne | wlläne | edhäne | downe | valne | teninne |
Essive | alläte | wlläte | edhäte | dowte | valte | teninte |
Abessive | allw | ellw | edhäw | dw | valw | teninw |
Adessive | allae | ellae | edhäae | dae | valae | teninae |
Ablative | atasi | etasi | edhasi | dhasi | valasi | tenasi |
Allative | anesi | enesi | edhesi | dhesi | valesi | tenesi |
Elative | ato | eto | edho | dhato | valato | tento |
Illative | ati | eti | edhi | dhati | valati | tenti |
Locative | alli | elli | edhäi | di | vali | tenini |
Possessive | allen | ellen | edhäen | den | valen | teninen |
Respective | alla | ella | edhäa | da | vala | tenina |
Dative | ane | ene | edhe | dhane | valane | tene |
Comitative | allwd' | ellwd' | edhäwd' | dwd' | valwd' | teninwd' |
Prolative | asä | esä | edhä | dhasä | valä | tenä |
Instrumental | aeö | eö | edheö | dheö | valeö | teneö |
Confective | alle | elle | edhäe | de | vale | tenine |
Reputative | allo | ello | edhäo | do | valo | tenino |
Plural persons[]
1st | Formal 1st | 2nd | Formal 2nd | 3rd | Undefined 3rd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | lesin | wlläna | nällr | nimn | vollä | anlan |
Accusative | lesinne | wllänane | nällräne | nimnne | volläne | anlanne |
Essive | lesinte | wllänate | nällräte | nimnte | volläte | anlante |
Abessive | lesinw | ellänw | nällräw | nw | vollw | anlanw |
Adessive | lesinae | ellänae | nällräae | nae | vollae | anlanae |
Ablative | lasi | ellätasi | nällrasi | nimnasi | vollasi | anlasi |
Allative | lesi | ellänesi | nällresi | nimnesi | vollesi | anlesi |
Elative | lo | elläto | nällro | nimnato | vollato | anlo |
Illative | li | elläti | nällri | nimnati | vollati | anli |
Locative | lesini | elläni | nällräi | ni | volli | anlani |
Possessive | lesinen | ellänen | nällräen | nen | vollen | anlanen |
Respective | lesina | elläna | nällräa | na | volla | anlana |
Dative | le | elläne | nällre | nimne | vollane | anle |
Comitative | lesinwd' | ellänwd' | nällräwd' | nwd' | vollwd' | anlanwd' |
Prolative | lä | ellä | nällrä | nimnasä | vollasä | anlä |
Instrumental | leö | ellö | nällreö | nimneö | volleö | anleö |
Confective | lesine | elläne | nällräe | ne | volle | anlane |
Reputative | lesino | elläno | nällräo | no | vollo | anlano |
Demonstrative and possessive suffixes[]
Demonstrative and possessive adjectives are suffixes which are put after the terminations of number and case in a word.
Demonstrative suffixes depend on the ending of the word (if the last sound is vocalic or consonant) and they are divided in demonstrative adjectives for near and far objects and both these categories consist of fixed objects and unfixed ones.
Suffix | Example | |
---|---|---|
Fixed near objects | Vowel ending: -lamne
Consonant ending: -amne |
merowlamne, merownlamne, merowanalamne
hädonamne, hädonaamne, hädonaliamne |
Unfixed near objects | Vowel ending: -qämne
Consonant ending: -iqämne |
merowqämne,...
hädoniqämne,... |
Fixed far objects | Vowel ending: -tallre
Consonant ending: -allre |
merowtallre,...
hädonallre,... |
Unfixed far objects | Vowel ending: -sillre
Consonant ending: -illre |
merowsillre,...
hädonillre,... |
Possessive suffixes work like demonstrative ones. There are five suffixes (ten, if we consider the differences between vowel-ending and consonant-ending, although the last is just made of the vowel-ending suffix plus "i" at the beginning).
Relation to person | Suffix | Example |
---|---|---|
1st singular | Vowel ending: -sela
Consonant ending: -isela |
merowsela, merownsela, merowanasela
hädonisela, hädonaisela, hädonaliisela |
2nd singular | Vowel ending: -sowla
Consonant ending: -isowla |
merowsowla,...
hädonisowla,... |
1st plural | Vowel ending: -rena
Consonant ending: -irena |
merowrena,...
hädonirena,... |
2nd plural | Vowel ending: -rowna
Consonant ending: -irowna |
merowrowna,...
hädonirowna,... |
3rd singular/plural | Vowel ending: -tynae
Consonant ending: -itynae |
merowtynae,...
hädonitynae,... |
Morphology of nouns[]
Every noun can be made of five sections put in a specific order. The first one is of course always present because it is the root of the noun (the noun itself) and the other four correspond in order to the terminations of number, case, demonstration and possession.
Let's consider the locution:
Nowsäal allä vhadänalineamneisowla, I eat (better "I'm eating") these your apples. This is what we find if we analyze the noun vhadänalineamneisowla.
Root | Termination of number | Termination of case | Termination of demonstration | Termination of possession |
---|---|---|---|---|
vhadän- | -ali- | -ne- | -amne- | -isowla |
apple | PLURAL | ACCUSATIVE | these | your |
In spoken language, finding all five terminations together is rare, but it is quite common in written language and among nobles (who are supposed to speak properly).
Verbs[]
All verbs in Avrekel language follow the same conjugation, according to a paradigm which can change from a verb to the other. Every model shows four tenses in a specific order: infinitive, present indicative, imperfect indicative and present imperative.
If we consider the verb seen above, nowsäal (to eat), we have a paradigm which can be considered "regular": nowsä, nowsäal, nowsänäwl, nowsäliasäl. Most of the verbs in Avrekel language have a similar model.
- Same root for infinitive and present indicative.
- Imperfect indicative signified by -nä-.
- Present imperative signified by -li-.
Other verbs can have different roots, like lowsi, lwsäal, lenäsiwl, lwnäsiasäl (to sail), or can even change more, for example näni, denwal, onäwl, deniasäl (to exist materially, sometimes to be).
When we have a paradigm we know that the first root is used for non-finite moods (infinitive and participle), the second for present and future indicative, the third for imperfect and perfect indicative and the fourth for present and future imperative.
Verbs are conjugated according to the person and number and has two voices (active and passive).
Indicative mood[]
Present[]
Person | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | -al | -allän | nowsäal
nowsäallän |
2nd singular | -adh | -adhän | nowsäadh
nowsäadhän |
3rd singular | -in | -inin | nowsäin
nowsäinin |
1st plural | -alin | -alinän | nowsäalin
nowsäalinän |
2nd plural | -allr | -allrän | nowsäallr
nowsäallrän |
3rd plural | -anlin | -anlinin | nowsäanlin
nowsäanlinin |
Imperfect[]
Person | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | -wl | -wllän | nowsänäwl
nowsänäwllän |
2nd singular | -wdh | -wdhän | nowsänäwdh
nowsänäwdhän |
3rd singular | -wn | -wnin | nowsänäwn
nowsänäwnin |
1st plural | -wlin | -wlinän | nowsänäwlin
nowsänäwlinän |
2nd plural | -wllr | -wllrän | nowsänäwllr
nowsänäwllrän |
3rd plural | -wnlin | -wnlinin | nowsänäwnlin
nowsänäwnlinin |
Perfect[]
Person | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | -en | -enän | nowsänäen
nowsänäenän |
2nd singular | -edh | -edhän | nowsänäedh
nowsänäwdhän |
3rd singular | -eön | -eönän | nowsänäeön
nowsänäeönän |
1st plural | -elin | -elinän | nowsänäelin
nowsänäelinän |
2nd plural | -ellr | -ellrän | nowsänäellr
nowsänäellrän |
3rd plural | -enlin | -enlinän | nowsänäenlin
nowsänäenlinän |
Future[]
Person | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | -ol | -ollän | nowsäol
nowsäollän |
2nd singular | -odh | -odhän | nowsäodh
nowsäodhän |
3rd singular | -on | -onin | nowsäon
nowsäonin |
1st plural | -olin | -olinän | nowsäolin
nowsäolinän |
2nd plural | -ollr | -ollrän | nowsäollr
nowsäollrän |
3rd plural | -onlin | -onlinin | nowsäonlin
nowsäonlinin |
Imperative mood[]
Present[]
Person | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | -asäl | -asälän | nowsäliasäl
nowsäliasälän |
2nd singular | -asädh | -asädhän | nowsäliasädh
nowsäliasädhän |
3rd singular | -asin | -asinin | nowsäliasin
nowsäliasinin |
1st plural | -asälin | -asälinän | nowsäliasälin
nowsäliasälinän |
2nd plural | -asällr | -asällrän | nowsäliasällr
nowsäliasällrän |
3rd plural | -asänlin | -asänlinin | nowsäliasänlin
nowsäliasänlinin |
Future[]
Person | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | -ashal | -ashalän | nowsäliashal
nowsäliashalän |
2nd singular | -ashadh | -ashadhän | nowsäliashadh
nowsäliashadhän |
3rd singular | -ashin | -ashinin | nowsäliashin
nowsäliashinin |
1st plural | -ashalin | -ashalinän | nowsäliashalin
nowsäliashalinän |
2nd plural | -ashallr | -ashallrän | nowsäliashallr
nowsäliashallrän |
3rd plural | -ashanlin | -ashanlinin | nowsäliashanlin
nowsäliashanlinin |
Infinitive mood[]
Tense | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Present | [ZERO] | -nä | nowsä
nowsänä |
Perfect | -en | -enown | nowsäen
nowsäenown |
Future | -ellren | -ellrenown | nowsäellren
nowsäellrenown |
Participle mood[]
Tense | Active | Passive | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Present | -eshan | -eshamnän | nowsäeshan
nowsäeshamnän |
Perfect | -elown | -elowmnän | nowsäelown
nowsäelowmnän |
Future | -sivhan | -sivhamnän | nowsäsivhan
nowsäsivhamnän |
- Participles have the same terminations of names when need to be declined.
Syntax[]
The basic structure in Avrekel language is VSO. When you have to make a question you use a SVO structure. For example, if we consider: "laenäen allä nämelne" (I visited the city), we have a verb (laenäen), a subject (allä) and an object (nämelne). If we want to ask someone "Did you visit the city?", we have to change the words' order and we obtain: "edh laenäedh nämelne?", a subject, a verb and an object.
But if we consider the phrase: "hisälläadh", "you read", we can't change the structure because we have just one word. In this case (and others) changing a declarative sentence into an interrogative one consists in emphasizing the last syllable a lot more than the others. There is a second way to change the phrase into a question: it is possible to add the subject, which will be put before the verb, of course, according to the SVO structure. So we have "edh hisälläadh?" which means "do you read?".
Lexicon[]
Here are some words and phrases which may be useful to speak in Avrekel.
- Vhinäshalen / Vhinäshal / Vhinä; friendly and respectful greeting when meeting.
- Näla vhinäshalae; answer to the previous greeting (lit.: "the same as hello").
- Hällren'an / Henäqae; disrespectful greeting.
- Edh galäte/galäena?; "What's your name?" (lit.: "You as name?". Both essive and respective cases are allowed).
- Näal (NAME) galäte/galäena; "My name's (NAME)" (lit.: "I am (NAME) as name". Both essive and respective cases are allowed).
- Syläna enäin edhäa?; "How are you?" (lit.: "How does it progress according to you?".)
- Sälenäin / Hemädhenäin / Narälenäin; lit.: "It's great/fine/bad".
- Dhällenashin; similar to "farewell".
- Näqaeläashin; disrespectful greeting when leaving.
Example text[]
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1[]
Denaeanlinin hal'en nowlenäana himäthanaliae ganäd'ianate saemänylano laneshänano sä nällräsaliashanlin anlan hynäelown nasämär'äneö kalaenäteö anlanwd' fänäshalenena.
- Translation: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- Interlinear gloss: be_born(IND-PRES-3PL-PASS) all person-PL free_person-PL-ESS equal_person-PL-ESS dignity-PAUC-REP right-PAUC-REP and behave(IMP-FUT-3PL-ACT) they_undefined get(PART-PERFCT-ACT) reason-INSTR coscience-INSTR they_undefined-COMT brotherhood-RESPCT.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 2[]
Nesät'aliashanlin laneshäna himäthirana nänieshana lanedhälaniamne hanlaline aemrälieshamnäna thanäna lömnena thavhälena nysaena aenäena hir'ashälanena nwsaläena anoläen ydhänaen siçänashänena sänäralen myllänen thänwlaena näleövhinänena nwsalinen ydhänaen sowr'ä haelänisäashanlinin thanäna anolanäena laneshenäena sylamnäena näleövhinänena myr'anänen merowen nänieshan nowlenäqämne valasi hysä kar'enälae ydhevhäshanoläte ydhanoläte helad'änarishanoläte.
- Translation: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs.
- Interlinear gloss: concern(IMP-FUT-3PL-ACT) right-PAUC freedom-PAUC be(PART-PRES-ACT)-PAUC document-LOC-DEMN(fix.near) everyone-PL-DAT ignore(PART-PRES-PASS)-PAUC distinction-PAUC race-RESPCT skin_colour-RESPCT sex-RESPCT language-RESPCT religion-RESPCT opinion-RESPCT politics-POSS other-POSS origin-RESPCT ancestry-POSS social_class-POSS property-RESPCT condition-RESPCT birth-POSS other-POSS furthermore no_take(IMP-FUT-3PL-PASS) distinction-PAUC political-RESPCT jurisdictional-RESPCT international-RESPCT condition-RESPCT country-POSS territory-POSS be(PART-PRES-ACT) person-DEMN(unf.near) it-ABL if independent-ESS other_partial_governing-ESS other_governing-ESS no_self_governance-ESS.