Bae Rae Kha

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verbs	no	no	no	yes	no	yes	no	yes
Nouns	yes	yes	yes	no	no	no	no	no
Adjectives	yes	yes	yes	no	no	no	no	no
Numbers	no	no	yes	no	no	no	no	no
Participles	no	no	no	no	no	no	no	no
Adverbs	no	no	no	no	no	no	no	no
Pronouns	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	no	no	no
Adpositions	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Articles	no	no	no	no	no	no	no	no
Particles	no	yes	yes	no	no	no	no	no
Imperatives	no	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes

Overview

Bae Rae Kha ( literally meaning sound of mouth ) is the main language spoken in the Red Land, the biggest continent of Xaa planet. 

Bae Rae Kha is spoken by Zete Ukrer, an humanoid race. The planet is inhabitated by other less important people,  all governed by Zete Ukrer Empire, excluding the Zaater, mermaid-like people living in big rivers really far from Red Land and its cities.

Linguistic Introduction

Bae Rae Kha is a really particular language, having an unusual grammar. 

Nouns and adjectives, according to their ending letter, can be distinguished by gender ( male or female ) number    ( singular or plural ) and case ( plain, dative, propositional ).

Pronouns are declensed by person ( first, second or third ), number ( singular, dual, trial or plural ), clusivity           ( inclusive or exclusive ) and case ( nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, prepositional, vocative ).

Verbs present a fundamental distincion between affirmative and negative form. All of the verbs can be conjugated into the two forms, but the conjugation is completely different. Affirmative verbs are conjugated according to mood   ( indicative or imperative ), tense ( present, immediate past or past ) and aspect ( continuous, habitual, inchoative or iterative ). Contrarily, negative verbs are conjugated according to mood ( indicative or imperative ), tense             ( present, past, perfect or future ), person ( first, second or third ) and number ( singular or plural ) ; negative verbs present special forms too.

Words, particularly verbs, can be rich of affixes that may add grammatical or semantical meaning.

Phonology

There are no nasals, nor round vowels.

The letter ř can be freely pronunciated as alveolar approximant, retroflex flap or uvular trill. The mid central vowel can be used to separate complex consonant clusters and is never written, since its use is optional.

	Front	Central	Back
Close			ɯ
Close-mid	e
Mid		(ə)
Open	a

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	p - b	t			k	ɢ (g)
Fric.		s	ʃ (š)		χ (x)
Appr.		ɹ (ř)					h
Flap		ɾ (r)		ɽ (ř)
Trill.						ʀ (ř)
Lat. fricative		ɮ (z)
Lat. appr.		l

Nouns

There are three noun classes.

First Class This class includes body parts, First class nouns are marked by the suffix "-e" for both the singular and the plural. For exemple, ahpe means "hand" or "hands", zete means "person" or "people"

Nouns ending in -z

This class includes materials, places and objects. For exemple, leruz - lerudruz, meaning "material - materials", saz - sadruz, meaning "sea - seas".

Other Nouns

Monosyllabic 

Monosyllabic nouns having ending letters different from e and z have a plural form created by adding the suffix "zask". For exemple, al - alzask, meaning man - men.

Polysyllabic

Polysyllabic nouns having ending letters different from e and z have a male and neuter plural form created by adding the suffix "zaks". The female singular form is created by adding the prefix "ax", if the word begins with a vowel, or "ata", if the word begins with a consonant. If the noun is clearly female ( woman, girl, wife, etc... ), the prefix isn't added. The female plural form is created by adding both the proper prefix and the suffix "šaskah", for exemple ala - alašaskah 'means woman - women.

Nouns general table

Ending letter	M / N singular	F singular	M / N plural	F plural
E	NOUN + e	NOUN + e	NOUN + e	NOUN + e
Z	NOUN + z	NOUN + z	NOUN + druz	NOUN + druz
Other monosyllabic	NOUN + ...	NOUN + ...	NOUN + zask	NOUN + zask
Other polysyllabic with vowel	NOUN + ...	ax + NOUN + ...	NOUN + zaks	ax + NOUN + šaskah
Other polysyllabic with consonant	NOUN + ...	ata + NOUN + ...	NOUN + zaks	ata + NOUN + šaskah

Adjectives

Adjectives ever ends with "'rer", for exemple, zerer, meaning young. Adjectives come after the noun, for exemple "ala zerer" means " young woman", "axalašaskah zerer" means "young women". If an adjective agrees with a plural noun having the suffix "druz", the suffix "rer" would be replaced by the plural ending "drerab", for exemple "saz plerer - s'adruz plererab" means "blue sea - blue seas".

Particular Adjectives

The adjectives uhuekerer - big, epltahrer - small, abataregrer - wide/large/open, kukustrer - narrrow/close, ressegrer - far away, aeubbutrer - near precede the noun, for exemple, " uhuekerer saz " means " big sea ", " uhuekerer saz plerer " means " big blue sea ".

Colour Adjectives

The only "pure" colour adjectives are galkherer - white, p'řetrer - black, bulplertrer - green, plerer - blue, ukrer - red, tratterer - brown and ukrerg'řatrer - yellow. 

Any other colour is expressed by combining the former adjectives, for exemple purple is p'řetukrer ( black-red ). The suffix "keku'š" is used to express a lighter tonality, while "preku'š" is used to express a darker tonality, for exemple bulplertrerkeku'š means light green  ( licterally small green ), ukrerg'řatrerpreku'š means dark orange ( licterally blackish red-yellow ).

Pronouns 

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are declensed according to person ( first, second and third ), case ( nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, prepositional and vocative ), number ( singular, dual and trial ) and, for the first person plural pronoun, there are inclusive and exclusive form. Genitive and dative lack of dual and trial forms.

	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Prepositional	Vocative
1 s	ahar	akkur	ahaxpeur	axar	attar	harrar
2 s	eher	ekkur	ehexpeur	exer	etter	herrer
3 s	uhur	ukkur	uhuxpeur	uxur	uttur	hurrur
1 pl incl.	lalhar	lakkur	lalhaxpeur	lalxar	lattar	hlallar
1 pl excl.	bralhar	brakkur	bralhaxpeur	bralxar	brattar	brallar
2 pl	lelher	lekkur	lelhexpeur	lelxer	lettur	hleller
3pl	lulhur	lukkur	lulhuxpeur	lulxur	luttur	hlullur
1 dual	lalharshatr	as plural	as plural	lalxarshatr	laltarshatr	hatthlallar
2 dual	lelhershatr	"	"	lelxershatr	leltershatr	hatthleller
3 dual	lulhurshatr	"	"	lulxurshatr	lulturshatr	hatthlullur
1 trial	lalharsplatr	"	"	lalxarsplatr	laltarsplatr	platthlallar
2 trial	lelhersplatr	"	"	lelxersplatr	leltersplatr	platthleller
3 trial	lulhursplatr	"	"	lulxursplatr	lultursplatr	platthlullur

Demonstrative Pronouns

There are four demonstrative pronouns corresponding to english "this", "that", "this place" and " that place". Their declension has four cases ( nominative, genitive, dative and accusative ) and four numbers ( singular, dual, trial and plural ), but the pronouns meaning "this place" and "that place" lacks of dual and trial forms.

	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
This	khutp	kehutp	khutxpeurp	kxutp
These	ghutp	gehutp	ghutxpeurp	gxutp
That	prutp	perutp	prutxpeurp	prustp
Those	brutp	berutp	brutxpeurp	brustp
This place	xbraketp	xebraketp	xbraketxpeurp	xpraketp
These places	xbragetp	xebragetp	xbragetxpeurp	xpragetp
That place	xlbraketp	xelbraketp	xlbraketxpeurp	xlpraketp
Those places	xlbragetp	xelbragetp	xlbragetxpeurp	xlpragetp
These two	ghuthap	gehuthap	ghutxpeurhap	gxuthap
Those two	bruthap	beruthap	brutxpeurhap	bxruthap
These three	ghutplap	gehutplap	ghutxeurplap	gxutplap
Those three	brutplap	berutplap	brutxeurplap	bxrutplap

Affirmative Verbs

Affirmative verbs conjugation is formed by two moods ( indicative and imperative ), three tenses ( present, recent past and past ) and  four aspects ( continuous, abitual, iterative and inchoative ). There are no distinctions of person and number. The conjugation is showed in the table.

	Present indicative	Recent past Indicative	Past Indicative	Present Imperative	R.P. Imperative	Past Imperative
Normal form	VERB+a	egeg+VERB+a	ekek+VERB+a	verb+utur+a	egeg+VERB+utur+a	ekek+VERB+utur+a
Continuous form	gash+VERB+a	egeg+gash+VERB+a	ekek+gash+VERB+a	gash+VERB+utur+a	egeg+gash+VERB+utur+a	ekek+gash+VERB+utur+a
Abitual form	VERB+uzu+a	egeg+VERB+uzu+a	ekek+VERB+uzu+a	VERB+utur+uzu+a	egeg+VERB+utur+uzu+a	ekek+VERB+utur+uzu+a
Iterative form	VERB+ahal+a	egeg+VERB+ahal+a	ekek+VERB+ahal+a	VERB+utur+ahal+a	egeg+VERB+utura+ahal+a	ekek+VERB+utura+ahal+a
Inchoative form	VERB+ulul+a	egeg+VERB+ulul+a	ekek+VERB+ulul+a	VERB+utur+ulul+a	egeg+VERB+utur+ulul+a	ekek+VERB+utur+ulul+a

English - Bae Rae Kha comparison

Indicative Present

Normal form of ghb ( to know ) is ghba, corresponding to " I know, you know, he knows, etc..."

Continuous form of the same verb is gashghba, corresponding to " I am knowing, you are knowing, etc..."

Abitual form is ghbuzua, corresponding to " I usually know, you usually know, etc..."

Iterative form is ghbahala, corresponding to " I ever know, you ever know, etc...". Phrases like " I go there each week" or " She dances everyday" contain iterative verbs when translated to Bae Rae Kha.

Inchoative form is ghbulula, corresponding to " I am going to know, you are going to know, etc..."

It is used to express actions happened less than half a day before.

Normal form is egegghba, corresponding to " I just knew, you just knew, etc...". 

Continuous form is egeggashghba, corresponding to " I just was knowing, you just were knowing, etc..."

Abitual form is egegghbuzua, corresponding to " I just usually knew, you just usually knew,etc..."

Iterative form is egegghbahala, corresponding to " I just ever knew, you just ever knew, etc..."

Inchoative form is egegghbulula, corresponding to " I just started knowing, you just started knowing, etc..."

Indicative Past

It is used to express action happened more than half a day before.

Normal form is ekekghba, corresponding to " I have known, you have known, etc..."

Continuous form is ekekghashghba, corresponding tu " I have been knowing, you have been knowing, etc..."

Abitual form is ekekghbuzua, corresponding to " I used to know, you used to know, etc..."

Iterative form is ekekghbahala, corresponding to " I ever have known, you ever have known, etc..."

Inchoative form is ekekghbulula, corresponding to " I started knowing, you started knowing, etc..."

Imperative Present

Normal form is ghbutura, corresponding to " Know ! "

Continuous form is gashghbutura, corresponding to " Be knowing ! "

Abitual form is ghbuturuzua, corresponding to " Usually know ! "

Iterative form is ghbuturahala, corresponding to " Ever know ! "

Inchoative form is ghbuturulula, corresponding to " Start knowing ! "

Affirmative Verbs

Negative verbs are conjugate according to person ( first, second and third ), number ( singular and plural ), mood ( indicative and imperative ) and, just for the indicative mood, there is tense distinction ( present, past, perfect and future ). Plural second person imperative verbs have formal, higly formal, normal, offensive and special forms.

Indicative mood

	Present	Past	Perfect	Future
1 s	ba + VERB + a	xa + VERB	za + VERB  + eh	skala VERB
2 s	be + VERB + a	xe + VERB	ze + VERB + eh	skalat VERB
3 s	bu + VERB + a	xu + VERB	zu + VERB + eh	skal VERB
1 p	ba + VERB + aba	xa + VERB + xa	za + VERB + eheh	sgala VERB
2 p	be + VERB + abe	xe + VERB + xe	ze + VERB + eheh	sgalat VERB
3 p	bu + VERB + abu	xu + VERB + xu	zu + VERB + eheh	skalle VERB

Imperative mood

	Normal	Formal	Offensive	Special 1	Special 2	Special 3	Special 4
2 s	VERB+ekukra	ez+VERB	VERB+elulka	-	-	-	-
3 s	VERB+ukukra	ez+VERB+u	VERB+ululka	-	-	-	-
1 p	VERB+agugra	ez+VERB+azu	a+VERB+lulka	-	-	-	-
2 p	VERB+egugra	ez+VERB+ezu	e+VERB+lulka	VERB+uzuakk	VERB+hatzu	xra+VERB+x	VERB+uturaskarp
3 p	VERB+ugugra	ez+VERB+uzu	u+VERB+lulka	-	-	-	-

English - Bae Rae Kha comparison

Indicative Present

I know	baghba
You know	beghba
He - she - it knows	bughba
We know	baghbaba
You know	beghbaba
They know	bughbaba

Indicative Past

I knew	xaghb
You knww	xeghb
He - she - it knew	xughb
We knew	xaghbxa
You knew	xeghbxe
They knew	xughbxu

Indicative Perfect

I have known	zaghbeh
You have known	zeghbeh
He - she- it has known	zughbeh
We have known	zaghbeheh
You have known	zeghbeheh
They have known	zughbeheh

Indicative Future

I will know	skala ghb
You will know	skalat ghb
He - she - it will know	skal ghb
We will know	sgala ghb
You will know	sgala ghb
They will know	skalle ghb

Bae Rae Kha Dialects

Peasant Dialect

This dialect is spoken by people living outside cities and presents archaisms, mainly about lexicon.

The r sound is trilled, x sound is pronounced as voiceless velar fricative [x], the ancient consonant groups kl and bl are manteined ( while they merge into pl in standard Bae Rae Kha ) and u is pronounced [y] ( just like the french u ) after t and p, and [u] elsewhere. Grammar is like standard one, but affirmative verbs have a third person singular form, ending with "tux" and the pronoun "lalhar" is often replaced by "baeb".

Plhattrushebu Dialect

This dialect is generarly spoken by Plhattrushebuzask, the slaves, but is commonly spoken by poor inhabitants of big cities too. It is extremely simple if comparated with standard Bae Rae Kha.

In this dialect, the consonant b becomes p, and ř is ever pronounced as a retroflex flap. At the beginning of word, a becomes eaxa, and r becomes l ( but it is preserved in adjective ending -rer and in personal pronouns ). Affirmative verbs are extremely simplified, having just two forms : the -a indicative and the -ulula imperative. Negative verbs conjugate just like affirmative verbs but are preceeded by hesk. Monosyllabic nouns are invariable, while polysyllabic adjectives have the plural form -sh. Pronouns have just singular and plural forms.

The Tower of Bable

Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.

Agura ekekhabe hat bae rae kha he zeterer bae rae kha xaaet xaetrerrer.

Now past-have one language and common speech world-the whole.

As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.

Kuge 'estekrasg 'ekekspustra zete, ekekbheta bassa ez Shinar he ghutp ekekstar lulhur.

As eastward past-move people, past-find plain in Shinar and there past-settle they.

Swadesh List

No.	English	Tsrul
1	I	ahar
2	you (singular)	eher
3	he	uhur
4	we	lalhar (incl.) bralhar (escl.)
5	you (plural)	lelher
6	they	lulhur
7	this	khutp
8	that	ghutp
9	here	kek
10	there	lak
11	who	kxu
12	what	kxusu
13	where	kxtubeu
14	when	kxbatu
15	how	kxube
16	not	ere-
17	all	(reduplication of the word)
18	many
19	some	pukpuk
20	few	pukpuk
21	other	erteester
22	one	khe
23	two	hat
24	three	plhat
25	four	xatr
26	five	peugk
27	big	uhuekerer
28	long	rassegrer
29	wide	abataregreg
30	thick	abataregreg
31	heavy
32	small	eplthahrer
33	short	aeabbutrer
34	narrow	kukustrer
35	thin	kukustrer
36	woman	ala
37	man (adult male)	al
38	man (human being)	zete
39	child	eplthahrer al
40	wife	ala al kha
41	husband	al ala kha
42	mother	appa
43	father	bak
44	animal	bešt
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog	kuuab
48	louse
49	snake
50	worm
51	tree	ařbule
52	forest	busx
53	stick
54	fruit	rusak arbule kha
55	seed
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark
59	flower	plur
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat	krasa
64	blood	ukkre
65	bone
66	fat	ubasza
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair	kabel
72	head
73	ear
74	eye
75	nose
76	mouth
77	tooth
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart	kurekre
91	liver
92	drink	larrerea
93	eat	rusaka
94	bite
95	suck
96	spit	ptlua
97	vomit	btlua
98	blow
99	breathe
100	laugh
101	see
102	hear
103	know	ghba
104	think
105	smell
106	fear
107	sleep	trussia
108	live
109	die
110	kill
111	fight
112	hunt
113	hit
114	cut
115	split
116	stab
117	scratch
118	dig
119	swim
120	fly
121	walk	hbegua
122	come
123	lie
124	sit
125	stand
126	turn
127	fall
128	give	gaba
129	hold
130	squeeze
131	rub
132	wash
133	wipe
134	pull
135	push
136	throw
137	tie
138	sew
139	count
140	say	lalala
141	sing
142	play
143	float
144	flow
145	freeze
146	swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water	lař
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea	saz
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth	tař
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky	zel
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire	uke
168	ash
169	burn
170	road	strata
171	mountain
172	red	ukrer
173	green	bulplertrer
174	yellow	grater
175	white	galkherer
176	black	prheter
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm	ukerer
181	cold
182	full
183	new
184	old
185	good	xkpx
186	bad	plhaplharz
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near	ressegrer
198	far	aeubbutrer
199	right
200	left
201	at	aa
202	in	ez
203	with	ku
204	and	he
205	if	sse
206	because	prukue
207	name