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{{Definition
  
{{Definition
 
|Name = Barejine
  
|Name = Barejine
−
|NativeName = Barejinê
 +
|NativeName = Barzhinrizhe
−
|Type = Analytic (nouns), Fusional (verbs)
 +
|Type = Fusional
 
|Alignment = Accusative
  
|Alignment = Accusative
−
|Head = right
 +
|Head = head-initial
 
|Tonal = No
  
|Tonal = No
−
|Declined = No
 +
|Declined = Yes
 
|Conjugated = Yes
  
|Conjugated = Yes
−
|Genders = No
 +
|Genders = Yes
−
|NounCase = no
 +
|NounCase = yes
−
|NounNumber = no
 +
|NounNumber = yes
 
|NounDefiniteness = no
  
|NounDefiniteness = no
−
|NounGender = no
 +
|NounGender = yes
 
|VerbVoice = no
  
|VerbVoice = no
 
|VerbMood = yes
  
|VerbMood = yes
Line 21: Line 21:
   
 
==General information==
  
==General information==
  +
Barejine (native ''Barzhinrizhe'' /bɑɾʒɪ̃ɾíʒə/) is a spoken language of the alien Patronans (''Parneve'' /pɑɾnéɸə/) on the planet Patrona (''Parune'' /pɑɾʊ̃́nə/). It is the official language of the country of Barejinia (''Barshine'' /bɑɾʃɪ̃́nə/), and its many former colonies. Barejinia is situated in the Chevin peninsula (''Tshevi''), a sub-peninsula of the Edalith peninsula (''Âzlez''), which is itself a subcontinent of the largest continent of the planet, Chiwar (''Tshivar'').
−
Barejine is one of the most spoken languages on the planet ''Patrona''. It is a majority language in at least two countries, and an official language in many more.
  
  +
  +
==Classification ==
  +
Barejine is a Chevin language (see [[Proto-Chevin]]), closely related to [[Alemarese]]. It is a direct descendant of True Chevin ([[Proto-Alemar-Barejine]]). As a Chevin language, it is also a member of the Edalith macrofamily (see [[Proto-Edalith]]).
   
 
==Phonology==
  
==Phonology==
 
===Consonants===
  
===Consonants===
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
 +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
−
! style="width: 68px; "|
 +
! style="width: 90px; " |
  +
!bilabial
−
! style="width: 68px; " |labial
  
  +
!alveolar
−
! style="width: 68px; " |interdental
  
  +
!palatal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |alveolar
  
  +
!velar
−
! style="width: 68px; " |postalveolar
  
  +
!glottal
−
! style="width: 68px; " |palatal
  
−
! style="width: 68px; " |velar
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!nasal
  
!nasal
 
|m
  
|m
−
|
  
 
|n
  
|n
−
|
  
 
|ɲ
  
|ɲ
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
!stop
 +
! stop
 
|p b
  
|p b
−
|
  
 
|t d
  
|t d
  +
|tʃ dʒ
  +
|k g
 
|
  
|
−
|tʃ
  
−
|k g
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
!fricative
 +
! fricative
  +
|ɸ
−
|f (v)
  
−
|θ ð
  
 
|s z
  
|s z
 
|ʃ ʒ
  
|ʃ ʒ
−
|
 +
|x
 
|h
  
|h
 
|-
  
|-
 
!approximant
  
!approximant
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|l
  
|l
−
|ɹ̠
  
 
|ʎ
  
|ʎ
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!flap
  +
|
  +
|ɾ
  +
|
  +
|
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
  +
m, n, ny, p, b, t, d, tsh, dzh, k, g, q, g, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, j, h, l, ly, r
   
−
*/f/ becomes [v] allophonically in between vowels.
 +
*[q] is an allophone of /k/ before back vowels.
  +
*[ɢ] is an allophone of /g/ before back vowels.
  +
*[β] is an allophone of /ɸ/ between vowels.
   
 
===Vowels===
  
===Vowels===
  +
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
====Monophthongs====
−
! style="width: 68px; "|
  
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 200px; text-align:center;"
−
! style="width: 68px; " |front
  
−
! style="width: 68px; " |central
 +
! style="width: 100px; " |
  +
!front
−
! style="width: 68px; " |back
  
  +
!back
 
|-
  
|-
 
!close
  
!close
−
|i ĩ
 +
|i y
  +
|u
−
|ɪ̈ ʊ̈ ɪ̈̃ ʊ̈̃
  
−
|u ũ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!close-mid
  
!close-mid
−
|e
 +
|e ø
−
|
  
 
|o
  
|o
 
|-
  
|-
 
!open-mid
  
!open-mid
−
|ɛ ɛ̃
 +
|ɛ œ
−
|
 +
|ɔ
−
|ɔ ɔ̃
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!open
  
!open
−
|æ æ̃
 +
|æ
  +
| ɑ
  +
|}
  +
i, oi, u, e, eu, o, ê, êu, ô, â, a, in, oin, un, an, e, en
  +
  +
*There are only four non-marginal nasal monophthongs, not included in the table for brevity: /ɪ̃/, /ʏ̃/, /ʊ̃/, and /ɐ̃/.
  +
*/u/, /o/, and /ɔ/ are allophonically unrounded to [ɯ], [ɤ], and [ʌ], respectively before the liquids: /l/, /ʎ/, and /ɾ/.
  +
*There are two marginal phonemes: /ə/ & /ə̃/, which occur only in unstressed word-initial and word-final syllables. Most word-final instances are the result of weakening of low vowels.
  +
  +
====Diphthongs====
  +
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 200px; text-align:center;"
  +
! style="width: 100px; " |
  +
!front
  +
!back
  +
|-
  +
!close-mid
  +
|ye
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
−
|ɑ ɑ̃
  
  +
!open-mid
  +
|yɛ
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
!open
  +
|yæ
  +
|uɑ
 
|}
  
|}
  +
oe, oê, oâ, oa, oian, oan, -oie, -oe, -oien, -oen
−
*/ʊ̈/ and /ʊ̈̃/ are reduced to [ə] and [ə̃] when adjacent to another vowel or when before /r/.
  
   
  +
*There are also two nasal diphthongs, not included in the table for brevity: /yɐ̃/, and /uɐ̃/.
−
==Transliteration==
  
  +
*[yə], [uə], [yə̃], and [uə̃] are allophones of /yæ/, /uɑ/, /yɐ̃/, and /uɐ̃/ when unstressed word-finally.
−
The Barejine Latin Alphabet developed for use in Earth-friendly documents is as follows:
  
   
  +
===Stress===
−
a, â, b, c, d, ð, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, l, m, n, o, ô, p, r, s, t, u, û, v, x, z, þ
  
  +
Stress is usually on the last syllable of a stem, unless that syllable contains a reduced vowel, in which case the penultimate is stressed. Some suffixes attract stress. Stress is marked if it occurs earlier than the penult, if it occurs on a final vowel, if it occurs before a word final <n> or <g>, or if it occurs on the penult of a word ending in a consonant that is not <n> or <g>.
   
  +
==Sound Changes==
−
*nasalized vowels: an, ân, en, in, în, on, un, ûn
  
−
*digraphs: cy /tʃ/, ly /ʎ/, ny /ɲ/, ry /ɹ̠/ (no different from <r>), oi /eɪ̈/
  
   
  +
#Initial and final epenthesis of /ǝ/
  +
#First palatalization
  +
##Palatalization of /k/ and /g/ before front vowels
  +
##/k/ becomes /j/ before an obstruent
  +
#Intervocalic & word-final non-geminate obstruents and those preceding /l/ and /r/ lenite except when they begin stressed syllables: voiced fricatives > 0, voiced stops > voiced fricatives, voiceless obstruents > voiced obstruents.
  +
# [θ, ð] > [s, z] / V_, > [t, d] elsewhere
  +
#[t, d, h, x]u > [ts, dz, ɸ, ɸ] / _[V, #]
  +
#/p/ & /k/ > /h/ / _[m, n]
  +
#pC > C:
  +
#Second palatalization
  +
##jn, nj, gn, ng > ɲ & ni word-finally
  +
##jl, lj, gl, lg > ʎ & li word-finally
  +
##jt, tj, ts > tʃ & jd, dj, dz > dʒ & ti/tsi/di/dzi word-finally
  +
##js, sj, jx, xj, jh, hj > ʃ & jz, zj, ɣ > ʒ & si/zi/xi/ɣi/hi word-finally
  +
#monophthongs disappear word-finally after a liquid immediately following a stressed vowel
  +
#[u, i] > [β, ʒ] before a vowel unless directly following a consonant
  +
#[u, i] > 0 before a mid-vowel of the same roundedness
  +
#First lowering: lowering of monophthongs & diphthongs with a first element of /u/ & /i/ before obstruent and liquid codas
  +
#monophthongization:
  +
##/ei/ > /e/
  +
##/ou/ > /o/
  +
##/au/, /ao/, /uau/, /uao/, /oau/, /oao/ > /ɔ/
  +
## /ia/, /ea/, /ae/, /ai/, /iae/, /iai/ > /æ/
  +
##/eu/, /eo/, /ueu/, /ueo/, /io/ > /ø/
  +
##[u, o] > ɥ / _F and > w / _B
  +
##/iu/, /ɥi/ > /y/
  +
##/iɔ/ > /œ/
  +
#/a/>/ɑ/
  +
#Second lowering: lowering of monophthongs before liquid codas
  +
#allophonic unrounding of vowels before liquids
  +
#Nasalization
  +
##nasal consonants induce nasalization of preceding vowels
  +
##coda nasal consonants disappear
  +
##nasal vowels collapse to /ɪ̃/, /ʏ̃/, /ʊ̃/, and /ɐ̃/
  +
#consonants are lost before liquids
  +
#Loss of intertonic (between a stressed syllable and the beginning or end of a word) vowels
  +
#Unstressed low vowels become /ǝ/ when word-final (/ə̃/ when nasal)
  +
#final /h/ and /hǝ/, as well as /ǝ/ after a vowel disappear
  +
#/k/ and /q/, as well as /g/ and /ɢ/ merge
  +
##[q, ɢ] > [k, g]
  +
##[k, g] > [q, ɢ] / _B
  +
#length distinctions are lost
  +
#/ɸ/ and /β/ merge
  +
##β > ɸ
  +
##ɸ > β / V_V
   
−
==Pronouns==
 +
==Nouns==
  +
In dictionaries, regular nouns are given with their genitive singular form if they are inanimate, which along with the nominative is enough to decline any noun fully. Irregular nouns are given with their genitive plural, as well as their allative singular if it is not predictable from the other two or three forms.
−
===Nominative pronouns===
  
  +
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
===Declension table===
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
{| class="article-table"
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
 +
! rowspan="3" |
  +
! colspan="2" |Animate
  +
! colspan="6" |Inanimate
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |E
−
!1
  
  +
! colspan="2" |O
−
|sû
  
  +
! colspan="2" |I
−
|naf
  
  +
! colspan="2" |E
 
|-
  
|-
−
!2
 +
!sg
  +
!pl
−
|tôcy
  
  +
!sg
−
|mî
  
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!NOM
−
!3.an
  
  +
| -e/0
−
| colspan="2"|jor
  
  +
| -e
  +
| -0/e<sup>1</sup>
  +
| -oi
  +
| colspan="2" | -i/0<sup>2</sup>
  +
| -e/0
  +
| -e
  +
|-
  +
!GEN
  +
| -e
  +
| -à
  +
| -oi
  +
| -ù/oi/u<sup>3</sup>
  +
| colspan="2" | -ì
  +
| colspan="2" | -ì
  +
|-
  +
!ALL
  +
| colspan="2" | -en
  +
| -un
  +
| -oin
  +
| colspan="2" | -in
  +
| -en
  +
| -in
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!INSTR
−
!3.inan
  
−
| colspan="2"|el
 +
| colspan="2" | -me
  +
| colspan="2" | -me
  +
| colspan="2" | -me
  +
| colspan="2" | -me
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!VOC
−
!3.obv
  
  +
| -à
−
|cya
  
  +
| -e
−
|cye
  
  +
| colspan="6" |
 
|}
  
|}
   
  +
#'''E''' nouns' nominative singular is ''-0'' for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid, a vowel, or a historical /h/ which resurfaces if any other suffix is added.
−
===Accusative pronouns===
  
  +
#'''O''' nouns' nominative singular is ''-e'' after consonant clusters or historical consonant clusters. Clusters of an obstruent plus a liquid got simplified. ex. ''qôle'' "lower back"
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
#'''O''' nouns' whose stems ended in an /h/ historically have the /h/ resurface if any other suffix is added.
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
# '''I''' nouns' nominative is ''-0'' for nouns whose stem ends in /n/, /l/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /x/, or /h/. These stem-final consonant will palatalize. It is also ''-0'' for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid. ex. ''suntsh'' "tail(s)" and ''rizôr'' "eye(s)"
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
  +
# '''O''' nouns' genitive plural is ''-oi'' after /r/ and ''-u'' after /l/, where the /l/ palatalizes. ex. ''andaroi'' "cities'" and ''qôlyu'' "lower backs'"
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
  
  +
# Preceding vowels usually lower before inanimate null suffixes, the presence and degree of lowering is not predictable from the nominative singular. ex. ''noêzh'' "game" (stem ''noezh-'')
  +
#Suffixes which attract stress can change vowels and voicing. ex. ''ôlze'' "arm" > ''alsà'' (gen. pl. & voc. sg.)
  +
  +
== Adjectives ==
  +
Adjectives come in two classes, with the True Chevin first declension merging with the second. They have similar irregularities to nouns.
  +
  +
=== Declension table ===
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
! rowspan="3" |
  +
! colspan="4" |I
  +
! colspan="4" |II
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |AN
−
!1
  
  +
! colspan="2" |INAN
−
|z(â)
  
  +
! colspan="2" |AN
−
|nôf
  
  +
! colspan="2" |INAN
 
|-
  
|-
−
!2
 +
!sg
  +
!pl
−
|t(û)
  
  +
!sg
−
|cyfoi
  
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!NOM
−
!3.an
  
  +
| -e/0
−
| colspan="2"|jor
  
  +
| -e
  +
| colspan="2" | -i/0
  +
| -e/0
  +
| -i/0
  +
| -e/0
  +
| -i/0
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!GEN
−
!3.inan
  
  +
| -e
−
| colspan="2"|(e)l
  
  +
| -à
  +
| colspan="2" | -ì
  +
| -i/0
  +
| colspan="3" | -ì
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!ALL
−
!3.obv
  
  +
| colspan="2" | -en
−
|cya
  
  +
| -in
−
|cye
  
  +
| -en
  +
| colspan="4" | -en
  +
|-
  +
!INSTR
  +
| colspan="4" | -me
  +
| colspan="4" | -me
  +
|-
  +
!VOC
  +
| -à
  +
| -e
  +
| colspan="2" |
  +
| -à
  +
| -e
  +
| colspan="2" |
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
===Possessive pronouns===
 +
=== Examples ===
  +
''hobôl'' "old"
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
{| class="article-table"
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
 +
! rowspan="2" |
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
 +
! colspan="2" |AN
  +
! colspan="2" |INAN
 
|-
  
|-
−
!1
 +
!sg
  +
!pl
−
|z(â)
  
  +
!sg
−
|nof
  
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
−
!2
 +
!NOM
  +
|''hobôl''
−
|t(û)
  
  +
|''hobule''
−
|tocyao
  
  +
| colspan="2" |''hobôly''
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!GEN
−
!3.an
  
  +
|''hobule''
−
| colspan="2"|jor
  
  +
|''hoflà''
  +
| colspan="2" |''hoflì''
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!ALL
−
!3.inan
  
  +
| colspan="2" |''hobulen''
−
|loi
  
  +
|''hobulin''
−
|eloi
  
  +
|''hobulen''
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!INSTR
−
!3.obv
  
−
| colspan="2"|cye
 +
| colspan="4" |''hobulme''
  +
|-
  +
!VOC
  +
|''hoflà''
  +
|''hobule''
  +
| colspan="2" |
  +
|}
  +
''kaze'' "new"
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
! rowspan="2" |
  +
! colspan="2" |AN
  +
! colspan="2" |INAN
  +
|-
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
|-
  +
!NOM
  +
|''kaze''
  +
|''kazh''
  +
|''kaze''
  +
|''kazh''
  +
|-
  +
!GEN
  +
|''kazh''
  +
| colspan="3" |''tshedì''
  +
|-
  +
!ALL
  +
| colspan="4" |''kazen''
  +
|-
  +
!INSTR
  +
| colspan="4" |''kazme''
  +
|-
  +
!VOC
  +
|''kadà''
  +
|''kaze''
  +
| colspan="2" |
 
|}
  
|}
   
  +
==Pronouns and Determiners==
−
===Interrogative pronouns===
  
  +
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 200px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
=== Personal pronouns ===
  +
{| class="article-table"
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!
−
!who/which
  
  +
!NOM
−
|becin
  
  +
!RED
−
|bekĩ
  
  +
!ACC
  +
!ALL
  +
!INSTR
  +
!GEN
  +
!POSS
  +
!RED
  +
!VOC
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!1s
−
!what/which
  
  +
|''soi''
−
|beci
  
  +
|''s''
−
|beki
  
  +
|''zâ''
  +
|''soin''
  +
|''soime''
  +
|''soi''
  +
|''zâ''
  +
|''z''
  +
| rowspan="2" |
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!1p
−
!when
  
  +
|''nave''
−
|biâc
  
  +
|''nav''
−
|biæk
  
  +
|''nôf''
  +
|''naven''
  +
|''nafme''
  +
|''nave''
  +
|''nôf''
  +
|''nôf''
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!2s
−
!where
  
  +
|''tô''
−
|bûu
  
  +
|''t''
−
|bəu
  
  +
|''tô''
  +
|''tun''
  +
|''tume''
  +
|''tô''
  +
|''tô''
  +
|''t''
  +
|''ta''
 
|-
  
|-
−
!why
 +
!2p
  +
|''tshô''
−
|gubeci
  
  +
|''tsh''
−
|gubeki
  
  +
|''tshô''
  +
|''tshun''
  +
|''tshume''
  +
|''tshô''
  +
|''tshô''
  +
|''tsh''
  +
|''tsha''
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!3s.an
−
!how
  
  +
|''joa''
−
|bidej
  
  +
| rowspan="2" |''j''
−
|bideʒ
  
  +
|''joa''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''joan''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''joame''
  +
|''joi''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''joi''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''j''
  +
| rowspan="6" |
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!3p.an
−
!how much/many
  
  +
|''joâ''
−
|jâdax
  
  +
|''joâ''
−
|ʒædɑʃ
  
  +
|''joa''
  +
|-
  +
!3s.obv
  +
|''tshe''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''tsh''
  +
|''tshe''
  +
|''tshin''
  +
|''tshime''
  +
|''tshâ''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''tshe''
  +
| rowspan="2" |''tsh''
  +
|-
  +
!3p.obv
  +
|''tshâ''
  +
|''tshâ''
  +
|''tshan''
  +
|''tshame''
  +
|''tsha''
  +
|-
  +
!3s.inan
  +
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
  +
|''ly''
  +
|''lun''
  +
|''lume''
  +
|''loi''
  +
|''le''
  +
|''l''
  +
|-
  +
!3p.inan
  +
|''êly''
  +
|''elun''
  +
|''elme''
  +
|''ele''
  +
|''ele''
  +
|''el''
 
|}
  
|}
   
  +
# Pronouns are the only part of speech which have a separate accusative case. These are also used after prepositions where nouns would use the nominative.
−
==Verbs==
  
  +
# Possessive pronouns are determiners, and agree with following nouns in case, gender, and number.
−
There are four conjugation classes based on four thematic vowels: a, ê, u, and ô
  
  +
#The reduced forms are used before words beginning with vowels.
   
−
===Present tense===
 +
===Definite article===
  +
{| class="article-table"
−
'''-a verbs'''
  
  +
! rowspan="3" |
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
! colspan="4" |Animate
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
! colspan="4" |Inanimate
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |full
−
!1
  
  +
! colspan="2" |reduced
−
| -0
  
  +
! colspan="2" |full
−
| -â
  
  +
! colspan="2" |reduced
 
|-
  
|-
−
!2
 +
!sg
  +
!pl
−
| -a
  
  +
!sg
−
| -ar
  
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
−
!3
 +
!NOM
  +
|''goe''
−
| -a
  
  +
|''goie''
−
| -â
  
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
|''ge''
  +
|''goi''
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
|-
  +
!GEN
  +
|''goie''
  +
|''goe''
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
|''goi''
  +
|''ge''
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
|-
  +
!ALL
  +
|''goen''
  +
|''goien''
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
|''gen''
  +
|''goin''
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
|-
  +
!INSTR
  +
|''goame''
  +
|''goiame''
  +
|''goem''
  +
|''goiem''
  +
|''gume''
  +
|''goime''
  +
|''gum''
  +
|''goim''
  +
|-
  +
!VOC
  +
|''goe''
  +
|''goie''
  +
| colspan="2" |''g''
  +
| colspan="4" |
 
|}
  
|}
  +
−
'''-ê verbs'''
  
  +
==Verbs==
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
In dictionaries, regular verbs are given in their 3s along with a specification of their class. Irregular verbs are given with their 1s, as well as any other forms unpredictable from the other two.
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
  +
===Present tense===
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
  
  +
The present tense is used for ongoing current events and states.
  +
{| class="article-table"
  +
! rowspan="2" |
  +
! colspan="2" |A
  +
! colspan="2" |E
  +
! colspan="2" |U
  +
! colspan="2" |O
  +
|-
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
 
!1
  
!1
−
| -0
 +
| -i/0<sup>1</sup>
−
| -e
 +
| -en
  +
| -i/0<sup>1</sup>
  +
| -en
  +
| -i/0<sup>1</sup>
  +
| -oin
  +
| -i/0<sup>1</sup>
  +
| -oin
 
|-
  
|-
 
!2
  
!2
−
| -ê
 +
| -ag
−
| -er
 +
| -ar
  +
| -êg
  +
| -âr
  +
| -og
  +
| -ôr
  +
| -ôg
  +
| -ar
 
|-
  
|-
 
!3
  
!3
−
| -ê
 +
| -e/0
−
| -e
 +
| -à
  +
| -e/0
  +
| -êsh
  +
| -u/0
  +
| -osh
  +
| -e/0
  +
| -ôsh
 
|}
  
|}
  +
−
'''-u verbs'''
  
  +
# 1s is ''-0'' for nouns whose stem ends in /n/, /l/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /x/, or /h/. These stem-final consonants will palatalize. It is also ''-0'' for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by /r/. ex. ''s aqaly'' "I am singing" and ''soi fôr'' "I am lying"
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
#3s is ''-0'' for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid. ex. ''joa lêr'' (stem ''lir-'') "he is inventing"
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
#Preceding vowels usually lower before 1s null suffixes, but the presence and degree of lowering is not predictable.
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
  +
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
  
  +
=== Participles ===
  +
{| class="article-table"
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! colspan="2" |
−
!1
  
  +
!A
−
| -0
  
  +
!E
−
| -oi
  
  +
!U
  +
!O
 
|-
  
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |active
−
!2
  
  +
!present
−
| -u
  
−
| -ur
 +
| âr
  +
| êr
  +
|er
  +
|er
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!past
−
!3
  
−
| -0
 +
| az
−
| -î
 +
| êz
  +
|oz
  +
|ôz
  +
|-
  +
! rowspan="2" |passive
  +
!present
  +
|ôzh
  +
| êg
  +
|og
  +
|ozh
  +
|-
  +
!past
  +
|ôz
  +
|ês
  +
|os
  +
|oz
 
|}
  
|}
  +
−
'''-ô verbs'''
  
  +
=== Examples ===
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
''oze/ôdzh'' (A) "give"
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
{| class="article-table"
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
  +
|-
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
  
  +
!
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
 
!1
  
!1
  +
|''ôdzh''
−
| -0
  
  +
|''ozen''
−
| -oi
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!2
  
!2
  +
|''ozag''
−
| -ô
  
  +
|''ozar''
−
| -or
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!3
  
!3
  +
|''oze''
−
| -ô
  
  +
|''ozà''
−
| -oi
  
 
|}
  
|}
  +
−
'''emô''' -to be
  
  +
=== Irregular verbs ===
−
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 250px; text-align:center;"
  
  +
''an/ami'' (O) "to be"
−
! style="width: 90px; "|
  
  +
{| class="article-table"
−
! style="width: 90px; " |sg
  
  +
|-
−
! style="width: 90px; " |pl
  
  +
!
  +
!sg
  +
!pl
 
|-
  
|-
 
!1
  
!1
−
|'m
 +
|''ami''
  +
|''amoin''
−
|moi
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!2
  
!2
  +
|''amôg''
−
|mô
  
  +
|''mar''
−
|mor
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!3
  
!3
  +
|''an''
−
|mô
  
  +
|''môsh''
−
|moi
  
 
|}
  
|}
  +
The 3s has a reduced form, ''en''.
   
 
==Vocabulary==
  
==Vocabulary==
  +
−
===Numbers===
  
  +
=== Conjunctions ===
−
Though Patronans have ten fingers in total, the most common base is 8 (octal) which was spread by Barejine and Alemarese-speakers across most of Patrona. Typically, fingercounting starts with the thumbs out, the first finger being the index, etc.
  
  +
''oz/z'' (and), ''e...e...'' (either or), ''tâ...tâ...'' (and/or), ''no'' (but/yet), ''gâ/pirâl'' (because/for), ''uve'' (if)
−
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="WIDTH: 400px; HEIGHT: 500px"
  
  +
  +
=== Numbers ===
  +
Though Patronans have ten fingers in total, the most common base for numerals (''talantoi'') is 8 (octal) which was spread by Alemarese and Barejine-speakers across most of Patrona. Typically, finger-counting starts with the thumbs out, the first finger being the index, etc.
  +
  +
Numbers are nouns declined according to form. The item they tell the quantity of is rendered in the genitive before them. ex. ''rante dzhan'' "nine people"
  +
{| class="article-table"
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!
−
! scope="col"|#
  
  +
!#
−
! scope="col"|name
  
  +
!#+8
−
! scope="col"|8+#
  
−
! scope="col"|#*8
 +
!#*8
−
! scope="col"|#*64
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!1
−
|0
  
  +
|''jan''
−
|pitej
  
  +
|''dzhan''
−
|ô
  
  +
|''un''
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!2
−
|1
  
  +
|''dinze''
−
|jê
  
  +
|''ege''
−
|gê
  
  +
|''tanzeg''
−
|ô
  
−
|fiâd
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!3
−
|2
  
  +
|''far''
−
|dinz
  
  +
|''forùn''
−
|âc
  
  +
|''farseg''
−
|þenzic
  
−
|dinziâd
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!4
−
|3
  
  +
|''mêr''
−
|fo
  
  +
|''mirùn''
−
|femûr
  
  +
|''mêrseg''
−
|fôrsic
  
−
|foriâd
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!5
−
|4
  
  +
|''darze''
−
|miry
  
  +
|''darsùn''
−
|barx
  
  +
|''darseg''
−
|miryic
  
−
|miryiâd
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!6
−
|5
  
  +
|''pezhe''
−
|dôrx
  
  +
|''pezhùn''
−
|ô-dôrx
  
  +
|''pezheg''
−
|dôrxic
  
−
|dôrxiâd
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!7
−
|6
  
  +
|''dzhezhe''
−
|sêxc
  
  +
|''dzhezhùn''
−
|ô-sêxc
  
  +
|''dzezheg''
−
|sixcic
  
−
|sêxciâd
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!8
−
|7
  
  +
|''un''
−
|ðe
  
  +
|''tanzeg''
−
|ô-ðe
  
  +
|''jêz''
−
|ðesic
  
−
|ðejâd
  
−
|-
  
−
|8
  
−
|ô
  
−
|þenzic
  
−
|fiâd
  
−
|onyiâd
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
===Colors===
 +
=== Anatomy ===
  +
−
Patronans can't see blue, so they have no need of words to distinguish it, greatly shrinking their color vocabulary.
  
  +
* ''jêroizhe'' "body"
−
*cind [ˈkĩd]: dark red, purple
  
  +
* ''qal/qaloi'' "skin"
−
*gôd [ˈgɔd]: light red, pink, orange
  
  +
* ''rajne/rêjnì'' "hair"
−
*plaof [ˈplɑof]: white, yellow
  
  +
* ''firoine'' "head"
−
*nacyenz [nɑˈtʃɛ̃z]: light green, chartreuse, cyan
  
  +
* ''meudzhume'' "face"
−
*farz [ˈfɑɹ̠z]: dark green, teal
  
  +
* ''paldù'' "mouth"
−
*eritt [eˈɹ̠it]: black, blue
  
  +
* ''fuzhe'' "lip"
−
*foic [ˈfeɪ̈k]: gray, brown
  
  +
* ''odzhe'' "tongue"
  +
* ''edzh/itshì'' "tooth plate"
  +
* ''kè/keui'' (irr. O-class, gen. pl. ''keu'', all. sg. ''keun'') "head ridge"
  +
* ''ozoanre/osoanroi'' "nose"
  +
* ''tshâr'' "outer ear"
  +
* ''zheshâr'' "inner ear"
  +
* ''rizôr/rizurì'' "eye"
  +
* ''qamôzh/qamoshì'' "neck"
  +
* ''folề/folehoi'' "throat"
  +
* ''delyêz/delyedoi'' "shoulder"
  +
* ''qôle/qôloi'' "lower back"
  +
* ''suntsh/suntì'' "tail"
  +
* ''limù'' (irr. an., gen. pl. ''limohà'', all. sg. ''limuhen'') "buttock"
  +
* ''mane'' "chest"
  +
* ''fale'' "belly"
  +
* ''ôlze'' (irr. an., gen. pl. ''alsà'') "arm"
  +
* ''far'' "hand"
  +
* ''tshez/tshedoi'' "back of the hand"
  +
* ''esanze'' "digit"
  +
* ''leve/levoi'' "nail"
  +
* ''zage'' "leg"
  +
* ''jambe'' "foot"
   
  +
[[Category:Languages]]
−
===Days of the week===
  
  +
[[Category:Alien languages]]
−
The Patronan week is typically only six days long.
  
−
#dâjaoxc- Sunday
  
−
#lamâxc- Lameaday
  
−
#cavâxc- Cavecday
  
−
#fêbrâxc- Veverday
  
−
#mîndaxc- big Moonday
  
−
#jilyaxc- little Moonday
  

Revision as of 00:22, 20 June 2021

Barejine
Barzhinrizhe
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Accusative
Head direction
head-initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Yes
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect



General information

Barejine (native Barzhinrizhe /bɑɾʒɪ̃ɾíʒə/) is a spoken language of the alien Patronans (Parneve /pɑɾnéɸə/) on the planet Patrona (Parune /pɑɾʊ̃́nə/). It is the official language of the country of Barejinia (Barshine /bɑɾʃɪ̃́nə/), and its many former colonies. Barejinia is situated in the Chevin peninsula (Tshevi), a sub-peninsula of the Edalith peninsula (Âzlez), which is itself a subcontinent of the largest continent of the planet, Chiwar (Tshivar).

Classification

Barejine is a Chevin language (see Proto-Chevin), closely related to Alemarese. It is a direct descendant of True Chevin (Proto-Alemar-Barejine). As a Chevin language, it is also a member of the Edalith macrofamily (see Proto-Edalith).

Phonology

Consonants

bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n ɲ
stop p b t d tʃ dʒ k g
fricative ɸ s z ʃ ʒ x h
approximant l ʎ
flap ɾ

m, n, ny, p, b, t, d, tsh, dzh, k, g, q, g, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, j, h, l, ly, r

  • [q] is an allophone of /k/ before back vowels.
  • [ɢ] is an allophone of /g/ before back vowels.
  • [β] is an allophone of /ɸ/ between vowels.

Vowels

Monophthongs

front back
close i y u
close-mid e ø o
open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
open æ ɑ

i, oi, u, e, eu, o, ê, êu, ô, â, a, in, oin, un, an, e, en

  • There are only four non-marginal nasal monophthongs, not included in the table for brevity: /ɪ̃/, /ʏ̃/, /ʊ̃/, and /ɐ̃/.
  • /u/, /o/, and /ɔ/ are allophonically unrounded to [ɯ], [ɤ], and [ʌ], respectively before the liquids: /l/, /ʎ/, and /ɾ/.
  • There are two marginal phonemes: /ə/ & /ə̃/, which occur only in unstressed word-initial and word-final syllables. Most word-final instances are the result of weakening of low vowels.

Diphthongs

front back
close-mid ye
open-mid yɛ
open yæ uɑ

oe, oê, oâ, oa, oian, oan, -oie, -oe, -oien, -oen

  • There are also two nasal diphthongs, not included in the table for brevity: /yɐ̃/, and /uɐ̃/.
  • [yə], [uə], [yə̃], and [uə̃] are allophones of /yæ/, /uɑ/, /yɐ̃/, and /uɐ̃/ when unstressed word-finally.

Stress

Stress is usually on the last syllable of a stem, unless that syllable contains a reduced vowel, in which case the penultimate is stressed. Some suffixes attract stress. Stress is marked if it occurs earlier than the penult, if it occurs on a final vowel, if it occurs before a word final <n> or <g>, or if it occurs on the penult of a word ending in a consonant that is not <n> or <g>.

Sound Changes

  1. Initial and final epenthesis of /ǝ/
  2. First palatalization
    1. Palatalization of /k/ and /g/ before front vowels
    2. /k/ becomes /j/ before an obstruent
  3. Intervocalic & word-final non-geminate obstruents and those preceding /l/ and /r/ lenite except when they begin stressed syllables: voiced fricatives > 0, voiced stops > voiced fricatives, voiceless obstruents > voiced obstruents.
  4. [θ, ð] > [s, z] / V_, > [t, d] elsewhere
  5. [t, d, h, x]u > [ts, dz, ɸ, ɸ] / _[V, #]
  6. /p/ & /k/ > /h/ / _[m, n]
  7. pC > C:
  8. Second palatalization
    1. jn, nj, gn, ng > ɲ & ni word-finally
    2. jl, lj, gl, lg > ʎ & li word-finally
    3. jt, tj, ts > tʃ & jd, dj, dz > dʒ & ti/tsi/di/dzi word-finally
    4. js, sj, jx, xj, jh, hj > ʃ & jz, zj, ɣ > ʒ & si/zi/xi/ɣi/hi word-finally
  9. monophthongs disappear word-finally after a liquid immediately following a stressed vowel
  10. [u, i] > [β, ʒ] before a vowel unless directly following a consonant
  11. [u, i] > 0 before a mid-vowel of the same roundedness
  12. First lowering: lowering of monophthongs & diphthongs with a first element of /u/ & /i/ before obstruent and liquid codas
  13. monophthongization:
    1. /ei/ > /e/
    2. /ou/ > /o/
    3. /au/, /ao/, /uau/, /uao/, /oau/, /oao/ > /ɔ/
    4. /ia/, /ea/, /ae/, /ai/, /iae/, /iai/ > /æ/
    5. /eu/, /eo/, /ueu/, /ueo/, /io/ > /ø/
    6. [u, o] > ɥ / _F and > w / _B
    7. /iu/, /ɥi/ > /y/
    8. /iɔ/ > /œ/
  14. /a/>/ɑ/
  15. Second lowering: lowering of monophthongs before liquid codas
  16. allophonic unrounding of vowels before liquids
  17. Nasalization
    1. nasal consonants induce nasalization of preceding vowels
    2. coda nasal consonants disappear
    3. nasal vowels collapse to /ɪ̃/, /ʏ̃/, /ʊ̃/, and /ɐ̃/
  18. consonants are lost before liquids
  19. Loss of intertonic (between a stressed syllable and the beginning or end of a word) vowels
  20. Unstressed low vowels become /ǝ/ when word-final (/ə̃/ when nasal)
  21. final /h/ and /hǝ/, as well as /ǝ/ after a vowel disappear
  22. /k/ and /q/, as well as /g/ and /ɢ/ merge
    1. [q, ɢ] > [k, g]
    2. [k, g] > [q, ɢ] / _B
  23. length distinctions are lost
  24. /ɸ/ and /β/ merge
    1. β > ɸ
    2. ɸ > β / V_V

Nouns

In dictionaries, regular nouns are given with their genitive singular form if they are inanimate, which along with the nominative is enough to decline any noun fully. Irregular nouns are given with their genitive plural, as well as their allative singular if it is not predictable from the other two or three forms.

Declension table

Animate Inanimate
E O I E
sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl
NOM -e/0 -e -0/e1 -oi -i/02 -e/0 -e
GEN -e -à -oi -ù/oi/u3 -ì -ì
ALL -en -un -oin -in -en -in
INSTR -me -me -me -me
VOC -à -e
  1. E nouns' nominative singular is -0 for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid, a vowel, or a historical /h/ which resurfaces if any other suffix is added.
  2. O nouns' nominative singular is -e after consonant clusters or historical consonant clusters. Clusters of an obstruent plus a liquid got simplified. ex. qôle "lower back"
  3. O nouns' whose stems ended in an /h/ historically have the /h/ resurface if any other suffix is added.
  4. I nouns' nominative is -0 for nouns whose stem ends in /n/, /l/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /x/, or /h/. These stem-final consonant will palatalize. It is also -0 for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid. ex. suntsh "tail(s)" and rizôr "eye(s)"
  5. O nouns' genitive plural is -oi after /r/ and -u after /l/, where the /l/ palatalizes. ex. andaroi "cities'" and qôlyu "lower backs'"
  6. Preceding vowels usually lower before inanimate null suffixes, the presence and degree of lowering is not predictable from the nominative singular. ex. noêzh "game" (stem noezh-)
  7. Suffixes which attract stress can change vowels and voicing. ex. ôlze "arm" > alsà (gen. pl. & voc. sg.)

Adjectives

Adjectives come in two classes, with the True Chevin first declension merging with the second. They have similar irregularities to nouns.

Declension table

I II
AN INAN AN INAN
sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl
NOM -e/0 -e -i/0 -e/0 -i/0 -e/0 -i/0
GEN -e -à -ì -i/0 -ì
ALL -en -in -en -en
INSTR -me -me
VOC -à -e -à -e

Examples

hobôl "old"

AN INAN
sg pl sg pl
NOM hobôl hobule hobôly
GEN hobule hoflà hoflì
ALL hobulen hobulin hobulen
INSTR hobulme
VOC hoflà hobule

kaze "new"

AN INAN
sg pl sg pl
NOM kaze kazh kaze kazh
GEN kazh tshedì
ALL kazen
INSTR kazme
VOC kadà kaze

Pronouns and Determiners

Personal pronouns

NOM RED ACC ALL INSTR GEN POSS RED VOC
1s soi s zâ soin soime soi zâ z
1p nave nav nôf naven nafme nave nôf nôf
2s tô t tô tun tume tô tô t ta
2p tshô tsh tshô tshun tshume tshô tshô tsh tsha
3s.an joa j joa joan joame joi joi j
3p.an joâ joâ joa
3s.obv tshe tsh tshe tshin tshime tshâ tshe tsh
3p.obv tshâ tshâ tshan tshame tsha
3s.inan ly lun lume loi le l
3p.inan êly elun elme ele ele el
  1. Pronouns are the only part of speech which have a separate accusative case. These are also used after prepositions where nouns would use the nominative.
  2. Possessive pronouns are determiners, and agree with following nouns in case, gender, and number.
  3. The reduced forms are used before words beginning with vowels.

Definite article

Animate Inanimate
full reduced full reduced
sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl
NOM goe goie g ge goi g
GEN goie goe g goi ge g
ALL goen goien g gen goin g
INSTR goame goiame goem goiem gume goime gum goim
VOC goe goie g

Verbs

In dictionaries, regular verbs are given in their 3s along with a specification of their class. Irregular verbs are given with their 1s, as well as any other forms unpredictable from the other two.

Present tense

The present tense is used for ongoing current events and states.

A E U O
sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl
1 -i/01 -en -i/01 -en -i/01 -oin -i/01 -oin
2 -ag -ar -êg -âr -og -ôr -ôg -ar
3 -e/0 -à -e/0 -êsh -u/0 -osh -e/0 -ôsh
  1. 1s is -0 for nouns whose stem ends in /n/, /l/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /x/, or /h/. These stem-final consonants will palatalize. It is also -0 for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by /r/. ex. s aqaly "I am singing" and soi fôr "I am lying"
  2. 3s is -0 for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid. ex. joa lêr (stem lir-) "he is inventing"
  3. Preceding vowels usually lower before 1s null suffixes, but the presence and degree of lowering is not predictable.

Participles

A E U O
active present âr êr er er
past az êz oz ôz
passive present ôzh êg og ozh
past ôz ês os oz

Examples

oze/ôdzh (A) "give"

sg pl
1 ôdzh ozen
2 ozag ozar
3 oze ozà

Irregular verbs

an/ami (O) "to be"

sg pl
1 ami amoin
2 amôg mar
3 an môsh

The 3s has a reduced form, en.

Vocabulary

Conjunctions

oz/z (and), e...e... (either or), tâ...tâ... (and/or), no (but/yet), gâ/pirâl (because/for), uve (if)

Numbers

Though Patronans have ten fingers in total, the most common base for numerals (talantoi) is 8 (octal) which was spread by Alemarese and Barejine-speakers across most of Patrona. Typically, finger-counting starts with the thumbs out, the first finger being the index, etc.

Numbers are nouns declined according to form. The item they tell the quantity of is rendered in the genitive before them. ex. rante dzhan "nine people"

# #+8 #*8
1 jan dzhan un
2 dinze ege tanzeg
3 far forùn farseg
4 mêr mirùn mêrseg
5 darze darsùn darseg
6 pezhe pezhùn pezheg
7 dzhezhe dzhezhùn dzezheg
8 un tanzeg jêz

Anatomy

  • jêroizhe "body"
  • qal/qaloi "skin"
  • rajne/rêjnì "hair"
  • firoine "head"
  • meudzhume "face"
  • paldù "mouth"
  • fuzhe "lip"
  • odzhe "tongue"
  • edzh/itshì "tooth plate"
  • kè/keui (irr. O-class, gen. pl. keu, all. sg. keun) "head ridge"
  • ozoanre/osoanroi "nose"
  • tshâr "outer ear"
  • zheshâr "inner ear"
  • rizôr/rizurì "eye"
  • qamôzh/qamoshì "neck"
  • folề/folehoi "throat"
  • delyêz/delyedoi "shoulder"
  • qôle/qôloi "lower back"
  • suntsh/suntì "tail"
  • limù (irr. an., gen. pl. limohà, all. sg. limuhen) "buttock"
  • mane "chest"
  • fale "belly"
  • ôlze (irr. an., gen. pl. alsà) "arm"
  • far "hand"
  • tshez/tshedoi "back of the hand"
  • esanze "digit"
  • leve/levoi "nail"
  • zage "leg"
  • jambe "foot"
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