Barejine

Barejine Barzhinrizhe
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Accusative
Head direction
head-initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Yes
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

Barejine (native Barzhinrizhe /bɑɾʒɪ̃ɾíʒə/) is a spoken language of the alien Patronans (Parneve /pɑɾnéɸə/) on the planet Patrona (Parune /pɑɾʊ̃́nə/). It is the official language of the country of Barejinia (Barzhine /bɑɾʒɪ̃́nə/), and its many former colonies. Barejinia is situated in the Chevin peninsula (Tshevi), a sub-peninsula of the Edalith peninsula (Âzlez), which is itself a subcontinent of the largest continent of the planet, Chiwar (Tshivar).

Classification

Barejine is a Chevin language (see Proto-Chevin), closely related to Alemarese. It is a direct descendant of True Chevin (Proto-Alemar-Barejine). As a Chevin language, it is also a member of the Edalith macrofamily (see Proto-Edalith).

Phonology

Consonants

	bilabial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal	m	n	ɲ
stop	p b	t d	tʃ dʒ	k g
fricative	ɸ	s z	ʃ ʒ	x	h
approximant		l	ʎ
flap		ɾ

m, n, ny, p, b, t, d, tsh, dzh, k, g, q, g, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, j, h, l, ly, r

• [q] is an allophone of /k/ before back vowels.
• [ɢ] is an allophone of /g/ before back vowels.
• [β] is an allophone of /ɸ/ between vowels.

Vowels

Monophthongs

	front	back
close	i y	u
close-mid	e ø	o
open-mid	ɛ œ	ɔ
open	æ	ɑ

i, oi, u, e, eu, o, ê, êu, ô, â, a, in, oin, un, an, e, en

• There are only four non-marginal nasal monophthongs, not included in the table for brevity: /ɪ̃/, /ʏ̃/, /ʊ̃/, and /ɐ̃/.
• /u/, /o/, and /ɔ/ are allophonically unrounded to [ɯ], [ɤ], and [ʌ], respectively before the liquids: /l/, /ʎ/, and /ɾ/.
• There are two marginal phonemes: /ə/ & /ə̃/, which occur only in unstressed word-initial and word-final syllables. Most word-final instances are the result of weakening of low vowels.

Diphthongs

	front	back
close-mid	ye
open-mid	yɛ
open	yæ	uɑ

oe, oê, oâ, oa, oian, oan, -oie, -oe, -oien, -oen

• There are also two nasal diphthongs, not included in the table for brevity: /yɐ̃/, and /uɐ̃/.
• [yə], [uə], [yə̃], and [uə̃] are allophones of /yæ/, /uɑ/, /yɐ̃/, and /uɐ̃/ when unstressed word-finally.

Stress

Stress is usually on the last syllable of a stem, unless that syllable contains a reduced vowel, in which case the penultimate is stressed. Some suffixes attract stress.

Sound Changes

1. Initial and final epenthesis of /ǝ/
2. First palatalization
   1. Palatalization of /k/ and /g/ before front vowels
   2. /k/ becomes /j/ before an obstruent
3. Intervocalic & word-final non-geminate obstruents and those preceding /l/ and /r/ lenite
4. [θ, ð] > [s, z] / V_, > [t, d] elsewhere
5. [t, d, h, x]u > [ts, dz, ɸ, ɸ] / _[V, #]
6. Second palatalization
   1. jn, nj, gn, ng > ɲ & ni word-finally
   2. jl, lj, gl, lg > ʎ & li word-finally
   3. jt, tj, ts > tʃ & jd, dj, dz > dʒ & ti/tsi/di word-finally
   4. js, sj, jx, xj, jh, hj > ʃ & jz, zj, ɣ > ʒ & si/zi/xi/ɣi/hi word-finally
7. monophthongs disappear word-finally after a liquid immediately following a stressed vowel
8. [u, i] > [β, ʒ] before a vowel unless directly following a consonant
9. [u, i] > 0 before a mid-vowel of the same roundedness
10. First lowering: lowering of monophthongs & diphthongs with a first element of /u/ & /i/ before obstruent and liquid codas
11. monophthongization:
    1. /ei/ > /e/
    2. /ou/ > /o/
    3. /au/, /ao/, /uau/, /uao/, /oau/, /oao/ > /ɔ/
    4. /ia/, /ea/, /ae/, /ai/, /iae/, /iai/ > /æ/
    5. /eu/, /eo/, /ueu/, /ueo/, /io/ > /ø/
    6. (i)[u, o] > ɥ / _F and > w / _B
    7. /iu/, /ɥi/ > /y/
    8. /iɔ/ > /œ/
12. /a/>/ɑ/
13. Second lowering: lowering of monophthongs before liquid codas
14. allophonic unrounding of vowels before liquids
15. Nasalization
    1. nasal consonants induce nasalization of preceding vowels
    2. coda nasal consonants disappear
    3. nasal vowels collapse to /ɪ̃/, /ʏ̃/, /ʊ̃/, and /ɐ̃/
    4. /ɥɪ̃/ > /ʏ̃/
16. consonants are lost before liquids
17. Loss of intertonic (between a stressed syllable and the beginning or end of a word) vowels
18. Unstressed low vowels become /ǝ/ when word-final (/ə̃/ when nasal)
19. final /h/ and /hǝ/ disappear
20. /k/ and /q/, as well as /g/ and /ɢ/ merge
    1. [q, ɢ] > [k, g]
    2. [k, g] > [q, ɢ] / _B
21. /ɸ/ and /β/ merge
    1. β > ɸ
    2. ɸ > β / V_V
22. length distinctions are lost

Nouns

Declension table

	Animate		Inanimate
	E		O		I		E
	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
NOM	-e		-0/e1	-oi	-i/02		-e
GEN	-e	-à	-oi	-ù/oi/u3	-ì		-ì
ALL	-en		-un	-oin	-in		-en	-in
INSTR	-me		-me		-me		-me
VOC	-à	-e

1. O nouns' nominative singular is -e after consonant clusters or historical consonant clusters. Clusters of an obstruent plus a liquid got simplified. ex. qôle "lower back"
2. I nouns' nominative is -0 for nouns whose stem ends in /n/, /l/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /x/, or /h/. These stem-final consonant will palatalize. It is also -0 for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid. ex. suntsh "tail(s)" and rizôr "eye(s)"
3. O nouns' genitive plural is -oi after /r/ and -u after /l/, where the /l/ palatalizes. ex. andaroi "cities'" and qôlyu "lower backs'"
4. Preceding vowels lower before a null suffix. ex. noêzh "game" (stem noezh-)

Pronouns and Determiners

Personal pronouns

	NOM	RED	ACC	ALL	INSTR	GEN	POSS	RED	VOC
1s	soi	s	zâ	soin	soime	soi	zâ	z
1p	nave	nav	nôf	naven	nafme	nave	nôf	nôf
2s	tô	t	tô	tun	tume	tô	tô	t	ta
2p	tshô	tsh	tshô	tshun	tshume	tshô	tshô	tsh	tsha
3s.an	joa	j	joa	joan	joame	joi	joi	j
3p.an	joâ		joâ			joa
3s.obv	tshe	tsh	tshe	tshin	tshime	tshâ	tshe	tsh
3p.obv	tshâ		tshâ	tshan	tshame	tsha
3s.inan			ly	lun	lume	loi	le	l
3p.inan			êly	elun	elme	ele	ele	el

1. Pronouns are the only part of speech which have a separate accusative case. These are also used after prepositions where nouns would use the nominative.
2. Possessive pronouns are determiners, and agree with following nouns in case, gender, and number.
3. The reduced forms are used before words beginning with vowels.

Verbs

Present tense

The present tense is used for ongoing current events and states.

	A		E		U		O
	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
1	-i/01	-en	-i/01	-en	-i/01	-oin	-i/01	-oin
2	-a	-ar	-ê	-âr	-o	-ôr	-ô	-ar
3	-e	-à	-e	-esh	-u	-ush	-e	-osh

1. 1s is -0 for nouns whose stem ends in /n/, /l/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /x/, or /h/. These stem-final consonant will palatalize. It is also -0 for stems ending in a stressed vowel followed by a liquid. ex. s agaly "I am singing" and soi fur "I am lying" ex. s ôdzh "I give", t oza "you give", oze "it gives", nav ozen "we give", tsh ozar "you all give", ozà "they give"

Participles

		A	E	U	O
active	present	âr	êr	er	er
	past	az	êz	oz	ôz
passive	present	ôzh	êg	og	ozh
	past	ôz	ês	os	oz

Vocabulary

Conjunctions

oz/z (and), e...e... (either or), tâ...tâ... (and/or), no (but/yet), gâ/pirâl (because/for), uve (if)

Numbers

Though Patronans have ten fingers in total, the most common base for numerals (talantoi) is 8 (octal) which was spread by Alemarese and Barejine-speakers across most of Patrona. Typically, finger-counting starts with the thumbs out, the first finger being the index, etc.

Numbers are nouns declined according to form. The item they tell the quantity of is rendered in the genitive before them. ex. rante dzhan "nine people"

	#	#+8	#*8
1	jan	dzhan	un
2	dinze	ege	tanzeg
3	far	forùn	farseg
4	mêr	mirùn	mêrseg
5	darse	darsùn	darseg
6	pezhe	pezhùn	pezheg
7	dzhezhe	dzhezhùn	dzezheg
8	un	tanzeg	jêz

Anatomy

• jêroizhe "body"
• qal "skin"
• rajne "hair"
• firoine "head"
• meudzhume "face"
• paldzhe "mouth"
• fuzhe "lip"
• odzhe "tongue"
• edzh "tooth plate"
• kè "head ridge"
• ozoanre "nose"
• tshâr "outer ear"
• zhezhâr "inner ear"
• rizôr "eye"
• qamôzh "neck"
• folề "throat"
• delyêz "shoulder"
• qôle "lower back"
• suntsh "tail"
• limù "buttock"
• mane "chest"
• fale "belly"
• ôlze "arm"
• far "hand"
• tshez "back of the hand"
• ezanze "digit"
• lefe "nail"
• zage "leg"
• jambe "foot"