Progress 4% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Casuma Casumą | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Initial | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Casuma is a Germanic language spoken in western Europe. It is the official language in the Casum Republic, and a minority language in surrounding areas in England, France and Spain.
General information[]
Casuma is a fusional nominative-accusative SVO language. It is spoken by approximately 90 million people in Casum and approximately 1 million in surrounding areas. It is an isolate within the Germanic language family. Notable features the retention of Proto-Germanic nasal vowels and the extremely conservative Germanic vocabulary. There are many loans in Casuma from Basque and the Celtic languages. Morphologically, Casuma has four noun cases and two grammatical numbers (three in the pronouns). In addition, verbs conjugate for person and number, three tenses, three moods, and two voices. The three grammatical genders were only preserved in the pronouns.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | χ | h |
Lateral app. | l | |||||
Lateral fric. | ɬ | |||||
Approximant | j | w | ||||
Trill | r | |||||
Affricate | t͡ʃ |
- /d͡ʒ/ appears in loan words as dzh or dzz but is pronounced voiceless by most speakers.
- /l/, /m/, /n/, and /r/ can appear syllabically.
Vowels[]
Front | Near-front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | u | ||
Near-close | ɪ | |||
Close-mid | e | o | ||
Mid | ə | |||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
Open | ɑ |
Diphthongs[]
-ɪ | -i | -u | -y | |
---|---|---|---|---|
e | eɪ | eu | ||
ɪ | ɪu | |||
o | ou | |||
ɔ | ɔi | ɔy | ||
ɑ | ɑi | ɑu |
In addition, /j/ and /w/ can form a diphthong before any vowel or a triphthong before a dipthong.
Nasal vowels[]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | ĩ | ũ |
Open-mid | ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ |
Open | ɑ̃ |
There are also two nasal dipthongs /ɑ̃ĩ/ and /ɑ̃ũ/, spelled ąi/aį and ąu/aų respectively.
Alphabet[]
The Casuma alphabet has 31 letters
Aa | Ąą | Ää | Bb | Dd | Ee | Ęę | Ff |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/ɑ/ | /ɑ̃/ | /e/ | /b/ | /d/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ̃/ | /v/ |
Gg | Hh | Ii | Įį | Jj | Cc | Ll | Mm |
/g/ | /h/, /χ/ | /i/ | /ĩ/ | /j/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ |
Nn | Oo | Ǫǫ | Öö | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt |
/n/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔ̃/ | /o/ | /p/ | /r/, /ɾ/ | /s/ | /t/ |
Uu | Ųų | Üü | Ww | Yy | Ÿÿ | Zz | |
/u/ | /ũ/ | /y/ | /w/ | /ə/ | /ɪ/ | /z/ |
- Loan words are often transcribed phonetically to avoid pronounciation errors. For example, center is spelled sentr, and jelly would be spelled dzheli.
- The letters Kk, Qq, Vv, and Xx can appear in loan words. Kk is pronounced /k/, Qq is pronounced /k/, Vv can be pronounced either /f/ or /v/, and Xx is pronounced /ks/.
Digraphs and Trigraphs[]
Digraph | IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|
Th th | /θ/ | td between vowels |
Dh dh | /ð/ | dd between vowels |
Sh sh | /ʃ/ | sz between vowels |
Zh zh | /ʒ/ | zz between vowels |
Lh lh | /ɬ/ | ll between vowels |
Ff ff | /f/ | |
Tsh tsh | /t͡ʃ/ | tsz between vowels |
Dzh dzh | /d͡ʒ/ | only found in loanwords, dzz between vowels |
Ng ng | /ŋ/ | /ŋg/ is written ngg |
Ch ch | /χ/ |
Phonotactics[]
Grammar[]
Pronouns[]
First person | Second person | Third person | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SING | DU | PL | SING | DU | PL | SING | PL | |||||
MASC | FEM | NEUT | MASC | FEM | NEUT | |||||||
NOM | ÿc | wä | wi | tu | jut | jus | äz | si | ÿt | juz | ||
ACC | mÿc | änc | uns | tÿc | ÿnc | izwi | än | ijǫ | ||||
DAT | miz | änci | unsi | ticy | ÿncwy | izwy | äno | sim | äsy | imis | ||
GEN | maÿn | äncis | unsez | tiz | ÿncwas | izwis | äson | esos | äzys | ezǫ |
Determiners[]
Articles and determiners decline for case along with the noun.
The definite article[]
The definite article can be used with singular and plural forms of nouns.
NOM | sa |
---|---|
ACC | thi |
DAT | tham |
GEN | thas |
The indefinite article[]
The indefinite article is the number 1. Similar to other Germanic languages, it cannot be used with plural forms of nouns.
NOM | ain |
---|---|
ACC | |
DAT | ainy |
GEN | ainu |
Other determiners[]
It will be done soon.
Nouns[]
Nouns in Casuma decline for four cases.
- the Nominative case is the unmodified form of a noun and denotes the subject.
- the Accusative case marks the direct object
- the Dative case marks the indirect object
- the Genetive case shows posession
Nouns follow five different declension patterns depending on the ending of a noun: a noun can decline differently if it ends in a nasal consonant, a consonant other than a nasal, a front or near-front vowel, a central or back vowel, and a nasal vowel.
Nasal consonant endings[]
declension of döusn - "animal" | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | döusn | döusnÿs |
Accusative | döusni | |
Dative | döusny | döusnys |
Genetive | döusnu | döusnam |
Non-nasal consonant endings[]
declension of rÿpyblÿc - "republic" | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | rÿpyblÿc | rÿpyblÿcas | |
Accusative | |||
Dative | rÿpyblÿcy | rÿpyblÿcyn | |
Genetive | rÿpyblÿcu | rÿpyblÿcin |
Front and near-front vowel endings[]
The only truncation in this type of declension occurs in the accusative singular.
declension of rügi - "rye" | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | rügi | rügin |
Accusative | rüganų | rüginu |
Dative | rügim | rügimä |
Genetive | rügini | rüginǫ |
Central and back vowel endings[]
declension of räcny - "rain" | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | räcny | räcniwi |
Accusative | räcnų | räcnun |
Dative | räcnaz | räcnasi |
Genetive | räcnys | räcniwǫ |
Nasal vowel endings[]
In the nominative plural, the accusative, and the genetive singular, the nasal vowel will be replaced by it's non-nasal counterpart and then the bolded case ending will be added on. In the genetive plural -es will be infixed between the final consonant and the nasal vowel. In the dative case, the truncations will be the same no matter which nasal vowel the noun ends in.
declension of bazą - "berry" | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | bazą | bazanis |
Accusative | bazanu | bazanus |
Dative | bazaų | bazaun |
Genetive | bazas | bazesą |
Adjectives[]
Adjectives in Casuma preceed the noun they modify and agree with it's case. There are two irregular adjectives (much) and (good). All other adjectives are regular and follow the same declension pattern depending on whether they end in a consonant, vowel, or nasal vowel.
example declension of shaun - "beautiful" | |||
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
Nominative | shaun | shauny | shaunist |
Accusative | |||
Dative | shauna | shaunajo | shaunasto |
Genitive | shaunas | shaunaszo | shaunashto |
Nasal vowels retain their unnasalized variant in all declensions but the nominative-accusative comparative.
example declension of grautą - "great" | |||
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
Nominative | grautą | grauter | grautan |
Accusative | |||
Dative | grauta | grautajǫ | grautast |
Genitive | grautas | grautaszo | grautaszan |
Verbs[]
The Casuma verb is fairly simple compared to other germanic languages. 11 strong verbs survive from Proto-Germanic and there are only 2 irregular verbs. Verbs conjugate for 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative) and three tenses. The present and past tense are indicated by inflection of the verb, and the future tense is indicated by an auxillary verb. Dual-number pronouns take the plural conjugation.
To Be[]
The verb "to be" is completely irregular, as in many Indo-European languages.
Example conjugation of wäzan - "to be, to exist" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | ||
Present | 1 sing | im | shǫ | - |
2 sing | iz | shęs | win | |
3 sing | ist | she | wezoü | |
1 plural | zum | shäm | - | |
2 plural | zuth | sÿth | wäjydi | |
3 plural | zįn | sį | wis | |
Past | 1 sing | wä | wįz | - |
2 sing | wä | wäj | - | |
3 sing | wäs | wäzi | - | |
1 plural | wäsum | wäddim | - | |
2 plural | wäzudh | wäst | - | |
3 plural | wäzun | wäzin | - |
Strong verbs[]
There are few strong verbs surviving in Casuma, and they take a different conjugation than weak verbs. These are zäwan (to see), helpan (to help), näman (to take), ghäban (to give), ätan (to eat), shäcan (to happen), näwsan (to use), and .
Example conjugation of zäwan - "to see" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | ||
Present | 1 sing | zäwy | zäwai | - |
2 sing | zÿws | zÿwais | zä(w) | |
3 sing | zÿwt | zÿwait | zäwat | |
1 plural | zäwam | zäwaim | - | |
2 plural | zäwit | zäwait | zäwis | |
3 plural | zäwan | zäwain | zäwa | |
Past | 1 sing | zaw | zawi | - |
2 sing | zawt | zawis | - | |
3 sing | zaw | zawi | - | |
1 plural | zawu | zawim | - | |
2 plural | zawut | zawit | - | |
3 plural | zawan | zawin | - |
Weak Verbs[]
Example conjugation of branjan - "to set on fire" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | ||
Present | 1 sing | branjo | branjaų | - |
2 sing | branjis | branjais | branji | |
3 sing | branjith | branjai | branjatdau | |
1 plural | branjam | branjaif | - | |
2 plural | branjith | branjaith | branjä | |
3 plural | branjan | branjain | branjana | |
Past | 1 sing | branjato | branjatų | - |
2 sing | branjates | branjatis | - | |
3 sing | branjat | branjatai | - | |
1 plural | branjatim | branjait | - | |
2 plural | branjatäth | branjatai | - | |
3 plural | branjätan | branjatain | - |
Participles[]
Participles are not formed differently if the verb is strong or weak. There are only 2 participles in Casuma: present and past.
Participles of zäwan | Participles of branjan | |
---|---|---|
Present | zäwans | branjans |
Past | zäwödath | branjödath |
Vocabulary[]
It will be done soon.
Example text[]
It will be done soon.