Cjư Cjư | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Agglutinative | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative–accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Final | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
No | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
General information[]
Cjư (/t͡ɕɯ/) is a priori conlang. It is designed to sound bizarre, but not too difficult to learn and speak.
Phonology
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m〈m〉 | n〈n〉 | ɲ〈nj〉 | ŋ〈g〉 | ɴ | ||
Plosive | p〈p〉 | k〈k〉 | ʔ〈'〉 | ||||
Fricative |
s〈s〉 z〈z〉 |
ɕ〈sj〉 ʑ〈zj〉 |
x~χ〈h〉 ɣ~ʁ〈r〉 |
||||
Affricate |
t͡s〈c〉 d͡z〈x〉 |
t͡ɕ〈cj〉 d͡ʑ〈xj〉 |
|||||
Approximant |
w〈w〉 ɥ〈wj〉 |
j〈y〉 ɥ〈wj〉 |
|||||
Click | ǂ〈q〉 | ||||||
Lateral app. | l〈l〉 |
- /n/ and /ŋ/ are realized as [ɴ] before [χ] and [ʁ]
- /n/ is realized as [ɲ] before [j], [ɥ], and [ǂ]
- /w/ is realized as [ɥ] before [j]
- /s/ and /t͡s/ become [ɕ] and [t͡ɕ], respectively, before [j] or [ɥ]
Vowels[]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close |
i〈i〉 y〈ï〉 |
ɯ〈ư〉 u〈u〉 |
Close-mid |
e〈e〉 ø〈ė〉 |
|
Open-mid |
ʌ〈ơ〉 ɔ〈o〉 | |
Open |
a〈a〉 ɶ〈ȧ〉 |
Alphabet[]
Letter | Name | IPA |
---|---|---|
A | la | a |
Ȧ | mȧ | ɶ |
C | ce | t͡s |
E | le | e |
Ė | mė | ø |
G | gơ | ŋ |
H | hoh | χ |
I | li | i |
Ï | mï | y |
J | aya | |
K | ke | k |
L | alư | l |
M | mơ | m |
N | nơ | n |
O | mo | ɔ |
Ơ | lơ | ʌ |
P | pe | p |
Q | qơ | ǂ |
R | rah | ʁ |
S | se | s |
U | mu | u |
Ư | lư | ɯ |
W | uwa | w |
X | xo | d͡z |
Y | iya | j |
Z | zo | z |
' | qa'a | ʔ |
- The dot ( · ) or, diaeresis ( ¨ ) in the case of Ï, indicates rounding of a vowel who is by default unrounded.
- The horn ( ̛ ) indicates unrounding of a vowel who is by default rounded.
- The letter J has no phonological value, but rather acts as an in-line diacritic for palatalization.
Phonotactics[]
Syllable stucture is defined as (C)(j)V(K) where:
- C is the onset. It is any consonant*.
- j is the medial. It is any semivowel.
- V is the nucleus. It is any vowel.
- and K is the coda. It cannot include any voiced fricative, voiced affricate, click, /ʔ/, or /ɥ/**.
Therefore, a syllable cannot end in the phonemes /ʔ, z, ʑ, ʁ, d͡z, d͡ʑ, ɥ**/, or /ǂ/.
- First syllables of a word do not start with /ʔ/, but any following syllables of a word can.
- Allophonically, /ɥ/ can end a syllable because /w/ can. /w/ is realized as [ɥ] before an onset [j].
Grammar[]
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
Nouns | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Nouns[]
Verbs[]
All verbs are regular in Cjư, so once conjugation is learned, any verb can be conjugated. This is done by changing the ending of a verb. There are two types of conjugation in Cjư. They are Post-vowel (VCo) and Post-coda (KCo) conjugations.
Post-Vowel[]
- These conjugations apply to verbs whose infinitives end in a vowel followed by a consonant plus the vowel o. They feature suffixes.
- VCo:
1st singular 1st plural 2nd singular 2nd plural 3rd singular 3rd plural Present VCoc VCocum VCanja VCanjam VCơh VCơhum Past VCocjas VCocjumsa VCanjas VCanjamsa VCơras VCơrumsa Future VCoxawa VCoxumwa VCaqawa VCaqamwa VCơhawa VCơhamwa
- Oso - to be:
1st singular 1st plural 2nd singular 2nd plural 3rd singular 3rd plural Present osoc osocum osanja osanjam osơh osơhum Past osocjas osocjumsa osanjas osanjamsa osơras osơrumsa Future osoxawa osoxumwa osaqawa osaqamwa osơhawa osơhamwa
Post-Coda[]
- Post-coda infinitives end in a coda by a consonant plus the vowel o. They feature suffixes and infixes.
- KCo:
1st singular 1st plural 2nd singular 2nd plural 3rd singular 3rd plural Present KocCo KocCom KanjaCa KanjaCam KơhCơ KơhCơm Past KocjakCo KocjakCom KanjakCa KanjakCam KơrakCơ KơrakCơm Future KoxawaCo KoxawaCom KaqawaCa KaqawaCam KơhawaCơ KơhawaCơm
- Ơmipso - to see:
1st singular 1st plural 2nd singular 2nd plural 3rd singular 3rd plural Present ơmipocso ơmipocsom ơmipanjasa ơmipanjasam ơmipơhsơ ơmipơhsơm Past ơmipocjakso ơmipocjaksom ơmipanjaksa ơmipanjaksam ơmipơrakơ ơmipơrakơm Future ơmipoxawaso ơmipoxawasom ơmipaqawasa ơmipaqawasam ơmipơhawasơ ơmipơhawasơm
Particles[]
Particle | Case/Tense | Example |
---|---|---|
la | nominative |
John la pucnalosơras. John slept. |
xe | accusative |
Hơ la pomya xe kalơrakko. He hit the ball. |
kė | dative |
Xjon la qam kė zjagwja'e xe kư'oxawa. I will give you the money. |
ga | genitive |
Nje la Sherry ga awcu xe osơh. That is Sherry's car. |
hȧ | locative |
Hơ'ưm la New York hȧ ȧlosơhum. They are in New York. |
mwje | lative |
Xjon la hơ xe mïlȧce mwje cagagoxawa. I will bring it to the party. |
xjư | ablative |
Rȧn la ponanjaksal xe hog imu xjư pwacơrakmơ. The dog took the bone from its mother. |
Syntax[]
Word order in Cjư is SOV
S | O | V |
---|---|---|
ipȧ la | hog zjacmac xe | mwayơras. |
/ipɶ la | χɔŋ ʑat͡smat͡s d͡ze | mwajʌʁas/ |
father | his wife | kissed. |
The father kissed his wife. |
Vocabulary[]
No. | English | Cjư |
---|---|---|
1 | I | Xjon |
2 | you (singular) | Qam |
3 | he | Hơ |
4 | we | Xjonưm |
5 | you (plural) | Qamưm |
6 | they | Hơ'ưm |
7 | this | Cơ |
8 | that | Nje |
9 | here | Cơ'ec |
10 | there | Nje'ec |
11 | who | Anmơ |
12 | what | Mơ |
13 | where | Ecmơ |
14 | when | Opmơ |
15 | how | Racmơ |
16 | not | Lec |
17 | all | Sưp |
18 | many | Ȧk |
19 | some | Cu |
20 | few | Xėc |
21 | other | Zjonhok |
22 | one | Ïg |
23 | two | Nah |
24 | three | Og |
25 | four | Cji |
26 | five | Pak |
27 | big | Kaci |
28 | long | Pos |
29 | wide | Lacmag |
30 | thick | Kalag |
31 | heavy | Mėpkal |
32 | small | Liplic |
33 | short | Lipci |
34 | narrow | Xalkac |
35 | thin | Mincėk |
36 | woman | Macan |
37 | man (adult male) | Palan |
38 | man (human being) | Hơlan |
39 | child | Lipan |
40 | wife | Zjacmac |
41 | husband | Palmac |
42 | mother | Imu |
43 | father | Ipȧ |
44 | animal | Zazjư |
45 | fish | Mi'ė |
46 | bird | Qacơl |
47 | dog | Rȧn |
48 | louse | Ralpucim |
49 | snake | Sizjas |
50 | worm | Hulimwa |
51 | tree | Xi |
52 | forest | Moh |
53 | stick | Gac |
54 | fruit | Pwol |
55 | seed | Xele |
56 | leaf | Lȧy |
57 | root | Munïcwjơ |
58 | bark | Gahka |
59 | flower | Olmơ |
60 | grass | Ėnhwȧ |
61 | rope | Ipsưl |
62 | skin | Ralmac |
63 | meat | Upselap |
64 | blood | Gơ'ưgsac |
65 | bone | Ponanjaksal |
66 | fat | Sawri |
67 | egg | Gïzas |
68 | horn | Lưn |
69 | tail | Halcon |
70 | feather | Seymoc |
71 | hair | Wjas |
72 | head | Xjoc |
73 | ear | Eqem |
74 | eye | Pima |
75 | nose | Olnėk |
76 | mouth | Xug |
77 | tooth | Cjici |
78 | tongue | Lơg |
79 | fingernail | — |
80 | foot | — |
81 | leg | — |
82 | knee | — |
83 | hand | — |
84 | wing | — |
85 | belly | — |
86 | guts | — |
87 | neck | — |
88 | back | — |
89 | breast | — |
90 | heart | — |
91 | liver | — |
92 | drink | — |
93 | eat | — |
94 | bite | — |
95 | suck | — |
96 | spit | — |
97 | vomit | — |
98 | blow | — |
99 | breathe | — |
100 | laugh | — |
101 | see | — |
102 | hear | — |
103 | know | — |
104 | think | — |
105 | smell | — |
106 | fear | — |
107 | sleep | — |
108 | live | — |
109 | die | — |
110 | kill | — |
111 | fight | — |
112 | hunt | — |
113 | hit | — |
114 | cut | — |
115 | split | — |
116 | stab | — |
117 | scratch | — |
118 | dig | — |
119 | swim | — |
120 | fly | — |
121 | walk | — |
122 | come | — |
123 | lie | — |
124 | sit | — |
125 | stand | — |
126 | turn | — |
127 | fall | — |
128 | give | — |
129 | hold | — |
130 | squeeze | — |
131 | rub | — |
132 | wash | — |
133 | wipe | — |
134 | pull | — |
135 | push | — |
136 | throw | — |
137 | tie | — |
138 | sew | — |
139 | count | — |
140 | say | — |
141 | sing | — |
142 | play | — |
143 | float | — |
144 | flow | — |
145 | freeze | — |
146 | swell | — |
147 | sun | — |
148 | moon | — |
149 | star | — |
150 | water | — |
151 | rain | — |
152 | river | — |
153 | lake | — |
154 | sea | — |
155 | salt | — |
156 | stone | — |
157 | sand | — |
158 | dust | — |
159 | earth | — |
160 | cloud | — |
161 | fog | — |
162 | sky | — |
163 | wind | — |
164 | snow | — |
165 | ice | — |
166 | smoke | — |
167 | fire | — |
168 | ash | — |
169 | burn | — |
170 | road | — |
171 | mountain | — |
172 | red | — |
173 | green | — |
174 | yellow | — |
175 | white | — |
176 | black | — |
177 | night | — |
178 | day | — |
179 | year | — |
180 | warm | — |
181 | cold | — |
182 | full | — |
183 | new | — |
184 | old | — |
185 | good | — |
186 | bad | — |
187 | rotten | — |
188 | dirty | — |
189 | straight | — |
190 | round | — |
191 | sharp | — |
192 | dull | — |
193 | smooth | — |
194 | wet | — |
195 | dry | — |
196 | correct | — |
197 | near | — |
198 | far | — |
199 | right | — |
200 | left | — |
201 | at | — |
202 | in | — |
203 | with | — |
204 | and | — |
205 | if | — |
206 | because | — |
207 | name | — |