Cosoveàn

Kosovar Cosoveàn
Type	Fusional
Alignment	Nominative-Accusative
Head direction	Initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	Two
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	3%
Statistics Nouns 2% Verbs 6% Adjectives 2% Syntax 1% Words of 1500
Creator	Fachir04

Kosovar (natively Cosoveàn [kɔsɔvɛ'an]) is a romance language spoken by approximately 90.000.000 people in the Republic of Kosovo (Respublica Cosovi).

General information

Kosovar has a fusional grammar not too different from the one of other romance languages, except that it has a complete case system, with 5 cases and 3 declensions, inherited from latin, which have been simplified through the time.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Denti-alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Plosive	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f v	s	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ2
Affricate			t͡s d͡z1	t͡ʃ
Approximant					j	w
Trill			r
Lateral			l		ʎ

¹ t͡s d͡z are both indicated with z, t͡s is generally found between vowels or after voiceless consonants, d͡z after voiced consonants.

² x ɣ are bot indicated with h, x is found before or after voiceless consonants, ɣ between vowels and before or after voiced consonants.

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Open-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

Vowel length is not distinctive in Cosoveàn, but usually, vowels in stressed syllables are long.

Diphthongs

Falling		Falling
ai̯	au̯	ja	wa
ɛi̯	ɛu̯	jɛ	wɛ
			wi
ɔi̯		jɔ	wɔ
ui̯		ju	wu

Only the falling ones are real diphthong, with the rising ones being composed of a semivowel + vowel. Despite this, hiatus can become diphthongs in unstressed syllables, especially far from the stress.

Grammar

Nouns

Kosovejanu has three genders (feminine, masculine and neuter). There're four declensions: first declension nouns are feminine, second and third ones are masculine and forth one are neuter. The gender is also determined by the ending of the word: if a word ends in "-a" is feminine, if it ends in a consonant, in "-o" or "-u" is masculine, if it ends in "-e" is neuter. There are five cases: Nominative (subject), Genitive (possession), Dative (term), Accusative (direct object) and Ablative (with prepositions it forms all the other complements).

First Declension

As said before, first declension nouns end in "-a" and are mostly feminine. Here's an example of the first declension noun doma "house"

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	doma	dome
Genitive	domas	domes
Dative	domjat	domet
Accusative	domam	domas
Ablative	domja	domje

Second Declension

Second declension nouns end in consonant and are mostly masculine. Here's the second declension noun puel "boy"

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	puel	pueli
Genitive	pueli	puelis
Dative	puelat	puelit
Accusative	puelum	puelos
Ablative	pueljo	pueli

Third Declension

The third declension nouns are only masculine. Third declension is dived in two groups: the first group nouns end in "-o", second ones end in "-u".

First Group

Here's the first group noun omo "man"

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	omo	omi
Genitive	omos	omer
Dative	omo	omis
Accusative	omem	omes
Ablative	ome	omis

Second group

Here's the second group noun didu "finger"

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	didu	didi
Genitive	didus	didur
Dative	didu	didis
Accusative	didem	dides
Ablative	dide	didis

Fourth Declension

Fourth Declension nouns end in "-e" and are mostly neuter and are mostly inanimate objects and abstract concept. Here's the fourth declension noun anime "mind"

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	anime	animi
Genitive	anima	animeu
Dative	anima	animu
Accusative	animei	animeus
Ablative	animes	animin

Adjectives

Like nouns, adjectives have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter). Unlike nouns, they don't have cases and they must agree with the noun only in gender and number.

Declension

Unlike the other genders, masculine has three different endings for the singular form, but not all the adjectives have the three forms. Most adjectives that end in a consonant have only the basic consonant ending, while most adjectives that end in a vowel have the two vowel endings. These three endings are: "-ø", "-o" and "-u".

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	-ø, -o, -u	-i
Feminine	-a	-e
Neuter	-e	-i

The masculine endings depend on the declension of the noun:

• The -ø ending is good for all the masculine names
• If the adjective has only the -u and the -o endings it follows determinate rules: the -u go with every masculine noun, the -o only go with the 3rd declension first group nouns

Negation

You can negate almost every adjectives by adding the -nje suffix: bel > belnje "not beautiful". The difference between this two sentences, "Ne seas bel" and "Seas belnje", is basically the emphasis, because they both mean "You are not beautiful", but NOT "You are ugly", this structure, in fact, only negate the adjectives, but it doesn't form the opposite of it.

Adverbs

Most adjectives can be turned into adverbs by adding the -(j)e suffix to the basic form of the adjective. If it ends in a vowel, switch the vowel with -e: velos "fast" > velose "quickly".

Lexicon

See Kosovejanu/Lexicon

Example text

Universal declaration of human rights, article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Universa omos dretis declaratia, articulo 1

Toti omos seri nasen libri de igali en dinitija de dreti. Li tenon rationam de consetiam de tenon aktar une pre otrum en fratias spritjo.