Daveltic

Flag of the Republic of Daval

Daveltic (Dāviyeljav) is a fictional Afroasiatic language descending from a fictional Proto language near the Air Mountains of North Africa. It is the national language of Daval, a fictional country in the Middle East. Besides Daval, Daveltic people commonly live in Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Iraq, and parts of Turkey and Greece. As of today, it is the only unendangered language from its family. Daveltic shares many similar traits with other Middle Eastern languages, such as right-to-left script. However, it incorporates some features that are exclusive to itself, such as its noun class system and its own script. Its modern script also has bits of Greek influence. It's original script is now archaic, with many letters looking different from their modern counterparts.

Daveltic Dāviyeljav
Type	Agglutinating
Alignment	Syntactic
Head direction	Head-final (SOV)
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	Close, Distant, Social
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Statistics Nouns % Verbs % Adjectives % Syntax 0% Words of 1500
Creator	[[User:|]]

Phonology

Consonants
	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Uvular	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Plosive	p b			t d				k g	ʔ
Fricative	β	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ		χ	ɣ	h
Affricate				t͡s	d͡ʒ
Trill					r
Approximant						j		w
Lateral Approximant				l

Vowels
	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-Mid	e	o
Open-Mid	ɛ
Near-Open	æ
Open	a

Phonotactics

• e and ɛ are interchangeably pronounced based on personal preference
• w is almost exclusively used in foreign words and loanwords
• a, i, and o are categorized as Vowel Group 1
• æ, e~ɛ, and u are categorized as Vowel Group 2
• Consecutive vowels of the same group are almost always separated by a glottal stop (e.g. [aʔi] )
• Consecutive vowels of alternating groups are almost always seperated by a palatal approximate (e.g. [aje] )

Alphabet

Letter (Modern)	Name (Romanized)	Pronunciation(s)	Romanization
	Alif	a	Ā ā
		a, o, æ, e~ɛ	Ā ā, A a, E e, O o
	Ba'	b	B b
	Bāi / Vāi	β	B b, V v
	Gā	g	G g
	De	d	D d
	Ji	d͡ʒ	J j
	Dhe	ð	Dh dh
	Et	e~ɛ	E e
	Za'	z	Z z
	Zha	ʒ	Zh zh
	Hi'	h	H h
	Khi	χ	Khi khi
	Kā	k	K k
	Gem	g	G g
	Ksi	ks	Ksi ksi, X x
	Sim	s	S s
	Shi	ʃ	Sh sh
	Tā	t	T t
	Tsi	ts	Ts ts, C c
	The'	θ	Th th
	Āyed	aj	Ai ai, Ay ay
	Fi	f	F f
	Pi	p	P p
	Ra	r	R r
	Qi	ɣ	Q q
	He'	h	H h
	Āvjarav	N/A	N/A
	Ti	t	T t
	Se	s	S s
	In	i j	I i, Y y
	Lā	l	L l
	Mu	m	M m
	Nu	n	N n
	'Eyn	ʔ	'
	Vav	o u v w	O o, U u, V v

Writing Notes

• Daveltic is written from right to left, like most Middle-Eastern languages
• There are no uppercase or lowercase letters
• Alif 1 (double-barred) is only used at the start of a word that starts with the [a] sound
• The first form of Ksi, Sim, Shi, and 'Eyn are used at the start and middle of words. The second form is used for ending letters of words.
• If you must write two consecutive little letters (Vav, 'Eyn, Et, He), rather than writing them side by side, you put them on top of each other in sets of two
• The "final" form of 'Eyn may sometimes be used if it preceed or followed by another one of the little letters (Vav, Āvjarav, Et, He)
• Āvjarav, also known as "The Double Letter" is used to replace a letter that is preceded by the same letter, rather than having to right the same letter twice
• At the beginning of a word, In must be preceded by Alif 2 (single-barred)

Grammatical Cases

Daveltic has 7 grammatical cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Vocative, and Operative. These cases affect personal pronouns, articles, and adjectives. In all the examples below, the boldened pronoun will show the role of the grammatical cases

Nominative Case

• The subject of a sentence
• Who/Whatever does the action of a sentence
• The user of the verb ima (To be)
• In informal speech, it is acceptable to omit the nominative pronoun
• _blank subject_ AND _blank subject_ (e.g. "Tom and Jerry")

- Nāme so'idhoz - "I (male speaker) know you"

Accusative Case

• The direct object of a sentence
• Accusative pronouns are always a prefix to the verb
• Accusative nouns typically come before the verb

- Sāti ne'kidhoz - "You know me (male speaker)"

Dative Case

• The indirect object of a sentence
• Who/Whatever to which something is directed at (towards)
• Always preceded by prepostion nah (meaning: to, towards)

- Kihen nahne - "Tell to me (male speaker)"

Ablative Case

• Who/Whatever to which something is directed from
• Always preceded by prepostion gonah (meaning: from, away from)

- Vokihalqes gonahne - "Hear it from me (male speaker)"

Genitive Case

• The owner of an object
• Who/Whatever is affected by passive prepositions (e.g. for, on, under, in, out, around)
• Genitive pronouns become a prefix

- Mashiyen - "My (male speaker) car"

Operative Case

• Another active subject in the sentence that is not the nominative case
• Operative pronouns can add emphasis to the nominative user "I, myself"
• Operative pronouns that come after a preposition become suffixes
• Who/Whatever someone will turn into or become "I will be king"
• Who/Whatever is affected by active prepositions (e.g. with, as, like)

- Sāti ki lonem - "You are with me (male speaker)"

Vocative Case

• Refering to someone while speaking to them
• Only applicable personal pronoun is the second person, which simply remain in the nominative form
• If simply calling somebody's name, the name does not need to be in the vocative case (Hey, Cyrus!)
• If you refer to somebody while saying other things, the name has to be in the vocative case
• Names and nouns in the vocative case have the prefix he (Similar to "hey" in English, except mandatory in the vocative case)

- HeSirus kiyesevd lah - "Hey, Cyrus, can you come here?"

Speaking & Common Phrases

Greetings

Daveltic	Romanization	Mandatory add-on(s)	Optional add-on(s)	Translation
	Hok kāzh	N/A	2.DAT Pronouns(To you)	Hello / Hi
	Hok midās			Good morning
	Hok thāysem			Good afternoon
	Hok maj			Good evening

Farewells

Daveltic	Romanization	Mandatory add-on(s)	Optional add-on(s)	Translation
	Hok kāzh	N/A	2.DAT Pronouns(To you)	Bye / Goodbye (Colliquial)
	Elthaksim			Farewell / Adieu (Poetic, formal)
	Vigo yelyāv	2.ACC Pronouns suffixed to elyāv	N/A	See you (soon / later)
	Tavmaj nahyed-	2.GEN Pronouns suffixed to nahyed		Goodnight

Responses

Daveltic	Romanization	Mandatory add-on(s)	Optional add-on(s)	Translation
	Zeh	N/A	N/A	Yes / Yeah / Yup
	Ān			No / Nope / Nah
	Eksim			Maybe
	Theyāsket			Of course
	Gāl			Of course / Sure (Typically used to start affirmative statements)
	Zegād			Fine / Alright / Okay
	Hā yālāh			It's Fine / Alright / Okay
	Hokāh			Good
	Zen			Well

Pronouns, Nouns & Grammatical Gender

Nouns

Understanding the nature of nouns is an important part of Daveltic. Nouns can be singular or plural. Nouns also must agree with their appropriate grammatical cases and grammatical gender (see Grammatical Gender below).

Grammatical Gender

The Daveltic language's class system does not employ "gendered" distinctions. Like its linguistic relatives, its class system consists of the three: Close, Distant, and Social. Below, you will see some of their distinctions

Close Class

The close class often entails nouns and concepts that are familiar, endearing, and known. Not every noun may be obviously "close" and may be close as a technicality. It is exclusive to the 3rd person. In Daveltic, names of people and places are treated as nouns as well and are classified as close if it has such an ending, even if it may not relate to the nature of the noun's actual familiarity.

Close Noun Endings (All Cases)
Number	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Ablative	Genitive	Operative	Vocative
Singular Close	-[a / i / o / f / ð / θ / χ / ʃ / ʒ / n / h / l]	-[oh]	[næh]- (NOM)	[gonæh]- (NOM)	-[æh / oh]	-[a / e]	[he]- / N/A
Plural Close	-[æl / el]	-[jol / jæl]			-[ih]	-[in]

Examples (The nouns below have definite articles seperated by a dash)

• Tah-epin - "The water"
• Tah-mirāh - "The mother"
• Tah-sāl - "The king"
• Tah-zherāfā - "The giraffe"
• Tah-Yunish - "Jonah'
• Tah-Kānādā - "Canada"
• Irregular close noun: Tah-sinem - "The name"

Distant Class

The distant class often entails nouns and concepts that are unfamiliar and abstract. Not every noun may be obviously "distant" and may be distant as a technicality. It is exclusive to the 3rd person. In Daveltic, names of people and places are treated as nouns as well and are classified as distant if it has such an ending, even if it may not relate to the nature of the noun's actual familiarity.

Distant Noun Endings (All Cases)
Number	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Ablative	Genitive	Operative	Vocative
Singular Distant	-[æ / e~ɛ / u / r / t / p / s / d / g / k / z / v / b / m / ʤ / ɣ]	-[ov]	[næh]- (NOM)	[gonæh]- (NOM)	-[æv / ov]	-[a / e]	[he]- / N/A
Plural Distant	-[id]	-[jod]			-[iv / id]	-[jod]

Examples (The nouns and names below have definite articles seperated by a dash)

• Tav-ksebāj - "The fire"
• Tav-githās - "The cat"
• Tav-haq - "The right"
• Tav-zālem - "The left"
• Tav-Aleks - "Alex"
• Tav-Firents - "France"
• Irregular distant noun: Tav-zemān - "The time"

Social Class

The social class (aka relative class) is exclusive to the 1st person and the 2nd person. There are no typical nouns that fall under the social class. The social class is typically used to describe the 1st and 2nd person with adjectives. The 1st and 2nd person are never described with close/distant.

Social Adjective Endings (All Cases)
Number	Last vowel of adjective: Group 1 [a/i/o]	Last vowel of adjective: Group 2 [æ/e~ɛ/u]
Singular Social	[a]	[e]
Plural Social	[in]

Examples

• - Nāme i vale soyal - "I (male speaker) am happy to see you"

• - Sāti ki ponāsā - "You are kind"

• - Imahd me kumashin - "We are short"

Pronouns

Understanding personal pronouns is instrumental in speaking and understanding Daveltic. The personal pronouns must agree with the 7 cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, and Operative. Vocative is not very applicable here.

Pronoun notes

• The first person (I, we) has a masculine/feminine/neutral distinction
• The second person (you) has a formal/informal distinction
• The third person (he, she, it, they, these, those) has a close/distant distinctions
• When the 1P is a mix of genders, you use the gender neutral pronoun
• If the 3rd person is unknown or mixed, you use the distant pronoun
• The 2nd person nominative pronouns are also the vocative pronouns

Nominative Pronouns

Nominative pronouns come at the start of a sentence, and are the main doers of an action ( - Nāme so'idhoz - "I (male speaker) know you"). In informal speech, nominative pronouns can be omitted ( - So'idhoz - "I (male speaker) know you"). The nominative 3rd person pronouns are also the definite articles in the nominative, genitive, and operative cases and are prefixed to the noun.

Nominative Personal Pronouns in Daveltic
Grammatical Person	Distinction	Singular	Plural
First Person	Masculine	nāme	imehd
	Feminine	nāmā	imāhd
	Neutral	nāmo	imahd
Second Person	Informal (Any gender ⚧)	sāti	iton
	Formal (Any gender ⚧)	sāton	itahd
Third Person	Close (Any gender ⚧)	tah	he
	Distant (Any gender ⚧)	tah	ve

Accusative Pronouns

Accusative pronouns are prefixed to the start of a verb of which they are the direct recipient of ( - Nāme so'idhoz - "I (male speaker) know you"). In the event that there is a helping verb, the accusative pronoun will be prefixed to the helped verb ( - Sāti kirah hoyal - "You want to see him/her/them/it"). The accusative 3rd person pronouns are also the definite articles in the accusative case and are prefixed to the noun.

Accusative Personal Pronouns in Daveltic
Grammatical Person	Distinction	Singular	Plural
First Person	Masculine	ne	med
	Feminine	nā	mād
	Neutral	no	mad
Second Person	Informal (Any gender ⚧)	so	tad
	Formal (Any gender ⚧)	si	ti
Third Person	Close (Any gender ⚧)	ho	had
	Distant (Any gender ⚧)	vo	vad

Dative Pronouns

Dative pronouns have two main functions. One function is to indicate an indirect subject of an action ( - Vokihepon nahne - "Show it to me (male speaker)). The other function is to indicate something directed towards or to an entity ( - Emovar nahdeyotsākh - "We flew to Germany). Dative nouns and pronouns always have the nah prefix. Definite nouns have their definite articles omitted in the dative case.

Dative Personal Pronouns in Daveltic
Grammatical Person	Distinction	Singular	Plural
First Person	Masculine	nahne	nahme
	Feminine	nahnā	nahmā
	Neutral	nahna	nahmi
Second Person	Informal (Any gender ⚧)	nahsa	nahti
	Formal (Any gender ⚧)	nahsen	nahten
Third Person	Close (Any gender ⚧)	nahtah	nahe
	Distant (Any gender ⚧)	nahtav	nahve

Ablative Pronouns

Ablative pronouns act as the inverse of the dative pronouns. Ablative pronouns express motion from, away from, or originating from an entity ( - Emovar gonahmisr - "We flew from Egypt). Ablative nouns and pronouns always have the gonah prefix. Like dative, definite nouns have their definite articles omitted in the ablative case.

Ablative Personal Pronouns in Daveltic
Grammatical Person	Distinction	Singular	Plural
First Person	Masculine	gonahne	gonahme
	Feminine	gonahnā	gonahmā
	Neutral	gonahna	gonahmi
Second Person	Informal (Any gender ⚧)	gonahsa	gonahti
	Formal (Any gender ⚧)	gonahsen	gonahten
Third Person	Close (Any gender ⚧)	gonahtah	gonahe
	Distant (Any gender ⚧)	gonahtav	gonahve

Genitive Pronouns

Genitive pronouns are slightly harder to grasp. Genitive serves two big functions. One function is attaching entities to most Daveltic prepositions ( - Tav vā kane - "It's for me (male speaker)"). The other function is indicating posession. There are no traditional possessive pronouns in Daveltic and, much like the prepositions, pronouns that possess an entity are indicated with a suffix to the possessed entity ( - Mirāhen - "My (male speaker) mother"). There is also no verb for "to have" in Daveltic. Indicating the verb of possession is a combination of posessed entity + there to be verb + ser preposition + owner in Genitive case ( - Githās vāma seren - "I (male speaker) have a cat").

The genitive pronouns are also the most difficult because the singular have three forms. One form is for possessing or suffixing something that ends with a vowel, another form is for possessing or suffixing something that ends with a consonant, and a few pronouns' genitive suffixes change if the possessed entity is in the accusative, genitive, and operative case. Most of the plural only have the first two forms.

Genitive Personal Pronouns in Daveltic (The romanizations below align with the Daveltic writing above) Right-most: Suffixed to vowel Middle / Left-most: Suffixed to consonant Left-most: Possessed entity in ACC, GEN, OPE case
Grammatical Person	Distinction	Singular	Plural
First Person	Masculine	on, en, ne	em, me
	Feminine	on, ān, nā	ām, mā
	Neutral	on, an, na	am, mi
Second Person	Informal (Any gender ⚧)	on, as, sa	at, ti
	Formal (Any gender ⚧)	oks, aks, ksa	at, tu
Third Person	Close (Any gender ⚧)	uh, oh, oh	en, ne
	Distant (Any gender ⚧)	uv, ov, ov	ev, ve

Operative Pronouns

Operative pronouns typically indicate entities that are involved in an action, but are not the subject. It is close to the instrumental case in Slavic languages with some distinctions. Whether the entity is instrumental, being compared to, or transformed into, the entity is in the operative case ( - Sāti ki lonem - "You are with me (male speaker)"). Operative pronouns also act as an intensifier of the subject, if they are the same person (e.g. I, myself). With a few exceptional situations, operative pronouns are their own separate words

Operative Personal Pronouns in Daveltic
Grammatical Person	Distinction	Singular	Plural
First Person	Masculine	nem	yem
	Feminine	nām	yām
	Neutral	nam	yam
Second Person	Informal (Any gender ⚧)	sat	yat
	Formal (Any gender ⚧)	sen	ten
Third Person	Close (Any gender ⚧)	lah	yen
	Distant (Any gender ⚧)	lav	yev

If you need a more visual guide for the pronouns, refer to the figure below (Made in Canvas):

Verbs

In their infinitive (non-conjugated form), Most Daveltic verbs end with a vowel + [l]. A small portion of verbs end with vowels or even more rarely, a consonant

• - ima - "To be / For there to be"
• - dhol - "To know"
• - al - "To see"
• - hen - "To say / To tell"
• - pel - "To do (a specific action)"
• - zādāl - "To help"
• - āvi - "To go"

Some verbs may have the prefix kso . This prefixed implies a reflexive action. Many verbs without this prefix can have this prefix added to make it reflexive to the subject (e.g. "To hide (something)" becomes "To hide oneself"). A good portion of these verbs entail motion verbs and routine everyday actions like waking up.

• - ksodekhi - "To exercise"
• - ksorebātsāl - "To return / To come back"

Conjugating Verbs

When writing this section, I've just now realized how bizarrely hard conjugating verbs is. So I will try my absolute best to explain. Please bear with me.

Conjugating verbs has many different steps and processes depending on the nature of the verb. Unlike a lot of languages, the verbs are attached as a suffix to a base for a pronoun and tense. This "base" without any attached verbs is the "To be" verb, ima. Barring irregular verb attachments, if you know how ima is in a certain tense, you could easily conjugate verbs and attach them to the "to be" base

• - Nāmā i - "I (female speaker) am"
• - Nāmā idhoz - "I (female speaker) know"

Additionally, almost all verbs have two suffix forms. One form is for if the conjugated ima verb ends with a vowel and the other is for if it ends with a consonant.

Example: - ātal - "To own, to possess an object"

• Scenario 1: ima here ends with a vowel. - Sāti kital - "You own (Present simple)"
• Scenario 2: ima here ends with a consonant. - Sāti kometl - "You owned (Past simple)"

Making the suffix for when ima ends with a vowel (regular verbs)

Scenario 1: Verbs that end with a vowel + [l] - (e.g. - khobāl - "To hit / To beat")

1. Remove the vowel + [l] ___ khobāl --> khob - ( - Nāmā ikhob - "I (female speaker) hit")

Scenario 2: Verbs that end with (h)en - (e.g. - hen - "To say / To tell")

1. (h)en becomes ksat ___ hen --> ksat - ( - Nāme iksat - "I (male speaker) say")

Scenario 3: Verbs that end with vowel - (e.g. - ebroma - "To gather)

1. Remove the final vowel ___ ebroma --> berom)

Scenario 4: Verbs that start with vowel - (e.g. - ebroma - "To gather)

1. Shift consonants to make it start with a consonant ___ ebroma --> berom)

Making the suffix for when ima ends with a vowel (regular verbs)

Scenario 1: Verbs that end with a vowel + [l] - (e.g. - khobāl - "To hit / To beat")

1. Remove the [l] ___ khobāl --> khobā
2. Shift every vowel one letter before khobā --> okhāb - ( - Sāti nekomokhāb - "You hit me (male speaker)"

Scenario 2: Verbs that end with (h)en - (e.g. - hen - "To say / To tell")

1. (h)en becomes eks ___ hen --> eks - ( - Nāmā omeks - "I (female speaker) said")

Notes for baking verb suffixes

• When shifting consonants, a starting i becomes an e (e.g. indal --> nedal)
• When shifting vowels, a starting a becomes an e (e.g. atal --> etl)

Disclaimer: the two verbs above only show the rules for shifting letters, they are still very irregular besides that

Conjugating regular verbs that end with a vowel + [l]

Scenario for demonstration - Translate "I (female speaker) fly".

1. Prepare ima base: "To be" for 1S in the present simple is i ___ - Nāmā i - "I (female speaker) am"
2. See if ima ends with a vowel or consonant. (In this case, a vowel)
3. Remove the vowel + [l] from the end of the verb you wish to transform ___ - Vural - "To fly" --> - Vur
4. Prefix the ima base to the main verb ___ (i + vur) - - Nāmā i - "I (female speaker) fly"

Tenses

The Daveltic language has 12 proper verb tenses and 2 "half-tenses". Each is used for a specific time frame and is conjugated according to person and class distinction. There are no moods or aspects in Daveltic verbs. Below are the 12 proper tenses:

Present Tenses

• Present Perfect
• Present Imperfect
• Present Conditional

Past-to-Perfect Tense

• Past-Present Homogenous

Past Tenses

• Past Perfect
• Past Imperfect
• Past Conditional
• Past Plu-Perfect

Future Tenses

• Future Perfect
• Future Imperfect
• Future Conditional
• Future Plu-Perfect

And below are the 2 half tenses. The reason why these two are not considered adjectives is because they function more similarly to tenses for verbs in the Daveltic Language rather than similar to traditional adjectives (which will be demonstrated later on). For now the following two are not considered wholly tenses or wholly a type of adjective.

• Present Participle
• Past Participle

Types of Sentences

In Daveltic, there are 3 types of sentences: Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative. Below, you will see the guidelines for using them.

Affirmative

Affirmative, or positive statements, express a direct truth or fact. This is default of sentences.

• Ex. ( - Nāme so'idhoz - "I (male speaker) know you")
• Ex. Tav vā kane - "It's for me (male speaker)").

Negative

Negative statements express an action not happening or there being a lack of something existing. There are 3 common indicators of negative in Daveltic.

1. - Ān

Ān is the simplest and most common way of indicating negation. It literally translates into "No", "Nope", or "Nah", lacking any nuance of formality or appropriateness. It can also be used to respond to questions to which the answer is negative.

• Ex. Question: ( - Then ve ksovālrebāts - "Will they (plural) come back?")
• Ex. Response: ( - Ān - "No")

The implication is that they (plural) will not come back.

2. & - Ā- (prefix)

When the prefix (Ā-) is at the start of a verb or interrogative pronoun, it makes the word negative. Firstly, below are the interrogative pronouns that become negative like so, which will be expanded upon in the Interrogative Sentences section.

Positive Interrogative Pronouns (Nominative Form)

What	Who	When	Where	How
Dav	Kav	Elād	Zihā	Denah

Negative Interrogative Pronouns (Nominative Form)

Nothing	Nobody	Never	Nowhere	No way / method
Ādav	Ākav	Ānelād	Āzihā	Ādnah

The prefix (Ā-) at the start of a conjugated verb makes the verb negative. This is the case for every verb tense.

• Ex. Positive: Sāti ki - "You are" / "It is you"
• Ex. Negative: Sāti āki - "You are not" / "It is not you"

• Ex. Positive: Sāti kom - "You were" / It was you"
• Ex. Negative: Sāti ākom - "I am not" / It was not you"

If the conjugated verb (which starts with the ima base) starts with a vowel, the prefix becomes (ān-) if preceeding a Group 1 vowel and becomes (āy-) if preceeding a Group 2 vowel. (Note: The "groups" are explained in the phonetics section)

• Ex. Positive: Nāmā i - "I (female speaker) am" / "It is me (female speaker)"
• Ex. Negative: Nāmā āni - "I (female speaker) am not" / "It is not me (female speaker)"

• Ex. Positive: Nāmā el - "I (female speaker) will be" / It will be me (female speaker)"
• Ex. Negative: Nāmā āyel - "I (female speaker) will not be" / It will not be me (female speaker)"

Also, note that accusative pronouns are also prefixed to the conjugated verb that affects them directly (see pronouns). In that case, the pronoun preceeds the negative prefix of the verb. The same goes for reflexive verbs.

• Ex. Positive: Sāti vadkidhoz - "You know them (plural)"
• Ex. Negative: Sāti vadākidhoz - "You do not know them (plural)"

• Ex. Positive: Ve ksovālrebāts - "They (plural) will come back"
• Ex. Negative: Ve kso'āvālrebāts - "They (plural) will not come back"

Additionally, the ima base of an action can be used as a response to a question, whether it is negative or affirmative. The inclusion of the prefixed accusative pronoun is optional and none of these changes make the response more or less formal. They are just different ways of answering. They may, at most, add some nuance to the situation you are talking about.

Ex. Question: Then ve ksovālrebāts - "Will they (plural) come back?"

• Ex. Positive Response 1: Vāl - "They will"
• Ex. Positive Response 2: Ksovāl - "They will"
• Ex. Negative Response 1: Āvāl - "They will not"
• Ex. Negative Response 2: Kso'āvāl - "They will not"

Lastly for this point, keep in mind that Daveltic is a negative-concord language, meaning a statement can have two negatives and they do not cancel each other out.

• Ex. Nāme vofilmov ānomal ānelād - "I never saw the movie"

Although, literally, the above statement translates to "I never did not see the movie," it really means that the action was never done,even if both words are technically negative. In Daveltic, negative interrogative pronouns are paired with negatively conjugated verbs.

• Ex. Ākav āvādhoz - "Nobody knows"

3. - Nil

Nil is used purely to express the lack of something or something not existing. Therefore, it is often paired with the negatively conjugated "There to be" verb to establish the absence of something. However, you may also simply say (nil + non-existent noun) without having to include the verb, although this is often seen as more colloquial.

• Ex. Nil māshel āhāma - "There is no problem" (Mainly formal)
• Ex. Nil māshel - "No problem" / "(There is) no problem" (Mainly casual)