Dongbuzenytihach

Dongbuzenytihach is the language spoken in the Dongbuzenytihav, an ocean located on the planet Baltus. The primary speakers are Encephalopods, inhabitants of the planet.

Dongbuzenytihach Dongbuzenytihach
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Priori
Head direction
Mostly Head-Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Classification

Dongbuzenytihach is one of the East Kifekutulan languages, a relatively large language family native to Baltus. Other languages of this family include Kifekutuleshi and Razimgopyts, as well as the extinct language of Banlokame.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n			ŋ
Occlusive	unvoiced	p	t	(t͡s)	t͡ɕ	k
	voiced	b	d	(d͡z)	d͡ʑ	g
Fricative	sibilant		s		ɕ	x͡ɕ
	non-sibilant	f	θ̠			x
	voiced	v	z		ʑ
Approximant	central	w	ɹ		(j)	ʟ

There is an undefined sound that is most similar to the "sj-sound" and is commonly considered a co-articulated [x] and [ɕ]. It is a relatively rare sound in the language.

/j/, /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are only seen in loanwords from nearby languages which have these sounds.

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	y		u
Close-mid			ɘ	ɤ
Open-mid	ɛ			ɔ
Open	a

Writing system

Dongbuzenytihach, like many other Encephalopod languages, use a sophisticated combining script, referred outside of the planet as "Encephalopod script".

Transcription

a	b	ɕ	d	d͡z	d͡ʑ	ɛ	ɘ	f	g	i	j	k	ʟ	m	n	ŋ
a	b	ś	d	dz	dź	ä	e	f	g	i	j	k	l	m	n	ng
ɔ	p	ɹ	s	t	t͡s	t͡ɕ	u	ɤ	v	w	x	x͡ɕ	y	z	ʑ	θ̠
o	p	r	s	t	c	ć	u	ô	v	w	h	ś	y	z	ź	th

Glyphs

To transcribe loanwords with /ts/ and /dz/, one takes the glyphs for /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ respectively, and adds a vertical stroke in the middle of the glyph.

Phonotactics

Thanks to the null glyphs, the phonotactics are slightly more variable than the script could suggest. Some of the most common formations include (CV)CVCV and CV(C)CV. The loanwords in the language can include a /j/.

Sound Changes

• /ɤ/ becomes [o] after /w/.
• /k/, /g/, /x/ shift to [c], [ɟ], [ç] respectively before /i/, /y/.
• /ɹ/, /ʟ/ become [j], [ʎ] respectively before /i/, /y/.
• /i/, /y/ shift to [ɨ], [ʉ] after /w/.
• /i/,/y/ also shift to [ɪ], [ʏ] after /s/, /z/.
• In many positions, /ʟ/ is realized as [ɫ].

Grammar

Dongbuzenytihach grammar is relatively complex, as the language is fusional

Verbs

Verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number and aspect. Each verb has one of two endings, -oti and -iti. The vowels in the conjugation depend on the infinitive form's suffix and ending. <o> is often substituted by <e>, while <i> is replaced by <y> in the same positions. Verbs have an indicative mood with present, past and future tense, the latter two of which can have a perfective and an imperfective form, an interrogative mood, an imperative mood and past subjunctive mood.

The short verb oti (to be) has an own conjugation, although it mostly follows the conjugation pattern of -oti verbs. Oti has an archaic form that is ogoti, which reflects most changes in the conjugation.

-oti verbs

Inf = reśoti	Indicative					Imperative	Subjunctive
	Present	Past		Future			Present	Past	Future
		Perfective	Imperfective	Perfective	Imperfective
se	reśol	reśomal	reśomaleri	reśethol	reśetholeri	-	reśepol	reśemol	reśethopol
ća	reśeze	reśomze	reśomzeri	reśetheze	reśethezeri	reśez	reśepze	reśemze	reśethopze
do	reśeka	reśomaka	reśomakari	reśethaka	reśethakari	reśek	reśefka	reśemaka	reśethofka
sô/ky	reśeto	reśometo	reśometori	reśethel	reśetheleri	reśet	reśefto	reśemeto	reśethofto
bo	reśezô	reśomzô	reśomzôri	reśethezô	reśethezôri	reśezwa	reśepzô	reśemzô	reśethopzô
vi	reśekä	reśomakä	reśomakäri	reśethakä	reśethakäri	reśekwa	reśefkä	reśemakä	reśethofkä

-iti verbs

Inf = kaćiti	Indicative					Imperative	Subjunctive
	Present	Past		Future			Present	Past	Future
		Perfective	Imperfective	Perfective	Imperfective
se	kaćil	kaćimal	kaćimalori	kaćithil	kaćithilori	-	kaćypol	kaćymol	kaćythipol
ća	kaćyze	kaćimze	kaćimzeri	kaćithyze	kaćithyzeri	kaćyz	kaćypze	kaćymze	kaćythipze
do	kaćyka	kaćimaka	kaćimakari	kaćithaka	kaćithakari	kaćyk	kaćyfka	kaćymaka	kaćythifka
sô/ky	kaćito	kaćimito	kaćimitori	kaćithyl	kaćithylori	kaćit	kaćyfto	kaćymyto	kaćythifto
bo	kaćyzô	kaćimzô	kaćimzôri	kaćithyzô	kaćithyzôri	kaćyzwa	kaćypzô	kaćymzô	kaćythipzô
vi	kaćykä	kaćimakä	kaćimakäri	kaćithykä	kaćithykäri	kaćykwa	kaćyfkä	kaćymakä	kaćythifkä

Be verb

Inf = oti	Indicative			Imperative	Subjunctive
	Present	Past	Future		Past
se	ogol	omal	ethol	-	ogepol
ća	eze	omze	etheze	ez	epze
do	ogeka	omaka	ethaka	ogek	ogefka
sô/ky	eto	ometo	ethel	et	efto
bo	ezô	omzô	ethezô	ezwa	epzô
vi	ogekä	omakä	ethakä	ogekwa	ogefkä

Nouns

Nouns can have three suffixes: -a, -e, and -o. Their plural form is -ä, -ô and -u, respectively.To create a possessive noun, one replaces the final suffix with itself preceeded by -äh-. These can be interpreted as adjectives. Both nouns and pronouns lack cases .

Declension	Example word root	Singular suffix	Plural suffix	Singular	Singular possessive	Plural	Plural possessive
1st declension	fôr- (a unit of capacity)	-a	-ä	fôra	fôräha	fôrä	fôrähä
2nd declension	goh- (tentacle)	-o	-u	goho	gohäho	gohu	gohähu
3rd declension	däźiv- (an animal)	-e	-ô	däźive	däźivähe	däźivô	däźivähô
Exception	seth- (religion)	-∅	-ä	seth	sethäh	sethä	sethähä

Adjectives

Adjectives form the same declension pattern as their respective nouns. The following table declines the root "wisios-", "slimy". Adjectives are post-nominal, meaning that they come after the noun they are referring to.

Declination	Singular suffix	Plural suffix	Singular	Plural
1st declination	-a	-ä	wiśosa	wiśosä
2nd declination	-o	-u	wiśoso	wiśosu
3rd declination	-e	-ô	wiśose	wiśosô

Articles

There are no indeterminative articles. Determinative articles have 6 forms, depending on the noun referred to.

	Singular	Plural
1st	ra	rä
2nd	ro	ru
3rd	re	rô

Adpositions

Adpositions in Dongbuzenytihach are prepositions, since the language is majorly head-initial. Some prepositions include: ćo/ću (to), nge/ngô (from), ze/zô (of), tha/thä (because of) and po/pu (by, using). Historically, these prepositions were prefixes, but they slowly started to detach and transformed into separate particles.

Syntax

Word order

The word order is commonly SVO. Absence of cases makes this rule relatively strict, however an SOV sentence is still intelligible to any speaker, despite not being encouraged by experts on the language.

Interrogative particles

Dongbuzenytihach uses interrogative particles to denote quesitons. One such particle is ka, which is used to confirm a statement. If the statement is agreed upon, the listener responds "ka" as well, while in the opposite case, the listener responds "će", which assumes the value of "no", or negation.

Another particle is a, which is used after information-seeking questions.

Lexicon

See Dongbuzenytihach/Vocabulary.