No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
||
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 209: | Line 209: | ||
!m |
!m |
||
!n |
!n |
||
− | !ɲ |
+ | !ɲ |
|- |
|- |
||
|a |
|a |
||
Line 352: | Line 352: | ||
== Sound Changes == |
== Sound Changes == |
||
− | * /ɤ/ becomes [o] after /w/. |
+ | * /ɤ/ becomes [o] when stressed and after /w/. |
* /k/, /g/, /x/ shift to [c], [ɟ], [ç] respectively before /i/, /y/. |
* /k/, /g/, /x/ shift to [c], [ɟ], [ç] respectively before /i/, /y/. |
||
*/ɹ/, /ɫ/ become [j], [ʎ] respectively before /i/, /y/. |
*/ɹ/, /ɫ/ become [j], [ʎ] respectively before /i/, /y/. |
||
Line 361: | Line 361: | ||
=== Verbs === |
=== Verbs === |
||
− | Verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number and aspect. Each verb can have one of two endings, -oti and -iti. The vowels in the conjugation depend on the infinitive form's suffix and ending. <o> is often substituted by <e>, while <nowiki><i> is replaced by <y> in the same positions. Verbs have an indicative mood with present, past and future tense, the latter two of which can have a perfective and an imperfective form, an interrogative mood, an imperative mood and a subjunctive mood with present, past and future tense. Verbs can also assume a negative mood by adding the prefix će- if the verbs starts with a consonant, and ćed- if the verb starts with a vowel. When combined with the optative mood, the verb assumes the meaning of "may not". In -iti verbs whose roots end in -ar-, -al- or -aw-, a turns into ä if a front vowel follows the approximant, as such vubäliti => vubalu.</nowiki> |
+ | Verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number and aspect. Each verb can have one of two endings, -oti and -iti. The vowels in the conjugation depend on the infinitive form's suffix and ending. <o> is often substituted by <e>, while <nowiki><i> is replaced by <y> in the same positions. Verbs have an indicative mood with present, past and future tense, the latter two of which can have a perfective and an imperfective form, an interrogative mood, an imperative mood and a subjunctive mood with present, past and future tense. Verbs can also assume a negative mood by adding the prefix će- if the verbs starts with a consonant, and ćed- if the verb starts with a vowel. When combined with the optative mood, the verb assumes the meaning of "may not". In -iti verbs whose roots end in -ar-, -al- or -aw-, a turns into ä if a front vowel follows the approximant, as such vubäliti => vubalu. All verbs are accented on the vowel following the root.</nowiki> |
==== -oti verbs ==== |
==== -oti verbs ==== |
||
Line 640: | Line 640: | ||
!'''Exception''' |
!'''Exception''' |
||
|seþ- (religion) |
|seþ- (religion) |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| -ë |
| -ë |
||
⚫ | |||
− | |seþ |
||
⚫ | |||
− | |seþ |
||
⚫ | |||
+ | |seþë |
||
+ | |seþë |
||
|seþä |
|seþä |
||
|seþë |
|seþë |
||
Line 676: | Line 676: | ||
|wiśoso |
|wiśoso |
||
|wiśosä |
|wiśosä |
||
+ | |wiśosë |
||
− | |wiśosa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!2nd declension |
!2nd declension |
||
Line 744: | Line 744: | ||
|pyćide |
|pyćide |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | !1PL |
+ | !1PL INCL |
− | INCL |
||
|ku |
|ku |
||
|ku |
|ku |
||
Line 762: | Line 761: | ||
!3PL |
!3PL |
||
|du |
|du |
||
+ | |de |
||
− | |dede |
||
|pyćide |
|pyćide |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 774: | Line 773: | ||
Dongbuzenytihach uses interrogative particles to denote quesitons. One such particle is ''ki'', which is used to confirm a statement. If the statement is agreed upon, the listener responds "ki" as well, while in the opposite case, the listener responds "će", which assumes the value of "no", or negation. |
Dongbuzenytihach uses interrogative particles to denote quesitons. One such particle is ''ki'', which is used to confirm a statement. If the statement is agreed upon, the listener responds "ki" as well, while in the opposite case, the listener responds "će", which assumes the value of "no", or negation. |
||
− | Another particle is ''a'', which is used after information-seeking questions. In case the answerer is not aware of the answer, they respond "ćewäri", which roughly translates as "I don't know |
+ | Another particle is ''a'', which is used after information-seeking questions. In case the answerer is not aware of the answer, they respond "ćewäri", which roughly translates as "I don't know". |
== Lexicon == |
== Lexicon == |
Revision as of 12:43, 19 September 2021
Dongbuzenytihach is the language spoken in the Dongbuzenytihav, an ocean located on the planet Baltus. The primary speakers are Encephalopods, inhabitants of the planet.
Dongbuzenytihach Dońbuzenytihać | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Mostly Head-Initial | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ~ŋ | |||
Occlusive | unvoiced | p | t | t͡ɕ | k | |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʑ | g | ||
Fricative | voiceless | sibilant | s | ɕ | x͡ɕ | |
non-sibilant | f | θ̠ | x | |||
voiced | v | z | ʑ | |||
Approximant | w | ɹ | ɫ |
There is an undefined sound that is most similar to the "sj-sound" and is commonly considered a co-articulated [x] and [ɕ]. It is a relatively rare sound in the language.
/j/, /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are only seen in loanwords from nearby languages which have these sounds.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | y | u | |
Close-mid | ɘ | ɤ | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
Open | a |
/ɤ/ is silent when in unstressed position and not in the first syllable of a word.
Sound history
a | e | ə | i | o | u | ɯ | y | b | d | ɸ | g | j | k | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ɛ | ɘ | i | ɔ | u | ɯ | y | b | d | f | g | ɟ | ʝ | k | c |
a | ɛ | ɘ | i | ɔ | u | ɤ | y | b | d | f | g | d͡ʑ | ʑ | k | t͡ɕ |
ʟ | m | n | ŋ | p | ɹ | s | t | x | z | β | β̞ʷ | θ̠ | |||
ʟ | m | n | ŋ | p | ɹ | s | t | x | ç | z | v | w | θ̠ | ||
ɫ | m | n | ɲ | p | ɹ | s | t | x | ɕ | x͡ɕ | z | v | w | θ̠ |
Writing system
Dongbuzenytihach, like many other Encephalopod languages, use a sophisticated combining script, referred outside of the planet as "Encephalopod script", but called in the language "Lapore Kapurafete".
Transcription
a | b | ɕ | d | d͡z | d͡ʑ | ɛ | ɘ | f | g | i | j | k | ʟ | m | n | ɲ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | ś | d | dz | đ | ä | e | f | g | i | j | k | l | m | n | ń |
ɔ | p | ɹ | s | t | t͡s | t͡ɕ | u | ɤ | v | w | x | x͡ɕ | y | z | ʑ | θ̠ |
o | p | r | s | t | c | ć | u | ë | v | w | h | hś | y | z | ź | þ |
ISO Basic Latin friendly
a | b | ɕ | d | d͡z | d͡ʑ | ɛ | ɘ | f | g | i | j | k | ʟ | m | n | ɲ/ŋ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | sj | d | dz | dj | @ | e | f | g | i | j | k | l | m | n | nj |
ɔ | p | ɹ | s | t | t͡s | t͡ɕ | u | ɤ | v | w | x | x͡ɕ | y | z | ʑ | θ̠ |
o | p | r | s | t | c | cj | u | & | v | w | h | x | y | z | zj | th |
Glyphs
To transcribe loanwords with /ts/ and /dz/, one takes the glyphs for /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ respectively, and adds a vertical stroke in the middle of the glyph.
Words with more complex consonant clusters than CV, usually NCV or LCV, are written with the ë glyph following the sonorant.
Phonotactics
Thanks to the null glyph and ë, the phonotactics are slightly more variable than the script could suggest. Some of the most common formations include CV and V.
Sound Changes
- /ɤ/ becomes [o] when stressed and after /w/.
- /k/, /g/, /x/ shift to [c], [ɟ], [ç] respectively before /i/, /y/.
- /ɹ/, /ɫ/ become [j], [ʎ] respectively before /i/, /y/.
- /i/, /y/ shift to [ɨ], [ʉ] after /w/, /s/, /z/.
Grammar
Dongbuzenytihach grammar is relatively complex, as the language is fusional.
Verbs
Verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number and aspect. Each verb can have one of two endings, -oti and -iti. The vowels in the conjugation depend on the infinitive form's suffix and ending. <o> is often substituted by <e>, while <i> is replaced by <y> in the same positions. Verbs have an indicative mood with present, past and future tense, the latter two of which can have a perfective and an imperfective form, an interrogative mood, an imperative mood and a subjunctive mood with present, past and future tense. Verbs can also assume a negative mood by adding the prefix će- if the verbs starts with a consonant, and ćed- if the verb starts with a vowel. When combined with the optative mood, the verb assumes the meaning of "may not". In -iti verbs whose roots end in -ar-, -al- or -aw-, a turns into ä if a front vowel follows the approximant, as such vubäliti => vubalu. All verbs are accented on the vowel following the root.
-oti verbs
Inf = reśoti | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | Future | Present | Present | Past | Future | Future | |||
Perfective | Imperfective | Perfective | Imperfective | |||||||
se | reśo | reśemo | reśemiro | reśeþo | reśeþiro | / | reśeo | reśomo | reśoþo | reśeþopo |
đa | reśu | reśemu | reśemiru | reśeþelu | reśeþeliru | reśe | reśeu | reśomu | reśoþu | reśeþelopu |
do | reśe | reśeme | reśemire | reśeþe | reśeþire | reśe | reśey | reśome | reśoþe | reśeþope |
ku | reśuto | reśemuto | reśemito | reśeþuso | reśeþiso | reśuto | reśuto | reśomuto | reśoþuso | reśeþoputo |
së | reśoto | reśemoto | reśemito | reśeþoso | reśeþiso | / | reśoto | reśomoto | reśoþoso | reśeþopoto |
đä | reśoze | reśemoze | reśemozi | reśeþoze | reśeþozi | reśoze | reśoze | reśomoze | reśoþoze | reśeþopoze |
du | reśake | reśemake | reśemaki | reśeþake | reśeþaki | reśake | reśako | reśomake | reśoþake | reśeþopake |
Converbs | reśerä (while), reśä (after) |
-iti verbs
Inf = kaćiti | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | Future | Present | Past | Future | Future | ||||
Perfective | Imperfective | Perfective | Imperfective | |||||||
se | kaći | kaćimo | kaćimiro | kaćyþo | kaćiþilori | / | kaćyi | kaćymo | kaćyþo | kaćyþipo |
đa | kaću | kaćimu | kaćimiru | kaćyþu | kaćiþiru | kaćy | kaćypze | kaćymu | kaćyþu | kaćyþipu |
do | kaćy | kaćimi | kaćimiri | kaćyþi | kaćiþiri | kaćy | kaćye | kaćymi | kaćyþi | kaćyþipe |
ku | kaćuto | kaćymuto | kaćymito | kaćiþuso | kaćiþiso | kaćuto | kaćuto | kaćymuto | kaćyþuso | kaćyþiputo |
së | kaćoto | kaćymito | kaćymito | kaćyþoso | kaćyþiso | / | kaćoto | kaćymoto | kaćyþoso | kaćyþipoto |
đä | kaćozy | kaćimozy | kaćimozi | kaćiþozy | kaćiþozi | kaćozy | kaćozy | kaćymoze | kaćyþozy | kaćyþipozy |
du | kaćaky | kaćimake | kaćimaki | kaćiþake | kaćiþaki | kaćaky | kaćaky | kaćymoka | kaćyþia | kaćyþipaky |
Converbs | kaćirä (while), kaćä (after) |
Nouns
Nouns can have three suffixes: -a, -e, and -o. To create a possessive noun, one replaces the final suffix with itself preceeded by -äh-. These can be interpreted as adjectives. There are four historical cases cases, although three of them are merged into "Oblique" - Accusative; Genitive and Dative.
Declension | Example word root | Singular suffix | Plural suffix | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Oblique | Nominative | Oblique | Nominative | Oblique | Nominative | Oblique | ||
1st declension | fër- (a unit of capacity) | -a | -o | -ä | -ë | fëra | fëro | fërä | fërë |
2nd declension | goh- (tentacle) | -o | -e | -u | -e | goho | gohe | gohu | gohe |
3rd declension | däźiv- (an animal) | -e | -i | -u | -e | däźive | däźivi | däźivu | däźive |
Exception | seþ- (religion) | -ë | -ë | -ä | -ä | seþë | seþë | seþä | seþë |
Adjectives
Adjectives form the same declension pattern as their respective nouns. The following table declines the root "wiśos-", "slimy". Adjectives are post-nominal, meaning that they come after the noun they are referring to. Possessives are treated as adjectives as well, as such they are declined identically to the adjective in the table.
Declension | Singular suffix | Plural suffix | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Oblique | Nominative | Oblique | Nominative | Oblique | Nominative | Oblique | |
1st declension | -a | -o | -ä | -ë | wiśosa | wiśoso | wiśosä | wiśosë |
2nd declension | -o | -e | -u | -e | wiśoso | wiśose | wiśosu | wiśosa |
3rd declension | -e | -i | -u | -e | wiśose | wiśosi | wiśosu | wiśosa |
Articles
There are no indeterminative articles. Determinative articles have 6 forms, depending on the noun referred to, and come before the referred-to noun.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ra | rä |
2nd | ro | ru |
3rd | re | ru |
Adpositions
Adpositions in Dongbuzenytihach are postpositions. They are inflected and agree with the head as if it were nominative, however the head is usually oblique when used before a postposition. Some postpositions include: ćo (to), nge (from), ze (of), þa (because of) and po (by, using).
Pronouns
Pronoun | Nominative | Oblique | Reflexive |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | se | su | pyćisu |
2SG | đa | đo | pyćiđo |
3SG | do | de | pyćide |
1PL INCL | ku | ku | pyćiku |
1PL EXCL | së | se | pyćise |
2PL | đä | đë | pyćiđë |
3PL | du | de | pyćide |
Syntax
Word order
The word order is commonly SVO.
Interrogative particles
Dongbuzenytihach uses interrogative particles to denote quesitons. One such particle is ki, which is used to confirm a statement. If the statement is agreed upon, the listener responds "ki" as well, while in the opposite case, the listener responds "će", which assumes the value of "no", or negation.
Another particle is a, which is used after information-seeking questions. In case the answerer is not aware of the answer, they respond "ćewäri", which roughly translates as "I don't know".
Lexicon
See Dongbuzenytihach/Vocabulary.
Dialects
Subarctic Dongbuzenytihach
This variant of Dongbuzenytihach is spoken in northern colonies of the Dongbuzenytihav. It is characterized by lowering of central vowels, somewhat conservative liquids and nasals, post\alveolarization of alveolar fricatives and a v/w merger into ʋ.
Kifekutulan Dongbuzenytihach
Heavily influenced my neighbouring languages, Kifekutulan Dongbuzenytihach is most notable for its removal of unstressed high vowels in unstressed positions after obstruents. It also demonstrates partial de-palatalization of palatal consonants and voiced stop lenition intervocalicaly.
Comparison
Standard Dongbuzenytihach | Subarctic Dongbuzenytihach | Kifekutulan Dongbuzenytihach |
---|---|---|
a | ä | a if next vowel is {ɛ,i,y}
ɑ elsewhere |
ɛ | æ | ɛ |
ɘ | ɘ~ɵ | ə |
i | i | ʲ after obstruents when unstressed
i elsewhere |
ɔ | ɒ | ɔ |
u | u | ʷ after obstruents when unstressed
u elsewhere |
ɤ | ʌ | silent when unstressed
ɯ elsewhere |
y | y | ʲʷ after obstruents when unstressed
y elsewhere |
b | b | b at the beginning of a word
β between vowels |
d | d̲ | d at the beginning of a word
ð̲ between vowels |
f | f | xʷ~ɸ |
g | g | g at the beginning of a word
ɣ between vowels |
d͡ʑ | d͡ʑ | d͡zʲ |
ʑ | ʑ | zʲ |
k | k | k |
t͡ɕ | t͡ɕ | t͡sʲ |
ɫ | ʟ~ɫ | ɫ |
m | m | m |
n | n | n |
ɲ | ŋ | nʲ |
p | p | p |
ɹ | ɹʷ | j after {i, y}
ɹ elsewhere |
s | ʃ | s |
t | t̲ | t |
x | x | x |
ɕ | ɕ | sʲ |
x͡ɕ | x͡ɕ | x͡sʲ |
z | ʒ | z |
v | ʋ | β |
w | ʋ | β̞ʷ |
θ̲ | θ̲ | θ̲ |