Dongbuzenytihach

Dongbuzenytihach is the language spoken in the Dongbuzenytihav, an ocean located on the planet Baltus. The primary speakers are Encephalopods, inhabitants of the planet.

Dongbuzenytihach Dońbuzenytihać
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-Accusative
Head direction
Mostly Head-Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

			Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal			m	n	ɲ~ŋ
Occlusive	unvoiced		p	t	t͡ɕ	k
	voiced		b	d	d͡ʑ	g
Fricative	voiceless	sibilant		s	ɕ	x͡ɕ
		non-sibilant	f	θ̠		x
	voiced		v	z	ʑ
Approximant			w	ɹ		ʟ

There is an undefined sound that is most similar to the "sj-sound" and is commonly considered a co-articulated [x] and [ɕ]. It is a relatively rare sound in the language.

/j/, /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are only seen in loanwords from nearby languages which have these sounds.

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	y		u
Close-mid			ɘ	ɤ
Open-mid	ɛ			ɔ
Open			a

Sound history

a	e	ə	i	o	u	ɯ	y	b	d	ɸ	g		j	k
a	ɛ	ɘ	i	ɔ	u	ɯ	y	b	d	f	g	ɟ	ʝ	k	c
a	ɛ	ɘ	i	ɔ	u	ɤ	y	b	d	f	g	d͡ʑ	ʑ	k	t͡ɕ
ʟ	m	n	ŋ	p	ɹ	s	t	x			z	β	β̞ʷ	θ̠
ʟ	m	n	ŋ	p	ɹ	s	t	x	ç		z	v	w	θ̠
ɫ	m	n	ɲ	p	ɹ	s	t	x	ɕ	x͡ɕ	z	v	w	θ̠

Writing system

Dongbuzenytihach, like many other Encephalopod languages, use a sophisticated combining script, referred outside of the planet as "Encephalopod script", but called in the language "Lapore Kapurafete".

Transcription

a	b	ɕ	d	d͡z	d͡ʑ	ɛ	ɘ	f	g	i	j	k	ʟ	m	n	ɲ/ŋ
a	b	ś	d	dz	đ	ä	e	f	g	i	j	k	l	m	n	ń
ɔ	p	ɹ	s	t	t͡s	t͡ɕ	u	ɤ	v	w	x	x͡ɕ	y	z	ʑ	θ̠
o	p	r	s	t	c	ć	u	ë	v	w	h	x	y	z	ź	þ

ISO Basic Latin friendly

a	b	ɕ	d	d͡z	d͡ʑ	ɛ	ɘ	f	g	i	j	k	ʟ	m	n	ɲ/ŋ
a	b	sj	d	dz	dj	@	e	f	g	i	j	k	l	m	n	nj
ɔ	p	ɹ	s	t	t͡s	t͡ɕ	u	ɤ	v	w	x	x͡ɕ	y	z	ʑ	θ̠
o	p	r	s	t	c	cj	u	&	v	w	h	x	y	z	zj	th

Glyphs

To transcribe loanwords with /ts/ and /dz/, one takes the glyphs for /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ respectively, and adds a vertical stroke in the middle of the glyph.

Phonotactics

Thanks to the null glyphs, the phonotactics are slightly more variable than the script could suggest. Some of the most common formations include CV and V.

Sound Changes

• /ɤ/ becomes [o] after /w/.
• /k/, /g/, /x/, /ŋ/ shift to [c], [ɟ], [ç], [ɲ] respectively before /i/, /y/.
• /ɹ/, /ʟ/ become [j], [ʎ] respectively before /i/, /y/.
• /i/, /y/ shift to [ɨ], [ʉ] after /w/.
• /i/,/y/ also shift to [ɪ], [ʏ] after /s/, /z/.
• In many positions, /ʟ/ is realized as [ɫ].

Grammar

Dongbuzenytihach grammar is relatively complex, as the language is fusional.

Verbs

Verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number and aspect. Each verb can have one of two endings, -oti and -iti. The vowels in the conjugation depend on the infinitive form's suffix and ending. <o> is often substituted by <e>, while <i> is replaced by <y> in the same positions. Verbs have an indicative mood with present, past and future tense, the latter two of which can have a perfective and an imperfective form, an interrogative mood, an imperative mood and a subjunctive mood with present, past and future tense. Verbs can also be negated by adding the prefix će- if the verbs starts with a consonant, and ćed- if the verb starts with a vowel.

The short verb oti (to be) has an own conjugation, although it mostly follows the conjugation pattern of -oti verbs. Oti has an archaic form that is ogoti, which reflects most changes in the conjugation.

-oti verbs

Inf = reśoti	Indicative					Imperative	Subjunctive			Optative
	Present	Past		Future		Present	Present	Past	Future	Future
		Perfective	Imperfective	Perfective	Imperfective
se	reśo	reśemo	reśemiro	reśeþo	reśeþiro	/	reśeo	reśomo	reśoþo	reśeþopo
ća	reśu	reśemu	reśemiru	reśeþelu	reśeþeliru	reśe	reśeu	reśomu	reśoþu	reśeþelopu
do	reśe	reśeme	reśemire	reśeþe	reśeþire	reśe	reśey	reśome	reśoþe	reśeþope
ku	reśuto	reśemuto	reśemito	reśeþuso	reśeþiso	reśuto	reśuto	reśomuto	reśoþuso	reśeþoputo
së	reśoto	reśemoto	reśemito	reśeþoso	reśeþiso	/	reśoto	reśomoto	reśoþoso	reśeþopoto
bu	reśoze	reśemoze	reśemozi	reśeþoze	reśeþozi	reśoze	reśoze	reśomoze	reśoþoze	reśeþopoze
vä	reśake	reśemake	reśemaki	reśeþake	reśeþaki	reśake	reśako	reśomake	reśoþake	reśeþopake

-iti verbs

Inf = kaćiti	Indicative					Imperative	Subjunctive			Optative
	Present	Past		Future			Present	Past	Future	Future
		Perfective	Imperfective	Perfective	Imperfective
se	kaći	kaćimo	kaćimiro	kaćyþo	kaćiþilori	/	kaćyi	kaćymo	kaćyþo	kaćyþipo
ća	kaću	kaćimu	kaćimiru	kaćyþu	kaćiþiru	kaćy	kaćypze	kaćymu	kaćyþu	kaćyþipu
do	kaćy	kaćimi	kaćimiri	kaćyþi	kaćiþiri	kaćy	kaćye	kaćymi	kaćyþi	kaćyþipe
ku	kaćuto	kaćymuto	kaćymito	kaćiþuso	kaćiþiso	kaćuto	kaćuto	kaćymuto	kaćyþuso	kaćyþiputo
së	kaćoto	kaćymito	kaćymito	kaćyþoso	kaćyþiso	/	kaćoto	kaćymoto	kaćyþoso	kaćyþipoto
bu	kaćozy	kaćimozy	kaćimozi	kaćiþozy	kaćiþozi	kaćozy	kaćozy	kaćymoze	kaćyþozy	kaćyþipozy
vä	kaćoky	kaćimake	kaćimaki	kaćiþake	kaćiþaki	kaćaky	kaćaky	kaćymoka	kaćyþia	kaćyþipaky

Nouns

Nouns can have three suffixes: -a, -e, and -o. To create a possessive noun, one replaces the final suffix with itself preceeded by -äh-. These can be interpreted as adjectives. There are four historical cases cases, although three of them are merged into "Oblique" - Accusative; Genitive and Dative.

Declension	Example word root	Singular suffix		Plural suffix		Singular		Plural
		Nominative	Oblique	Nominative	Oblique	Nominative	Oblique	Nominative	Oblique
1st declension	fër- (a unit of capacity)	-a	-o	-ä	-ë	fëra	fëro	fërä	fërë
2nd declension	goh- (tentacle)	-o	-e	-u	-e	goho	gohe	gohu	gohe
3rd declension	däźiv- (an animal)	-e	-i	-u	-e	däźive	däźivi	daźivu	daźive
Exception	seþ- (religion)	-∅	-∅	-ä	-ë	seþ	seþ	seþä	seþë

Adjectives

Adjectives form the same declension pattern as their respective nouns. The following table declines the root "wicos-", "slimy". Adjectives are post-nominal, meaning that they come after the noun they are referring to. Possessives are treated as adjectives as well, as such they are declined identically to the adjective in the table.

Declension	Singular suffix		Plural suffix		Singular		Plural
	Nominative	Oblique	Nominative	Oblique	Nominative	Oblique	Nominative	Oblique
1st declension	-a	-o	-ä	-ë	wiśosa	wiśoso	wiśosä	wiśosa
2nd declension	-o	-e	-u	-e	wiśoso	wiśose	wiśosu	wiśosa
3rd declension	-e	-i	-u	-e	wiśose	wiśosi	wiśosu	wiśosa

Articles

There are no indeterminative articles. Determinative articles have 6 forms, depending on the noun referred to, and come before the referred-to noun.

	Singular	Plural
1st	ra	rä
2nd	ro	ru
3rd	re	ru

Adpositions

Adpositions in Dongbuzenytihach are prepositions, since the language is majorly head-initial. They are inflected and agree with the head as if it were nominative, however the head is usually oblique when used after a preposition. Some prepositions include: ćo (to), nge (from), ze (of), þa (because of) and po (by, using).

Syntax

Word order

The word order is commonly SVO.

Interrogative particles

Dongbuzenytihach uses interrogative particles to denote quesitons. One such particle is ki, which is used to confirm a statement. If the statement is agreed upon, the listener responds "ki" as well, while in the opposite case, the listener responds "će", which assumes the value of "no", or negation.

Another particle is a, which is used after information-seeking questions.

Lexicon

See Dongbuzenytihach/Vocabulary.

Example Text

uru xumanä bälake arugënä sa hake rakogeme sa gäome adene

vä hake seha sa kedë zë kumele sa sehethopake ćo xumanë thirodë glwo sëpirite ze adenë