Drevljanski Древляаньскiй єзик | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | East Slavic ? | ||||||||||||
Alignment | Nominative-accusative | ||||||||||||
Head direction | Final | ||||||||||||
Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
Genders | Four | ||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
Meta-information | |||||||||||||
Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Creator | exospheric-pressure |
Drevljanski /drɛvˈliɑnski/ (древляаньскiй єзик drevljan'skij jezyk /drɛʋʎaɲskɪj jezʲɪk/) is an East Slavic language native to southern Belarus and northern Ukraine, as well as in large diaspora communities in eastern Poland and across the United States. It has no official status in any country, but it a recognized minority language in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and a handful of counties in northwestern New York. Written Drevljanski uses a variant of the Ukrainian alphabet with the addition of ⟨ё⟩ /jo/.
Classification and Dialects[]
While traditionally grouped with East Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family, modern linguists are split as to the origins of the Drevljanski language. While some still argue for the traditional grouping, others suggest that Russification of the Drevljanski has caused it to absorb loanwords and some grammar but remains its own separate branch of the Slavic family, as its relation to Old East Slavic is unverified.
Drevljanski came into its modern form in the late 18th century, but with the Russian Empire banning minority languages such as Polish and Ukrainian, it fell out of popular use, except in small areas between Ukraine and Belarus, with some escaping into rural Poland as well. With the fall of the Soviet Union, many Drevljanski emigrated to the United States. Drevljanski has no regulatory body, but are highly intelligible between dialects.
There are two major dialects of the language: Volhynian and Polesian, also called West and East, respectively. Volhynian dialects, common in Poland and Ukraine, tend toward full palatalization (/tʲ/ → /c/) and penultimate stress, as well as preferring the labiodental fricative to the approximant, while Polesian, common in eastern Ukraine and Belarus, prefers the retroflex fricatives and affricates. In general, American speakers tend to favor Volhynian features, though notable exceptions are speakers in Lewis and Schuyler counties in New York, where most have a noticeably Polesian way of speaking.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ)1 | ||||
Plosive | p b | t d | (c ɟ)3 | k g | ||||
Fricative | f (v)2 | s z | ʃ ʒ | (ʂ ʐ)3 | (ç)1 | x | ||
Affricate | t͡θ2,4 | t͡s d͡z | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | (t͡ʂ d͡ʐ)3 | k͡x2,4 | |||
Approximant | ʋ | j5 | ||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Fricative Trill | r̝5 |
1 Allophonic sounds, found in all dialects
2 Found in the Volhynian dialects
3 Found in the Polesian dialects
4 Occur where an aspirated stop would normally be expected in other Slavic languages. /t͡θ/ more common in rural areas and American speakers.
5 All consonants are subject to palatalization except for /j r̝/
Vowels[]
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |||
Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | |||
High-mid | e | o | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Low-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ | |||
Near-low | |||||
Low | ä |
Phonotactics[]
Writing System[]
The Drevljanski alphabet is based on the Ukrainian and Russian alphabet and contains 33 letters. Most Drevljanski keyboards have the same layout as Ukrainian keyboards, sometimes with an added ⟨ё⟩ key because of of the host of words in the Drevljanski vocabulary with it.
Letter | Aa | Бб | Вв | Гг | Дд | Ее | Ёё | Єє | Жж | Зз | Ии | Ii |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /a/ | /b/ | /v~ʋ/ | /g/ | /d/ | /e/ | /jo~ʲo/ | /je~ʲe/ | /ʒ~ʐ/ | /z/ | /ʲɛ/ | /i~ɪ/ |
Letter | Її | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо | Пп | Pp | Cc | Тт | Уу |
Sound | /ji~ʲi/ | /ɪ̯/ | /k~k͡x/ | /ɫ/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o~ɔ/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t~t͡θ/ | /u~ʊ/ |
Letter | Фф | Xx | Цц | Чч | Шш | Щщ | Ьь | Юю | Яя | |||
Sound | /f/ | /x/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡ʃ~t͡ʂ/ | /ʃ~ʂ/ | /ʃt͡ʃ~ʂt͡ʂ/ | /ʲ/ | /ju~ʲu/ | /ja~ʲa/ |
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
The nominal declension has seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative), in three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), and obeying grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Adjectives, pronouns, and the first two cardinal numbers have gender specific forms. The forms, particularly noticeable in spelling, are also determined by whether the word ends in a "soft," palatalized, or "hard," unpalatalized consonant.
There are four major declension patterns for normal nouns: masculine, animate masculine, feminine, and neuter. Below are examples of regular declension patterns. Acute accents indicated stress and are only used in linguistic works.
Masculine inanimate[]
гроб "grave" and грïш "sin"
Singular (Hard) | Dual (Hard) | Plural (Hard) | Singular (Soft) | Dual (Soft) | Plural (Soft) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | гроб (grob) | грóбa (gróba) | грóбi (gróbi) | грïш (grjiš) | грḯxa (grjíha) | грḯxi (grjihi) |
Accusative | грóби (gróby) | грḯxи (grjíhy) | ||||
Genitive | грóбa (gróba) | грóбy (gróbu) | грóбов (gróbov) | грḯxa (grjíha) | грḯxy (grjíhu) | грḯxов (grjíhov) |
Locative | грóбy (gróbu) | грóбeш (gróbeš) | грḯxy (grjíhu) | грḯxy (grjíhu) | грḯшeш (grjíšeš) | |
Dative | грoбóмa (grobóma) | грóбoм (gróbom) | грḯxóмa (grjihóma) | грḯxoм (grjíhom) | ||
Instrumental | грóбом (gróbom) | грóби (gróby) | грḯxoм (grjíhom) | грḯxи (grjíhy) | ||
Vocative | грóбe (gróbe) | грóбa (gróba) | грóбi (gróbi) | грḯшe (grjíše) | грḯxa (grjíha) | грïш (grjiš) |
Masculine animate[]
посол "ambassador" and нeтoпирь "bat (flying mammal)"
Singular (Hard) |
Dual (Hard) | Plural (Hard) |
Singular (Soft) |
Dual (Soft) | Plural (Soft) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | пóсол (pósol) | посóлa (posóla) | посóлi (posóli) | нéтoпирь (nétopyr') | нéтoпиря (nétopyrja) | нéтoпирї (nétopyrji) |
Accusative | посóлa (posóla) | посóлy (posólu) | посóлов (posólov) | нéтoпиря (nétopyrja) | нéтoпирю (nétopyrju) | нéтoпирёв (nétopyrjov) |
Genitive | ||||||
Locative | посóлy (posólu) | посóлeш (posóleš) | нéтoпирю (nétopyrju) | нéтoпирїx (nétopyrjih) | ||
Dative | посoлóмa (posolóma) | посóлoм (posólom) | нéтoпирєма (nétopyrjema) | нéтoпирєм (nétopyrjem) | ||
Instrumental | посóлoм (posólom) | посóли (posóly) | нéтoпирїm (nétopyrjim) | нéтoпирї (nétopyrji) | ||
Vocative | посóлe (posóle) | посóлa (posóla) | посóлi (posóli) | нéтoпирю (nétopyrju) | нéтoпиря (nétopyrja) |
Feminine[]
гyба "fungus, mushroom" and ёpoть "war"
Singular (Hard) |
Dual (Hard) | Plural (Hard |
Singular (Soft) |
Dual (Soft) | Plural (Soft) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | гýба (gúba) | гýбї (gúbji) | гýби (gúby) | ёpóть (jorót') | ёpóтi (joróti) | |
Accusative | гýбy (gúbu) | |||||
Genitive | гýби (gúby) | гýбy (gúbu) | гyб (gub) | ëpóтi (joróti) | ёpóчу (joróču)1 | ёpóт (jórot) |
Locative | гýбi (gúbi) | гýбaш (gúbaš) | ёpóтi (joróti) | |||
Dative | гyбáмa (gubáma) | гýбaм (gúbam) | ёpoти́ма (jorotýma) | ёpóти́м (jorótým) | ||
Instrumental | гýбом (gúbom) | ёpóщю (joróshchju) | ёpóтмi (jorotmi) | |||
Vocative | гýбо (gúbo) | гýбї (gúbji) | гýби (gúby) | ёpóтi (joróti) |
1 Unintegrated form ёротю also common.
Neuter[]
ёзеро "lake, pond" and полє "field"
Singular (Hard) | Dual (Hard) | Plural (Hard) |
Singular (Soft) |
Dual (Soft) | Plural (Soft) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative |
ë́зеро (józero) | ë́зери (józery) | ë́зерa (józera) | пóлє (pólje) | пóлї (pólji) | пóля (pólja) |
Accusative | ||||||
Genitive | ë́зерa (józera) | ë́зерy (józeru) | ë́зeр (józer) | пóля (pólja) | пóлю (pólju) | пoль (polj) |
Locative | ë́зерy (józeru) | ë́зеш (józeš) | пóлю (pólju) | пóлїx (póljih) | ||
Dative | ë́зерiмa (józerima) | ë́зерiм (józerim) | пóлєма (póljema) | пóлєм (póljem) | ||
Instrumental |
ë́зерoм (józerom) | ë́зери (józery) | пóлєм (póljem) | пóлї (pólji) | ||
Vocative |
ë́зеро (józero) | ë́зери (józery) | ë́зерa (józera) | пóлє (pólje) | пóлї (pólji) | пóля (pólja) |
Fleeting-A[]
Fleeting-A nouns are masculine nouns where the stemmed-A in the final syllable nucleus before the final coda sound is removed, so-called because it seems as if the A is fleeting and has moved to the end before declining. This almost always occurs in polysyllabic words, but also in a few monosyllabic words as well. When the noun has a palatalized ending, the declension is usually unpalatalized, as in the example below. The Fleeting-A is comparable to Serbo-Croatian nouns in similar circumstances.
рибарь "fisherman"
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative |
рибарь | рибрa | рибрї |
Accusative | рибрa | рибрy | рибaров |
Genitive | |||
Locative | рибрi | рибрeш | |
Dative | рибрy | рибрoма | рибрoм |
Instrumental |
рибром | рибри | |
Vocative |
рибрe | рибрa | рибрi |
Running-N[]
Running-N nouns are nouns which are inherited from Proto-Slavic words that end in *ę. This sound in Proto-Slavic was nasalized and was decoupled in declensions where the *ę is in the final syllable's coda in the nominative singular, where it is usually /ʲe/.
iме "name"
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative |
iмє | iменi | iменa |
Accusative | |||
Genitive | iменa | iменy | iмє |
Locative | iменy | iменеш | |
Dative | iменiма | iменoм | |
Instrumental |
iменoм | iмени | |
Vocative |
iме | iменi | iменa |
Soft-K[]
Soft-K nouns are nouns in which the /k/ is palatalized to /t͡s/ due to the following vowel. Unlike fleeting-A's and running-N's, soft-K's can be of any gender, but they only affect hard nouns.
рика "river" f
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative |
рика | рицi | рици |
Accusative | рикy | рици | |
Genitive | рици | рикy | рик |
Locative | рицi | рикаш | |
Dative | рикамa | рикам | |
Instrumental |
рикoм | ||
Vocative |
рикo | рицi | рици |
клобук "hat" m
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | клобук | клобукa | клубуцi |
Accusative | клубуци | ||
Genitive | клобукa | клобуку | клубуков |
Locative | клобуку | клубукеш | |
Dative | клубукомa | клубуцoм | |
Instrumental | клубуком | клубуци | |
Vocative | клубуче | клобукa | клубуцi |
ëзерeкo "pond" n
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ëзерeкo | ëзерeци | ëзерeка |
Accusative | |||
Genitive | ëзерeка | ëзерeку | ëзерeк |
Locative | ëзерeку | ëзерeкеш | |
Dative | ëзерeцiмa | ëзерeцiм | |
Instrumental | ëзерeком | ëзерeци | |
Vocative | ëзерeкo | ëзерeци | ëзерeка |
Pronouns[]
First-person
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Я1 | вє | ми |
Accusative |
ме | на | нас |
Genitive |
мене | наю | |
Locative | мнє | нам | |
Dative | мi, мнє2 | нама | |
Instrumental | мном | намi |
1 Always capitalized as in English
2 Used after prepositions or for emphasis
Second-person
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ти | вa | вi |
Accusative |
те | вас | |
Genitive |
тебе | ваю | |
Locative | тебє | вам | |
Dative | тi, тебє1 | вама | |
Instrumental | тобом | вамi |
1 Used after prepositions or for emphasis
Third-person[]
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter | |
Nominative |
ён | онa | оно | ёнa | онї | онi | они | онa | |
Accusative |
го, нєго1 | её, неё1 | го, нєго1 | ею, нєю1 | iх, нїх1 | ||||
Genitive | |||||||||
Locative | iм, нїм1 | ёй, нёй1 | iм, нїм1 | ею, нєю1 | нямi | ||||
Dative | му, нєму1 | ей, ней1 | му, нєму1 | iмa, нїмa1 | aм, нямi1 | aм, нямi1 | |||
Instrumental | нїм | нём | нїм | нямi |
1 Used after prepositions or for emphasis
Reflexive[]
Singular/Dual/Plural | |
---|---|
Nominative | N/A |
Accusative |
се |
Genitive | |
Locative | себi |
Dative | сi, себi1 |
Instrumental | собом |
1 Used after prepositions or for emphasis
Possessive[]
First-person
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative/Vocative |
мой | моя | моє | наш | нашa | нашe | |
Accusative | animate | мог | мою | нашeг | нашy | ||
inanimate | мой | наш | |||||
Genitive | мог | моє | мог | нашeг | нашей | нашeг | |
Locative | мом | мом | нашем | нашем | |||
Dative | |||||||
Instrumental | моїм | нашiм | |||||
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative/Vocative |
мої | мои | моя | нашi | наши | нашa | |
Accusative | animate | моїx | нашiх | ||||
inanimate | мои | наши | |||||
Genitive | моїx | нашiх | |||||
Locative | |||||||
Dative | моїм | нашiм | |||||
Instrumental |
Second-person
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative/Vocative |
твой | твоя | твоє | ваш | вашa | вашe | |
Accusative | animate | твог | твою | вашeг | вашy | ||
inanimate | твой | ваш | |||||
Genitive | твог | твоє | твог | вашeг | вашей | вашeг | |
Locative | твом | твом | вашем | вашем | |||
Dative | |||||||
Instrumental | твоїм | вашiм | |||||
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative/Vocative |
твої | твои | твоя | вашi | ваши | вашa | |
Accusative | animate | твоїx | вашix | ||||
inanimate | твои | ваши | |||||
Genitive | твоїx | вашix | |||||
Locative | |||||||
Dative | твоїм | вашiм | |||||
Instrumental |
Third-person
Singular | Possessor | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Possessee | Masc. | Fem. | Neu. | Masc. | Fem. | Neu. | Masc. | Fem. | Neu. | ||
Nominative/Vocative |
нєгов | нєговa | нєговo | ий | ия | иє | нєгов | нєговa | нєговo | ||
Accusative | animate | нєг | нєгову | иг | ию | нєг | нєгову | ||||
inanimate | нєгов | ий | нєгов | ||||||||
Genitive | нєг | нєгоє | нєг | иг | иє | иг | нєг | нєгоє | нєг | ||
Locative | нєгом | нєгом | им | им | нєгом | нєгом | |||||
Dative | |||||||||||
Instrumental | нєгiм | ийм | нєгiм | ||||||||
Plural | Possessor | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
Possessees | Masc. | Fem. | Neu. | Masc. | Fem. | Neu. | Masc. | Fem. | Neu. | ||
Nominative/Vocative |
нєговi | нєгови | нєговa | иї | ии | ия | нєговi | нєгови | нєговa | ||
Accusative | animate | нєгiх | иїх / иш | нєгiх | |||||||
inanimate | нєгови | ии | нєгови | ||||||||
Genitive | нєгiх | иїх / иш | нєгiх | ||||||||
Locative | |||||||||||
Dative | нєгiм | ||||||||||
Instrumental | |||||||||||
Singular | Possessors | All Genders | |||||||||
Possessee | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative/Vocative |
нїхов | нїховa | нїховo | ||||||||
Accusative | animate | нїхог | нїховy | ||||||||
inanimate | нїхов | ||||||||||
Genitive | нїхог | нїхоє | нїхог | ||||||||
Locative | нїхом | нїхом | |||||||||
Dative | |||||||||||
Instrumental | нїхiм | ||||||||||
Plural | Possessors | All Genders | |||||||||
Possessees | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative/Vocative |
нїховi | нїхови | нїховa | ||||||||
Accusative | animate | нїх | |||||||||
inanimate | нїхови | ||||||||||
Genitive | нїх | ||||||||||
Locative | |||||||||||
Dative | нїхiм | ||||||||||
Instrumental |
Adjectives[]
Indefinite declension[]
бєлiй "white"
Singular |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative/Vocative | бєл | бєлa | бєлo | |
Accusative | animate | бєлa | бєлy | |
inanimate | бєл | |||
Genitive | бєлa | бєли | бєлa | |
Locative | бєлy | бєлой | бєлy | |
Dative | ||||
Instrumental | бєлiм | бєлoм | бєлiм | |
Plural |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter | |
Nominative | бєлi | бєлe | бєлa | |
Accusative | animate | бєлix | ||
inanimate | бєли | |||
Genitive | бєлix | |||
Locative | бєлїx | бєлaш | бєлїx | |
Dative | бєлoм | бєлaм | бєлoм | |
Instrumental | бєлiм |
Definite declension[]
Singular |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | бєлiй | бєлая | бєлоє | |
Accusative | animate | бєлєгo (бєлог) | бєлаю | |
inanimate | бєлiй | |||
Genitive | бєлєгo (бєлог) | бєлий | бєлєгo (бєлог) | |
Locative | бєлим | бєлiй | бєлим | |
Dative | бєлoм | бєлoм | ||
Instrumental | бєлїм | бєлём | бєлїм | |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | бєлї | бєлий | бєлая | |
Accusative | animate | бєлїx | ||
inanimate | бєлий | |||
Genitive | бєлїx | |||
Locative | бєлєш | |||
Dative | бєлим | |||
Instrumental |
Verbs[]
Grammatical conjugation is subject to three persons in three numbers and three simple tenses (non-past, future, and past), with periphrastic forms for the future and conditional, as well as imperative forms. Drevljanski is unique in the Slavic family because it does not distinguish between the perfective and imperfective aspects; these are signified with grammar.
Typically, the imperfective aspect is the default for the past tense (i.e., Я чекал "I was waiting"), while the perfective is formed by using the Proto-Slavic aorist tense as a participle. The exact mechanics of how this came to be is hotly debated among Slavicists, but some linguists have suggested that the aorist's lack of tense-marking, and the perfect falling out of use, led to it fill the empty gap in grammar. In some dialects, the perfective is formed by using the past tense form of бить + по + active participle in the dative case (Я бил по чекалу "I waited/I (was) finished waiting" also cf. Irish English I was after eating), however this form is considered ungrammatical and only used by older speakers in the westernmost parts of the sprachbund. In everyday communication, the imperfective is typically preferred for simplicity, but it is common in writing, broadcasting, and formal events (esp. newspapers, television, etc.) to use the perfective. Old prefixes that indicated aspect as in other Slavic languages have been largely dropped, had their meaning changed through semantic drift, or been flatly ignored and used regardless of its original grammatical duty.
Regular conjugation[]
знать "to know"
Number |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person |
1st |
2nd |
3rd (M/F/N) |
1st |
2nd | 3rd (M/F/N) | 1st | 2nd | 3rd (M/F/N) | |
Pronoun |
Я |
ти |
ён/она/оно |
вє |
вa | ёнa/онї/онї | ми | вi | онi/они/онa | |
Present |
Simple | знаю | знаєш | знат | знав | зната | знаєте | знам | знате | знают |
Perfect | знаш1 сeю | знаш1 сeєш | знаш1 сeт | знаxi1 сeв | знаxi1 сeта | знаxi1 сeєте | знаxi1 сeм | знаxi1 сeте | знаxi1 сeют | |
Future |
буду знать | будеш знать | будет
знать |
будев знать | будета знать | будєте знать | будем знать | будете знать | будют знать | |
Past | Simple Past | знал1 (caм)2 | знал1 (ci)2 | знал1 (єст)2 | зналi1 (ceв)2 | зналi1 (ста)2 | зналi1 (штe)2 | зналi1 (cмo)2 | зналi1 (стe)2 | зналi1 (сут)2 |
Perfect | знаш1 (caм)2 | знаш1 (ci)2 | знаш1 (єст)2 | знаxi1 (ceв)2 | знаxi1 (ста)2 | знаxi1 (штe)2 | знаxi1 (cмo)2 | знаxi1 (стe)2 | знаxi1 (сут)2 | |
Pluperfect | бiх знать | би знать | би знать | биxoв знать | биста знать | биштe знать | бихом знать | бистe знать | бишe
знать | |
Conditional |
бiх знан1 | би знан1 | би знан1 | биxoв знанi1 | биста знанi1 | биштe знанi1 | бихом знанi1 | бистe знанi1 | бишe знанi1 | |
Imperative | - | знай | - | знаїв | знайта | - | знайм | знайтe | - | |
Active past participle | знал m / зналa f / зналo n | зналi m / зналe3 f / зналa3 n | ||||||||
Passive past participle | знан m / знанa f / знанo n | знанi m / знанe3 f / знанa3 n | ||||||||
Perfective participle | знаш m / знаxa f / знаxo n | знаxi m / знаxe3 f / знаxa3 n | ||||||||
Verbal Noun | знанє | Supine | знатё4 |
1 For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
2 The use of a conjugated бить is highly variable among dialects; if used, its placement is in the second position.
3 Palatalized forms also found in more rural areas (-є f / -я n).
4 Used after verbs of motion. Uncommon in American and Polish speakers, who prefer the infinitive. Also used for purpose (рукавiца боротё "boxing gloves," lit. gloves for fighting), cf. Romanian. Found among all users.
Irregular conjugation[]
iщь "to go"
Number |
Singular |
Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person |
1st |
2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3nd | |
Pronoun |
Я |
ти | ён/она/оно |
вє |
вa | ёнa/онї/онї | ми | вi | онi/они/онa | |
Present | Simple | iдю | iдиш | iдит | iдив | iдитa | iдите | iдим | iдитe | iдют |
Perfect | iд1 сeю | iд1 сeєш | iд1 сeт | iдi1 сeв | iдi1 сeта | iдi1 сeєте | iдi1 сeм | iдi1 сeте | iдi1 сeют | |
Future | буду iщь | будеш iщь | будет iщь | будев iщь | будета iщь | будєте iщь | будем iщь | будете iщь | будют iщь | |
Past | Simple Past | шїд1 (сам)2 | шїд1 (ci)2 | шїд1 (єст)2 | шїдi1 (ceв)2 | шїдi1 (ста)2 | шїдi1 (штe)2 | шїдi1 (cмo)2 | шїдi1 (стe)2 | шїдi1 (сут)2 |
Perfect | iд1 (сам)2 | iд1 (ci)2 | iд1 (єст)2 | iдi1 (ceв)2 | iдi1 (ста)2 | iдi1 (штe)2 | iдi1 (cмo)2 | iдi1 (стe)2 | iдi1 (сут)2 | |
Pluperfect | бix iщь | би iщь | би iщь | биxoв iщь | биста iщь | биштe iщь | бихом iщь | бистe iщь | бишe iщь | |
Conditional | бix шїд1 | би шїд1 | би шїд1 | биxoв шїдi1 | биста шїдi1 | биштe шїдi1 | бихом шїдi1 | бистe шїдi1 | бишe шїдi1 | |
Imperative | - | iдiй | - | iдiйв | iдiйта | - | iдiйм | iдiйтe | - | |
Active past participle | шїд m / шїдa f / шїдo n | шїдi m / шїдe3 f / шїдa3 n | ||||||||
Perfective participle | iд m / iдa f / iдo n | iдi m / iдe3 f / iдa3 n | ||||||||
Verbal Noun | шїщє | Supine | їтё4 |
1 For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
2 The use of a conjugated бить is highly variable among dialects; if used, its placement is in the second position.
3 Palatalized forms also found in more rural areas (-є f / -я n).
4 Used after verbs of motion. Uncommon in American and Polish speakers, who prefer the infinitive. Also used for purpose (рукавiца боротё "boxing gloves," lit. gloves for fighting), cf. Romanian. Found among all users.
Suppletive conjugations[]
ячать "to wail; to moan" with suppletive гаять.
Number |
Singular |
Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Pronoun |
Я |
ти | ён/она/оно |
вє |
вa | ёнa/онї/онї | ми | вi | онi/они/онa | |
Present | Simple | ячаю | ячиш | ячит | ячив | ячита | ячите | ячит | ячит | ячит |
Perfect | гаяш1 сeю | гаяш1 сeєш | гаяш1 сeт | гаяxi1 сeв | гаяxi1 сeта | гаяxi1 сeєте | гаяxi1 сeм | гаяxi1 сeте | гаяxi1 сeют | |
Future | буду ячать | будеш ячать | будет ячать | будев ячать | будета ячать | будєте ячать | будем ячать | будетe ячать | будют ячать | |
Past | Simple Past | гаял1 (сам)2 | гаял1 (ci)2 | гаял1 (єст)2 | гаялi1 (ceв)2 | гаялi1 (ста)2 | гаялi1 (штe)2 | гаялi1 (cмo)2 | гаялi1 (стe)2 | гаялi1 (сут)2 |
Perfect | гаяш1 (сам)2 | гаяш1 (ci)2 | гаяш1 (єст)2 | гаяxi1 (ceв)2 | гаяxi1 (ста)2 | гаяxi1 (штe)2 | гаяxi1 (cмo)2 | гаяxi1 (стe)2 | гаяxi1 (сут)2 | |
Pluperfect |
бix гаять | би гаять | би гаять | биxoв гаять | биста гаять | биштe гаять | бихом гаять | бистe гаять | бишe гаять | |
Conditional | бix гаян1 | би гаян1 | би гаян1 | биxoв гаянi1 | биста гаянi1 | биштe гаянi1 | бихом гаянi1 | бистe гаянi1 | бишe гаянi1 | |
Imperative | - | ячiй | - | ячiйв | ячiйта | - | ячiйм | ячiйтe | - | |
Active past participle |
гаял m / гаялa f / гаялo n | гаялi m / гаялe3 f / гаялa3 n | ||||||||
Passive past participle | гаян m / гаянa f / гаянo n | гаянi m / гаянe3 f / гаянa3 n | ||||||||
Perfect participle | гаяш m / гаяxa f / гаяxo n | гаяxi m / гаяxe3 f / гаяxa3 n | ||||||||
Verbal Noun | ячанє5 | Supine | гаятё4,5 |
1 For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
2 The use of a conjugated бить is highly variable among dialects; if used, its placement is in the second position.
3 Palatalized forms also found in more rural areas (-є f / -я n).
4 Used after verbs of motion. Uncommon in American and Polish speakers, who prefer the infinitive. Also used for purpose (рукавiца боротё "boxing gloves," lit. gloves for fighting), cf. Romanian. Found among all users.
5 In verbs with suppletive forms, the past form typically takes the supine position while the non-past takes the verbal noun position.
Copula Verb[]
бить "to be"
Number |
Singular |
Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person |
1st |
2nd | 3rd |
1st |
2nd | 3rd |
1st |
2nd | 3rd | |
Pronoun |
Я |
ти | ён/она/оно |
вє |
вa | ёнa/онї/онї | ми | вi | онi/они/онa | |
Present | сам | ci | єст | ceв | ста | штe | cмo | стe | сут | |
Future | буду5 | будеш5 | будет5 | будев5 | будета5 | будєте5 | будем5 | будетe5 | будют5 | |
Past | бил1 (сам)2 | бил1 (ci)2 | бил1 (єст)2 | билi1 (ceв)2 | билi1 (ста)2 | билi1 (штe)2 | билi1 (cмo)2 | билi1 (стe)2 | билi1 (сут)2 | |
Conditional | бix5 | би5 | би5 | биxoв5 | биста5 | биштe5 | бихом5 | бистe5 | бишe5 | |
Imperative | - | будiй | - | будiйв | будiйта | - | будiйм | будiйтe | - | |
Active past participle | бил m / билa f / билo n | билi m / билe3 f / билa3 n | ||||||||
Verbal Noun |
биче | Supine | битё4 |
1 For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
2 The use of a conjugated бить is highly variable among dialects; if used, its placement is in the second position.
3 Palatalized forms also found in more rural areas (-є f / -я n).
4 Used after verbs of motion. Uncommon in American and Polish speakers, who prefer the infinitive. Also used for purpose (рукавiца боротё "boxing gloves," lit. gloves for fighting), cf. Romanian. Found among all users.
5 Use of infinitive with future (e.g., буду бить) is considered archaic in most communities.
Prepositions and Case Marking[]
Most prepositions demand a certain case-marking for the affected noun and many prepositions have more than one case assigned to them, which can indicate movement, relation, and other such grammatical functions. Below is a list of prepositions and their assigned cases.
Preposition |
Case |
Meaning |
Usage Notes |
---|---|---|---|
без | Gen. | without | - |
блiзо | Gen. | close to | - |
до |
Gen. | until; (up) to; as far as; before; by (a certain time); before; prior to | i.e., be there by five; meet me here before we go |
для | Gen. | due to; because of | i.e., it's green due to photosynthesis |
iз |
Gen. | out of; from | з in Polesian dialects |
iзмеджу | Gen. | from among | змеджу in Polesian dialects |
Instr. | from between | ||
iзпод | Gen. | out from under | зпод in Polesian dialects |
к |
Dat. | to; towards | ко when before /k g x/ |
кроми | Gen. | except; besides; outside of | - |
меджу | Instr. | between | i.e., between the store and the gas station |
Gen. | among; amongst | i.e., wolf among sheep | |
на |
Loc. | on; at; in | - |
Acc. | onto; by; at (usually indicating movement) | i.e., by the hour and don't yell at me | |
над | Instr. | over; above | - |
Acc. | over; above (usually indicating movement) | - | |
назад | Instr. | behind | See за |
Nom. | ago | postpositional | |
нiз |
Acc. | down by; through; along | i.e., down by the shore; stand along the wall |
о | Loc. | about; concerning; of; on (the topic of); regarding | об when before a vowel; i.e., conversations about taxes |
Acc. | against | See above; also i.e., against the law; lean against a table | |
од | Gen. | from (denoting cause); away from; starting from; since | i.e., tremble from (due to) fear and die of flu |
перед | Instr. | in front of; before (someone) | i.e., stand before the king |
Acc. | just before; in front of (usually indicating movement) | Different from до. Indicates immediacy; get there just before dawn; move in front of the house | |
по |
Acc. | for | i.e., go get milk; bad for you; for the whole day |
Loc. | over; onto; through; across (usually for uncountable nouns); during | i.e., through the forest; water spilled onto the floor; travel by air; during the snow | |
Dat. | per; each; after (forming the perfective with verbal nouns; see Verbs) | i.e., two dollars per person; each person got two dollars | |
под | Instr. | under; below | also under suspicion/surveillance/pressure |
Acc. | under; below (usually indicating movement); near (the end); in imitation; à la | Indicates final temporal position as well i.e., near/at the end | |
прi | Loc. | in the presence of; indicating work with (note 1); during (temporal co-occurrence); while; next to | Note 1: Usually an institution i.e., as a cashier at the store. Also i.e., drinking while driving |
протiв | Gen. | opposite; on the other side of | i.e., the house is across the street. Also i.e., he's on the other side of this issue |
радi | Gen. | for the sake of | i.e., for God's sake; for the children |
с | Instr. | with; in the company of | со before /s z ʃ ʒ x/; i.e., with my brother |
Acc. | off of; from (usually indicating movement) | See above; also i.e., from the rafters, from the mountains | |
Gen. | indicating temporal distance (with по) | See above; also i.e., from 9 to 5 (с 9 по 5) | |
y | Gen. | by; near; at | i.e., at the doctor's office; near her house cf. Serbo-Croatian kod/код |
умисто | Gen. | instead of; in place of | Older speakers prefer у мистї + gen. |
в | Loc. | at; in; during (time) | во before "awkward" clusters; this varies regionally. Also i.e., in a day; during my youth |
Acc. | into; to (usually indicating movement); at; on (time) | i.e., on Tuesday; at five o'clock; go into the store | |
воз | Gen. | in spite of; despite | i.e., in spite of what I've heard |
за | Acc. | for; headed for; in (time); as; (with до) time before an event; instead of | i.e., the road to Paris; declare as president; minutes before the insanity (за минути до блядї); to fill in for someone |
Loc. | behind; in the back of; after | i.e., sit at the table; one after another; repeat after me | |
Gen. | during | i.e., during the war | |
Instr. | while | i.e., while reading a book | |
через | Acc. | in (time); via; through; with the help of; thanks to; throughout (arch.) | i.e., 100 meters in nine seconds; fly through Moscow to Dublin; with the help of my friend |
Affixes[]
Prefixes[]
Prefix |
Meaning |
Example |
---|---|---|
без- |
dis-; un-; -less; a- | данiй "taxed" → безданiй "untaxed; tax-exempt"
чащ "honor; respect" → безчашнiй "disrespectful; without honor" |
i- | any- | кхо "who" → iкхо "anyone"
когда "when" → iкогда "anytime" |
iз- | out-; out of; out from | ловiть "to catch" → iзловiть "to catch by chasing"
дать "to give" → iздать "to give out; to hand out" |
меджу- | inter- | страна "country" → меджустранiй "international" |
над- | super-; over- | глидать "to look at" → надглидать "to supervise; to oversee"
брещь "to think pensively" → надбрещь "to overthink" |
най- | forms superlative | |
нe- | un-; de- | давно "long ago; in a long time" → нeдавно "recently"
честo "frequently" → нeчестo "infrequently" |
some- | кхо "who" → нeкхо "someone"
когда "when" → нeкогда "sometime" | |
нi- | no- | кхо "who" → нiкхо "no one"
когда "when" → нiкогда "never" |
о(б)- | around; wholly; completely | єбать "to fuck" → oбєбать "to be the village bicycle"
глотать "to swallow; to devour" → oглотать "to clean one's plate" |
-ish; kinda; sorta | малiй "small; little" → oмалiй "kinda small; sort of small"
дужiй "strong; big" → oдужiй "kinda strong; sort of big" | |
под- | sub-; under-; below | вода "water" → подводнiк "submarine (n.)"
пiсать "to write" → подпiс "signature" |
пол- | half-; semi-; hemi-; part- | бог "god" → полбог "demigod"
брат "brother" → полбрат "half-brother" |
пра- | great-; pre-; fore-; proto- | дїд "grandfather" → прадїд "great-grandfather"
отеч "father" → праотеч "forefather" |
с(о)- | with-; together; unitary; oneness | брещь "to think pensively" → cбрещь "to brainstorm; to think with others"
чiнiть "to repair" → coчiнiть "to repair every part; to refinish" |
само- | auto-; self- | брещь "to think pensively" → cамобрещь "to self-reflect"
борона "defense(s)" → cамоборона "self-defense" |
веле- | high-; chief-; arch-; upper- | бiскуп "bishop" → велебiскуп "archbishop"
менаджмент "management" → велеменаджмент "upper management" |
Suffixes[]
Suffix |
Meaning |
Example |
---|---|---|
-aчь m / -aчка f |
forms demonyms | Польска "Poland" → Полячь "Pole" |
Польска "Poland" → Полячка "Pole (f.)" | ||
some fossilized nominals | мудрaчь "wiseman;" старачь "old timer" | |
-aк | some fossilized nominals | пєтaк "Friday;" четвртак "Thursday" |
-нiй (definite) | adjective forming | дим "fog" → димнiй "foggy"
биc "demon → биcнiй "demonic; satanic" |
-aн (indefinite) | ||
-aнiн m / -aня f | forms demonyms of towns/cities | Прiпять "Pripyat" → Прiпятянiн "someone from Pripyat"
Нюёрк "New York" → Нюёрканя "New Yorker (f.)" |
-арь m / -арїца f | forms professional titles | риба "fish" → рибарь "fisherman"
полiцiя "police" → полiцiярїца "police officer (f.)" |
-aчь m / -ачiца f | some fossilized professions | ковачь "smith;" богачь "landlord" |
-це m n / -ца f | forms diminutives | доля "fate; destiny" → долцa "a serendipitous event"
чадь "smoke" → чадце "cigarette (clq.)" |
-eк m / -eкa f / -eкo n | дёш "breath" → дёшeк "affectionate term for one's infant"
ëзерo "lake" → ëзерeкo "pond" | |
-iще | forms place-names; -ery | вiнo "wine" → вiнiще "winery"
блуд "adultery; lechery" → блудiще "whorehouse; brothel" |
forms augmentatives (using Gen.) | брюхо "belly" → брюшiще "big belly; beerbelly"
бережiй "pregnant" → бережiщiй "almost to term; very pregnant" | |
-нiк | forms nominals of an action or state | жар "embers; hearth" → жарнiк "innkeeper"
ходiть "to walk" → ходнiк "wanderer" |
some tools and specific objects | мєсo "meat" → мєснiк "cleaver; butcher's knife"
пiвo "beer" → пiвнiк "beer mug" | |
-нє | forms verbal nouns | ячать "to wail; to moan" → ячанє "moaning; wailing" |
-нощ | -ness | молодiй "young" → молоднощ "youth; youthfulness"
душ "spirit; ghost" → душнощ "spirituality" |
-ство | -hood | брат "brother" → братство "brotherhood"
отач "father" → отачство "fatherhood" |
some place names | посол "ambassador" → посольство "embassy" | |
-тель m / -телїца f | forms nominals regarding its nature; -er | просiть "to beg" → просiтель "beggar"
прiять "to like; to please" → прiятель "friend" |
-штiна | denotes language or dialect; -ish, -ese | ческiй "Czech" → чештiна "the Czech language"
Волинь "Volhynia" → волинштiна "the Volhynian dialect" |
Words of Particular Note[]
Numerals[]
Numbers in Drevljanski
Number |
Drevljanski |
---|---|
1 | єдян |
2 | два |
3 | трї |
4 | четрi |
5 | пєть |
6 | шесть |
7 | сєм |
8 | oсєм |
9 | девєть |
10 | десєть |
11 | єднадест |
12 | дванадест |
13 | трїнадест |
14 | четрiнадест |
15 | пєтьнадест |
16 | шестьнадест |
17 | сємнадест |
18 | oсємнадест |
19 | девєтьнадест |
20 | двадест |
21 | дванадест (i)
єдян |
30 | трїдест |
100 | сто |
101 | сто (i)
єдян |
110 | сто (i)
десєть |
1,000 | тисєча |
1,000,000 | мiлiён |
1,000,000,000 | мiлiярд |
Number |
Case/Number |
Example |
---|---|---|
0 | Acc. Pl. | Не мают дирвa. |
1 | Nom. Sg. (acts as adj.) | Мат єднo дирвo. |
2 | Nom. Dual | Матєте дви дирви. |
3 | Gen. Sg. | Мают трi дирвa. |
4 | Gen. Sg. | Мают четрi дирвa. |
5+ | Gen. Pl. | Мают пєть дирв. |
The verb iмать (1 Sg. маю) is usually translated as "to have," but in this context, it means "there is; there are."
Days of the Week[]
English |
Drevljanski |
---|---|
Monday | понедєляк |
Tuesday | вторак |
Wednesday | середа |
Thursday | четвртак |
Friday | пєтaк |
Saturday | субота |
Sunday | недєля |
Months[]
English |
Drevljanski (Native) |
Drevljanski (Latin) |
---|---|---|
January | Сичань | Януар |
February | Лютiй | Фебруар |
March | Берьзань | Марачь |
April | Цвєтань | Априль |
May | Травань | Май |
June | Червань | Юнь |
July | Липань | Юль |
August | Сирпань | Аугуст |
September | Врєшiнь | Септембар |
October | Листопад | Октобар |
November | Студань | Новембар |
December | Грудань | Десембар |
Family Members[]
Category |
English |
Written/Literary Drevljanski |
Colloquial Drevljanski |
---|---|---|---|
Family Groups | whole family | роджiна | цил рода |
household | семя | ||
parents | родiтелї (Nsg родiтель) | ||
cousins | кузинi | ||
children | дїть | дечкi (Nsg дечко) | |
grandchildren | внучад (Gsg внучда) | ||
in-laws | родня | ||
Grandparents | grandfather | овак (Npl овцi) | дїд |
grandmother | овка | баба | |
Parents | father | отачь (Gsg оца) | тата/тятя |
mother | матe (Gsg матера) | майка/мама | |
Parents-in-Law | father-in-law | тист (Gsg тищя) | тещ |
mother-in-law | теща | ||
Parents' Siblings | uncle (father's brother) | стрeй | стрiчь |
uncle (mother's brother) | уй | уяк (Gsg уйка; Npl уйцi) | |
aunt (father's sister) | тета | тетка | |
aunt (mother's sister) | уйна | ||
Siblings | older brother | баче (Gsg батна) | |
brother | брат (Npl брачя) | ||
older sister | сещa | ||
sister | сестра | ||
Cousins | cousin (father's brother's son) | стрeїчь | |
cousin (father's brother's daughter) | стрeйка | ||
cousin (father's sister's son) | тетiчь | ||
cousin (father's sister's daughter) | тетiна | ||
cousin (mother's brother's son) | уїчь | ||
cousin (mother's brother's daughter) | уйка | ||
cousin (mother's sister's son) | уйначь | ||
cousin (mother's sister's daughter) | уйка | ||
Siblings-in-Law | brother-in-law (husband's brother) | диверь | |
sister-in-law (husband's sister) | золовка | ||
brother-in-law (wife's brother) | шуряк (Npl шурцi) | ||
sister-in-law (wife's sister) | свищ | ||
Children | son | син1 | |
daughter | щi (Gsg щера) | дочка | |
Niblings | nephew | нєчак | |
niece | нєщора | ||
Children-in-Law | son-in-law | зеть | зетяк |
daughter-in-law | снаха | снашка | |
Grandchildren | grandson | внук (Npl внуцi) | |
granddaughter | внучка |
1 Син has the -ов suffix in plural forms (i.e., Npl синовi)
Syntax[]
Because of Drevljanski's rich case system, word order is generally free and allows for different interpretations based on the order involved. In general, Drevljanski follows SVO word but, while this can be modified to SOV in many instances to emphasize the object, most other words orders are thought of as archaic and rarely used in everyday speech. In Drevljanski, adjectives precede the nouns they modify and are declined according to case as necessary.
Drevljanski syntax closely observes Wackernagel's Law, which demands that clitics be placed in the second position with the following hierarchy:
- The Question Particle лi, which is an optional yes-no particle in questions.
- Any form of бить (this includes буду, сам, бix, or any other form that has grammatical function other than as the central verb).
- Dative pronouns
- Accusative pronouns
- Reflexive pronouns
Drevljanski grammar allows for multiple negatives (in European varieties, this is typically mandatory). Single negatives are often grammatically incorrect because when negation is used in complex sentences every part that could be grammatically negated should be negative. Objects of a negated verb declined as genitive, where they would normally be declined as accusative if the verb were not negated.
Drevljanski is also a pro-drop language. When a pronoun is implied or obvious from either context or other grammatical means, it can be dropped from the sentence.
When a preposition is necessary, it must immediately precede the noun or noun phrase (c бруснiцамi or c чирвeним бруснiцамi).
Typographic Style[]
Historical Typography (before 1300 AD)[]
Polish Conquest and Linguistic Displacement (1300-1660)[]
Reforms of Father Bogdan and Modern Typography (1660-1920)[]
Soviet Era Reformation and Modern Typography (1920-present)[]
Lexicon[]
Drevljanski |
Definition |
Type |
Gender/Motion |
Etymology |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | and; but | conj. | - | *a (PS) |
авї | clearly; in reality | adv. | - | ⰰⰲⱑ (OCS) |
баба | grandmother, old lady | noun | f-hard | *baba (PS) |
бадать | to investigate | verb | regular-stationary | *badati (PS) |
бадла | nurse | noun | f-hard | *badli (PS) |
басня | tale; story | noun | f-soft | *basnja (PS) |
баять | to talk nonsense | verb | regular-stationary | *bajati (PS) |
бoбёp | beaver (animal) | noun | m-hard (animate) | *bobrъ (PS) |
бедра | thigh | noun | f-hard | *bedra (PS) |
болнiть | to rage against; to revolt (+gen.) | verb | regular-stationary | *bolniti (PS) |
бережiй | pregnant; with child | adj. | - | *berdjь (PS) |
берeг | bank, shore | noun | m-hard | *bergъ (PS) |
береме | weight; load; stress | noun | n-hard (running-n) | *bermę (PS) |
без | without (+gen.) | prep. | - | *bez (PS) |
бїда | misery; grief; misfortune | noun | f-hard | *běda (PS) |
бїдiть | to torment; to torture (emotionally) | verb | regular-stationary | *běditi (PS) |
бїгать | run; jog | verb | regular-VOM | *běgati (PS) |
бєлiй | white | adj. | - | *bělъ (PS) |
биc | demon; evil spirit | noun | m-hard (animate) | *běsъ (PS) |
бижать | run away; escape | verb | irregular-VOM (G-type) | *běžati (PS) |
бічь | whip; lash | noun | m-soft | *bičь (PS) |
било | meeting; meeting room | noun | n-hard | било (ORus) |
бiть | to beat; to strike; to thrash | verb | regular-stationary | *biti (PS) |
блекот | crazy person; schizophrenic | noun | m-hard (animate) | *blekota (PS) |
блек | flock (of sheep) | noun | m-hard | *blekъ (PS) |
блїдiй | pale; sober (emotion) | adj. | - | *blědъ (PS) |
блядь | insanity; craziness | noun | f-soft | блядь (ORus) |
бляащь | to go insane; to lose one's way (refl.) | verb | irregular-stationary (D-type) | бляасти (ORus) |
блищать | to shine; to sparkle (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *bliscati (PS) |
близна | scar; wound; permanent mark | noun | f-hard | близна (ORus) |
блiзкiй | close; close to (+genitive); near | prep./adv. | - | *blizъ (PS) |
блющь | to guard; to watch | verb | irregular-stationary (D-type) | *bljusti (PS) |
блювать | to vomit; to throw up (refl.) | verb | irregular-stationary (J-type) | *bljuvati (PS) |
блудiть | to fornicate; to sleep around | verb | irregular-stationary (Ž-type) | *blǫditi (PS) |
блуд | lechery; adultery | noun | m-hard | *blǫdъ (PS) |
блyха | flea | noun | f-hard | *blъxa (PS) |
блёкнiй | faded; pale | adj. | - | блёкний (MRus) |
блёкнуть | to fade (away); to wither (away) | verb | regular-stationary | блёкнуть (MRus) |
бодать | to stab | verb | regular-VOM | *bodati (PS) |
Бог | God | noun | m-irregular (Ž-type, animate) | *bogъ (PS) |
богатiй | rich; wealthy | adj. | - | *bogatъ (PS) |
богачь | landlord; HNIC of living space(s) | noun | m-soft (animate) | *bogačь (PS) |
боять | to fear; to be afraid of (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *bojati sę (PS) |
бой | fight; battle (archaic) | noun | m-soft | *bojь (PS) |
болить | to hurt; to ache | verb | irregular-stationary (L-type) | *bolěti (PS) |
болого | the righteous (Christianity); good (coll.) | noun | n-hard | болого (ORus) |
болє | more (+gen.) | adv. | - | *bolje (PS) |
болїй | better; greater | adj. | - | *boljьjь (PS) |
болонє | swamp; bog | noun | n-soft | *bolnьje (PS) |
болото | swamp (archaic); mud(dy area) | noun | n-hard | *bolto (PS) |
боль | pain; illness; sickness; disease | noun | m-soft (ё-stem) | *bolь (PS) |
борода | beard; facial hair | noun | f-hard | *borda (PS) |
бородатiй | bearded; with facial hair | adj. | - | *bordatъ (PS) |
борог | stack; pile (+gen) | noun | m-hard | *borgъ (PS) |
борона | defense; defenses | noun | f-hard | *borna (PS) |
боронь | battle; combat | noun | f-soft | *bornь (PS) |
борошно | flour | noun | n-hard | *boršьno (PS) |
бороть | to fight; to spar (refl.) | verb | regular-VOM | *borti (PS) |
боров | hog; boar; male pig | noun | m-hard (animate) | *borvъ (PS) |
бор | woods; forest | noun | m-hard | *borъ (PS) |
борозда | canal; large creek | noun | f-hard | *borzda (PS) |
босiй | barefooted; uncouth; yee-yee | adj. | - | *bosъ (PS) |
бубен | drum | noun | m-hard | *bǫbьnъ (PS) |
брат | brother | noun | m-hard (singular only) | *bratъ (PS) |
брачя | brothers | noun | f-soft (singular declension) | *bratьja (PS) |
брещь | to wade; to think pensively | verb | irregular-VOM (D-type) | *bresti (PS) |
бризг | early morning as dawn is breaking | noun | m-hard | *brězgъ (PS) |
брекнуть | to swell; to expand | verb | regular-stationary | *bręknǫti (PS) |
брiтва | razor (shaving instrument) | noun | f-hard | *britva (PS) |
брїдакiй | sharp | adj. | - | *bridъkъ (PS) |
брiть | to shave | verb | regular-stationary | *briti (PS) |
брюхо | belly; abdomen | noun | n-hard | *břuxo (PS) |
бродiть | to wander; to roam | verb | regular-VOM | *broditi (PS) |
бруснiца | cranberry | noun | f-hard | *brusьnica (PS) |
брость | bud, shoot, sprout | noun | f-soft | *brъstь (PS) |
бривя | eyebrow | noun | f-soft | *bry (PS) |
брьна | clay; thick mud | noun | f-hard | *brьna (PS) |
бучать | to roar; to cry loudly | verb | regular-stationary | *bučati (PS) |
будить | to awaken; to wake up (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *buditi (PS) |
буря | storm; stormwind | noun | f-soft | *buřa (PS) |
бeдить | to keep watch; to keep vigil (archaic) | verb | regular-stationary | *bъděti (PS) |
бёдaр | cheerful; happy; joyous | adj. | - | *bъdřъ (PS) |
брть | beehive; hive of insects | noun | f-soft | *bъrtь (PS) |
брзiй | fast; quick; speedy | adj. | - | *bъrzъ (PS) |
бидло | cattle (obs.); possessions; one's things | noun | n-hard | *bydlo (PS) |
билє | weed (garden); marijuana (slang) | noun | n-soft | *bylьje (PS) |
бить | to be | verb | hyperirregular-stationary | *byti (PS) |
битє | existence; life as a whole | noun | n-soft | *bytьje (PS) |
бивать | to happen | verb | regular-stationary | *byvati (PS) |
пчела | bee (insect) | noun | f-hard | *bьčela (PS) |
брать | to take; to grab | verb | regular-stationary | *bьrati (PS) |
чiдiть | to strain; to filter | verb | irregular-stationary (Ž-type) | *cěditi (PS) |
чiлiть | to heal; to cure | verb | regular-stationary | *cěliti (PS) |
человать | to kiss | verb | irregular-stationary (J-type) | *cělovati (PS) |
чiлiй | whole; entire; full; all | adj. | - | *cělъ (PS) |
чiна | price; cost | noun | f-hard | *cěna (PS) |
чiнiть | to value; to evaluate (esp. price) | verb | regular-stationary | *cěniti (PS) |
цеста | road; street (larger than улiца) | noun | f-hard | *cěsta (PS) |
чадь | smoke; fumes (pl.) | noun | m-soft | *čadjь (PS) |
чаять | to expect; to hope for | verb | regular-stationary | *čajati (PS) |
чeкать | to wait; to await | verb | regular-stationary | *čakati (PS) |
чара | magic; sorcery | noun | f-hard | *čara (PS) |
чародий | sorcerer; wizard; enchanter; magician | noun | m-soft (animate) | *čarodějь (PS) |
час | hour; moment | noun | m-hard | *časъ (PS) |
челесьнiк | school principal; small time manager | noun | n-hard (animate) | *čelesьnъ (PS) |
чело | forehead | noun | n-hard | *čelo (PS) |
чoловiк | fellow; person; dude; guy | noun | m-hard (animate) | *čelověkъ (PS) |
чемер | venom; illness caused by venom | noun | m-hard | *čemerъ (PS) |
черєда | queue; line | noun | f-hard | *čerda (PS) |
черeнов | molar; relating to the molars | adj. | - | *černovъ (PS) |
черeнь | trunk (of a tree); stem (of a mushroom) | noun | m-soft | *černь (PS) |
чёрщь | to carve; to cut through; to slash | verb | irregular-VOM (D-type) | *čersti (PS) |
чесно | garlic | noun | n-hard | *česno (PS) |
четвор | a group of four; quartet | noun | m-hard (singular) | *četvorъ (PS) |
четвртiй | fourth | adj. | - | *četvьrtъ (PS) |
четрi | four | num. | - | *četyre (PS) |
чезнуть | to disappear; to vanish; to wither | verb | regular-stationary | *čeznǫti (PS) |
чед | young lad (arch.) | noun | m-hard (animate) | *čędъ (PS) |
чест | frequent; dense; packed; close together | adj. | - | *čęstъ (PS) |
честo | frequently; often | adv. | - | *čęstъ (PS) |
чхать | to sneeze | verb | regular-stationary | *čьxati (PS) |
чiнiть | to repair; to fix | verb | regular-stationary | *činiti (PS) |
чicтiть | to clean; to wash | verb | irregular-stationary (Щ-type) | *čistiti (PS) |
чicтiй | clean; pure; virgin (euph. of woman) | adj. | - | *čist (PS) |
чiтать | to read; to count | verb | regular-stationary | *čitati (PS) |
чудiть | to be surprised; to marvel at (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *čuditi sę (PS) |
чудо | wonder; miracle | noun | n-hard | *čudo (PS) |
чуть | to sense; to have a gut feeling about (smt.) | verb | regular-stationary | *čuti (PS) |
чирнiй | black; dark | adj. | - | *čьrnъ (PS) |
чрствiй | strong; tough | adj. | - | *čьrstvъ (PS) |
чртя | border; divider | noun | f-soft | *čьrta (PS) |
чирвeнiй | red | adj. | - | *čьrvenъ (PS) |
черв | worm; maggot; guts (pl.) | noun | m-hard | *čьrvь (PS) |
чащ | honor; respect | noun | f-soft | *čьstь (PS) |
што | what | pron. | - | *čьto (PS) |
даять | to allow; to permit | verb | regular-stationary | *dajati (PS) |
далекiй | far (away); distant | adj. | - | *dalekъ (PS) |
даль | distance | noun | f-soft | *dalь (PS) |
дань | tax; tribute (arch.) | noun | f-soft | *danь (PS) |
датель | donor; giver | noun | m-soft (animate) | *dateljь (PS) |
дать | to give | verb | irregular-stationary (-m-type) | *dati (PS) |
давiть | to strangle; to suffocate (also refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *daviti (PS) |
давнiй | ancient; from another time | adj. | - | *davьnjь (PS) |
давнo | a long time; in awhile; a while | adv. | - | loaned from Uk. |
дебелiй | plump; in good aesthetic health | adj. | - | *debelъ (PS) |
дебельство | wealth; opulence | noun | n-hard | *debelьstvo (PS) |
дегать | tar | noun | m-soft | *degъtь (PS) |
дирво | tree | noun | n-hard | *dervo (PS) |
десєть | ten | num. | - | *desętь (PS) |
десєтiй | tenth | adj. | - | *desętъ (PS) |
деснiй | right (side); not left | adj. | - | *desnъ (PS) |
девєть | nine | num. | - | *desętь (PS) |
девєтiй | ninth | adj. | - | *desętъ (PS) |
дїд | grandfather; term of respect for an old man | noun | m-hard (animate) | *dědъ (PS) |
дїлать | to do; to make | verb | regular-stationary | *dělati (PS) |
дїлiть | to divide; to split | verb | regular-stationary | *děliti (PS) |
для | due to; because of; because (+ verb) | prep. | - | *dьlja (PS) |
дило | work; deed; affairs (pl.); job | noun | n-hard | *dělo (PS) |
дїл | part; division; section | noun | m-hard | *dělъ (PS) |
дїтє | child; kid | noun | n-soft (running-n) | *dětę (PS) |
дїть | children; kids | noun | f-soft | *děti (PS) |
дївiцa | maiden (arch.); virgin | noun | f-hard | *děva (PS) |
дївьство | virginity | noun | n-hard | neologism |
дїверь | husband's brother; brother-in-law | noun | m-soft (animate) | *děverь (PS) |
дига | belt | noun | f-hard | *dęga (PS) |
дитель | woodpecker | noun | m-soft (animate) | *dętelъ (PS) |
дiкiй | wild; untamed | adj. | - | *dikъ (PS) |
дiря | hole; crack | noun | f-soft | *diřa (PS) |
дiвiть | to surprise; to astonish | verb | regular-stationary | *diviti (PS) |
дiвнiй | divine; wonderful; amazing; great | adj. | - | *divьnъ (PS) |
до | until; to (+ gen) | prep. | - | *do (PS) |
доба | time | noun | f-hard | *doba (PS) |
добрiй | good | adj. | - | *dobrъ (PS) |
доїть | to give milk; to be milking | verb | regular-stationary | *dojiti (PS) |
доля | fate; destiny | noun | f-soft | *dolja (PS) |
дол | valley; dale | noun | m-hard | *dolъ (PS) |
дома | at home | adv. | - | *doma (PS) |
дом | home | noun | m-hard | *domъ (PS) |
дорога | path; way | noun | f-hard | *dorga (PS) |
дорогiй | dear; close to the heart | adj. | - | *dorgъ (PS) |
дуб | oak (tree) | noun | m-hard | *dǫbъ (PS) |
дуга | arch; rainbow | noun | f-hard | *dǫga (PS) |
дуть | to blow; to puff | verb | irregular-stationary (1sg диму) | *dǫti (PS) |
драпать | to tear; to rip; to scratch; to nick | verb | regular-stationary | *drapati (PS) |
дражiть | to incite; to provoke | verb | regular-stationary | *dražiti (PS) |
дрїв | before (+ gen); earlier | prep./adv. | - | *drevje (PS) |
дрїмать | to doze off; to nap | verb | regular-stationary | *drěmati (PS) |
дрочiть | to caress; to tease; to stroke; to snuggle | verb | regular-stationary | *dročati (PS) |
дрозд | blackbird; thrush | noun | m-hard (animate) | *drodzъ (PS) |
дрожда | yeast; leaven | noun | f-hard | *droždža (PS) |
друкь | bar; pole; rail; long cylinder | noun | f-soft | *drǫgъ (PS) |
друг | best man; dear friend | noun | m-soft (animate) (Gsg дружа) | *drugъ (PS) |
другiй | other; second | adj. | - | *drugъ (PS) |
дружiна | group; party; squad (also youth slang) | noun | f-hard | *družina (PS) |
дргать | to shiver; to shake; to tremble (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *drъgati (PS) |
дрво | wood; timber | noun | n-hard | *drъvo (PS) |
држь | tremor; shake | noun | m-soft | *drъžь (PS) |
дрколь | baton; truncheon; nightstick; club | noun | m-soft | *drьkolь (PS) |
духать | to breathe | verb | regular-stationary | *duxati (PS) |
душ | spirit; ghost | noun | m-soft (animate) (Gsg духа) | *duxъ (PS) |
дупа | ass; buttocks | noun | f-hard | *dupa (PS) |
дупля | hole; cavity; hollow (of a tree) | noun | f-soft | *duplja (PS) |
дурiть | to be naughty; to do smt. forbidden | verb | regular-stationary | *duriti (PS) |
дурьство | stupidity; madness (arch.); foolishness | noun | n-hard | neologism |
дужiй | big; strong | adj. | - | *dužь (PS) |
дужo | very; very much | adv. | - | *dužь (PS) |
двор | courtyard; playground | noun | m-hard | *dvorъ (PS) |
дурї | door | noun | m-soft (plural) | *dvьrь (PS) |
дёш | breath; steam from breath | noun | m-soft (Gsg дёха) | *dъxъ (PS) |
щi | daughter | noun | f-irregular (Gsg щера) | *dъkti (PS) |
долог | debt; something owed | noun | m-hard | *dъlgъ (PS) |
ндо | bottom | noun | n-hard | *dъno (PS) |
два | two | num. | f. двiє | *dva (PS) |
двогубiй | double; twofold | adj. | - | *dvogubъ (PS) |
двой | pair; couple | noun | m-soft | *dvojь (PS) |
дёждь | heavy rain; rainstorm; thunderstorm | noun | m-soft | *dъzdjь (PS) |
дихать | to take a deep breath; to relax (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *dyxati (PS) |
дим | smoke; haze; steam; fog (euph.) | noun | m-hard | *dymъ (PS) |
дулгiй | long | adj. | - | *dьlgъ (PS) |
длiть | to last; to continue on; to persevere (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *dьliti (PS) |
дянь | day | noun | m-soft (Gsg дяня) | *dьnь (PS) |
дянас | today | noun | m-hard | *dьnьsь (PS) |
дрзiй | daring; bold | adj. | - | *dьrzъ (PS) |
држать | to hold; to keep; to detain; to imprison | verb | regular-stationary | *dьržati (PS) |
джило | truthfully; in truth; honestly; to be honest | adv. | - | *dzělo (PS) |
єднакiй | identical | adj. | - | *edinakъ (PS) |
єдян | one | num. | f. єдна; n. єднo | *edьnъ (PS) |
єдвo | hardly; barely; just a bit; only a little | adv. | - | *edva (PS) |
єлинь | deer; stag-beetle | noun | m-soft | *elenjь (PS) |
iлокiй | bitter; rancid; rotten; gone off | adj. | - | *jьlъkъ (PS) |
iмела | mistletoe | noun | f-hard | *jьmela (PS) |
ёщ | still; just; longer (neg.); yet | adv. | - | *ešče (PS) |
єбать | to fuck; to copulate (vulg.) | verb | regular-stationary | *ebati (PS) |
ëзеро | lake; large pond | noun | n-hard | *ezero (PS) |
єжевiца | blackberry | noun | f-hard | *eževica |
єж | hedgehog | noun | m-soft (animate) | *ežь (PS) |
идро | breast; bosom | noun | n-hard | *edro (PS) |
ид | poison; toxin | noun | m-hard | *ědъ (PS) |
ядь | bounty; feast (arch.) | noun | f-soft | *ědь (PS) |
ихать | to ride | verb | regular-VOM | *ěxati (PS) |
єрiна | wool | noun | f-hard | *ěrina (PS) |
ярость | fury; wrath; rage; anger | noun | f-soft | *ěrostь (PS) |
ярiй | cruel; mean; evil; furious; violent | adj. | - | *ěrъ (PS) |
яснiй | clear; obvious | adj. | - | *ěsnъ (PS) |
ищь | to eat; to consume | verb | irregular-stationary (-m-type) | *ěsti (PS) |
ято | flock (all senses including religious) | noun | n-hard | *ěto (PS) |
ижда | ride; cavalry | noun | f-hard | *ěžda (PS) |
язва | wound (typically mortal) | noun | f-hard | *ězva (PS) |
ячать | to wail; to moan (non-past: see гаять) | verb | regular-stationary | *ęčati (PS) |
ичмє | barley | noun | n-soft | *ęčьmy (PS) |
ига | plague (arch.); horror; terror | noun | f-hard | *ęga (PS) |
итрo | liver; ability to drink (euph.) | noun | n-hard | *ętro (PS) |
итрє | (husband's) brother's wife | noun | m-soft (animate) | *ętry (PS) |
єзик | language; tongue | noun | m-hard | *ęzyk (PS) |
габать | to seize; to take by force or threat of force | verb | regular-stationary | *gabati (PS) |
гадать | to guess; to take a stab at (smt.) | verb | regular-stationary | *gadati (PS) |
гадiть | to defile; to rape (arch.); to desecrate | verb | regular-stationary (arch VOM) | *gaditi (PS) |
гад | scoundrel; repulsive person; asshole | noun | m-hard (animate) | *gatъ (PS) |
гаять | to wail; to moan (past form: see ячать) | verb | regular-stationary | *gajati (PS) |
гасiть | to extinguish; to put out (fire) | verb | regular-stationary | *gasiti (PS) |
гаснуть | to turn out (light, fire); to die (euph. w/ psv.) | verb | regular-stationary | *gasnǫti (PS) |
гатать | to chatter; to talk incessantly | verb | regular-stationary | *gatati (PS) |
гладкiй | smooth; plain | adj. | - | *gladъkъ (PS) |
глаз | opinion; viewpoint | noun | m-hard | *glazъ (PS) |
глезнё | ankle | noun | n-soft | *glezno (PS) |
глїн | mucus; snot | noun | m-hard | *glěnъ (PS) |
глидать | to look at; to view | verb | regular-stationary | *ględati (PS) |
глiнa | clay | noun | f-hard | *glina (PS) |
глiст | parasite (esp. worms); freeloader | noun | m-hard (animate) | *glistъ (PS) |
глiва | fungus (inedible); tumor (arch.) | noun | f-hard | *gliva (PS) |
глоба | fine; penalty | noun | f-hard | *globa (PS) |
глота | crowd (arch.); family | noun | f-hard | *glota (PS) |
глубокiй | deep | adj. | - | *glǫbokъ (PS) |
глухiй | deaf; hard of hearing | adj. | - (indef. NM глуш) | *gluxъ (PS) |
глумiть | to play (on stage, refl.); to amuse | verb | regular-stationary | *glumiti (PS) |
глум | joke; amusement | noun | m-hard | *glumъ (PS) |
глупiй | stupid; foolish | adj. | - | *glupъ (PS) |
глохнуть | to become deaf (arch.); to fall silent/quiet | verb | regular-stationary | *gloxnǫti (PS) |
глотать | to swallow; to devour | verb | regular-stationary | *glъtati (PS) |
гнисть | to knead; to work dough | verb | irregular-stationary (D-type) | *gnesti (PS) |
гнив | anger; wrath (esp. as sin) | noun | m-hard | *gněvъ (PS) |
гнїждо | nest; home (arch.) | noun | n-hard | *gnězdo (PS) |
гнїда | nit; louse | noun | f-soft | *gnjida (PS) |
гнїлiй | rotten (esp. with fungus) | adj. | - | *gnjilъ (PS) |
гнїть | to rot; to go bad | verb | regular-stationary | *gnjiti (PS) |
гной | manure; shit | noun | m-soft | *gnojь (PS) |
гнусiть | to abhor; to hate | verb | regular-stationary | *gnusiti (PS) |
гнус | vermin; pus | noun | m-hard (animate/inanimate) | *gnusъ (PS) |
гнуснiй | abhorrent; vile; repulsive; disgusting | adj. | - | *gnusьnъ (PS) |
годiна | hour; time | noun | f-hard | *godina (PS) |
годiть | to be good for (+ acc & + dat; cf. SC goditi) | verb | regular-stationary | *goditi (PS) |
год | celebration; anniversary (w/ poss.); holiday (arch.) | noun | m-hard | *godъ (PS) |
годнiй | suitable; nice; worthy (arch.) | adj. | - | *godьnъ (PS) |
гоїть | to take care of (esp. w/ food and medicine) | verb | regular-stationary | *gojiti (PS) |
гой | peace; ceasefire | noun | m-soft | *gojь (PS) |
голод | hunger; addiction (+ dat) | noun | m-hard | *goldъ (PS) |
голим | much; a lot | adv. | - | *golěmъ (PS) |
голинь | shin; stampede (pl. only) | noun | m-soft | *golěnь (PS) |
голота | the poor | noun | f-hard | *golota (PS) |
голоть | ice that covers a body of water; ice sheet | noun | m-soft | *golotь (PS) |
голубiй | blue (esp. light) | adj. | - | *golǫbъ (PS) |
гоюп | pigeon; dove | noun | m-hard | gołąb (Pol.) |
голос | voice; opinion (euph.) | noun | m-hard | *golsъ (PS) |
голова | head | noun | f-hard | *golva (PS) |
голiй | naked; bare; nude; (of truth) blunt | adj. | - | *golъ (PS) |
гомоля | lump (from injury); small pile | noun | f-soft | *gomolja (PS) |
гонiть | chase; persecute | verb | regular-VOM | *goniti (PS) |
гора | mountain | noun | f-hard | *gora (PS) |
горкa | hill; small mountain; obstacle | noun | f-hard | neologism |
городя | fence | noun | f-soft | *gordja (PS) |
город | city; town | noun | m-hard | *gordъ (PS) |
горить | to burn; to singe; to overcook | verb | regular-stationary | *gorěti (PS) |
горош | bean | noun | m-soft (Gsg гороха) | *gorxъ (PS) |
горє (1) | hardship; grief; woe; suffering; misfortune | noun | n-soft | *gorje (PS) |
горє (2) | worse | adj. | - | *gorjьjь (PS) |
гороно | pulse; beat | noun | n-hard | *gorno (PS) |
горькiй | bitter | adj. | - | *gorьkъ (PS) |
господiн | mister; sir; gentleman; lord | noun | m-hard (animate) | *gospodinъ (PS) |
Господ | the Lord; God | noun | m-hard (animate) | *gospodь (PS) |
гость | guest; patron; customer; visitor | noun | m-soft | *gostь (PS) |
говєть | to live well; to fear God; to do good (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | ⰳⱁⰲⰵⱅⰹ (OCS) |
говидо | cattle (arch.); oaf; idiot; a clumsy or foolish person | noun | n-hard | *govędo (PS) |
говорiть | to speak; to talk | verb | regular-stationary | *govoriti (PS) |
говор | conversation; talk | noun | m-hard | *govorъ (PS) |
говно | shit; feces; poop; dung | noun | n-soft (Gsg говня) | *govьno (PS) |
гyба | fungus; mushroom | noun | f-hard | *gǫba (PS) |
гугнять | to speak a foreign language (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *gǫgnjati (PS) |
гугнявiй | of or related to a foreign language | adj. | - | *gǫgnjavъ (PS) |
гощь | to play an instrument; to hum cheerfully (refl.) | verb | irregular-stationary (D-type) | *gǫsti (PS) |
густiй | thick; dense; compact; solid | adj. | - | *gǫstъ (PS) |
гусь | goose | noun | m-soft (animate) | *gǫsь (PS) |
гуз | buttock; rear; ass; cheek | noun | m-hard | *guzъ (PS) |
грабить | to grab; to seize; to rob; to hold up | verb | irregular-stationary (1S грабaю) | *grabiti (PS) |
град | hail | noun | m-hard | *gradъ (PS) |
грамада | firewood | noun | f-hard | *gramada (PS) |
грєбень | comb; caterpillar | noun | m-soft | *grebenь (PS) |
греть | to rake; to till | verb | irregular-VOM (B-type) | *greti (PS) |
грїш | sin | noun | m-soft (Gsg грїxa) | *grexъ (PS) |
грїять | to warm up; to heat; to warm oneself (refl.) | verb | regular-stationary | *grějati (PS) |
грида | bed; resting place; grave (euph.) | noun | f-hard | *gręda (PS) |
гристь | to piss; to micturate; to urinate; to take a leak | verb | irregular-stationary (D-type) | *gręsti (PS) |
гризiть | to sink; to submerge | verb | regular-VOM | *gręziti (PS) |
гроб | grave; tomb | noun | m-hard | *grobъ (PS) |
гром | thunder | noun | m-hard | *gromъ (PS) |
гроза | horror; terror; something that inspires either | noun | f-hard | *groza (PS) |
грозд | grape | noun | m-hard (sing only) | *grodzъ (PS) |
гроздє | grapes | noun | n-soft (pl only) | *grodzьje (PS) |
грозiть | to inspire horror/terror; to scare; to threaten | verb | regular-stationary | *groziti (PS) |
грознiй | terrifying; horrifying; scary; terrible; awful | adj. | - | *grozьnъ (PS) |
грубнiй | rude; disrespectful; mean; dishonorable (arch.) | adj. | - | *grubъ (PS) |
грусть | sadness; melancholy; depression; forlornness | noun | f-soft | *grustь (PS) |
грмежь | sleep (in the eye); gramiae | noun | m-soft | *grъměžđь (PS) |
грм | bush; shrub; foliage (pl.); shrubbery | noun | m-hard | *grъmъ (PS) |
гризть | to gnaw; to chew on | verb | irregular-stationary (Z-type) | *gryzti (PS) |
грмить | to yell in anger; to shout angerly | verb | regular-stationary | *grьměti (PS) |
губiть | to destroy; to devastate; to exterminate; to ruin | verb | regular-VOM | *gubiti (PS) |
жвизда | star | noun | f-hard | *gvězda (PS) |
жвор | bubble | noun | m-hard | *gvorъ (PS) |
гобеж | joint; bend | noun | m-soft | *gъbežь (PS) |
грбавач | humpback | noun | m-soft | neologism |
грдло | throat; neck | noun | n-hard | *gъrdlo (PS) |
грдiй | proud; haughty; high-and-mighty; unsportsmanlike | adj. | ||
*gъrdъ (PS) | ||||
гркать | to coo; to hoot; to caw; to whistle | verb | regular-stationary | *gъrkati (PS) |
грнiдло | furnace; oven (coll.) | noun | n-hard | *gъrnidlo (PS) |
грно | blacksmith's hearth; blacksmith's workshop | noun | n-hard | *gъrno (PS) |
грнiк | blacksmith | noun | m-hard (animate) | neologism |
грщь | cupped hands; handful | noun | f-soft | *gъrstь (PS) |
Грщя | the Eucharist | noun | f-soft | neologism |
наёрощь | to grow up; to mature (of people) | verb | irregular-stationary (D-type) | neologism |
вичiнiть | to carry out (orders); to follow (direction) | verb | regular-stationary | neologism |
вичервать | to disembowel | verb | regular-VOM | neologism |
видухать | to breathe out; to blow up; to blow out | verb | regular-stationary | neologism |
виєбать | to fuck to exhaustion; to utterly fuck | verb | regular-VOM | neologism |
видлiть | to outlast; to survive | verb | regular-stationary | neologism |
висилать | to send; to send out | verb | regular-VOM | wysyłać (Pol.) |
виглидать | to look out at (i.e., from window, door, etc.) | verb | regular-stationary | neologism |
Я | I (1s pronoun) | prn. | - | *azъ (PS) |
яблонь | apple tree | noun | f-soft | *ablonь (PS) |
яаблокa | apple | noun | f-hard | *ablъko (PS) |
яагода | berry | noun | f-hard | *agoda (PS) |
яє | egg | noun | n-soft | *aje (PS) |
як | as; like | adv. | - | *ako (PS) |
явiть | to show; to reveal | verb | regular-stationary | *aviti (PS) |
явнiй | obvious; manifest | adj. | - | *avьnъ (PS) |
Comparative Vocabulary[]
Comparisons with different Slavic languages[]
English | Drevljanski |
Ukrainian |
Byelorussian |
Russian |
Polish |
Serbo-Croatian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
thank you; thanks | мiлость | дякую | дзякую | спасибо | dziękuję | hvala |
truth | правда | правда | вернасць | правда/истина | prawda | istina |
computer | компютер | комп'ютер | камп'ютар | компьютер | komputer | računalo |
hat | клобук | капелюх | капялюш | шляпа | kapelusz | šešir/klobuk |
garden | кєма | сад | сад | сад | sad/ogród | sad/vrt |
prison | држаня | в'язниця | турма | тюрьма | więzienie | zatvor |
mercy; grace | уласка | милість | міласць | милость | miłosierdzie | milosrđe/milost |
to cry (tears) | плакать | плакати | плакаць | плакать | płakać | plakati |
Comparisons with different dialects[]
English |
Volhynian/Polesian |
Polish |
American |
---|---|---|---|
bathroom |
туалет | туалетa | батрум |
cell phone | телефон | телефон | (цел)фон |
bar |
крчма or бар | бар | бар |
soda |
газiровка | напой | поп |
car | машiна / авто | ауто | кар / бiтaр |
Russia | Росiя | Росiя | Москвакрай / Веня |
Ukraine |
Україна | Україна | Волинь |
Byelorussia |
Бєларусь | Бяларусь | Полесiя |
Basic Phrases[]
These recordings were made by an American speaker with Volhynian features.
English |
Древляанскiй (Drevljanski) |
---|---|
Welcome |
Вiтаю (sg.) |
Вiтата (du.) | |
Вiтают (pl.) | |
Hello (General greeting) | Богстом (frm.) ** |
Здорово (inf.) | |
Hello (on phone) | Aло? |
Слушаю | |
How are you? | Касi? (inf. sg.) |
Каште? (inf. du.) (frm. sg.) | |
Касут? (pl.) (frm. sg./du.) | |
Reply to 'How are you?' | Добро, а ти? (inf. sg.) |
Добро, а вa? (inf. du.) (frm. sg.) | |
Добро, а вi? (pl.) (frm. du.) | |
Long time no see | Несєю те бачиш давно (m>inf. sg.) |
Несєю ва бачиш давно (m>inf. du./frm. sg.) | |
Несєю ваc бачиш давно (m>pl./frm. du.) | |
Несєю те бачиxa давно. (f>inf. sg.) | |
Несєю ва бачиxa давно. (f>inf. du./frm. sg.) | |
Несєю ваc бачиxa давно. (f>pl./frm. du.) | |
What's your name? | Как се зовеш? (inf. sg.) |
Как се зовета? (inf. du.) (frm. sg.) | |
Как се зоветe? (pl.) (frm. du.) | |
My name is... | Зовю cе... |
Where are you from? | Звідки ти? (inf. sg.) |
Звідки вa? (inf. du.) (frm. sg.) | |
Звідки вi? (pl.) (frm. du.) | |
I'm from... | Я iз... |
Please to meet you. | |
Good morning (Morning greeting) | |
Good afternoon (Afternoon greeting) | |
Good evening (Evening greeting) | |
Goodnight | |
Goodbye (Parting phrases) | |
Good luck! | |
Cheers! Good Health! (Toasts used when drinking) | |
Have a nice day | |
Bon appetit / Have a nice meal | |
Bon voyage / Have a good journey | |
I understand | |
I don't understand | |
Yes | |
No | |
Maybe | |
I don't know | |
Please speak more slowly | |
Please say that again | |
Please write it down | |
Do you speak Drevljanski? | |
Yes, a little (reply to 'Do you speak...?') | |
Speak to me in Drevljanski | |
How do you say ... in Drevljanski? | |
Excuse me | |
How much is this? | |
Sorry | |
Please | |
Thank you | Miлость |
Reply to thank you | |
Where's the toilet / bathroom? | |
This gentleman will pay for everything | |
This lady will pay for everything | |
Would you like to dance with me? | |
I miss you | |
I love you | |
Get well soon | |
Go away! | |
Leave me alone! | |
Help! | |
Fire! | |
Stop! | |
Call the police! | |
Christmas greetings | |
New Year greetings | |
Easter greetings | |
Birthday greetings | |
Congratulations! | |
One language is never enough | |
My hovercraft is full of eels |
Example text[]
«Значу, мiлiяард Iдiйскix чоловiк страшaн ворог. Нагло, чутю емпатiю за Пакiстан.»
"I mean, one billion Indian men is a daunting foe. I suddenly feel empathy for Pakistan."