| Ede Bro [ˈɛdɛˌbro̞] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Analytic | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Direct-Inverse | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Head-Final | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | No | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | None | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 23% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Eçeþesi | ||||||||||||
Classification and Dialects
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n nʲ | ||
| Plosive | p pʰ | t tʰ tʲ tʲʰ | k kʰ | |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | ||
| Affricate | p͡ɸ | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k͡x |
| Trill | r rʲ |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e̞ | o̞ | |
| Low | a |
Phonotactics
Edebro's syllables may consist of a maximum of CCVC. Syllable onsets may consist of any lone consonant or a cluster of a plosive or nasal with /r/. A nucleus may be any vowel, and a coda may only be a sibilant or nasal.
Allophony
- unaspirated stops and affricates become voiced intervocalically and in clusters with voiced consonants
- /e/ and /o/ lower to [ɛ] and [ɔ] before voiced consonants
- in the standard dialect, /rʲ/ becomes [j] in consonant clusters; some non-standard dialects may have [rʲ] and [j] be in free variation in all environments
- words beginning in high or mid vowels receive epenthetic glides when preceded by another vowel
Writing System
| Letter | Mm | Nn | Njnj | Bb | Pp | Dd | Tt | Djdj | Tjtj | Gg | Kk | BFbf |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | /m/ | /n/ | /nʲ/ | /p/ | /pʰ/ | /t/ | /tʰ/ | /tʲ/ | /tʲʰ/ | /k/ | /kʰ/ | /pɸ/ |
| Letter | DSds | DSjdsj | GXgx | Ss | Sjsj | Rr | Rjrj | Aa | Ee | Ii | Oo | Uu |
| Sound | /ts/ | /tʃ/ | /kx/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /r/ | /rʲ/ | /a/ | /e/ | /i/ | /o/ | /u/ |
Stress may optionally be indicated with an acute on the stressed vowel. Digraphs, besides those involving <j>, ought to have both elements capitalized when capitalized, but this is often neglected.
Grammar
Nouns
Edebro nouns are morphologically quite simple. They do not inflect for case or definiteness, although they do decline according to number. While singular nouns remain unmarked, plural nouns are marked through reduplication, of the first CV pair in consonant-initial nouns, and of the first VC pair in vowel-initial nouns. An example of both is demonstrated in the following table:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| flower | bfumí | bfubfumí |
| dog | anjásj | anjanjásj |
Nouns also do not have gender, although they do have an inherent animacy level. This animacy level is not marked explicitly on the noun itself, but will be relevant later for verbal conjugation.
Verbs
In Edebro, all clauses (with one exception, which will be covered later) require two parts to express the function of a verb: a lexical verb and an auxiliary verb.
While the lexical verb, which carries the semantic content of the action or state being described, does not inflect for any grammatical information itself, the auxiliary verb inflects for categories of transitivity, inversivity, voice, tense, and mood. The forms of auxiliary verb appear in the chart below.
| copular | intransitive | direct | inverse | passive | antipassive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | present | u | ni | ma | mre | dsu | ro |
| past | us | nis | mas | mare | dsus | ros | |
| future | o | nje | me | mere | dso | ra | |
| pres. irrealis | usja | nisja | masja | masjre | dsusja | rosja | |
| past irrealis | usasj | nisasj | masasj | masasjre | dsusasj | rosasj | |
| fut. irrealis | osja | njesja | mesja | mesjre | dsosja | rasja | |
| negative | present | un | nin | man | mren | dsun | ron |
| past | usen | nisen | masen | maren | dsusen | rosen | |
| future | on | njen | men | meren | dson | ran | |
| pres. irr. | usjan | nisjan | masjan | masjren | dsusjan | rosjan | |
| past irr. | usasjen | nisasjen | masasjen | masasjren | dsusasjen | rosasjen | |
| fut. irr. | osjan | njesjan | mesjan | mesjren | dsosjan | rasjan | |
Lexical verbs may be either active or stative. While stative verbs will typically take the copular auxiliary, active verbs may take the intransitive, direct or inverse, and some active verbs, such as verbs of movement, may also take the copular auxiliary.
As Edebro is a direct-inverse language, the auxiliary verb makes a distinction in inversivity in transitive clauses. The direct form of the auxiliary verb is used in clauses in which the more animate noun is taking the role of the agent, while the inverse form is used when the less animate noun is the agent. Therefore, a sentence like sjúrjo anjásj tjo mas translates to "a man saw a dog," while the same sentence but replacing mas with mare results in a translation as "a dog saw a man."
Syntax
- The auxiliary verb always appears at the end of the sentence, with the exception of cases in which the antipassive particle follows it.
- The lexical verb is typically found at the beginning of a sentence, though this isn't required.
- Noun arguments can be arranged any way in the sentence.
Lexicon
| No. | English | Ede Bro |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | da |
| 2 | you (singular) | ne |
| 3 | he | — |
| 4 | we | dada |
| 5 | you (plural) | nene |
| 6 | they | — |
| 7 | this | ru |
| 8 | that | dso |
| 9 | here | — |
| 10 | there | — |
| 11 | who | — |
| 12 | what | — |
| 13 | where | — |
| 14 | when | — |
| 15 | how | — |
| 16 | not | — |
| 17 | all | mo |
| 18 | many | — |
| 19 | some | — |
| 20 | few | — |
| 21 | other | — |
| 22 | one | — |
| 23 | two | — |
| 24 | three | — |
| 25 | four | — |
| 26 | five | — |
| 27 | big | ke |
| 28 | long | — |
| 29 | wide | — |
| 30 | thick | — |
| 31 | heavy | — |
| 32 | small | — |
| 33 | short | — |
| 34 | narrow | — |
| 35 | thin | — |
| 36 | woman | — |
| 37 | man (adult male) | tjo |
| 38 | man (human being) | — |
| 39 | child | ibé |
| 40 | wife | — |
| 41 | husband | — |
| 42 | mother | mam |
| 43 | father | dan |
| 44 | animal | — |
| 45 | fish | — |
| 46 | bird | — |
| 47 | dog | anjásj |
| 48 | louse | — |
| 49 | snake | — |
| 50 | worm | — |
| 51 | tree | tedjí |
| 52 | forest | matedjí |
| 53 | stick | — |
| 54 | fruit | — |
| 55 | seed | — |
| 56 | leaf | — |
| 57 | root | — |
| 58 | bark | — |
| 59 | flower | bfumí |
| 60 | grass | — |
| 61 | rope | — |
| 62 | skin | — |
| 63 | meat | — |
| 64 | blood | — |
| 65 | bone | — |
| 66 | fat | — |
| 67 | egg | — |
| 68 | horn | — |
| 69 | tail | — |
| 70 | feather | — |
| 71 | hair | igxén |
| 72 | head | nreká |
| 73 | ear | rjudá |
| 74 | eye | ubfí |
| 75 | nose | kir |
| 76 | mouth | djimgó |
| 77 | tooth | — |
| 78 | tongue | bro |
| 79 | fingernail | — |
| 80 | foot | djotjún |
| 81 | leg | kebfrú |
| 82 | knee | — |
| 83 | hand | tanín |
| 84 | wing | — |
| 85 | belly | — |
| 86 | guts | — |
| 87 | neck | — |
| 88 | back | — |
| 89 | breast | — |
| 90 | heart | — |
| 91 | liver | — |
| 92 | drink | — |
| 93 | eat | sjir |
| 94 | bite | gádsju |
| 95 | suck | — |
| 96 | spit | — |
| 97 | vomit | — |
| 98 | blow | — |
| 99 | breathe | — |
| 100 | laugh | dsjókagxa |
| 101 | see | sjúrjo |
| 102 | hear | — |
| 103 | know | — |
| 104 | think | — |
| 105 | smell | dópun |
| 106 | fear | — |
| 107 | sleep | — |
| 108 | live | ánga |
| 109 | die | púngxon |
| 110 | kill | — |
| 111 | fight | — |
| 112 | hunt | — |
| 113 | hit | — |
| 114 | cut | — |
| 115 | split | — |
| 116 | stab | — |
| 117 | scratch | — |
| 118 | dig | — |
| 119 | swim | — |
| 120 | fly | — |
| 121 | walk | — |
| 122 | come | to |
| 123 | lie | — |
| 124 | sit | — |
| 125 | stand | — |
| 126 | turn | — |
| 127 | fall | — |
| 128 | give | gánjo |
| 129 | hold | — |
| 130 | squeeze | — |
| 131 | rub | — |
| 132 | wash | — |
| 133 | wipe | — |
| 134 | pull | — |
| 135 | push | — |
| 136 | throw | — |
| 137 | tie | — |
| 138 | sew | — |
| 139 | count | — |
| 140 | say | — |
| 141 | sing | sábfe |
| 142 | play | — |
| 143 | float | — |
| 144 | flow | — |
| 145 | freeze | — |
| 146 | swell | — |
| 147 | sun | njesjún |
| 148 | moon | — |
| 149 | star | — |
| 150 | water | — |
| 151 | rain | — |
| 152 | river | — |
| 153 | lake | — |
| 154 | sea | — |
| 155 | salt | — |
| 156 | stone | — |
| 157 | sand | — |
| 158 | dust | — |
| 159 | earth | — |
| 160 | cloud | — |
| 161 | fog | — |
| 162 | sky | — |
| 163 | wind | — |
| 164 | snow | — |
| 165 | ice | — |
| 166 | smoke | — |
| 167 | fire | — |
| 168 | ash | — |
| 169 | burn | — |
| 170 | road | — |
| 171 | mountain | — |
| 172 | red | dri |
| 173 | green | ónso |
| 174 | yellow | mútja |
| 175 | white | bénke |
| 176 | black | gxínra |
| 177 | night | mu |
| 178 | day | bfis |
| 179 | year | — |
| 180 | warm | — |
| 181 | cold | — |
| 182 | full | — |
| 183 | new | — |
| 184 | old | — |
| 185 | good | ba |
| 186 | bad | — |
| 187 | rotten | — |
| 188 | dirty | — |
| 189 | straight | — |
| 190 | round | — |
| 191 | sharp | — |
| 192 | dull | — |
| 193 | smooth | — |
| 194 | wet | — |
| 195 | dry | — |
| 196 | correct | — |
| 197 | near | — |
| 198 | far | — |
| 199 | right | — |
| 200 | left | — |
| 201 | at | e |
| 202 | in | — |
| 203 | with | — |
| 204 | and | a |
| 205 | if | — |
| 206 | because | — |
| 207 | name | — |