Euxino

Name: Euxino Type: Fusional semi-agglutinative language Alignment: Nominative-Accusative Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: 3 (masculine, feminine, neuter) Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

Classification and Dialects

Euxino is a Romance language spoken on the North shores of the Black Sea west of Crimea. Latin reached the region during Trajan's rule, when much trade was conducted there. Several Latin-speaking communities quickly sprung up, especially in ports. Latin never gained much prominence, but because it was mainly spoken in the one region, and because it was spoken in significant numbers, several Latin features leaked into the Slavic language spoken there and the language took a form of its own.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant
Trill
Flap or tap
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.
Lateral flap

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
High
Near-high
High-mid
Mid
Low-mid
Near-low
Low

Writing System

Letter	A
Sound
Letter
Sound
Letter
Sound

Grammar

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated according to tense and according to aspect. There are three tenses: present, past, and future. There are two aspects as well: perfect and imperfect.

Verb structure: simple tense (present, past, future) = root+ending, aspect = root+pronoun abbreviation+present, past, or future vowel ending

There are three verb endings: -ar, -ir, and -or. It is also important to note that the infinitive endings include a final e which is not entirely pronounced (the e is part of the r, similar to the uvular r).

The table below visually depicts the inflection of consonants in verbal stems according to verb tense:

	Present	Past	Future
Verbs with b-stem	-b-	-v-	-ur-
Verbs with n-stem	-n-	-l-	-ud-
Verbs with t-stem	-t-	-d-	-us-
Verbs with s-stem	-s-	-sh-	-uzh-

The verb tense is changed according to these changes in stem consonants. Verbs in the present tense always include b, n, t, or s in their stem; when verbs in the present or future tense are made past, the consonants change to v, l, d, or sh, respectively. When past or present-tense verbs are made future, the consonants change to ur, ud, us, or uzh, respectively.

It is important to note that the verb`s root is not regular: it changes along with the tenses used. Therefore, the present, present perfect, and present imperfect have different roots, but the latter two end in the same vowel.

To form different aspects, one changes the verb ending, which is always the abbreviation for a pronoun and the vowel ending. The ending for the -ar verbs in the perfect aspect is always -e. That of the -ir verbs is always é, and that of the -or verbs is always -и. In the imperfect aspect, the -ar verbs end in -i, the -ir verbs in -o and the -or verbs in u. The changes are described in the table below:

	Perfect	Imperfect
-ar	-e	-a
-ir	-é	-o
-or
-u

When the consonant which is changed is , the imperfect always is -v- and the future simple always -ur-.

"To have" in Euxinian is abor, which is conjugated as such in the indicative:

Abor	Present		Present Perfect		Present Imperfect		Past		Past Perfect
1.	abo	aboi	avojи	avomи	avoju	avomu	avo	avoi	avojи	avomи
2.	aboa	abou	avotи	avonи	avotu	avonu	avoa	avou	avotи	avonи
3.	abot	aboe	avolи	avosи	avolu	avosu	avot	avoe	avolи	avosи
	Past Imperfect		Future		Future Perfect		Future Imperfect
1.	avoju	avomu	auro	auroi	aurojи	auromи	auroju	auromu
2	avotu	avonu	auroa	aurou	aurotи	auronи	aurotu	auronu
3.	avolu	avosu	aurot	auroe	aurolи	aurosи	aurolu	aurosu

Venir	Present		Present Perfect		Present Imperfect		Past		Past Perfect
1.	venio	veni	venijé	venimé	venijo	venimo	velio	veli	velijé	velimé
2.	venia	veniu	venité	veniné	venito	venino	velia	veliu	velité	veliné
3.	venit	venie	venilé	venisé	venilo	veniso	velit	velie	vetilé	velisé
	Past Imperfect		Future		Future Perfect		Future Imperfect
1.	velijo	velimo	veudi	veudyi	veudijé	veudimé	veudijo	veudimo
2.	velito	velino	veudia	veudiu	veudité	veudiné	veudito	veudino
3.	velilo	veliso	veudit	veudie	veudilé	veudisé	veudilo	veudiso

Itar	Present		Present Perfect		Present Imperfect		Past		Past Perfect
1.	iteo	itai	iteji	itami	iteja	itama	ideo	idai	idaji	idami
2.	itea	itau	iteti	itani	iteta	itana	idea	idau	idati	idani
3.	itat	itae	itali	itasi	itala	itasa	idat	idae	idali	idasi
	Past Imperfect		Future		Future Perfect		Future Imperfect
1.	ideja	idama	iuseo	iusai	iuseji	iusami	iuseja	iusama
2.	ideta	idana	iusea	iutau	iuseti	iusani	iuseta	iusana
3.	idala	idasa	iusat	iutae	iusali	iusasi	iusala	iusasa

There are no irregular verbs.

The Subjunctive Mood is formed by adding an r before the last vowel. The imperative is formed by adding or changing a final vowel of the indicative mood.

	a	i	o
Indicative present	iteo	venio	abo
past	ideo	velio	avo
future	iuseo	veudi	auro
Subjunctive present	itero	veniro	abro
past	idero	veliro	avro
future	iusero	veudri	aurro
Imperative present	itea	venia	abu
past	ideyu	veliu	avu
future	iuseyu	veudiyu	auru

Translation of verbs

Simple verbs are very easily translated (abo=I have; avo=I had; auro=I will/shall/am going to have). Compound verbs not so much: the present perfect is translated as have (verb in the past tense), e.g. I have done. The present imperfect is translated as have been ...ing.

The past perfect (also known as the pluperfect) is translated as had ...ed. The past imperfect (or simply: the imperfect) is translated as was ...ing.

The future perfect is translated as will have ...ed while the future imperfect is translated as will have been ...ing.

Nouns

Nouns are declined like Latin and old Slavic. There are three declensions which correspond to the genders.

Masculine	1st Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	os-stem			yo-stem
Nominative	-os	-a	-i	-yo	-ya	-yi
Vocative	-e	-a	-i	-yu	-ya	-yi
Accusative	-os	-a	-и	-yo	-ya	-yew
Genitive	-oi	-u	-y	-yoi	-yu	-y
Dative	-o	-oma	-om	-yu	-yema	-yem
Instrumental	-omy	-oma	-y	-yem	-yema
Locative	-ye	-u	-yech	-yi	-yu	-yich

Feminine	2nd Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	a-stem			ya-stem
Nominative	-a	-e	-y	-ya	-yi	-yew
Vocative	-e	-a	-i	-yu	-yi	-yi
Accusative	-ow	-e	-и	-yaw	-yiw	-yew
Genitive	-и	-u	-arum	-yew	-yu	-y
Dative	-ye	-ama	-am	-yi	-yama	-yam
Instrumental	-ow	-ama	-ami	-yaw	-yama	-yami
Locative	-ye	-u	-yach	-yi	-yu	-yach

Neuter	3rd Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	i-stem			u-stem
Nominative	-y	-i	-i	-y	-y	-ove
Vocative	-i	-i	-i	-u	-y	-ove
Accusative	-y	-i	-i	-a	-y	-и
Genitive	-i	-yu	-yi	-u	-ovu	-ovy
Dative	-i	-yma	-ym	-ovi	-ma	-my
Instrumental	-yow	-yma	-ymi	-my	-ma	-myi
Locative	-i	-yu	-ych	-u	-ovu	-ych

Pronouns

The Euxinian pronouns are very similar to the ones of Latin and of modern-day Ukrainian:

1. Ja (zha)
2. Tu
3. Li, le, lo
4. Mo
5. No
6. Si, se, so

Noun Definiteness

Definite nouns do not change from their original form, whereas indefinite nouns have a suffix of -p in all cases, numbers, and genders.