丰语

Fenhwi 丰语
Type		isolating fusional
Alignment		nominative accusative
Word Order		SOV
Head direction		final
Tonal		No
Declensions		Yes
Conjugations		Yes
Topic-Prominence		Yes
Classes
Nouns decline according to...
Case		Number
Definiteness		Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice		Mood
Person		Number
Tense		Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n				ŋ
Plain stop	p~b	t~d				k~g
Aspirated stop	pʰ	tʰ				kʰ
Plain affricate		ts		tɕ~dʑ
Aspirated affricate				tɕʰ
Fricative	ɸ	s		ɕ			h
Tap or latt.app		l~ɽ
Approximant					j ɥ	ɰ w

Vowels

	(Near-)Front	Central	Back
Close	i y		ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		ə	o̞
Open-mid	ɛ ø		ʌ
Open	a

Alphabet

Fenhwi uses the korean hangul in combination with chinese logographs. The logographs will be covered in the vocabulary, the hangul here.

there are three places a consonant can occur. One is initially, this is on the beginning of a syllable. There also is medial, this is when a consonant is at the end of a syllable, but is not in the last syllable of a word. The last place is on the end of a syllable, being the last syllable of a word. the next table show the general pronunciation of every grapheme based on it's location. the cells that contain an x do not occur in the language.

grapheme	initial	medial	final	romanisation	alternative
ㅇ	(none)	ŋ	ŋ	(nothing)/ng	(nothing)/ng
ㄱ	k	k	k̚	g	k
ㄳ	x	k̚s	k̚	gs	ks
ㅋ	kʰ	kʰ	k̚	k	kh
ㄴ	n	n	n	n	n
ㄵ	x	ndʑ	n	nj	ntš
ㄶ	x	nʱ	n	nh	nh
ㄷ	t	t	t̚	d	t
ㅌ	tʰ	tʰ	t̚	t	th
ㄹ	l	l	l	l	l
ㄾ	x	lt	t̚	lt	lth
ㄻ	x	lm	m	lm	lm
ㄼ	x	lp	p̚	lb	lp
ㄿ	x	lpʰ	p̚	lp	lph
ㄽ	x	ls	l	ls	ls
ㅀ	x	lʰ	l	lh	lh
ㅁ	m	m	m	m	m
ㅂ	p~b	p	p̚	b	p
ㅃ	ɸ	x	x	f	f
ㅄ	x	ps	p̚	bs	ps
ㅍ	pʰ	pʰ	p̚	p	ph
ㅅ	s	s	t̚	s	s
ㅆ	ts	ts	t̚	q	ts
ㅈ	tɕ~dʑ	tɕ	t̚	j	tš
ㅉ	ɕ	x	x	x	š
ㅊ	tɕʰ	tɕʰ	t̚	ch	tšh
ㅎ	h	h	h	h	h

There are two kinds of syllables in fenhwi, ones with a final consonant, called closed syllables, and ones without a final consonant, called open syllables. The pronunciation of vowels depend on whether the syllable is open or closed. the following table shows their pronunciation in both kinds of syllables.

grapheme	open syllable	closed syllable	romanisation	alternative
ㅏ	a	a	a	a
ㅑ	ja	ja	ya	ya
ㅐ	ɛ	ɛ	ae	ǎ
ㅒ	jɛ	jɛ	yae	yǎ
ㅘ	wa	wa	wa	wa
ㅙ	wɛ	wɛ	wae	wǎ
ㅓ	ʌ	ʌ	eo	ŏ
ㅕ	jʌ	jʌ	yeo	yŏ
ㅔ	e	ə	e	e
ㅖ	je	jə	ye	ye
ㅝ	wʌ	wʌ	weo	wŏ
ㅞ	we	wə	we	we
ㅣ	i	ɪ	i	i
ㅢ	ɰi	ɰɪ	ui	ǐ
ㅚ	ø	ø	oe	ʌ
ㅟ	ɥi	ɥɪ	wi	wi
ㅡ	ɯ	ɯ	eu	ŭ
ㅜ	y	y	u	u
ㅠ	ju	jy	yu	yu
ㅗ	o	o̞	o	o
ㅛ	jo	jo̞	yo	yo

Ordering the hangul is a done slightly "odd", to organize a syllable, you first need to group them by "general initials consonant", after that the're grouped by the vowels, after which they are grouped by the "detailed initial consonant". Finally they are grouped by final consonant.

general initial	ㅇ	ㄱ		ㄴ	ㄷ		ㄹ	ㅁ	ㅂ			ㅅ					ㅎ
detailed initial	ㅇ	ㄱ	ㅋ	ㄴ	ㄷ	ㅌ	ㄹ	ㅁ	ㅂ	ㅃ	ㅍ	ㅅ	ㅆ	ㅈ	ㅉ	ㅊ	ㅎ

general vowel	ㅏ						ㅓ						ㅣ				ㅡ	ㅜ		ㅗ
detailed vowel	ㅏ		ㅐ		ㅘ	ㅙ	ㅓ		ㅔ		ㅝ	ㅞ	ㅣ	ㅢ	ㅚ	ㅟ	ㅡ	ㅜ		ㅗ
extra detailed vowel	ㅏ	ㅑ	ㅐ	ㅒ	ㅘ	ㅙ	ㅓ	ㅕ	ㅔ	ㅖ	ㅝ	ㅞ	ㅣ	ㅢ	ㅚ	ㅟ	ㅡ	ㅜ	ㅠ	ㅗ	ㅛ

general final	ㅇ	ㄱ			ㄴ			ㄷ		ㄹ						ㅁ	ㅂ			ㅅ				ㅎ
detailed final	ㅇ	ㄱ		ㅋ	ㄴ			ㄷ	ㅌ	ㄹ						ㅁ	ㅂ		ㅍ	ㅅ		ㅈ	ㅊ	ㅎ
extra detailed final	ㅇ	ㄱ	ㄳ	ㅋ	ㄴ	ㄵ	ㄶ	ㄷ	ㅌ	ㄹ	ㄾ	ㄻ	ㄼ	ㄿ	ㄽ	ㅁ	ㅂ	ㅄ	ㅍ	ㅅ	ㅆ	ㅈ	ㅊ	ㅎ

Grammar

Nouns 【名词^마찌】

Cases	after vowel	after consonant
nominative	기	이
accusative	호	오
genitive	르/리	우1
dative	해	애
locative	사	이사
instrumental	대	대
Informationals	after vowel	after consonant
topic	는	은
additive	논	온
and	나	이나

¹ the (르) leu and (리) li, also occur after consonants, this is speaker preffered, and not regular.

Click here to go to the Examples and Explainations page.

Adjectives【形容词^걩요찌】

form	Positive	Negative
normal	니	나이
comperative	싀	솨이
superlative	싱	스싱
inclusive	민	마이

Click here to go to the Examples and Explainations page.

verbs 【动词^동찌】

general verb particles

verb particles come after the conjugation.

function	hanja	hangul
interrogative	吗？	마？
interrogative 2	네
interrogative 3	不！	블！
clairification	료/요！
perfective	了태	잇태
iterative	double the regular verb ending
terminative	了타이	잇타이
secondairy negative	나이
volitional	让 + copula	후 + copula

interrogative 2 : used for things alike to tag questions.

interrogative 3 : used to express amazement.

the volitional form takes the place of the standard verb-ending, the verb than is conjugated using the copula

Click here to go to the Examples and Explainations page.

Processive verbs

list of pre-conjugated processive verbs

plain honorative	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	스	스다	아이사	아이스다
Imperative	소		오사
Optative	바	버라	입바	입라
Potential	래	래다	르사	랜사
Causative	카		아이칸
Conditional	밬		입카
Passive	한 + copula
Stacking	사		아이사

Processive verb conjugations in other honoratives

statementive verbs

list of pre-conjugated statementive verbs

plain honorative	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	므	므다	마이	마이다
Imperative	모		머나
Optative	므비	므바	므바이	므바다
Potential	므리	므라	므라이	므라다
Causative	므카		마이칸
Conditional	믑카		먼벜
Passive	자 + copula
Stacking	머		이머

Statementive verb conjugations in other honoratives

Descriptive verbs

the ni (니) and nai (나이) are unaffected by the doubling for the iterative in the plain and polite forms. They also can be altered to fit other forms of the adjective (note that the negative form of the discriptive verbs are have the same suffixes as the positive forms, this is becuase the negativeness comes from the adjective-form itself.)

plain honorative	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	니다	니태	나이다	나이태
Imperative	니요		나이요
Optative	니바	니패	나이바	나이패
Potential	니라	니개	나이라	나이개
Causative	니카		나이카
Conditional	니반		나이반
Passive	니한 + copula
Stacking	니사		나이사

Descriptive verb conjugations in other honoratives

Copulative and existential verbs

the copula after vowels.

plain honorative	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	다	대	나	나이
Imperative	듀		우됴
Optative	바	배	차
Potential	라	래	랴
Causative	카		칸
Conditional	벜		백
Passive	닷한 + copula
Stacking	뱌		바이

the copula after both consonants and vowels

formal honorative	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	미다	미다스	미나이다	미나이닷
Imperative	미요		미유
Optative	미반	미바시	미나이바	미나이밧
Potential	미라	미라시	미나이라	미나이란
Causative	마카		미나이카
Conditional	미밬		미나이밬

the copula after consonants

plain honorative	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	이다	이대	이나이	이나이대
Imperative	이요		잇쇼
Optative	입사	입새	입나이	입나이대
Potential	일사	일사	일차이	일차이대
Causative	잌사		잌칸
Conditional	입카
Passive	입한 + copula
Stacking	입야		입카이

Copula conjugations in other honoratives

existential verb

for inanimate (objects)	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	있스	있다	있사	있스
Imperative	있소		있오사
Optative	있바	있버라	있입바	있입라
Potential	있래	있래다	있르사	있랜사
Causative	있카		있아이칸
Conditional	있밬		있입카
Passive	한 + copula
Stacking	있사		있아이사

for animate (humans and animals)	positive		negative
	non past	past	non past	past
Indicative	아스	아스다	아이사	아이스다
Imperative	아소		아오사
Optative	아바	아버라	아입바	아입라
Potential	아래	아래다	아르사	아랜사
Causative	아카		아이칸
Conditional	아밬		아입카
Passive	한 + copula
Stacking	아사		아이사

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns【人词^인찌】

hanja	hangul	usage
1st person
吾	와	intimate~informal
私	외시	informal
我	낭신	formal
	와사이	informal~formal (females only)
	와애	intimate
仆	완	informal (males only)
我킨	낭화킨	extremely formal
私我	완낭신	extremely formal
俺	왼	rude (males only)
	외	rude
2nd person
你	안	intimate~infomal
君	긴	intimate
您	당신	formal
요您	요당시	extremely formal
	님	intimate~informal
	읺	intimate
手前	태지	rude
으前	으지	rude
3rd person
佢	컨	informal
伊	커신	formal
	훠	intimate (someone you know well)
彼女	저초	female friend/girlfriend
彼男	저치	male friend/boyfriend
彼人	저힌	informal
这人	가힌	rude
这子	가코	rude

for both the 2nd and 3rd person it's usual that you refer with a name + honorific combination instead of a pronoun.

function	affix (hanja)	affix (hangul)
plural (formal~informal)	-们	-매
plural (general use)	-达	-치
plural (superfomal)	-方	-던

Correlatives

prefixes

function	hanja	hangul
interrogative	何	언- / 넌-
proximal	这	가
medial	那	나
distal	彼	저

suffixes

function	hanja	hangul
determiner		리
nonhuman	个	캐
human1	人	힌
location	此	소
time	时	지

¹ "this human" is used to redely refer to a 3rd person, as well as a weird way to refer to oneself.

numerals 【数字^수지】

number	hanji	hangul (cardinal)	romanized (cardinal)	hangul (ordinal)	romanized (ordinal)
0	空/零	(空)코	ko	(零)로스（쓰）	loseu(qeu)
1	一	하나	hana	히도（쓰）	hido(qeu)
2	二	덜	deol	뿌다（쓰）	fuda(qeu)
3	三	샏	saed	밑（쓰）	mit(qeu)
4	四	지	ji	욘（쓰）	yon(qeu)
5	五	곤	gon	다섣（쓰）	daseod(qeu)
6	六	류	lyu	여섣（쓰）	yeoseod(qeu)
7	七	싿	qad	나나（쓰）	nana(qeu)
8	八	벓	beolh	야（쓰）	ya(qeu)
9	九	궈	gweo	하옵（쓰）	haob(qeu)
10	十	열	yeol	싶（쓰）	sip(qeu)
100	百	온	on	햨（쓰）	hyak(qeu)
1000	千	샌	saen	즘（쓰）	jeum(qeu)
10000	万	만	man	욜（쓰）	yol(qeu)

numeral comparison

weekdays 【周日^주비】

	fen
english	hanja	hangul	romanized	lit
monday	月요日	휼요비	hyulyobi	moon day
tuesday	火요日	뽠요비	fwanyobi	fire day
wednesday	水요日	쉬요비	suiyobi	water day
thursday	木요日	킨요비	kinyobi	tree day
friday	金요日	칠요비	chilyobi	gold day
saturday	土요日	믄요비	meunyobi	ground day
sunday	日요日	이요비	iyobi	sun day

yearmonths 【年月^년휼】

	fen
english	hanja	hangul	romanized	litteral meaning
January	雪月	윸유	yukyu	snow month
February	融月	질유	jilyu	melt month
March	雨月	빕유	bibyu	rain month
April	爱月	사이유	saiyu	love month
May	兰月	날유	nalyu	orchid month
June	花月	한유	hanyu	flower month
July	热月	항희유	hanghwiyu	heat month
August	生月	생유	saengyu	life (brith) month
September	校月	교유	gyoyu	school month
October	红月	발유	balyu	red month
November	菊月	기규유	gigyuyu	chrysanthemum month
December	暗月	암유	amyu	darkness month