Avrekel

Avrekel Avärikelaenä
Type	Agglutinative
Alignment	Nominative-accusative
Head direction	Head-initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	Three (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	92%
Statistics Nouns 95% Verbs 97% Adjectives 93% Syntax 98% Words ? of 1500
Creator	Mattia Tosin

Avrekel language (Avärikel Aenä or Avärikelaenä in Avrekel, also called language of the West-elves by humans, Sänäranilavathaenä or simply Sänäraenä by some kinds of elves, which can be translated as "language of the west-ancestors") is mainly spoken in Anhmor and Mifmor, where it is recognized as national language, but some speakers can be found in other countries because of the migration to other lands or because they were colonies in ancient times.

Classification and Dialects

This language is an elfic language (kel) which comes from the Ancient Gordhur (once a sort of common elfic language) and Aniskel (spoken in the west of Kahaymah). They were both Gordhurish languages contrasting with the languages of Anthuraal, but as Avrekel started beign spoken only in the West this language is considered a Western Gordhurish language.

Officially, only the "traditional" form of Avrekel is accepted, although there are quite a lot dialects. For a West-elf it is very important to speak this language with a correct grammar and pronunciation, because it is considered sacred. Grammar rules and pronunciation are strictly fixed and it is offensive to speak a different type of Avrekel in public; even foreigners have to use a different language if they don't speak Avrekel very well.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	/m/	/ɱ/		/n/		/ɳ/	/ɲ/	/ŋ/
Plosive	/p/			/t/ /d/			/c/	/k/ /g/	/q/
Fricative	/ɸ/	/f/ /v/	/θ/	/s/	/ʃ/			/x/
Affricate					/ʈ/ /ɖ/
Approximant		/ʋ/	/ð/							/h/
Trill				/r/		/ɻ/
Flap or tap				/ɾ/		/ɽ/
Lateral app.				/l/		/ɭ/	/ʎ/

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ /y/		/u/ /ɯᵝ/
Close-mid	/e/ /ø/	/ɘ/	/o/
Open-mid	/ɛ/		/ɔ/
Near-open	/æ/	/ɐ/
Open	/a/		/ɒ/

Writing Systems

There are three different writing systems in Avrekel.

The eldest one is called Malähanena or Malävhanena, "Malähan's one", which consists in a complicated connection between basic consonant sounds and diacritical marks which explicate the vowel sounds, read from left to right. With this alphasyllabary the terminations of declensions are specific symbols which are put after the word in a clear order.

Almost at the time another writing system was born: it is called Näranä, "ideogram". In fact, it consists of ideographs which represent a concept. But this alphabet was just invented for military and political using, so it is possible to write only some of the whole words in Avrekel. It is read from left to right, but terminations are put upon and below the ideograph.

In the middle of the Second Era, a member of the Dheran Anol (the council of the Elves), Nwmäl, invented a new, simplified writing system called Nwmälena, "Nwmäl's one". It is an alphasyllabary like the Malähanena, but has less consonants and simpler diacritical marks and rules. It has been a success and soon became the most used writing system among Avrekel's speakers. Like the others, it is read from left to right.

Alphasyllabary Nwmäl (Nwmälena)

Here are the basic vowel symbols used in Avrekel language. They are written only at the beginning of a word (if there are no consonants before) and at the beginning of a termination.

Symbol	Transliteration	Sound	Corresponding diacritic mark
	A	/ɒ/, /a/ or /ɐ/
	Ä	/a/ or /æ/	None
	E	/ɛ/ or /e/
	I	/i/
	O	/ɔ/ or /o/
	Ö	/ø/
	Y	/y/
	W	/ɯᵝ/
	AE	/a͡ɛ/ or /ɒ͡e/
	EÖ	/ɘ͡ø/
	OW	/uː/

Here are the consonants in Avrekel language. It is also showed the sound of the letter when it is mollified (by putting a specific diacritical mark), although these alterations of some consonants aren't used very often.

Symbol	Transliteration	Sound	Mollification (sound and transliteration)
	K	/k/	/q/ (Q or K')
	CH	/x/	No
	R	/r/ or /ɾ/	/ɻ/ (Ř or R')
	LLR	/ɭ͡ɽ/	No
	DH	/ð/	No
	D	/d/	/ɖ/ (Ď or D')
	T	/t/	/ʈ/ (Ť or T')
	TH	/θ/	No
	F	/f/	No
	V	/v/	No
	VH	/ʋ/	No
	L	/l/	/ʎ/ (Ĺ or L')
	LL	/ɭ/	No
	G	/g/	No
	Ç	/c/	No
	S	/s/	No
	SH	/ʃ/	No
	M	/m/	No
	MN	/ɱ͡ŋ/	No
	N	/n/	/ɲ/ (Ñ or N')
	MR	/m͡r/	No
	NL	/ɳ͡l/	No
	P	/p/	No
	PH	/ɸ/	No

• There are also three diacritic marks which are put before the other marks, if used. These consist in a mollification mark (used only with some consonants), a vowel-stop mark which remove the vocalic sound after a consonant one, and an aspirate mark only for vowels, used to aspirate the vocalic sound (what is transliterated with a "H" at the beginning of the word).

Symbol	Meaning	Use
	Mollification mark	Used with some consonants to get an altered sound.
	Vowel-stop mark	It removes the vowel sound which usually is pronounced after the consonant.
	Aspirate mark	Used to aspirate the vocalic sound, only on vowels. It replaces the dot that identifies vowels.

Grammar

Gender and Number

In Avrekel there are three genders which are masculine, feminine and neuter. The identification of the gender is useless because declensions don't care of it, but it is helpful for native speakers in rhetoric and literature.

There are also three numbers: singular, paucal and plural. The terminations are put according to the last letter of the word. In fact, if the word ends in a vocalic sound terminations are different from a word which finishes with a consonant sound.

	Singular	Paucal	Plural	Meaning
Vowel ending	merow	(-n) merown	(-(a)na) merowana/merowna*	land
Consonant ending	hädon	(-a) hädona	(-ali) hädonali	mountain

• If a word ends with sound "A" the termination -na is the only one which is allowed.

Cases

In Avrekel languages there are eighteen cases which consist in one termination for each case, neglecting the number. They are divided in two categories: vowel-ending words and consonant-ending words.

When a termination begins with a vowel, this one is never written as a diacritic mark, but as a basic symbol.

	Vowel-ending	Consonant-ending
Nominative	[zero] merow, merown, merowana	[zero] hädon, hädona, hädonali
Accusative	[zero] merow, merown, merowana	-ne hädonne, hädonane, hädonaline
Essive	-te merowte, merownte, merowanate	-ae hädonae, hädonaae, hädonaliae
Abessive	-nw merownw, merownnw, merowananw	-w hädonw, hädonaw, hädonaliw
Adessive	-ae merowae, merownae, merowanaae	-ae hädonae, hädonaae, hädonaliae
Ablative	-tasi merowtasi, merowntasi, merowanatasi	-asi hädonasi, hädonaasi, hädonaliasi
Allative	-nesi merownesi, merownnesi, merowananesi	-esi hädonesi, hädonaesi, hädonaliesi
Elative	-to merowto, merownto, merowanato	-ato hädonato, hädonaato, hädonaliato
Illative	-ti merowti, merownti, merowanati	-ati hädonati, hädonaati, hädonaliati
Locative	-i merowi, merowni, merowanai	-i hädoni, hädonai, hädonalii
Possessive	-en merowen, merownen, merowanaen	-en hädonen, hädonaen, hädonalien
Respective	-ena merowena, merownena, merowanaena	-ena hädonena, hädonaena, hädonaliena
Dative	-ne merowne, merownne, merowanane	-ne hädonne, hädonane, hädonaline
Comitative	-nwd' merownwd', merownnwd', merowananwd'	-nwd' hädonnwd', hädonanwd', hädonalinwd'
Prolative	-sä merowsä, merownsä, merowanasä	-sä hädonsä, hädonasä, hädonalisä
Instrumental	-teö merowteö, merownteö, merowanateö	-eö hädoneö, hädonaeö, hädonalieö
Confective	-lle merowlle, merownlle, merowanalle	-alle hädonalle, hädonaalle, hädonalialle
Reputative	-no merowno, merownno, merowanano	-no hädonno, hädonano, hädonalino

• The respective, confective and reputative cases are invented. Respective states an affinity or a mode (Note: Nwmälena, the alphabet related to Nwmäl), confective is the case of the agent in a passive sentence and reputative expresses a evaluation or a quality.
• Cases which express a position in space can be also related to a position in time: for example, if we consider the elative and the illative cases, the "inner" is the present and the "external" is the future and/or the past.
• Adjectives (also numerals) have the same terminations used for nouns but don't change in number.

Personal Pronouns

Singular persons

	1st	Formal 1st	2nd	Formal 2nd	3rd	Undefined 3rd
Nominative	allä	wllä	edh	dow	val	tenin
Accusative	alläne	wlläne	edhäne	downe	valne	teninne
Essive	alläte	wlläte	edhäte	dowte	valte	teninte
Abessive	allw	ellw	edhäw	dw	valw	teninw
Adessive	allae	ellae	edhäae	dae	valae	teninae
Ablative	atasi	etasi	edhasi	dhasi	valasi	tenasi
Allative	anesi	enesi	edhesi	dhesi	valesi	tenesi
Elative	ato	eto	edho	dhato	valato	tento
Illative	ati	eti	edhi	dhati	valati	tenti
Locative	alli	elli	edhäi	di	vali	tenini
Possessive	allen	ellen	edhäen	den	valen	teninen
Respective	alla	ella	edhäa	da	vala	tenina
Dative	ane	ene	edhe	dhane	valane	tene
Comitative	allwd'	ellwd'	edhäwd'	dwd'	valwd'	teninwd'
Prolative	asä	esä	edhä	dhasä	valä	tenä
Instrumental	aeö	eö	edheö	dheö	valeö	teneö
Confective	alle	elle	edhäe	de	vale	tenine
Reputative	allo	ello	edhäo	do	valo	tenino

Plural persons

	1st	Formal 1st	2nd	Formal 2nd	3rd	Undefined 3rd
Nominative	lesin	wlläna	nällr	nimn	vollä	anlan
Accusative	lesinne	wllänane	nällräne	nimnne	volläne	anlanne
Essive	lesinte	wllänate	nällräte	nimnte	volläte	anlante
Abessive	lesinw	ellänw	nällräw	nw	vollw	anlanw
Adessive	lesinae	ellänae	nällräae	nae	vollae	anlanae
Ablative	lasi	ellätasi	nällrasi	nimnasi	vollasi	anlasi
Allative	lesi	ellänesi	nällresi	nimnesi	vollesi	anlesi
Elative	lo	elläto	nällro	nimnato	vollato	anlo
Illative	li	elläti	nällri	nimnati	vollati	anli
Locative	lesini	elläni	nällräi	ni	volli	anlani
Possessive	lesinen	ellänen	nällräen	nen	vollen	anlanen
Respective	lesina	elläna	nällräa	na	volla	anlana
Dative	le	elläne	nällre	nimne	vollane	anle
Comitative	lesinwd'	ellänwd'	nällräwd'	nwd'	vollwd'	anlanwd'
Prolative	lä	ellä	nällrä	nimnasä	vollasä	anlä
Instrumental	leö	ellö	nällreö	nimneö	volleö	anleö
Confective	lesine	elläne	nällräe	ne	volle	anlane
Reputative	lesino	elläno	nällräo	no	vollo	anlano

Demonstrative and possessive suffixes

Demonstrative and possessive adjectives are suffixes which are put after the terminations of number and case in a word.

Demonstrative suffixes depend on the ending of the word (if the last sound is vocalic or consonant) and they are divided in demonstrative adjectives for near and far objects and both these categories consist of fixed objects and unfixed ones.

	Suffix	Example
Fixed near objects	Vowel ending: -lamne Consonant ending: -amne	merowlamne, merownlamne, merowanalamne hädonamne, hädonaamne, hädonaliamne
Unfixed near objects	Vowel ending: -qämne Consonant ending: -iqämne	merowqämne,... hädoniqämne,...
Fixed far objects	Vowel ending: -tallre Consonant ending: -allre	merowtallre,... hädonallre,...
Unfixed far objects	Vowel ending: -sillre Consonant ending: -illre	merowsillre,... hädonillre,...

Possessive suffixes work like demonstrative ones. There are five suffixes (ten, if we consider the differences between vowel-ending and consonant-ending, although the last is just made of the vowel-ending suffix plus "i" at the beginning).

Relation to person	Suffix	Example
1st singular	Vowel ending: -sela Consonant ending: -isela	merowsela, merownsela, merowanasela hädonisela, hädonaisela, hädonaliisela
2nd singular	Vowel ending: -sowla Consonant ending: -isowla	merowsowla,... hädonisowla,...
1st plural	Vowel ending: -rena Consonant ending: -irena	merowrena,... hädonirena,...
2nd plural	Vowel ending: -rowna Consonant ending: -irowna	merowrowna,... hädonirowna,...
3rd singular/plural	Vowel ending: -tynae Consonant ending: -itynae	merowtynae,... hädonitynae,...

Morphology of nouns

Every noun can be made of five sections put in a specific order. The first one is of course always present because it is the root of the noun (the noun itself) and the other four correspond in order to the terminations of number, case, demonstration and possession.

Let's consider the locution:

Nowsäal allä vhadänalineamneisowla, I eat (better "I'm eating") these your apples. This is what we find if we analyze the noun vhadänalineamneisowla.

Root	Termination of number	Termination of case	Termination of demonstration	Termination of possession
vhadän-	-ali-	-ne-	-amne-	-isowla
apple	PLURAL	ACCUSATIVE	these	your

In spoken language, finding all five terminations together is rare, but it is quite common in written language and among nobles (who are supposed to speak properly).

Verbs

All verbs in Avrekel language follow the same conjugation, according to a paradigm which can change from a verb to the other. Every model shows four tenses in a specific order: infinitive, present indicative, imperfect indicative and present imperative.

If we consider the verb seen above, nowsäal (to eat), we have a paradigm which can be considered "regular": nowsä, nowsäal, nowsänäwl, nowsäliasäl. Most of the verbs in Avrekel language have a similar model.

• Same root for infinitive and present indicative.
• Imperfect indicative signified by -nä-.
• Present imperative signified by -li-.

Other verbs can have different roots, like lowsi, lwsäal, lenäsiwl, lwnäsiasäl (to sail), or can even change more, for example näni, denwal, onäwl, deniasäl (to exist materially, sometimes to be).

When we have a paradigm we know that the first root is used for non-finite moods (infinitive and participle), the second for present and future indicative, the third for imperfect and perfect indicative and the fourth for present and future imperative.
Verbs are conjugated according to the person and number and has two voices (active and passive).

Indicative mood

Present

Person	Active	Passive	Example
1st singular	-al	-allän	nowsäal nowsäallän
2nd singular	-adh	-adhän	nowsäadh nowsäadhän
3rd singular	-in	-inin	nowsäin nowsäinin
1st plural	-alin	-alinän	nowsäalin nowsäalinän
2nd plural	-allr	-allrän	nowsäallr nowsäallrän
3rd plural	-anlin	-anlinin	nowsäanlin nowsäanlinin

Imperfect

Person	Active	Passive	Example
1st singular	-wl	-wllän	nowsänäwl nowsänäwllän
2nd singular	-wdh	-wdhän	nowsänäwdh nowsänäwdhän
3rd singular	-wn	-wnin	nowsänäwn nowsänäwnin
1st plural	-wlin	-wlinän	nowsänäwlin nowsänäwlinän
2nd plural	-wllr	-wllrän	nowsänäwllr nowsänäwllrän
3rd plural	-wnlin	-wnlinin	nowsänäwnlin nowsänäwnlinin

Perfect

Person	Active	Passive	Example
1st singular	-en	-enän	nowsänäen nowsänäenän
2nd singular	-edh	-edhän	nowsänäedh nowsänäwdhän
3rd singular	-eön	-eönän	nowsänäeön nowsänäeönän
1st plural	-elin	-elinän	nowsänäelin nowsänäelinän
2nd plural	-ellr	-ellrän	nowsänäellr nowsänäellrän
3rd plural	-enlin	-enlinän	nowsänäenlin nowsänäenlinän

Future

Person	Active	Passive	Example
1st singular	-ol	-ollän	nowsäol nowsäollän
2nd singular	-odh	-odhän	nowsäodh nowsäodhän
3rd singular	-on	-onin	nowsäon nowsäonin
1st plural	-olin	-olinän	nowsäolin nowsäolinän
2nd plural	-ollr	-ollrän	nowsäollr nowsäollrän
3rd plural	-onlin	-onlinin	nowsäonlin nowsäonlinin

Imperative mood

Present

Person	Active	Passive	Example
1st singular	-asäl	-asälän	nowsäliasäl nowsäliasälän
2nd singular	-asädh	-asädhän	nowsäliasädh nowsäliasädhän
3rd singular	-asin	-asinin	nowsäliasin nowsäliasinin
1st plural	-asälin	-asälinän	nowsäliasälin nowsäliasälinän
2nd plural	-asällr	-asällrän	nowsäliasällr nowsäliasällrän
3rd plural	-asänlin	-asänlinin	nowsäliasänlin nowsäliasänlinin

Future

Person	Active	Passive	Example
1st singular	-ashal	-ashalän	nowsäliashal nowsäliashalän
2nd singular	-ashadh	-ashadhän	nowsäliashadh nowsäliashadhän
3rd singular	-ashin	-ashinin	nowsäliashin nowsäliashinin
1st plural	-ashalin	-ashalinän	nowsäliashalin nowsäliashalinän
2nd plural	-ashallr	-ashallrän	nowsäliashallr nowsäliashallrän
3rd plural	-ashanlin	-ashanlinin	nowsäliashanlin nowsäliashanlinin

Infinitive mood

Tense	Active	Passive	Example
Present	[ZERO]	-nä	nowsä nowsänä
Perfect	-en	-enown	nowsäen nowsäenown
Future	-ellren	-ellrenown	nowsäellren nowsäellrenown

Participle mood

Tense	Active	Passive	Example
Present	-eshan	-eshamnän	nowsäeshan nowsäeshamnän
Perfect	-elown	-elowmnän	nowsäelown nowsäelowmnän
Future	-sivhan	-sivhamnän	nowsäsivhan nowsäsivhamnän

• Participles have the same terminations of names when need to be declined.

Syntax

The basic structure in Avrekel language is VSO. When you have to make a question you use a SVO structure. For example, if we consider: "laenäen allä nämelne" (I visited the city), we have a verb (laenäen), a subject (allä) and an object (nämelne). If we want to ask someone "Did you visit the city?", we have to change the words' order and we obtain: "edh laenäedh nämelne?", a subject, a verb and an object.

But if we consider the phrase: "hisälläadh", "you read", we can't change the structure because we have just one word. In this case (and others) changing a declarative sentence into an interrogative one consists in emphasizing the last syllable a lot more than the others. There is a second way to change the phrase into a question: it is possible to add the subject, which will be put before the verb, of course, according to the SVO structure. So we have "edh hisälläadh?" which means "do you read?".

Lexicon

Here are some words and phrases which may be useful to speak in Avrekel.

• Vhinäshalen / Vhinäshal / Vhinä; friendly and respectful greeting when meeting.
• Näla vhinäshalae; answer to the previous greeting (lit.: "the same as hello").
• Hällren'an / Henäqae; disrespectful greeting.
• Edh galäte/galäena?; "What's your name?" (lit.: "You as name?". Both essive and respective cases are allowed).
• Näal (NAME) galäte/galäena; "My name's (NAME)" (lit.: "I am (NAME) as name". Both essive and respective cases are allowed).
• Syläna enäin edhäa?; "How are you?" (lit.: "How does it progress according to you?".)
• Sälenäin / Hemädhenäin / Narälenäin; lit.: "It's great/fine/bad".
• Dhällenashin; similar to "farewell".
• Näqaeläashin; disrespectful greeting when leaving.

Example text

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1

Denaeanlinin hal'en nowlenäana himäthanaliae ganäd'ianate saemänylano laneshänano sä nällräsaliashanlin anlan hynäelown nasämär'äneö kalaenäteö anlanwd' fänäshalenena.

• Translation: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
• Interlinear gloss: be_born(IND-PRES-3PL-PASS) all person-PL free_person-PL-ESS equal_person-PL-ESS dignity-PAUC-REP right-PAUC-REP and behave(IMP-FUT-3PL-ACT) they_undefined get(PART-PERFCT-ACT) reason-INSTR coscience-INSTR they_undefined-COMT brotherhood-RESPCT.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 2

Nesät'aliashanlin laneshäna himäthirana nänieshana lanedhälaniamne hanlaline aemrälieshamnäna thanäna lömnena thavhälena nysaena aenäena hir'ashälanena nwsaläena anoläen ydhänaen siçänashänena sänäralen myllänen thänwlaena näleövhinänena nwsalinen ydhänaen sowr'ä haelänisäashanlinin thanäna anolanäena laneshenäena sylamnäena näleövhinänena myr'anänen merowen nänieshan nowlenäqämne valasi hysä kar'enälae ydhevhäshanoläte ydhanoläte helad'änarishanoläte.

• Translation: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs.
• Interlinear gloss: concern(IMP-FUT-3PL-ACT) right-PAUC freedom-PAUC be(PART-PRES-ACT)-PAUC document-LOC-DEMN(fix.near) everyone-PL-DAT ignore(PART-PRES-PASS)-PAUC distinction-PAUC race-RESPCT skin_colour-RESPCT sex-RESPCT language-RESPCT religion-RESPCT opinion-RESPCT politics-POSS other-POSS origin-RESPCT ancestry-POSS social_class-POSS property-RESPCT condition-RESPCT birth-POSS other-POSS furthermore no_take(IMP-FUT-3PL-PASS) distinction-PAUC political-RESPCT jurisdictional-RESPCT international-RESPCT condition-RESPCT country-POSS territory-POSS be(PART-PRES-ACT) person-DEMN(unf.near) it-ABL if independent-ESS other_partial_governing-ESS other_governing-ESS no_self_governance-ESS.