Yimmu

Progress 52%
	Stats Nouns 58% Verbs 90% Adjectives 0% Syntax 72% Words 30 of 1500

Yimmu "Udu"
Type
Agglutinating or Fusional for certain parts of speech
Alignment
Subject - Object - Verb
Head direction
Conjugations, Declensions, and syntactic inflections are suffixes. Inflections that modify the content but not the syntactic behavior of the word are prefixes. Heads are typically first if there are no content inflections
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

Yimmu is the most widespread language throughout eastern Calaveigjia and is indigenous to the Mansadr region. Its most populous dialect is called "Udu" and is spoken in the upstream portion of the Amanapura and Tanchi alluvial plains. Another dialect, Maglaiyam, is spoken in Pidjupti and the western foothills. Tala, the third dialect, is spoken in Kina. Yimmu is one of the two languages in the east Calaveigjian language group, the other being Cuoralam which is spoken in Panjur. The east Calaveigjian language groups is one of the three language groups of Calaveigjia and, although no origins have been confirmed, connections to Bantu, Dravidian, and Austronesian languages have been made. The other two groups are the Balsurati and Chodan language groups. The Balsurati language group is almost definitely African in origin with many connections to Bantu languages while the origins of the Chodan are unknown.

The following is a description that mainly focuses on the Udu dialect of Yimmu.

Phonology

Yimmu has very little consonant clusters and words can thus be said with efficiency. When consonant clusters do exist, they usually consist of an two approximate or nasal consonant paired together. Sometimes one approximate or nasal consonant is paired with a plosive, fricative, or affricate consonant. Consonant clusters almost never consist of plosive, fricative, or affricate consonants paired together. The most common vowel in Yimmu is "a" "are". "a" makes up approximately 50% of all vowels. After that, "eh","ee", and "oo" are the second most common consonants. "o" as in "home" is a bit less common than "eh", "ee", and "oo". "ih" as in "him" and "ae" as in "as" are very uncommon and only occur in a few words.

The following picture depicts a typed

Morphology

Verbs

Verbs conjugate for tense, person, number, and aspect in a string of three morphemes that come after the head of the verb.

"Ne kamalenu" means "I run"

Kamalenu consists of "kamal", which means "run", "e", a morpheme signifying present tense, "n", a morpheme signifying a first person singular subject, and "u", a morpheme signifying simple aspect. If you separate the verb into its individual morphemes, it would be kamal-e-n-u or (base)(tense)(person/number)(aspect)

There are 3 tenses:

past = kamal-A-nu

present = kamal-E-nu

future = kamal-I-nu

There are 6 combinations of person and number:

1st singular = kamale-N-u

2nd singular = kamale-M-u

3rd singular = kamale-L-u

1st plural = kamale-D-u

2nd plural = kamale-J-u

3rd plural = kamale-V-u

There are four aspects:

simple = kamalel-U

progressive = kamalel-A

perfect = kamalel-I

perfect progressive = kamalel-ATU

There are 5 moods in Yimmu:

Subjunctive = tekamalenu

Conditional = pakamalenu

Imperative = chakamalenu

Interrogative = rikamalenu

Inferential = mekamalenu

For example: "Ma rikamaledatu?" would mean "Will you all have been running?"

Nouns

Nouns decline for specificity, case, and number. The morpheme for specificity comes before the base.

"jamu" means "the cat"

"ejamu" means "a cat" or "any cat"

"ajamu" means "all cats"

There are 8 combinations of case and number

singular nominative = jamu

singular accusative = jama

singular prepositional = jami

singular dative = jame

plural nominative = jamalu

plural accusative = jamala

plural prepositional = jamilu

plural dative = jamelu

For example: "ajamalu" would be the accusative form of "all cats"

Morphology Charts

These are the verb conjugations for aspect, tense, number, and person. The rows delineate combinations of aspect and tense. The columns stand for combinations of number and voice

These are the noun declensions for number and case. For example: "abadjalu" is the dative form of "any boy"

These are the 1st and 2nd person pronouns.

These are the 3rd person pronouns. They are inflected with both their own case AND the case of the noun that they represent. In the first column, the first letter of the 2 letter combination signifies the case of the noun that the pronoun represents. N means nominative, A means accusative, P means prepositional, and D means dative. The 2nd letter in the combination is the actual case of the pronoun. For example, if the object of the sentence was a pronoun that represented subject of the sentence (e.g. "It banged ITSELF"), the correct pronoun would be "yalu"

These are the adverbial declensions for tense. For example: "Badja chalu" means " the boy who was good". "Badja chala" means "the good boy". "Badja chali" means "the boy who will be good"

These are the different suffixes for conjunctions. The rows portray what type of words the conjunction connects. The columns depict whether the conjunction connects just the head of the phrase or the whole phrase. For example: "Badja ti Bada chala" means "The good boy and girl". "Badja chaida tadi Bada chala" means "The bad boy and the good girl"

These are the question words. They are inflected for case. There are no other question words besides these so in order to say "when did that happen?", you would ask "that happened during what". In order to say "where did that happen?", you would say "that happened at what?"

Syntax

General Layout: SOV

Noun phrase: ((noun)postposition)(determiner(noun))((adjective)adverb)

Verb phrase: (((noun)postposition)((verb)adverb))

Notes

Note: Phrase transitioners

Between the subject phrase and object phrase, there is the phrase transitioner, "ya" (e.g. "I scratched it" would be "I ya it scratched" or "Ne ya yelu charanu") If there is only a pronoun in the subject, it can be informally eliminated from the sentence. (e.g. you could say "ya yelu charenu"). This phrase transitioner is only present when the verb has an object. (e.g. a sentence like "I ran" would not have "ya"). There is also the phrase transitioner, "ga", in front of the indirect object (e.g. I gave it a cookie" would be "I ya a cookie ga it gave" or Ne ya epuba ga yelu daiwenu). There is also a phrase transitioner, "sa" that acts as a relative pronoun. (e.g. "The dog that bites" would be "Dog sa bites" or "Pangu sa bahevu"). The last phrase transitioner, "ja" turns a sentence into a noun. (e.g. If you wanted to say that you hated the fact that bob ran away, you would say "I ya ja bob away ran hate" or "Ne ya ja bob ene aram kamalevu kagenu")

Note: Word type transition inflections

Syntax Diagram

File:Yimmu Tree.pdf

This link will bring you to a syntactic tree of a completely blown out Yimmu sentence. Refer to the list below for help with abbreviations

NN = noun

PP = postposition

PPP = postpositional phrase

NNP = noun phrase

DT = determiner

DTP = determiner phrase

AJ = adjective

AV = adverb

AJP = adjective phrase

VT = verb transitioner

VB = verb

SVP = subverb phrase

PT = subposition transitioner

SPP = subposition phrase

SBS = subject section

SBC = subject

ET = entity transitioner

ETP = entity transitioner phrase

OBS = object section

IT = indirect object transitioner

IOP = indirect object phrase

VBP = verb phrase

VS = verb section

PDC = predicate

S = sentence

Lexicon

No.	English	Yimmu
1	I	Ne
2	you (singular)	Me
3	he	Vedu
4	we	Na
5	you (plural)	Ma
6	they	Relu
7	this	Yelu
8	that	Ja
9	here	kab
10	there	san
11	who	—
12	what	awta
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	chi-
17	all	e-
18	many	raha
19	some	maga
20	few	chiupu
21	other	tala
22	one	gu
23	two	che
24	three	pi
25	four	ma
26	five	te
27	big	bung
28	long	sur
29	wide	bas
30	thick	cheut
31	heavy	ham
32	small	nin
33	short	nil
34	narrow	shut
35	thin	sang
36	woman	bul
37	man (adult male)	budj
38	man (human being)	—
39	child	sangit
40	wife	gam
41	husband	dum
42	mother	tam
43	father	sar
44	animal	saim
45	fish	pes
46	bird	chaj
47	dog	pung
48	louse	—
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	—
52	forest	—
53	stick	—
54	fruit	—
55	seed	—
56	leaf	mer
57	root	gav
58	bark	kirg
59	flower	fal
60	grass	tul
61	rope	chin
62	skin	shan
63	meat	bar
64	blood	shal
65	bone	g'rd
66	fat	—
67	egg	—
68	horn	—
69	tail	—
70	feather	—
71	hair	—
72	head	—
73	ear	—
74	eye	—
75	nose	—
76	mouth	—
77	tooth	—
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	ch
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	nam

Example text

Regular English:

"When will the cats be running to the store and scratching the little girls? Oh my! They have been giving me my candy!"

English words in Yimmu Grammar:

"Cats store to will be running and girls little scratching during what? Oh my! They my candy me have been giving!"

Yimmu:

Jamalu duki ai kamaliva chada ya balala nina chariva ul awta? Kari! Relu na ene ud chachi ga one tamevatu!